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Vl. Hanga, Drept privat roman %XFXUHúWL  S  I. Gaudemet, Institutiones de l’antiquité, Paris, 1967, p. 229. 9 C.St. Tomulescu, Manual de drept privat roman %XFXUHúWL S  10 Justinian 4, 10. 8

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( 0ROFX op.cit. p. 30. Gaius, 2, 101; XII. T., 5, 3. 13 ( 0ROFX  op.cit., p. 33. 14 C.St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 782. 15 C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.779. 16 S.Solazzi, Archivio giuridico Filippo Serafini, Modena, 98, 1927.

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A.Bouche-Leclerq, Manuel des institutiones romaines, Paris, 1931, p. 36. P.Bonfiante, Storia del diritto romano, 1, 2 Roma, 1934, p. 257 19 9O +DQJD 0 -DFRW op.cit., p. 25-26 20 J. Gaudement, Institutions de l’antiquité, Paris, 1967, p. 712. 21 P. de Francisi, Storia del dirito romano, III, Roma, 1944, p. 60-80. 18

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22

A.E. Giffard, Precis de droit romain, vol. I. Paris, 1946; C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.25-26; A. Esmein, Melanges d’histoire du droit et de critique, Paris, p. 1- ( 0ROFX  op. cit., p. 45-46; Vl.Hanga, op. cit., p. 58. 23 E.Albertario, Da Diocleziano a Giustiniano &RQI ;,9 FHQW 3DQGHWWH  S  úL XUP 24 C.St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 36-38; Vl. Hanga, op. cit., p. 63; I.Ceterchi, M. Luburici, Teoria  D VWDWXOXL úL GUHSWXOXL %XFXUHúWL  S   op. cit., p. 32; A.Piganiol, Essai sur les origines de Rome, Paris, 1917, p. 727-

JHQHUDO

25

9+DQJD 0-DFRW 

 ( 0ROFX 

op.cit., p.49.

7

III. Legea /HJHD HVWH vQ JHQHUDO GHILQLW FD R KRWUkUH D SRSRUXOXL FDUH GHYHQHD QRUP obligatorie26, darHDSRDWHILGHILQLWúLFDRFRQYHQ LHvQWUHGRXSHUVRDQHFXVHQVGH contract. ,9(GLFWHOHPDJLVWUD LORUGUHSWXOSUHWRULDQ 0DJLVWUD LL DYHDX XQ GUHSW QXPLW ius edicendi vQ YLUWXWHD FUXLD SXWHDX FD OD LQWUDUHD vQ IXQF LH V HPLW XQ HGLFW DGLF XQ DFW SULQ FDUH vúL IFHDX FXQRVFXW SRSXOD LHL SURJUDPXO DFWLYLW LL ORU SHQWUX SHULRDGD FkW XUPD V H[HUFLWH DFHDVW PDJLVWUDWXU /D vQFHSXW HGLFWHOH HUDX URVWLWH vQ ID D SRSRUXOXL DGXQDW FX DFHDVW ocazie, dar mai târziu au fost scrise pe table de lemn aOEHQXPLWHDOEXPúLDILúDWHvQ IRUXPSHQWUXDILDGXVHDVWIHOODFXQRúWLQ DWXWXURUFHW HQLORU &X WUHFHUHD WLPSXOXL GUHSWXO FLYLO úL GUHSWXO SUHWRULDQ V-au apropiat unul de DOWXOúLGDFODVIkUúLWXOGUHSWXOXLYHFKLúLvQFHSXWXOFODVLFHUDXQHWGLVWLQFWe, în vremea OXL-XVWLQLDQLQVWLWX LLOHMXULGLFHQRLQXVXQWGHFkWUH]XOWDWXOIX]LXQLLGUHSWXOXLFLYLOFX cel pretorian, proces care deci începuse cu mult timp înainte de Justinian. 9-XULVSUXGHQ D -XULVSUXGHQ D HUD úWLLQ D GUHSWXOXL FUHDW GH FWUH MXULVFRQVXO L – iuris prudentes, iuris consultiSULQLQWHUSUHWDUHDGLVSR]L LLORUQRUPDWLYHFXSULQVHvQOHJL27. VI. Senatusconsultele Senatul nu a fost de la început un organ legislativ, ci el a devenit astfel în mod WUHSWDW SULQ PVXULOH OXDWH GH vPSUD L în perioada de trecere de la principat la GRPLQDW $FHVWD D DWULEXLW VHQDWXOXL SXWHUL OHJLVODWLYH FDUH FX PXOW vQDLQWH IXVHVHU H[HUFLWDWHGHDGXQULOHSRSRUXOXL 9,,&RQVWLWX LLOHLPSHULDOH ÌQFHSkQG FX vPSUDWXO +DGULDQXV FRQVWLWX LLOH LPSHULDOH – constitutiones principis au dobândit putere obligatorie28, devenind astfel izvoare de drept. &RQVWLWX LLOH LPSHULDOH DX IRVW GH SDWUX FDWHJRULL edicta, mandata, decreta úL rescripta. VIII. Codificarea dreptului roman ÌQFHUFULOHGHFRGLILFDUHvQDLQWHGH-ustinian 7HQGLQ D FWUH VLVWHPDWL]DUH D H[LVWDW SHUPDQHQW SkQ OD -XVWLQLDQ SULQ vQFHUFUL UHSHWDWH vQWUHSULQVH SH GH R SDUWH GH FWUH SHUVRDQH SDUWLFXODUH LDU SH GH

26

Gaius, 1.3.; Justinian, 9.124. ( 0ROFX  op. cit., p. 55. 28 P. de Francisci, Bulletino dell’Instituto de diritto romano „Vitorio Scioloja”, Milano, 34, 1925, p. 32. 27

8

DOWD GH FWUH vQVXúL VWDWXO URPDQ29 $FHVWH FRQGLILFUL DX IRVW Codex Gregorianus, Codex HermogenianusúLCodex Theodosianus. /HJLVOD LDOXL-XVWLQLDQ 2SHUD OHJLVODWLY D OXL -XVWLQLDQ HVWH IRUPDW GLQ SDWUX OXFUUL IXQGDPHQWDOH respectiv Codex, Digesta, InstitutionesúLNovelae. Partea a II-a 352&('85$&,9,/Ì1'5(378/520$1 I.&DUDFWHUL]DUHJHQHUDODSURFHGXULLFLYLOHURPDQH 3URFHGXUD FLYLO URPDQ FXSULQGH WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] GHVIúXUDUHD SURFHVHORU FX SULYLUH OD OLEHUWDWH SURSULHWDWH PRúWHQLUH úL YDORULILFDUHD GUHSWXULORUGHFUHDQ 30. Procedura legisac LXQLORU úL SURFHGXUD IRUPXODU VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ GHVIúXUDUHD SURFHVXOXL vQ GRX HWDSH UHVSHFWLY in iure – vQ ID D PDJLVWUDWXOXL úL in iudicio –vQID DMXGHFWRUXOXL31. 3URFHGXUD H[WUDRUGLQDU VH GHRVHEHD SH SULPHOH GRX SULQ OLSVD FHORU GRX etape,GHVIúXUDUHDSURFHVXOXLIFkQGX-VHvQID DXQHLVLQJXUHSHUVRDQH ,,3URFHGXUDOHJLVDF LXQLORU/(*,6$&7,21(6 1. Caractere generale Gaius32 H[SOLF DVWIHO WHUPHQXO GH legis actiones RULFH DF LXQH FD PLMORF GH valorificare a unui drept subiectiv, se vQWHPHLD]SHOHJH 'H IDSW HUDX FLQFL OHJLVDF LXQL vQ FHOH GLQ XUP vPSU LWH vQ GRX FDWHJRULL XQD HUD D FHORU GH MXGHFDW IRUPDW GLQ sacramentum, iudicis arbitrive postulatio úL condictio,LDUFHDODOWFDWHJRULHHUDIRUPDWGLQOHJLVDF LXQLOHGHH[HFutare, respectiv pignoris capio úL manus iniectio. $FHDVWD GHRDUHFH VHQWLQ D RE LQXW SULQ OHJLVDF LXQLOHGHMXGHFDWQXHUDvQYHVWLWFXIRU H[HFXWRULHDFHDVWDILLQGRE LQXWFX DMXWRUXOXQRUOHJLVDF LXQLVSHFLILFHFUHDWHvQPRGH[SUHVvQDFHVWVFRS /HJLVDF LXQLOH DX DYXW WUHL FDUDFWHUH FH DX LOXVWUDW SHUIHFW FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH DFHVWHDDXOXDWQDúWHUHUHVSHFWLYFDUDFWHUXOOHJDOIRUPDOLVWúLMXGLFLDU 33. 2. Procedura in iure ÌQ DFHDVW HWDS SURFHVXO GHEXWHD] FX FLWDUHD SkUkWXOXL –reus vQ ID D magistratului folosindu-VHGHFWUHUHFODPDQW–actor, petitor34GXSFD]in ius vocatio, vadimonium extra judiciareúLcondictio35. 29

J.Gaudement, Iura, Napoli, 5, 1950, p.233. Codex Gregorianus, Codex Hermagenianus, Codex Theodosianus. 30 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 59. 31 P.Fr. Girard, Manuel elementaire de droit romain, Paris, p. 1027. 32 Gaius, 4, 11. 33 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p.62; Cicero, Pro Murena, 12, 16; Gaius, 4, 11; P.Fr.Girard, Texte de droit romain, Paris, 1937, p.29. 34 D. “, 11, 5; D. 2, 3, 1, 3.

