Ananto Presentation

Introduction and its application in chemical engineering By: Ananto Wimbaji

Sonochemistry Application of power of sound to chemical processes:  Ultrasound can increase chemical reactivity besides heat, pressure, light and catalyst  Chemical changes by power of ultrasound @lower frequency as a result of generated cavitation

Ultrasonic Ultrasonic: Sound @ frequency > 20 kHz

Human hearing : 20 Hz – 20 kHz Conventional Ultrasonic: 20 – 100 kHz Extended range of Sonochem: 20kHz-2MHz Diagnostic Ultrasonic: 5 – 10 MHz

Application of Ultrasound

Effect of Ultrasound

Cavitation Formation, growth & implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. Cavitational collapse produces intense local heating (~5000 K), high pressures (~ 1400 atm) , enormous heating & cooling rates (~>109 OK/sec) and liquid jet stream (~400 km/hr)

Cavitation Illustration of bubble generation and collapse

Cavitation

Physical, chemical & macroscopic effect of sonochemistry

Cavitation (Video)

Sonochemistry Apparatus In Lab /development :

Sonoprobe / horn

Transducer

Generator Reaction chamber

Courtesy: Telsonic Ultrasonic

Sonochemistry & Chemical Reaction

Ultrasond assisted reaction Type of chemical synthesis of ultrasonic: - Reactions involving Metal or Solids Surface - Reactions involving powder and particulate matter - Emulsions reaction - Homogeneous reaction

Luche’s Rule of Sonochemistry

Possible benefit of Ultrasound - Might accelerate reaction or only required less -

-

forcing condition Induction period are often significantly reduced as are exothermic normally associated with such reactions Reactions are often initiated by ultrasound without the need for additives The number of steps that are normally required can sometime be reduced A reaction can be directed to alternative pathway

Example of Ultrasound assisted Reaction Biodiesel production from trans-esterification of vegetable oil with methanol in presence of base catalyst: Vegetable oil + 3 MeOH  3 Me Ester + Gly

Example of Ultrasound assisted Reaction

Example of Ultrasound assisted Reaction

Example of Ultrasound assisted Reaction Ultrasonic treatment : Can deliver a biodiesel yield to > 99%. reduces the processing time from the 1-5 hr/batch to less than five minutes. Reduce methanol consumption (excess +/- 40 % vs 100% with conventional process) help to reduce the separation time from 5-10 hr to less than 15 minutes

Other Ultrasonic Application in Chemical Engineering

Crystallization Ultrasound can be extremely useful since: Can initiate seeding and control subsequent crystal growth in saturated and super-cooled medium Can promote cleaning action that stops encrustation of crystal in cooling medium and ensure continuous efficient heat transfer

Crystallization

Filtration

The ultrasonic cavitational energy scrubs each particle's surface as it flows over the Tray. The cleaning effect produced by water alone is very effective in removing surface contaminates from the particulate pores. Chemical additives, added prior to the ultrasonic Vibrating Tray, become highly reactive in the acoustic field. The Tray is effective for soil washing, precious metal recovery, and mineral ore extraction

Sieving Industrial sieves are normally agitated at low frequency to help the product to distribute itself evenly over the surface and to help the small particles go through. Vibrating the mesh at ultrasonic frequencies (in addition to this lowfrequency oscillation) can improve the rate of flow dramatically, preventing the product from blocking the holes in the mesh and helping to separate the small particles from the large

Mixing & Emulsification

Dispersing of Solid in Liquid

Oil & water emulsion

up400s_emulsion_p0200.flv

Oil (diesel fuel) & water mixture Improving burning

characteristics of heating oils in the simplest case may be achieved by adding 510% of water to it and homogeneously emulsifying the mixture in the power-ultrasonic field. This increases the burning rate of the heating oil by a factor of 5-10%

Extraction Could reduce exraction time up to

10 times Could reduce solvent used improves the extract yield

and considerably reduces undesired extracts

Extraction P a r a m e te r s

C o n v e n tio n a l m e th o d

F A S T E X T R A C T IO N

S o lu te

A r te m e s ia L e a v e s

A r te m e s ia L e a v e s

S o lv e n t

n -H e x a n e

n -H e x a n e

R a tio S o lu te :S o lv e n t

1: 6

1 :8

N o .s o f L e a c h in g

09

04

T im e p e r L e a c h in g

5 hours

1 hour

T o ta l E x tr a c tio n T im e 4 5 h o u r s

4 hours

R ecovery

9 0 to 9 5 %

7 5 to 8 0 %

Ultrasound & Environment Pollution Abatement Enhanced Biogas Production Oilfield remediation

Ultrasound & Environment Continuous treatment of liquid wastes with

powerful ultrasound in combination with ultraviolet radiation has been shown to greatly enhance the sterilization process a photochemical oxidation process takes place leading to sterilization that is thousands of times more effective than that achieved by ultraviolet treatment alone Using this technology for drinking water purification permits eliminating algae formation and reducing the chlorine content to a minimum at which no chlorine odor or taste is detected

Ultrasound & Environment The combination of cavitation, ultrasound energy, and the injection of ozone results in an ultra-fine emulsified mixture significantly increasing the reaction surface area. High local pressures and temperatures cause - among other reactions - destruction of biological protein-molecules, aromatic hydrocarbons and thiols

Ultrasound in Petroleum & Petrochemical Catalyst preparation Desulfuration of diesel fuel Gasoline valorization (Octane enhancement) Ultrasound assisted polymerization

Desulfuration of diesel fuel Under the influence of powerful

ultrasound the hydrocarbons are partially decomposed forming radicals and releasing free sulfur, which is subsequently oxidized and removed. The process is accompanied by breaking large hydrocarbon structures into smaller ones, thereby reducing the crude oil’s density and viscosity, making it easier to transport through pipelines (improving its ability to flow) and increasing the amount of lighter oils that can be recovered during the refinery

Gasoline valorization (Octane enhancement)  hydrocarbons can become

restructured (polymerize, condense, etc.) forming new hydrocarbons with increased octane numbers when exposed to high-power ultrasound in the presence of certain catalysts  exposing straight low-quality gasoline to ultrasound with properly adjusted intensity and exposure time in presence of correctly selected catalysts can raise its octane number significantly and increase its value  Carrying out this type of processes requires identifying the right catalysts, which should be selective with respect to isomeric components of automotive gasolines. The highest quality catalysts known for these processes

CONCLUSION Ultrasonic could be applied in various aspect

of chemical engineering, range from chemical reaction, unit operation, petroleum and petrochemical process and even environmental problem