9

ÌQID DPDJLVWUDWXOXLUHFODPDQWXOURVWLQGIRUPXOHVROHPQHvúLDUWDSUHWHQ LLOH ID GHSkUkW$FHVWDSXWHDVUHDF LRQH]HSULQWUHLSR]L LL36: –VUHFXQRDVFSUHWHQ LLOHUHFODPDQWXOXLSULQ– confesio in iure37úLDWXQFLHUD asimilat cu cel condamnat, procesul oprindu-se aici, nemaitrecându-se în etapa a doua. –VQHJHSUHWHQ LLOHUHFODPDQWXOXLGDUVQXVHDSHUH- indefensio38úLVQX-úL GHD FRQFXUVXO OD UHDOL]DUHD OHJLVOD LXQLL ÌQ DFHVW FD] GH DVHPHQHD HUD DVLPLODW FRQGDPQDWXOXLúLSURFHVXOVHRSUHDDLFLQHWUHFkQGX-se în etapa a doua. – V QHJH SUHWHQ LLOH UHFODPDQWXOXL – infinitiatio úL V-úL GHD FRQFXUVXO OD GHVIúXUDUHDSrocesului. În acest caz, procesul trecea în etapa a doua39úLVHILQDOL]DvQ FHOHGLQXUPFXSURQXQ DUHDXQHLVHQWLQ H 3. Litis contestatio ÌQSURFHGXUDOHJLVDF LXQLORUlitis contestatio însemna de fapt luarea de martori, SULQFDUHVHH[SULPGRULQ DSU LORUGHDVHMXGHFDúLGHDRE LQHvQFHOHGLQXUPR VHQWLQ 40ILHGHFRQGDPQDUHGHFWUHUHFODPDQWILHGHDEVROYLUHGHFWUHSkUkW 0LMORDFHGHVROX LRQDUHDOLWLJLLORUvQWHPHLDWHSHimperium41 &RPSHWHQ DPDJLVWUD LORUHUDGHVHPQDWSULQWHUPHQii jurisdictioúLimperium. Imperium FRQVWLWXLD SXWHUHD GH FRPDQG D PDJLVWUDWXOXL42. În sens larg imperiumFXSULQGHDúLjurisdictio43. 5. Procedura in iudicio 'XS FH SU LOH DX WUHFXW SULQ PRPHQWXO OXL litis contestatio – luarea de martori, ele ajung înID DMXGHFWRUXOXLDGRXDHWDSDSURFHVXOXLFLYLOXQGHVHDSOLF SULQFLSLXO RUDOLW LL úL FRQWUDGLFWRULDOLW LL )LHFDUH SDUWH vúL VXV LQH SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH SHED]DPDWHULDOXOXLSUREDWRUFRQVWkQGvQPDUWRULúLvQVFULVXUL 2UJDQL]DUHDLQVWDQ HORUGHMXGHFDW -XGHFWRUXOSXWHDIRUPDRLQVWDQ XQLFFkQGHUDVLQJXUFDMXGHFWRUXQLF– judex unus, fie putea fi arbitru – arbiter 'HRVHELUHD GLQWUH MXGHFWRU úL DUELWUX HUD DFHHD F MXGHFWRUXO MXGHFD SULFLQLOH PDL GLILFLOH LDU DUELWUXO SH FHOH FDUH Sriveau QHvQ HOHJHULOH GLQWUH UXGH VDX YHFLQL FD GH H[HPSOX LHúLULOH GLQ LQGLYL]LXQH VDX KRWUQLFLULOH44. 3URFHVHOH SXWHDX IL MXGHFDWH úL GH MXGHFWRUL PXOWLSOL FDUH IRUPDX DQXPLWH tribunale. Acestea erau fie nepermanente, fie permanente.

35

( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op. cit., p. 63. Ibidem. 37 A.E. Giffard, La confessio „in iure”, 1900; D. 42. 2. 6pr. 38 D. 2, 3, 1, 1; 6, 1, 80. 39 D. 42. 2.1. 40 V. Arangio – Ruiz, op.cit., p. 112 41 D. 1. 162,pr. 42 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 64. 43 D. 1. 16. 2.pr. 44 G. Dumitriu, Curs de drept roman %XFXUHúWL  S 

36

10

Tribunalele nepermanente erau formate dintr-XQ QXPU LPSDU GH MXGHFWRUL QXPL L– recuperatoresúLMXGHFDXSURFHVHOHGLQWUHFHW HQLúLSHUHJULQL45.

/HJLVDF LXQLOH D/HJLVDF LXQLOHGHMXGHFDW – Sacramentum – SURFHGXUD SULQ MXUPkQW HUD DF LXQHD OHJLL SULQ FDUH Ve MXGHFDXSURFHVHOHFXSULYLUHODSURSULHW LúLODFUHDQ HDYkQGFDRELHFWDQXPLWHVXPH de bani sau anumite lucruri46. – Judicis arbitrive postulatio consta într-RFHUHUHDGUHVDWPDJLVWUDWXOXLSHQWUX FDDFHVWDVGHVHPQH]HXQMXGHFWRUVDXDUELWUX – Legisactio per condictionem sau condictio a constituit o simplificare a lui sacramentum în personam úL VH DSOLFD vQ GRX VLWXD LL UHVSHFWLY vQ PDWHULH GHcerta pecunia – R VXP GH EDQL GHWHUPLQDW úL vQ PDWHULH GH alia certa res – un alt lucru determinat47. b/HJLVDF LXQLOHGHH[HFXWDUH – Manus injectio – SXQHUHD PkLQLL HUD R OHJLVDF LXQH FH QX VH SXWHD LQWHQWD GHFkWvQED]DXQHLVHQWLQ HMXGHFWRUHúWLSULYLQGRVXPGHEDQL – Pignoris capio – luarea de gaj48 HUD FRQVLGHUDW OHJLVDF LXQH FX WRDWH F vL lipsea FDUDFWHUXO MXGLFLDU QHILLQG VXEVHFYHQW XQXL SURFHV QHSUHVXSXQkQG SUH]HQ D PDJLVWUDWXOXL úL QLFL FKLDU D GHELWRUXOXL49 &UHGLWRUXO GXS URVWLUHD XQRU IRUPXOH VROHPQHSXWHDvQSUH]HQ DPDUWRULORUVLDXQEXQGLQSDWULPRQLXOGHELWRUXOXL'DF acesta GLQ XUP QX SOWHD HO QX SXWHD V-O vQVWULQH]H GDU vQ VFKLPE vO SXWHD distruge50. 1. Origine 2ULJLQHD SURFHGXULL IRUPXODUH VH JVHúWH vQ JHQHUH vQ FDGUXO vQVXúL DO OHJLVDF LXQLORU FDUH vQFHSXVHU VSUH VIkUúLWXO HSRFLL YHFKL V GHYLQ RGLRDVH51 'XS U]ERDLHOH SXQLFH VSUH VIkUúLWXO UHSXEOLFLL VH SURGXF SURIXQGH WUDQVIRUPUL HFRQRPLFHúLVRFLDOHvQYLD DVWDWXOXLURPDQ 2. Procedura in iure &LWDUHD OD SURFHV VH UHDOL]D SULQ DFHOHDúL SURFHGHH FXQRVFXWH GLQ SURFHGXUD OHJLVDF LXQLORUQXPDLFvQFDGUXOQoii proceduri aceasta s-DSHUIHF LRQDW ÌQ ID D PDJLVWUDWXOXL – in iure SU LOH vúL H[SULPDX vQ OLPEDMXO FRWLGLDQ SUHWHQ LLOH GXS FXP FUHGHDX GH FXYLLQ  IU D UHFXUJH OD IRUPXOH VDFUDPHQWDOH úL

45

Cicero, Pro Tullio, 3.7. ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op. cit., p.67. 47 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op. cit., pag. 69. 48 Ibidem. 49 Gaius, 4. 27. 50 Cicero, De not, 3.1.4. 51 Gaius, 4.30. 46

11

ritualiste. Reclamantul expunea astfel oral obiectul cererii sale, indicând formula pe care o solicita52. /DIHOFDúLODSURFHGXUDDQWHULRDUúLvQFD]XODFHVWHLDSkUkWXOSXWHDDYHDWUHL SR]L LLID GHSUHWHQ LLOHUHFODPDQWXOXL )RUPXODúLSU LOHIRUPXOHL )RUPXOD FRQVWLWXLD XQ PLF SURJUDP GH MXGHFDW SULQ FDUH SUHWRUXO DUWD MXGHFWRUXOXLFXPVVROX LRQH]HOLWLJLXO53. 3U LOH SULQFLSDOH DOH IRUPXOHL HUDX intentio, demonstratio, adiudicatio úL condemnatio. &ODVLILFDUHDDF LXQLORU 3ULQ DF LXQH – actio VH vQ HOHJHD XQ PLMORF SURFHGXUDO OD vQGHPkQD XQHL pHUVRDQHFUHLDLV-DvQFOFDWXQGUHSWVXELHFWLYSHQWUXYDORULILFDUHDDFHVWXLD $F LXQLOHúLIRUPXOHOHDFHVWRUDVHJVHDXvQVFULVHvQHGLFWXOSUHWRUXOXL$FHVWHD erau: –$F LXQLUHDOHúLDF LXQLSHUVRQDOH54$FHDVWvPSU LUHVHUHJVHúWHvQ/HJHD celor XI,7DEOHúLHVWHFHDPDLLPSRUWDQW– sumumo divisio55. –$F LXQLGHGUHSWVWULFWúLDF LXQLGHEXQFUHGLQ &ULWHULXOGLVWLQF LHLFHORU GRXFDWHJRULLGHDF LXQLHUDSXWHUHDGHDSUHFLHUHDMXGHFWRUXOXLSULYLQGVROX LRQDUHD acestora56. –$F LXQLFLYLOHúLDF LXQLKRQRUDULLVDXSUHWRULHQH57. –$F LXQLSULYDWHúLDF LXQLSRSXODUH –$F LXQLGLUHFWHúLDF LXQLXWLOH –$F LXQLSHQDOHúLDF LXQLSHUVHFXWRULL58. –$F LXQLDUELWUDULL59. 5. Litis contestatio În cadrul procedurii formulare, litis contestatio consta în remiterea unei copii GHSHIRUPXORULGLFWDUHDHLGHFWUHUHFODPDQWSkUkWXOXL60. Litis contestatio SURGXFHD vQ SURFHGXUD IRUPXODU WUHL HIHFWH FH SUH]HQWDX R GHRVHELW LPSRUWDQ  SULQ FRQVHFLQ HOH MXULGLFH SH FDUH OH SURGXFHD $FHVWHD HUDX efectul exWLQFWLYHIHFWXOFUHDWRUVDXQRYDWRUúLHIHFWXOIL[DWRU 6. Procedura in iudicio 'XS FH PDJLVWUDWXO UHPLWHD FRSLL GH SH IRUPXO UHFODPDQWXOXL úL DFHVWD OD rându-LSkUkWXOXLFDXQXOWLPDFWDOSULPHLHWDSHSURFHVXOWUHFHDvQDGRXDHWDSvQ 52

D., 39, 2, 48; 3, 1, 1, 2. ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 72. 54 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 78. 55 Inst., 4. 6. 1. 56 B. Biondi, Iudicia bonae fidei, 1, 1920. 57 Gaius, 4. 34. 58 Gaius, 4.6. 59 Inst. 4. 6. 31; D. 6. 1. 68. 60 Gaius, 4. 90. 53

12

ID D MXGHFWRUXOXL $FWLYLWDWHD ORU HUD VLPLODU vQ JHQHUDO FX FHD GLQ SURFHGXUD OHJLVDF LXQLORU5HFODPDQWXOvúLH[SXQHDRUDOSUHWHQ LLOHSkUkWXOvúLIRUPXODDSUULOH DPELL SUH]HQWkQG SUREH vQ VXV LQHUHD DILUPD LLORU ORU SXWkQGILDVLVWD LúLGHDYRFD L -XGHFWRUXO SHUVRDQ SULYDW FRQGXFHD GH]EDWHULOH úL vQ FHOH GLQ XUP SURQXQ D R VHQWLQ FHSXWHDILGHFRQGDPQDUHODSODWDXQHLVXPHGHEDQLVDXGHDEVROYLUH -XGHFDUHD SURFHVXOXL VH IFHD vQ SXEOLF vQWU-R ]L IDVW úL QXPDL vQ SUH]HQ D SU LORU'DFXQDGLQSU LQXVHSUH]HQWDODSURFHVFHDODOWFkúWLJDSURFHVXO61. -XFWRUXOHUDÄVFODYXO´IRUPXOHLvQVHQVXOFHOWUHEXLDVRUHVSHFWHvQWRFPDL raportându-se permanent la momentul întocmirii ei, respectiv la litis contestatio. De aceea, lui nu îi era permisV LQVHDPGHIDSWHOHFDUHDXLQWHUYHQLWXOWHULRUOXLOLWLV contestatio. (IHFWHOHVHQWLQ HL ÌQ XUPD SURQXQ ULL VHQWLQ HL MXGHFWRUXO UHGHYLQH FHHD FH HUD vQDLQWH R SHUVRDQSDUWLFXODU62VHQWLQ DGDWGHDFHDVWDDYkQGHIHFWHGLIHULWHGXSFXPDFeasta HUDRVHQWLQ GHFRQGDPQDUHVDXRVHQWLQ GHDEVROYLUH 6HQWLQ DGHFRQGDPQDUHDYHDXQHIHFWGXEOXUHVSHFWLYSUH]HQWDRIRU MXULGLF úLRIRU H[HFXWRULH 6HQWLQ DGHDEVROYLUHQXDYHDGHFkWXQHIHFWXQLFUHVSHFWLYIRU DMXULGLF 8. ReprezenWDUHDvQMXVWL LH ÌQHSRFDFODVLFGDWRULWSURIXQGHORUVFKLPEULHFRQRPLFHúLVRFLDOHSUDFWLFD D FHUXW DGPLWHUHD UHSUH]HQWULL FDUH V-D IFXW WUHSWDW GH OD UHSUH]HQWDUHD LPSHUIHFW FWUHFHDSHUIHFW ,93URFHGXUDH[WUDRUGLQDU&2*1,7,2(;75$25'INARIA &RPSDUD LHFXFHOHODOWHSURFHGXUL ÌQ FDGUXO SURFHGXULL H[WUDRUGLQDUH GLVSDUH DFHDVW FDUDFWHULVWLF FH FRQVWD vQ GLYL]DUHDSURFHVXOXLvQFHOHGRXHWDSH'HFLDLFLSURFHVXOVHGHVIúRDUvQID DXQHL VLQJXUHLQVWDQ HGHODvQFHSXWúLSkQODGDUHDKRWUkULLLQVWDQ UHSUH]HQWDWGHXQDúL DFHHDúL SHUVRDQ PDJLVWUDWXO VDX vQDOWXO IXQF LRQDU DGLF PDJLVWUDWXO MXGHFWRU )RUPXODGLVSDUHGHRDUHFHDFHVWDQXSXWHDV-úLWULPLWIRUPXODOXLvQVXúL63. 2UJDQL]DUHDLQVWDQ HORU64 )XQF LRQDULLMXGHFWRUHúWLIDFSDUWHGLQLHUDUKLDIXQF LRQDULORUDGPLQLVWUDWLYL ÌQ YkUIXO DFHVWHL LHUDUKLL DGPLQLVWUDWLYH VH DIOD vPSUDWXO FDUH HUD úL MXGHFWRUXO VXSUHP 'XS HO SH R WUHDSW LQIHULRDU XUPDX SUHIHF LL SUHWRULXOXL – praefecti praetorio din cele patru prefecturi ale Imperiului.

61

XII. T., 2, 2. D., 42, 1, 55. 63 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.114. 64 VI Hanga, M. Jacotã, op. cit., p. 99. 62

13

Partea a III-a PERSOANE ,&DUDFWHUL]DUHJHQHUDODVXSUDSHUVRDQHLvQGUHSWXOURPDQ ÌQFHSXWXOúLvQFHWDUHDFDSDFLW LL 5HJXOD FRQVW vQ FDSDFLWDWHD VDX SHUVRQDOLWDWHD vQFHSHD RGDW FX QDúWHUHD úL vQFHWD RGDW FX PRDUWHD SHUVRDQHL H[FHS LH IFkQGX-VH QXPDL FX RFD]LD DSOLFULL D GRXSULQFLSLLLPSXVHGHSUDFWLF 3ULPXO HUD ÄFRSLOXO FRQFHSXW HUD FRQVLGHUDW FD úL QVFXW RUL GH FkWH RUL HUD vorba de interesele sale” – infans conceptus pro nato habetur quotiens de comodis eius agitur65ÌQED]DDFHVWXLSULQFLSLXGHH[HPSOXFRSLOXOQVFXWGXSPRDUWHDWDWOXL avea dreptul la succesiune. $O GRLOHD SULQFLSLX HUD ÄVXFFHVLXQHD LDFHQW YDFDQW VXV LQH SHUVRDQD defunctului” – hereditas iacens sustinet personam defuncti66. 2. ElHPHQWHOHFDSDFLW LLMXULGLFH Am amintit deja despre status-XOSHFDUHRSHUVRDQWUHEXLDV-l posede pentru DDYHDFDSDFLWDWHGHSOLQGHGUHSWVWDWXVDOFWXLWGLQWUHLHOHPHQWH67 care copnstituiau FRQ LQXWXOSHUVRQDOLW LLVDXFDSDFLW LLMXULGLFHDVWIHl: status libertatis, status civitatis, status familiae. II. Status libertatis 1. Scavii a. Originile slcaviei 2ULJLQLOH VFODYLHL FRQVWDX vQ QDúWHUH SH GH R SDUWH úL HYHQLPHQWH SRVWHULRDUH QDúWHULLSHGHDOWD 1DúWHUHD68 constituia evenimentul originar al sclaviei conform principiului ÄFRSLOXO QVFXW vQ DIDUD FVWRULHL GREkQGHD FRQGL LD PDPHL´ 'HRDUHFH VFODYD HUD FRQVLGHUDW F QúWHD vQWRWGHDXQD vQ DIDUD FVWRULHL FRSLOXO DFHVWHLD GHYHQHD VFODY FKLDUGDFWDWOIXVHVHRPOLEHU

65

Paul – D.1.5.7. Ulpian, D.41. 1. 4. 67 Supra, p. 114. 68 Gius, I. 82; Inst., 1, 3.4. 66

14

b. Mijloacele juridice prin care sclavul putea participa vQIDSWODYLD DMXULGLF – Peculiu sclavului, constituia „patrimoniul sclavului”, dar era un patrimoniu de fapt –SHFXOLXPFFLGHGUHSWGRPLQXVHUDSURSULHWDUXODFHVWXLD Testamenti factio pasiva – consta în acHHD F VFODYXO SXWHD IL LQVWLWXLW FD PRúWHQLWRU GDF WRWRGDW L VH DFRUGD úL OLEHUWDWHD69 SHQWUX F QXPDL DVWIHO GRPLQXV SXWHD V DLE XQ PRúWHQLWRU QHFHVDU SH GH R SDUWH LDU GDF DFHVWD HUD LQVROYDELO EXQXULOHPRúWHQLWHHUDXYkQGXWHSHQXPHOHVFODYXOXLFare devenea infam. – Cognatio servilis70. Am amintit anterior despre contubernium –FVWRULDFH FRQVWDvQXQLXQHDGHIDSWGLQWUHXQVFODYúLRVFODYIUQLFLXQHIHFWMXULGLF7RWXúL HSRFDGUHSWXOXLFODVLFVXELQIOXHQ DFUHúWLQLVPXOXLDIRVWUHFXQRVFXWrudenia de sânge GLQWUH VFODYL VXE QXPHOH GH FRJQDWLR VHUYLOLV vQ ED]D FUHLD VFODYLL QX VH SXWHDX FVWRULvQWUHHLGDFHUDXUXGHGHVkQJHGHJUDGPDLDSURSLDW 2. Oameni liberi a. Oameni liberi ingeniu71 Oamenii liberi ingenui constituiau categoria de persoane care s-DX QVFXW OLEHUL/DUkQGXOORUDFHúWLDSXWHDXILGHPDLPXOWHIHOXULGXSFXPXUPHD]FHW HQLL ODWLQLLSHUHJULQLLRDPHQLLOLEHULDIOD LvQVWDUHDGHVHPLVFODYLHúLFRORQLL E2DPHQLOLEHULGH]UREL L 2DPHQLL OLEHUL GH]UREL L FRQVWLWXLDX DFHD FDWHJRULH GH SHUVRDQH IRúWL VFODYL HOLEHUD LGHVWSkQLLORUSULQGH]URELUHQXPL LOLEHU L III. Status civitatis Status civitatisVDXFRQGL LDGHDILFHW HDQHUDDOGRLOHDHOHPHQWDOFDSDFLW LL MXULGLFH URPDQH DVXSUD FUXLD YRP SXQH DFFHQWXO SHQWUX F FHW HQLL IRUPDX DFHD FDWHJRULHGHSHUVRDQHFXRFRQGL LHMXULGLFVXSHULRDU &HW HQLL URPDQL – civis romani erau singurii care puteau beneficia de toate drepturile72FLYLOHúLSROLWLFH Drepturile civile erau: ius comercii, ius conubiiúL ius militiae. Drepturile politice erau: ius sufragiiúLius honorum. IV. Status familiae )DPLOLDURPDQ În dreptul roman, cuvântul familia DYHD PDL PXOWH DFFHS LXQL UHVSHFWLY ILH WRWDOLWDWHD VFODYLORU DIOD L vQ SURSULHWDWHD FXLYD ILH XQ JUXS GH SHUsoane aflate sub DFHHDúL SXWHUH ILH WRWDOLWDWHD EXQXULORU úL SHUVRDQHORU DIODWH VXE SXWHUHD OXL SDWHU familia. a. Puterea lui pater familias asupra persoanelor:

69

C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 207. G. Dumitrescu, op. cit., p. 230 71 Cicero, Brutus, 75. 261. 72 Ulpian, Reg., 19.5. 70

15

Patria potestas$FHDVWSXWHUHVHH[HUFLWDDVXSUDGHVFHQGHQ LORUúLHUDXQDGLQ cele mai importante puteri ale lui pater familias în cadrul familiei romane73. 3XWHUHDPDULWDOÌQGUHSWXOHYROXDWGDUWRWvQHSRFDYHFKHSXWHUHDPDULWDOD preluat numele fostei puteri unice manus, schimbându-úL vQV FRQ LQXWXO VHPDQWLF vQ VHQVXO F HD GHVHPQD DFXP R SXWHUH VSHFLILF GLIHULW GH FHD LQL LDO UHVSHFWLY SXWHUHD VR XOXL DVXSUD VR LHL vQ FDGUXO FVWRULHL QXPLW FX PDQXV DGLF FX SXWHUHD EUEDWXOXLDVXSUDIHPHLL Mancipio $FHDVW SXWHUH VH H[HUFLWD DVXSUD SHUVRDQHORU FXPSUDWH SULQ mancipatio ce consWLWXLD XQ PRG RULJLQDU GH UHDOL]DUH D RSHUD LXQLL MXULGLFH GH vânzare74 SULQvQGHSOLQLUHDXQRUIRUPHVROHPQHFHFRQVWDXvQH[LVWHQ DXQRUFRQGL LL IUGHFDUHQXHUDSRVLELOUHFXQRDúWHUHDDFWXOXL b. Puterea lui pater familias asupra bunurilor Dominica potestas $FHDVWD HUD SXWHUHD DVXSUD VFODYLORU vPEUFDW vQ KDLQD GUHSWXOXLGHSURSULHWDWHvQYLUWXWHDIDSWXOXLFVFODYXOHUDDVLPLODWFXXQOXFUX– res. DominiumHUDSXWHUHDH[HUFLWDWGHVWSkQ– dominus asupra tuturor celorlalte bunuri existente în cadrul familiei romane. – persoane sui iurisúLSHUVRDQHalieni iuris.7HUPHQXOGHSHUVRDQsui iuris era vQWUHEXLQ DWSHQWUXDGHVHPQDSHDFHOFHW HDQFDUHDYHDFDOLWDWHDGHpater familias. 7HUPHQXO GH SHUVRDQ alieni iuris desemna pe acela care se afla sub puterea lui pater familias. 2. 3XWHUHDSULQWHDVF. $FHDVW SXWHUH SXUWD QXPHOH GH SDWULD SRWHVWDV úL HUD XQD GLQ FHOH PDL importante puteri ale lui pater familias în cadrul familiei romane. &UHDUHD SXWHULL SULQWHúWL Patria potestas SXWHD IL FUHDW ILH SH FDOH QDWXUDO SULQ FVWRULH úL QDúWHUH ILH SH FDOH DUWLILFLDO SULQ GRX PRGXUL GLIHULWH UHVSHFWLY DGRS LXQHDúLOHJLWLPDUHD ,HúLUHDGHVXESXWHUHDSULQWHDVF a. Moartea lui pater familias E3LHUGHUHDXQXLHOHPHQWDOFDSDFLW LL c. Moartea fiului de familie d. Postliminium e. Emanciparea 3. &VWRULDURPDQ &VWRULD HUD R XQLXQH vQWUH EUEDW úL IHPHLH R DVRFLHUH SHQWUXWRDWYLD DR vPSUWúLUH D GUHSWXOXL FLYLOúLUHOLJLRV– nuptiae sunt comunicatio maris et feminae, consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris comunication75HUDXQLXQHDEUEDWXOXL úLDIHPHLLFHLPSOLFDRYLD FRPXQ– nuptia sive matrimonium este vire et muliers conjunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens76.

73

C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., 1973, p. 145. E. 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op. cit., p. 67. 75 Modestim, D.23, 2, 1. 76 Inst. I. 1, 91. 74

16

HLVR 

D&RQGL LLGHIRUP77 $FHVWHDSULYHDXQXPDLFVWRULD cu manus: – confarreatio78,FVWRULDVSHFLILFQXPDLSDWULFLHQLORU – usus79FRQVWvQFRDELWDUHDIHPHLLFXEUEDWXOWLPSGHXQDQGH]LOH – coemptio80, consta dintr-RPDQFLSD LXQHIFXWGHvQVúLIHPHLHFWUHYLLWRUXO

E&RQGL LLGHIRQG Sunt acHOHDúL DWkW SHQWUX FVWRULD FX PDQXV FkW úL SHQWUX FVWRULD IU manus. Astfel: – conubium (ius conubii), era acel drept recunoscut unei persoane de a încheia RFVWRULHYDODELOFRQIRUPFXLXVFLYLOHLXVWDHQXSWLDHLXVWXPPDWULPRQLXP  – vârsta81 admLV SHQWUX FVWRULH HUD VWDELOLW SHQWUX IHWH OD  DQL FkQG VH FRQVLGHUDFHOHDXGHYHQLWQXELOHDGLFHUDXvQVWDUHVSURFUHH]H5HIHULWRUODELH L VH IRORVHD VLVWHPXO FHUFHWULL FRUSRUDOH SkQ OD vPSUDWXO -XVWLQLDQ FkQG V-a stabilit vârsta de 14 ani. D(IHFWHOHFVWRULHLDVXSUDSHUVRDQHORU &VWRULD VWDELOHD vQWUH VR L R FRPXQLWDWH GH YLH XLUH VR LL GDWRUkQGX-úL XQXO altuia fidelitate. E(IHFWHOHFVWRULHLDVXSUDEXQXULORU $VWIHO OD FVWRULD FX manus DF LRQHD] UHJLPXO FRPXQLW LL GH EXQuri. În FVWRULDIUmanusVR LLWULDXvQUHJLPXOVHSDUD LHLGHEXQXUL $GRS LXQHDDGURJD LXQHDúLOHJLWLPDUHD $GRS LXQHD HUD XQ PRG DUWLILFLDO GH FUHDUH D SXWHULL SULQWHúWL FH FRQVWD vQ trecerea unui fiu de familie (alieni iuris) de sub puterea unui pater familias sub puterea unui alt pater familias82&kQGHUDYRUEDGHRSHUVRDQsui iuris care trecea de sub puterea lui pater familias sub puterea unui alt pater familias acest act se numea DGURJD LXQH $GURJD LXQHD FRQVWLWXLD XQ FD] VSHFLDO GH DGRS LXQH SULQ FDUH XQ pater familias intra sub puterea unui alt pater familiasvPSUHXQFXWRDWIDPLOLDDGLFFX WRDWHSHUVRDQHOHúLEXQXULOHVDOH /HJLWLPDUHDHUDXQPRGDUWLILFLDOGHFUHDUHDSXWHULLSULQWHúWLSULQFDUHFRSLL QDWXUDOLHUDXDVLPLOD LFHORr legitimi83. V. Capitis deminutio 3LHUGHUHDFDSDFLW LLMXULGLFH– capitis deminutio. $P Y]XW FXP FDSDFLWDWHD MXULGLF SXWHD IL vQJUGLW SVWUkQGX-úL WRWXúL HOHPHQWHOHFRPSRQHQWHGDFvQVXQXOGLQDFHVWHHOHPHQWHHUDSLHUGXWFRQVHFLQ DHUD 77

C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit., 1937, p.143; P.Noailles, Revue historique de droit francais et étranger, 1936, p. 415. 78 Gaius, I. I, 112. 79 Gaius I. I, 111. 80 Ibidem, 113. 81 Ibidem. 82 Gaius, I. I, 111. 83 S. Solazzi, Studia et documenta historuiae et iuris, 21, 1955, p.306.

17

mult mai JUDY FFL QX PDL H[LVWD GUHSW XUPDUH FDSDFLWDWH MXULGLF FRQIRUP FRQFHS LHLURPDQHúLVHSURGXFHDDVWIHORPRDUWH84MXULGLFFLYLODSHUVRDQHLvQFDX] QXPLWcapitis deminutio.

9,3HUVRDQDMXULGLF $OWXUL GH SHUVRDQD IL]LF SXWHD IL VXELHFW DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF úL SHUVRDQD MXULGLFVDXPRUDO85. 1R LXQHD GH SHUVRDQ MXULGLF V-a format în dreptul roman în mod treptat. 5RPDQLL QX FXQRúWHDX DFHVW WHUPHQ GDU IRORVHDX XQ WHUPHQ HFKLYDOHQW UHVSHFWLY corpora, universitates, pentru a desemna diversele DVRFLD LL vQ]HVWUDWH FX FDSDFLWDWHD MXULGLF VII. Tutela (VWHXQSURFHGHXMXULGLFFHSURWHMHD]LQFDSDFLW LOHQDWXUDOH VIII. Curatela )D  GH WXWHO FDUH SURWHMD LQFDSDFLW LOH ILUHúWL QDWXUDOH FXUDWHOD DYHD GUHSW VFRSSURWHMDUHDLQFDSDFLW LORUDFFLGHQWDOHFDUHHUDXPXOWPDLQXPHURDVHúLYDULDWHSH care le aveau nebunii în forma IXULRVXVúLGHPHQWHVSURGLJLLúLPLQRULLGHGHDQL

Partea a IV-a DREPTURI REALE Titlul I. BUNURI: IUS RERUM 3ULQQR LXQHDGHEXQVHvQ HOHJHRULFHOXFUXFDUHSRDWHILvQVXúLWGHFLQHYDVXE forma dreptului de proprietate. I. Patrimoniul 1. 'HILQL LH 3ULQ SDWULPRQLX VH vQ HOHJH WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU GDWRULLORU úL VDUFLQLORU XQHL SHUVRDQHFDUHVXQWVXVFHSWLELOHGHRYDORDUHSHFXQLDU

84 85

Gaius, I. 3, 153. 6 &RFRú op.cit., p. 11-12.

18

2. Elementele patrimoniului 'LQ GHILQL LD GDW SDWULPRQLXOXL UH]XOW QHW HOHPHQWHOH DFHVWXLD UHVSHFWLY GUHSWXULOHUHDOHúLGUHSWXULOHSHUVRQDOH 3. Principiile patrimoniului86 –3DWULPRQLXOFRQVWLWXLHHPDQD LDXQHLSHUVRDQH –2ULFHSHUVRDQDUHvQPRGQHFHVDUXQSDWULmoniu87. –)LHFDUHSHUVRDQQXDUHGHFkWXQVLQJXUSDWULPRQLX88. II. Clasificarea bunurilor -XULVFRQVXOWXO*DLXVGDUúL-XVWLQLDQvQPDQXDOHOHORUQXPLWHLQVWLWXWHIDFR clasificare a bunurilor res vQ GRX FDWHJRULL UHVSHFWLY OXFUXUL QHSDWULPRQLDOH – rex extra patrimoniumúLOXFUXULSDWULPRQLDOH– res in patrimonio89. Titlul II. POSESIUNEA : POSSESSIO ,'HILQL LDSRVHVLXQLL 3RVHVLXQHDHVWHRVWDUHGHIDSWRFURWLWGHGUHSWFDUHFRQVWvQDFWXOPDWHULDO GHDSVWUDúLDIRORVLXQOXFUX90. Posesiunea este o stare de fapt care produce efecte juridice. II. Originea posesiunii 3PkQWXULOH FXFHULWH GH URPDQL HUDX WUDQVIRUPDWH vQ ager publicus úL VWDWXO URPDQOHUHSDUWL]DVSUHIRORVLQ DSDWULFLHQLORUILHvQPRGJUDWXLWILHFRQWUDXQRUVXPH de bani. Aceste terenuri purtau numele de possessiones. III. Elementele posesiunii91 3RVHVLXQHDSUH]LQWGRXHOHPHQWHFRQVWLWXWLYHUHVSHFWLYDQLPXV– elementul LQWHQ LRQDOúLFRUSXV– elementul material. ,9'REkQGLUHDúLSLHUGHUHDSRVHVLXQLL 1. Dobândirea posesiunii 3RVHVLXQHDVHGREkQGHúWHSULQvQWUXQLUHDFHORUGRXHOHPHQWHDVXSUDDFHOHLDúL SHUVRDQH $FHDVWD VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ GRX PRGXUL UHVSHFWLY SULQ VLQH vQVXúL úL SULQ altul. D'REkQGLUHDSRVHVLXQLLSULQVLQHvQVXúL

86

Ibidem, p. 261. Ibidem. 88 Ibidem; I.M. Anghel, op.cit., p. 77. 89 Gaius, 2, 1.; Inst., 2, 1, pr. 90 D. 41. 2.1.3. 91 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit.,  S ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p.111. 87

19

3ULQ VLQH vQVXúL VH GREkQGHúWH SRVHVLXQHD DVWIHO FkQG VH vQWUXQHVF FHOH GRX HOHPHQWH DOH SRVHVLXQLL vQDFHODúLWLPSDVXSUDDFHOHLDúLSHUVRDQHSHUVRDQDvQFDX] WUHEXLHVDLEFDSDFLWDWHMXULGLFvQILQHOXFUXOSRVHGDWWUHEXLHVILHFRUSRUDO92. b. Dobândirea posesiunii prin altul Prin altXOSRVHVLXQHDVHGREkQGHúWHILHanimo alieno – cu animus al altuia, fie corpore alieno – cu corpus al altuia.

2. Pierderea posesiunii Pentru aceasta era de ajuns pierderea uneia sau ambelor elemente ale posesiunii. Aceasta se producea similar dobândiriLDVWIHOSULQVLQHvQVXúLúLSULQDOWXO D3LHUGHUHDSRVHVLXQLLSULQVLQHvQVXúL $FHDVWD VH SURGXFHD vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX WUHL VLWXD LL FDUH SXWHDX V DSDU respectiv prin pierderea lui corpus, prin pierderea lui animus, úL SULQ SLHUGHUHD ambelor elemente. Pierderea lui corpusVHGDWRUHD]IDSWXOXLFSRVHVRUXOQXIDFHVDXQXSRDWHV IDFDFWHOHPDWHULDOHFHvLUHYLQvQFDOLWDWHDVD'HH[HPSOXGDFXQHLSHUVRDQHvLFDGH LQHOXOvQIOXYLXDFHVWHLDGLVSUkQGX-i astfel corpusvLYDGLVSDUHúLSRVHVLD Pierderea lui animus FRQVW vQ PDQLIHVWDUHD YRLQ HL GH D QX PDL SRVHGD vQ WLPSFHVHVYkUúHVFDFWHPDWHULDOHFRQIRUPSRVHVLXQLL([HPSOXOFRQFOXGHQWvQDFHVW sens era constitutum possessorium$GLFXQSURSULHWDUDYkQGXWFDVDvQFDUHORFXLDúL FRQWLQXV-RORFXLDVFvQED]DXQXLFRQWUDFWGHORFD LXQH– închiriere încheiat cu noul SURSULHWDU(OGHYLQHGHWHQWRUSLHU]kQGSRVHVLXQHDRGDWFXanimus, dar a conservat corpus. Pierderea lui corpusúLDOXLanimusVHSURGXFHvQDFHODúLWLPSILHSULQPRDUWHD posHVRUXOXLILHSULQSUVLUHDOXFUXOXLGHFWUHDFHVWD b. Pierderea posesiunii prin altul &HOSULQFDUHVHSURGXFHDSLHUGHUHDSRVHVLXQLLHUDvQWRWGHDXQDGHWHQWRUXOúLvQ DFHVW VHQV H[LVWDX GRX VLWXD LL UHVSHFWLY ILH PRDUWHD VDX QHEXQLD GHWHQWRUXOXL ILe YRLQ DFRQWUDUDDFHVWXLD V. Clasificarea posesiunii93 3RVHVLXQHD VH FODVLILF GXS FULWHULL GLIHULWH UHVSHFWLY GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO SURWHF LHL MXULGLFH SH FDUH R DVLJXU DO HIHFWHORU SURGXVH DO JHQHUDOL]ULL VDX DO RSR]L LHL FX DGHYUDWD SRVHVLXQH ÌQ DFHVW VHQV DX H[LVWDW XUPWRDUHOH FDWHJRULL GH posesiune: 2. Possessio ad usucapionem &RQVWLWXLD SRVHVLXQHD FDUH SUH]HQWD GUHSW HIHFW GREkQGLUHD SURSULHW LL quiritare prin uzucapiune, deci printr-RIRORVLQ vQGHOXQJDW 92 93

C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., 1958, p. 278. C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., 1958, p.273;

20

3. Possessio iniusta ConsWLWXLD SRVHVLXQHD FRQWUDU GUHSWXOXL VDX YLFLRDV – vitiosa ID  GH R DQXPLW SHUVRDQ DYkQG FD HIHFW ULGLFDUHD SURWHF LHL MXULGLFH ID  GH SHUVRDQD UHVSHFWLY 4. Possessio iuris Constituia posesiunea unui drept sau quasi possessio.

5. Possessio naturalis &RQVWLWXLD GHWHQ LXQHD DGLF SRVHVLXQHD QDWXUDO – naturalis, corporalis – FRUSRUDO FDUH HUD vQWU-R SR]L LH FX WRWXO FRQWUDU DGHYUDWHL SRVHVLXQL – possessio civilis,SRVHVLXQHDFLYLO VI. Efectele posesiunii a. Interdictele Posesorul are lD GLVSR]L LH XQ PLMORF GH SURWHF LH vPSRWULYD FHORU FDUH vL WXOEXUSRVHVLXQHD$FHVWHPLMORDFHVHQXPHVFLQWHUGLFWHOHSRVHVRULL Interdictele posesorii94 ,QWHUGLFWHOH SRVHVRULL FRQVWLWXLDX RUGLQH GDWH GH FWUH SUHWRU vQ VFRSXO DVLJXUULLXQHLSURWHF LLMuridice a posesiunii. b. Calitatea de pârât ÌQ FD]XO XQXL SURFHV vQ UHYHQGLFDUH SRVHVRUXO DUH FDOLWDWHD DYDQWDMRDV GH pârât95IRORVLQGH[SUHVLDSRVHGSHQWUXFSRVHG96. F'REkQGLUHDSURSULHW LL 3RVHVLXQHDH[HUFLWDWvQWU-RDQXPLWSHULRDGGHWLPSpoate duce la dobîndirea SURSULHW LLDVXSUDXQXLOXFUXSULQX]XFDSLXQHGDUQXPDLvQVLWXD LDvQFDUHúLFHOHODOWH elemente ale acesteia erau îndeplinite97. Titlul III. PROPRIETATEA: PROPRIETAS ,1R LXQHúLDWULEXWH Romanii au definit proprietatea astfel: proprietas est ius utendi, fruendi, abutendi re sua quatenus iuris ratio partitur98 DGLF ÄSURSULHWDWHD HVWH GUHSWXO GH D 94

C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., 1958, p. 281- (0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 112. Inst., 4.15.4. 96 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 111. 95

97



/HJHD FHORU ;,, 7DEHOH SUHYHGHD X]XV FD R FRQGL LH D X]XFDSLXQLL 2UL X]XV vQVHPQD D S VWUD OXFUXO úL

a te folosi de el.

21

IRORVL XQ EXQ GH DL FXOHJH IUXFWHOH úL GH D GLVSXQH GH DWkW FkW SHUPLWH PVXUD dreptului”. ,,2ULJLQHDúLHYROX LDSURSULHW ii 1. Forme prestatale de proprietate ÌQ HWDSD GH WUDQ]L LH GH OD FRPXQD SULPLWLY OD VRFLHWDWHD VWDWDO DSDU vQ FRQGL LLOH SUHILJXUULL QRLL IRUPD LXQL VRFLDOH VFODYDJLVPXO XUPWRDUHOH IRUPH SULPLWLYH GH SURSULHWDWH SURSULHWDWHD FROHFWLY D JLQ LL SURSULHWDWHD IDPLOLDO DVXSUD SPkQWXOXL99úLSURSULHWDWHDLQGLYLGXDODVXSUDVFODYLORU100. D3URSULHWDWHDSXEOLFDVWDWXOXL $FHDVW IRUP GH SURSULHWDWH VH vPSDUWH vQ GRX FDWHJRULL UHVSHFWLY SURSULHWDWHDVWDWXOXLDVXSUDSPkQWXOXL– ager publicusúLSUoprietatea statului asupra sclavilor – servi publicus, ambele aflându-úL RULJLQHD vQ FXFHULULOH GH U]ERL URPDQH GDWRULWSROLWLFLLGHH[SDQVLXQHSURPRYDWHGHFWUHVWDWXOURPDQ b. Proprietatea TXLULWDU Proprietatea TXLULWDU – dominium ex iure quiritium101 constituia privilegiul H[FOXVLY DFRUGDW FHW HQLORU URPDQL (D VH FUHD vQ PRG VROHPQ VH WUDQVPLWHD SULQ IRUPH VROHPQH úL GH DVHPHQHD WRW vQ IRUPH VROHPQH HUD VDQF LRQDW vQ ID D LQVWDQ HL102. 3URSULHWDWHDvQHSRFDFODVLF ÌQHSRFDFODVLFV-DPHQ Lnut proprietatea TXLULWDUDOWXULGHFDUHDXDSUXW GDWRULWWUDQVIRUPULORUYLH LLHFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHúLSROLWLFHQRLIRUPHGHSURSULHWDWH UHVSHFWLYSURSULHWDWHDSUHWRULDQVDXERQLWDUSURSULHWDWHDSURYLQFLDOúLSURSULHWDWHD SHUHJULQ 4. ProprieWDWHDvQHSRFDSRVWFODVLF -XVWLQLDQDXQLILFDWSURSULHWDWHDGHVILLQ kQGGLIHUHQ HOHGLQWUHWRDWHIRUPHOHGH SURSULHWDWHDQWHULRDUHUH]XOWkQGRSURSULHWDWHXQLFQXPLWdominium103. ,,,0RGXULOHGHGREkQGLUHúLGHWUDQVPLWHUHDSURSULHW LL Mancipatio La origine, mancipatio FRQVWLWXLD XQ PRG GH FUHDUH D SURSULHW LL104 care era FRQVLGHUDWGXSFXPDPY]XWRSXWHUHDVXSUDOXFUXOXLmancipi. Mai târziu, ea apare ca un mod de transmitere a dreptului de proprietate. 98

D. 1,5,4. C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 11. 100 Ibidem. 101 U. Brasiello, Corso di diritto romano. La proprieta nella sua essenza e nella sua estensione, Milano, 1952, p. 166. 102 Gaius, 1. 53. 103 C. 7, 31, 1. 104 Ibidem. 99

22

In iure cesio In iure cesio –UHFXQRDúWHUHDvQID DPDJLVWUDWXOXLHUDXQPRGGHWUDQVPLWHUHD SURSULHW LL quiritare FXDMXWRUXOXQXLSURFHVILFWLYSHFDUHGREkQGLWRUXOvOLQWHQWHD] vPSRWULYDFHOXLFDUHvQVWULQHD]XQOXFUX Usucapio Usucapio – FRQVWLWXLD XQ PRG GH GREkQGLUH D SURSULHW LL quiritare prin exercitarea posesiunii asupra unui lucru un timp îndelungat. Dreptul fostului SURSULHWDUVHVWLQJHFDRFRQVHFLQ FHGHFXUJHGLQIDSWXOFOXFUXODIRVWX]XFDSDWGH FWUHRDOWSHUVRDQ Prescriptio longi temporis 3UHVFULS LDGHWLPSvQGHlungat –FRQVWLWXLDXQPRGGHGREkQGLUHDSURSULHW LL SULQIRORVLQ DvQGHOXQJDWFHDYHDGUHSWPRGHOX]XFDSLXQHD Prescriptio longissimi temporis 3UHVFULS LD GH WLPS IRDUWH vQGHOXQJDW – constituia un mod de respingere a DF LXQLLvQUHYHQGLFDUHDSURSULHtarului, care se realiza prin posesiunea unui lucru întrXQWLPSIRDUWHvQGHOXQJDWUHVSHFWLYGHDQLLQL LDOúLDSRLGHDQL Adiudicatio Adiudicatio – FRQVWLWXLH PRGXO GH GREkQGLUH D SURSULHW LL UHDOL]DW SULQ DWULEXLUHDGHFWUHMXGHFWRUDFRWHORUSU LGLQEXQXOFRPXQILHFUHLSHUVRDQHFHDYHD XQ GUHSW vQ DFHVW VHQV $FHDVWD VH SURGXFH vQ FD]XO SURFHVHORU GH vPSU LUH D XQXL WHUHQFDUHSULQPRúWHQLUHVDXSULQFXPSUDUHDDSDU LQXWPDLPXOWRUSHUVRDQH Lex Lex – legea constituie un mod de dobâQGLUH D SURSULHW LL UHDOL]DW GLUHFW VDX LQGLUHFWSULQDFHVWDFWQRUPDWLY'HH[HPSOX/HJHDFHORU;,,7DEOHUHFXQRúWHDH[SUHV YDOLGLWDWHD XQHL GLVSR]L LL SULQ FDUH WHVWDWRUXO DWULEXLD FXLYD XQ VFODY LDU FHO FDUH EHQHILFLDGHGLVSR]L LDWHVWDPHQWDUGHYHQea proprietar de plin drept105. Ocupatio Ocupatio –RFXSD LXQHDFRQVWLWXLDXQPRGGHGREkQGLUHDSURSULHW LLUHDOL]DW SULQOXDUHDvQSRVHVLHDXQXLOXFUXIUVWSkQ– res nullius. Traditio Traditio – WUDGL LXQHD HUD XQ PRG YROXQWDU GH GREkQGLUH D SURSULHW LL FDUH consta în remiterea posesiunii unui lucru. Era un mod de dobândire de iure gentium. 105

I.M. Anghel, op.cit., p. 122

23

Specificatio Specificatio –FRQVWLWXLHVLWXD LDvQFDUHRSHUVRDQvQFDOLWDWHDGHVSHFLILFDWRU FRQIHF LRQHD]XQOXFUXQRXGLQWU-XQPDWHULDODSDU LQkQGDOWHi persoane în calitate de proprietar106.

Accesio Accesio –DFFHVLXQHDFRQVWLWXLHXQPRGGHGREkQGLUHDSURSULHW LLSULQDFHHD FXQOXFUXDFFHVRULXVHXQHúWHFXXQOXFUXSULQFLSDO ,96DQF LXQHDGUHSWXOXLGHSURSULHWDWH 1. 6DQF LXQHDSURSULHW LLTXLUitare Proprietatea TXLULWDU HUD SURWHMDW SULQ DF LXQHD LQ UHYHQGLFDUH – rei vindicatio. În cazul în care proprietarul a pierdut posesiunea lucrului el putea cu DMXWRUXO DFHVWHL DF LXQL V FHDU UHVWLWXLUHD OXFUXOXL GRYHGLQGX-úL  GUHSWXO VX GH proprietate. 2. 6DQF LXQHDSURSULHW LLSUHWRULHQH 6DQF LXQHD SURSULHW LL SUHWRULHQH VH UHDOL]D SULQ DF LXQHD SXEOLFLDQ GXS numele unui pretor Publicus. Titlul IV. DREPTURI REALE ASUPRA BUNULUI ALTUIA: IURE IN RE ALIENA ,6HUYLWX LOH6(59,787(6 1. 1R LXQe, clasificare, caracter 6HUYLWX LOHVXQWVDUFLQLLPSXVHvQIRORVXOXQHLDQXPLWHSHUVRDQHvQFDOLWDWHDGH proprietar al unui imobil, sau în folosul unei anumite persoane107. II. Drepturile reale pretoriene 1. Superficio108 Superficio – superficia constituia dreptul acordat unei persoane de a se folosi GH R FRQVWUXF LH ULGLFDW SH WHUHQXO DOWHL SHUVRDQH SH YHFL VDX SH WHUPHQ OXQJ vQ VFKLPEXOXQHLVXPHGHEDQLQXPLWsolariumSOWLWDFHVWHLDGLQXUPvQFDOLWDWHDHL de proprietar109.

106

Inst. 2, 1, 25. C. .St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.375. 108 Gaius, 43, 18, 2. 109 VI. Hanga, op.cit., p. 307. 107

24

2. Conductio agri vectigalis Ius in agro vectigali constituia dreptul asupra lui ager vectigalis110 -SPkQWXO FRQFHGDW$FHVWGUHSWvúLWUDJHVRUJLQWHDGLQDUHQGDUHDSPkQWXOXLSHWHUPHQOXQJVDX perpetuu111FHW HQLORUURPDQLVDXXQRUSHUVRDQHMXULGLFHvQVFKLPEXOXQHLUHYHGHQ H QXPLWvectigal.

3. Emfiteoza (PILWHR]D FRQVW vQ DUHQGDUHD SH WHUPHQ OXQJ VDX SH YHFL D XQRU SPkQWXUL LPSHULDOH QHOXFUDWH FX REOLJD LD HPILWHRWXOXL GH D OH FXOWLYD úL GH D SOWL R VXP GH bani – canon. Deci, emfiteoza ca drept real s-D QVFXW GLQ FRQWUDFWXO GH HPILWHR] FRQWUDFW VSHFLDO VDQF LRQDW vQ SHULRDGD GRPLQDWXOXL GH FWUH vPSUDWXO=HQRQ$IRVW XWLOL]DWQXQXPDLGHFWUHvPSUD LGDUúLGHPDULLODWLIXQGLDULSHQWUXGRPHQLLOHORU UPDVHvQSDUDJLQGDWRULWOLSVHLIRU HLGHPXQF Partea a V-a SUCCESIUNILE ,&DUDFWHUL]DUHJHQHUDODVXFFHVLXQLORU 1. 1R LXQH Succesiunile – hereditas UHSUH]LQW R WUDQVPLVLXQH D SDWULPRQLXOXL FH D DSDU LQXWXQHLSHUVRDQHFDUHDPXULWVXFFHVRULORUVL 6XFFHVLXQHD vQVHDPQ FRQWLQXDUHD XQHL VLWXD LL MXUidice a unei persoane de FWUHDOWSHUVRDQ2DVWIHOGHvQORFXLUHDXQHLSHUVRDQHSRDWHDYHDORFvQvQWUHJXOVX patrimoniu, constituind o succesiune cu titlu universal sau numai într-un raport juridic constituind o succesiune cu titlu particular112. II. 6XFFHVLXQHDOHJDO$%,17(67$7 16XFFHVLXQHDOHJDOUHJOHPHQWDWGHGUHSWFLYLO Succesiunea ab intestat,GXSFXPVHDUWDFKLDUvQ/HJHDFHORU;,,7DEOHVH deschidea numai în cazul în care decujus –GHIXQFWXOQXDOVDWWHVWDPHQW–úLintestate moritur RUL WHVWDPHQWXO OVDW D IRVW DWLQV GH R FDX] GH QXOLWDWH ILH KHUHGHOH UHIX]D VDX GHYHQHD LQFDSDELO V SULPHDVF PRúWHQLUHD $FHDVW OHJH SUHYHGHD XUPWRDUHOH FDWHJRULLGHPRúWHQLWRULFLYLOLheredes sui113, adgnatus proximus114úLgentiles115.

110

Gaius, 3, 145. Ager vectigalis. 112 N. Corodeanu, 2EOLJD LLOH úL VXFFHVLXQHD &XUV GH GUHSW URPDQ vol. II, 1937-1938, p.343. 113 Gaius, 3.1. 114 Inst., 3,2,1.; 3.2.5. 115 Gaius, 3. 17. 111

25

2. SuccesiXQHDOHJDOUHJOHPHQWDWGHGUHSWXOSUHWRULDQ Dreptul pretorian este definit, într-un text celebru cuprins în Digeste, astfel: dreptul pretorian este acela care a fost stabilit de pretor pentru a veni în ajutorul civil, pentru a-OFRPSOHWDúLvPEXQW LFonform binelui public. &WUH VIkUúLWXO UHSXEOLFLL HUDX FXQRVFXWH SDWUX FDWHJRULL GH PRúWHQLWRUL pretorieni, respectiv: bonorum possessio unde liberi, bonorum possessio unde legitimi, bonorum possessio unde cognati, bonorum possessio unde vir et uxor.

3. 6XFFHVLXQHDOHJDOUHJOHPHQWDWGHGUHSWXOLPSHULDO ÌPSUD LL URPDQL ILH GLUHFW SULQ FRQVWLWX LL ILH LQGLUHFW SULQ VHQDWXVFRQVXOWH DX PHUV PDL GHSDUWH SH GUXPXO WUDVDW GH SUHWRU OUJLQG FHUFXO UXGHORU GH VkQJH116. Astfel s-D DGRSWDW GLQ LQL LDWLYD DFHVWRUD GRX VHQDWXVFRQVXOWH LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX GUHSWXO VXFFHVRUDO URPDQ GH OD DFHD YUHPH UHVSHFWLY VHQDWXVFRQVXOWXO 7HUWXOLDQ úL senatusconsultul Orfitian. ,,,6XFFHVLXQHDWHVWDPHQWDU 1. Testamentul D'HILQL LH Testamentul este un act formal prinFDUHRSHUVRDQQXPLWWHVWDWRULQVWLWXLHvQ PRGQHFHVDUXQXOVDXPDLPXO LVXFFHVRULFXVFRSXOFDDFHúWLDVDVLJXUHH[HFXWDUHD YRLQ HLVDOHGXSPRDUWH117. E(YROX LHúLIRUPHGHWHVWDPHQW La origine, testatorul instituia ca succesori numai pe herezii VLGDUPDLWkU]LX DSXWXWLQVWLWXLúLDJQD LPDLvQGHSUWD LúLFKLDUSHUVRDQHVWULQHGHIDPLOLDVD118. &X WLPSXO WHVWDPHQWXO D VXIHULW R LQWHUHVDQW HYROX LH QX QXPDL vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWHVROHPQLW LOHVDOHH[WHUQHGDUúLVWUXFWXUDFRQ LQXWXOXL119. Forme de testament. În vechiul drept roman au existat trei forme de testament, úL DQXPH testamentum calatis comitiis, testamentum in procinctu, testamentum per aes et libram. Dreptul clasic $OWXUL GH WHVWDPHQWXO per aes et libram, FDUH FRQWLQXD V ILH utilizat, apar noi forme de testament, astfel: – Testamentul nuncupativ HUD DFWXO FH VH IFHD VXE IRUPD XQHL GHFODUD LL – nuncupatioSURQXQ DWHFXYRFHWDUHvQSUH]HQ DDúDSWHPDUWRUL120SULQFDUHIDFHVVH FXQRDVF QXPHOH KHUHGHOXL úL XOWLPHOH DFWH DOH VDOH GH YRLQ  $FHDVW IRUP GH WHVWDPHQW VH IRORVHD GH FWUH FHL FDUH QX DYHDX WLPS V-úL VFULH WHVWDPHQWXO ILLQG VXUSULQúLGHDSURSLHUHDPRU LLúLWRWRGDWúLGHFWUHDFHLDFDUHQXúWLDXFDUWH 116

Nov. 117, 5; C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 427 9O +DQJD 09 -DFRW Drept privat roman %XFXUHúWL  S  ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD Drept roman %XFXUHúWL  S  118 Vl. Hanga, Drept privat roman %XFXUHúWL  S 119 N.Corodeanu, op.cit., p.359. 120 Inst., 2.10.14; S.Solazzi, Studio et documenta historice et iuris, Roma, 13-14, 1948-1949, p.132. 117

26

– Testamentul pretorian consta într-un înscris care purta sigilLXO D úDSWH PDUWRULvQFDUHJVLPUHPLQLVFHQ HDOHWHVWDPHQWXOXLper aes et libram121. – Testamentul militar QX SUHVXSXQH YUHR FRQGL LH GH IRUP (O SXWHDILIFXW RULFXPFXFRQGL LDGLQSDUWHDWHVWDWRUXOXLVILHFODUH[SULPDW122. – Dreptul imperial. Mai târziu apar noi forme de testament specifice acestei SHULRDGHGXSFXPXUPHD] – Testamentul civil VXE IRUP RUDO PDQLIHVW YRLQ D WHVWDWRUXOXL FODU H[SULPDWYHUEDOID GHPDUWRULFLQFLODvQFHSXWDSRLúDSWH(UDIRUPDGHWHVWDPHQW per aes et libram UHGXVODH[SUHVLDFHDPDLVLPSO – 7HVWDPHQWXO VXE IRUPD VFULV QX VH PDL IFHD SULQ PLMORFXO WDEOHORU GH FHDU FL VH vQWRFPHD SH SDSLUXV úL SHUJDPHQW 7HVWDPHQWXO VH SXWHD SUH]HQWD PDUWRULORUvQIúXUDWVXEIRUPDXQXLVXODWkWFkWHVWHVFULVFDSHFH LOHúLQXPHOHORUvQ subscriptio V ILH SXVH vQ reliqua parte, IU FD HL V YDG FRQ LQXWXO $VWIHO HVWH cunoscut testamentul tripartit. – Testamentul olograf UHFXQRVFXW GH 9DOHQWLQLDQ ,,, WUHEXLD V ILH VFULV vQ WRWDOLWDWHGHWHVWDWRU$FHVWDvQVQXDWUHFXWvQOHJLVOD LDOXL-XVWLQLDQGHFkWFDSDUWDM de ascendent123. – Testamentul public – apud acta conditiumDIRVWUHFXQRVFXWGHRFRQVWLWX LH DOXL7KHRGRVLXúL+RQRULXODHQ 2. &DSDFLWDWHDWHVWDPHQWDU Testamenti factio GHVHPQHD] FDSDFLWDWHD unei persoane de a-úL IDFH WHVWDPHQWXOVDXGHDILPDUWRUODvQWRFPLUHDXQXLWHVWDPHQWSUHFXPúLFDSDFLWDWHDGH a veni la succesiune în calitate de succesor sau legatar124. ÌQDFHVWFD]GLVWLQJHPWHVWDPHQWLIDFWLRDFWLYDúLWHVWDPHQWLIDFWLRSDVVLYD 3. ,QVWLWXLUHDúLVXEVWLWXLUHDGHPRúWHQLWRUL &RQGL LLOHGHIRUPDOHLQVWLWXLULL*DLXVVSXQHDFKHUHGLVLQVWLWXWLRHVWFDSXW HW IXQGDPHQWXP WRLXV WHVWDPHQWL GH XQGH UH]XOW F vQ OLSVD DFHVWHL GLVSR]L LL testamentul nu este valabil125. Instituirea trebuiHVILHcaputVFULVGHODvQFHSXW vQ fruntea testamentului. ,QVWLWXLUHDPRúWHQLWRUXOXLWUHEXLDIFXWvQWHUPHQLLPSHUDWLYLúLVROHPQL126 (cu verbis latinis imperativis et directis DúDFXPRUGRQDúLSRSRUXOvQtestamenti calatis comitiis.

121

D., 28.1.22.4. Inst., 2.11; Arangio-Ruiz, Bulletino dell’instituto di diritto romano, „Vittorio Scioloja”, Milian, 18, 1906,p.157. 123 Ibidem, p.366. 124 A.E.Giffard, op.cit., p.446; Vl.Hanga, op.cit.,p.321. 125 Gaius, 2.229; Ulpian, Reg. 24.15 (Ante heredis institutionem legarinom potest, quoriam vinn et potestas testament ab heredis institutione incipit); G. Archi, Rivista internationale di diritto romanae antico, Napoli, 5, 1954, p.171. 126 Ulpian, Reg. 21.1; Gaius, 2.117. 122

27

IV. SuFFHVLXQHDGHIHULWFRQWUDWHVWDPHQWXOXL 1. 'H]PRúWHQLUHDQHUHJXODW 'DF pater familias GRUHD V GH]PRúWHQHDVF XQ ILX WUHEXLD V-R IDF vQ PRG nominal conform formulei Titus filius meus exheres esto127. )LLFHOHúLQHSR LLWUHEXLDXVILHGH]PRúWHQL LvQEloc, potrivit formulei – ceteri omnes exheredes sunto128. 2. 'H]PRúWHQLUHDUHJXODW /DED]DDFHVWHLLQVWLWX LLVWLGHHDGHSURWHF LHDUXGHORUDJQDWLFHúLFRJQDWLFH LGHHFHDOXDWQDúWHUHGLQFRQGL LLOHPDWHULDOHGHH[LVWHQ GHODVIkUúLWXOUHSXEOLFLL Partea a VI-a 2%/,*$,, ,&DUDFWHUL]DUHJHQHUDODREOLJD LLORU 1. 2ULJLQHúLHYROX LH 1R LXQHD GH REOLJD LH V-D FULVWDOL]DW vQ XUPD XQHL vQGHOXQJDWH HYROX LL vQ SURFHVXOGHWUDQ]L LHGHODVRFLHWDWHDJHQHWLFODFHDSROLWLF Cercetarea originii evoOX LHL REOLJD LHL SUH]LQW XQ PDUH LQWHUHV GDWRULW urmelor pe care etapele succesive de dezvoltare ale acesteia le-D OVDW DVXSUD XQRU LQVWLWX LLGHPDLWkU]LXSUHFXPúLDVXSUDWHUPLQRORJLHLMXULGLFHURPDQH129. &RQFHSWXO GH REOLJD LH D DMXQV vQWU-un stadiu GH HODERUDUH SHUIHFW FDUH presupune un raport juridic caracterizat printr-un înalt grad de abstractizare. La RULJLQH vQV REOLJD LD D IRVW R VLPSO OHJWXU PDWHULDO IL]LF OHJWXU FDUH V-a spiritualizat, s-a juridicizat, într-XQvQGHOXQJDWúLFRPSOH[SURFHVGHHYROX LHDFUHL UHFRQVWLWXLUHDGDWQDúWHUHODFRQWURYHUVH130. (YROX LH$SUkQGRGDWFXSULPXOWLSGHFRQWUDFWsponsio religiosa,IFXWVXE IRUPGHMXUPkQWFHDYHDORFFXRFD]LDXQXLGHOLFWúLWHUPLQkQGSULQFRQWUDFWXOFX DMXWRUXOFUXLDJDUDQWXOVHREOLJVSOWHDVFSJXEDúXOXLLGHHDGHOHJWXUDSDUHvQ FDGUXO REOLJD LHL úL WUHFH GH OD OHJWXUD UHOLJLRDV OD XQD MXULGLF FH D IRVW PDL vQWkL SURFHGDWGHXQDPDWHULDO (WDSHOH HYROX LHL REOLJD LHL131 DúD FXP DX IRVW HOH DQDOL]DWH GH FHUFHWUL vQ GUHSWXOURPDQVXQWXUPWRDUHOH ÌQVRFLHWDWHDJHQWLOLFGDFRSHUVRDQHUDYLFWLPDXQXLGHOLFWWR LPHPEULL FROHFWLYLW LLvLOXDXDSUDUHDU]EXQkQGX-se la rândul lor. 0DLWkU]LXGUHSWXOGHU]EXQDUHDYLFWLPHLDIRVWvQORFXLWcu un alt sistem PDL HYROXDW SRWULYLW FUXLD GHOLQFYHQWXO úL SJXEDúXO DMXQJ OD vQ HOHJHUH 'HVSJXELUHDLDORFXOU]EXQULL

127 128 129 130 131

(0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD

op.cit., p.142.

Ibidem; Gaius, 2.1.28. (0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD

op.cit.,p.155.

Ibidem. (0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD

op.cit.,p.157.

28

 &X WUHFHUHD WLPSXOXL DSDUH HOLEHUDUHD GLQ ODQ XUL D GHOLQFYHQWXOXL vQ schimbul unui gaj viu. 4. Într-R HWDS QRX vQWUH JDUDQW úL SJXEDú LQWHUYLQH R vQ HOHJHUH vQ FDUH WUHEXLHVYHGHPFHDGLQWkLREOLJD LHFRQWUDFWXDO ÌQDOWHWDSV-DDGPLVFDGHOLQFYHQWXOVGHYLQJDUDQWSHQWUXSURPLVLXQHD sa. 6. Într-RXOWLPHWDSV-DFRQVLGHUDWDILGHSULVRVFDGHOLQFYHQWXOVDSDUFD SURSULXOVXJDUDQW 'HOLQFYHQWXO VH REOLJ GLUHFW DVWIHO F FHOH GRX HOHPHQWH DOH REOLJD LHL VH FRQWRSHVF'LQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHGHOLQFYHQWXOVHREOLJGLUHFWSURFHVXOGHIRUPDUHD REOLJD LHLV-a încheiat. 2. 'HILQL LH Într-un text conservat în Digeste132MXULVFRQVXOWXO3DXOGXUPWRDUHDGHILQL LH REOLJD LHL 1DWXUD REOLJD LHL QX FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F XQ OXFUX GHYLQH DO QRVWUX VDX QH HVWH FRQVWUXLW R VHUYLWXWH FL vQ IDSWXO F FLQHYD HVWH FRQVWUkQV D QH WUVDQVPLWH proprietatea unui lucru, a face FHYDVDXDvQGHSOLQLRSUHVWD LXQH /DSULPDFLWLUH3DXOQXGRGHILQL LHSURSULX-]LVDREOLJD LHLFLPDLGHJUDE RSXQH FRQFHSWXO GH REOLJD LH GUHSWXOXL UHDO VDX DFWHORU FH VXQW XWLOL]DWH vQ VFRSXO GREkQGLULL XQRU GUHSWXUL UHDOH 7RWRGDW QH vQI LúHD] úL XQHOH HOHPHQWH DOH REOLJD LHLDUWkQGFQDWXUDHLVHGHILQHúWHSULQWHUPHQLLGDUHIDFHSUHVWDUH133. $ GRXD GHILQL LH GDWRUDW Institutelor lui Justinian, se apropie mai mult de DFFHS LXQHD PRGHUQ Obligatio est iuris vinculum quo necesitate ad-stringimur alicuius solvendae rei secundm noastre civitatis jura134 - DGLF REOLJD LD HVWH R OHJWXUGHGUHSWSULQFDUHVXQWHPVLOL LDSOWLFHYDFRQIRUPGUHSWXOXLFHW LLQRDVWUH 3. (OHPHQWHOHREOLJD LHL135 /D WR L DXWRULL FDUH DX FHUFHWDW RULJLQHD úL HYROX LD REOLJD LHL FODVLILFDUHD HOHPHQWHORUREOLJD LHLVHIDFHvQIXQF LHGHPRGXOGHDQDOL]DGHILQL LLORUREOLJD LHLúL D L]YRDUHORU DFHVWRUD DSUkQG DQXPLWH FODVLILFUL FDUH vQ ILQDO FXSULQG DFHOHDúL HOHPHQWHFUHGLWRUGHELWRURELHFWXDOúLFRQVWUângerea. 4. 7LSXULGHREOLJD LL &ODVLILFDUHD GXS L]YRDUH 3ULQ QR LXQHD GH L]YRU DO REOLJD LHL VH vQ HOHJH XQ DFW MXULGLF VDX XQ IDSW FDUH G QDúWHUH XQHL REOLJD LL $VWIHO DSDUH FODVLILFDUHD ELSDUWLW136 IRUPDW GLQ FRQWUDFWH úL GHOLFWH FRQVLGHUDW FKiar de Justinian, cea mai LPSRUWDQW &X WRDWH DFHVWHD V-D GRYHGLW QHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH DVWIHO vQFkW D DSUXW R QRXFODVLILFDUH &ODVLILFDUHD WULSDUWLW137 HUD FHD vQ FDUH DSDU FRQWUDFWHOH GHOLFWHOH úL GLIHULWH WLSXULGHL]YRDUHDOHREOLJD LHL– variae causarum figurae,FDUXGHQLDYHFLQWDWHDVDX GHWHQ LXQHD

132

Digeste, 44.7.3.pr. Digeste, 46.3.54. 134 Inst., 3.13.pr. 133

135 136

(0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD

Gaius, 3.38. 137 D. 44. 7. 4.

op.cit.,p.160

29

&ODVLILFDUHD TXDGULSDUWLW138  DSDUH vQ OHJLVOD LD OXL -XVWLQLDQ SUH]HQWkQG XQ FDUDFWHU VLVWHPDWLF PDL SURQXQ DW vQ VHQVXO F RIHU HOHPHQWH PDL VLJXUHGHúLQXvQ toate cazurile, pentru încadrarea actelor sau faptelor juridice în anumite categorii de L]YRDUH3HGHDOWSDUWHDFHDVWFODVLILFDUHQXFRQ LQHXQHOHL]YRDUH ÌQ DFHDVW FODVLILFDUH DSDU REOLJD LLOH contractuale, delictuale, quasicontractualeúLquasidelictuale139. &ODVLILFDUHD REOLJD LLORU GXS VDQF LXQH Din acest punct de vedere ele se FODVLILFvQREOLJD LLFLYLOHúLREOLJD LLQDWXUDOH &ODVLILFDUHD GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO QXPUXOXLGHSHUVRDQHFDUHSDUWLFLSOD raportul juridic.'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHREOLJD LLOHVHvPSDUWvQREOLJD LLVLPSOHúL REOLJD LLFRPSOH[H 6. Elementele contractului &RQWUDFWXO FRQVWLWXLH DFWXO MXULGLF FH DUH OD ED] DFRUGXO GH YRLQ  DO SU LORU FXSULYLUHODQDúWHUHDPRGLILFDUHDVDXVWLQJHUHDXQXLUDSRUWMXULGLFREOLJD LRQDO2ULFH FRQWUDFWFXSULQGHGRXFDWHJRULLGHHOHPHQWHGXSFXPXUPHD]HOHPHQWHHVHQ LDOHúL elemente accidentale140. ,,(IHFWHOHREOLJD LLORU 2EOLJD LLOHvQVHQVXOGHGUHSWXULSHUVRQDOHVDXGHFUHDQ SURGXFGRXHIHFWH respectiv un efect normal, pe de o parte, sau un efect accidentalSHGHDOWDGDFPDL întâi nu se produce efectul normal141. 1. (IHFWXOQRUPDODOREOLJD LLORU142 (IHFWXOQRUPDOFRQVWvQDFWXOGHELWRUXOXLGHDH[HFXWDREOLJD LDDVXPDWSULQ FRQWUDFWSHQWUXFDFUHGLWRUXOV-úLSRDWYDORULILFDGUHSWXULOHVDOHGHFUHDQ . D3ULQFLSLXOUHODWLYLW LLHIHFWHORUFRQWUDFWHORU143 6HDSOLFvQVLWXD LDFkQGXQpater familias a luat parte la un contract. 3ULQFLSLXO UHODWLYLW LL HIHFWHORU FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ XUPWRUXO adagiu: res inter alios acta aliis neque nocere, neque prodesse potest144 - contractul vQFKHLDWvQWUHXQLLQXYDWPúLQLFLQXSURILWDOWRUD E3ULQFLSLXOQXOLW LLVWLSXOD LXQLLSHQWUXDOWXO145 3ULQFLSLXO QXOLW LL VWLSXOD LXQLL SHQWUX DOWXO DUH OD ED] DGDJLXO nemo alteris stipulari potest146 - nimeni nu poate stipula pentru altul.

138

C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.230; Inst., 3.13.2. Ibidem. 140 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit S úL  141 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 240. 142 Ibidem. 143 Inst., 3.19.19.; C.4.50.6. 144 D. 22.14.17.6. 145 Ibidem. 146 D. 45.1.38.17. 139

30

F3ULQFLSLXOQXOLW LLSURPLVLXQLLSHQWUXDOWXO147 3ULQFLSLXOQXOLW LLSURPLVLXQLLSHQWUXDOWXODUHODED]DGDJLXOnemo alienum factum promitere potest148 - nimeni nu poate promite fapta altuia. d. Principiul nereprezentULLvQFRQWUDFWH Pater familias,vQFDOLWDWHGHSHUVRDQsui iuris, ia parte la contract printr-un alt pater familias.9HFKLLURPDQLQXDGPLWHDXFXQpater familias poate deveni creditor VDX GHELWRU vQ ED]D XQXL FRQWUDFW vQFKHLDW GH R SHUVRDQ VWULQ de un alt pater familias. 2. (IHFWXODFFLGHQWDODOREOLJD LLORU149 (IHFWXO DFFLGHQWDO DO REOLJD LXQLORU FRQVW vQ GUHSWXO FUHGLWRUXOXL GH D RE LQH daune-interese150 DWXQFL FkQG REOLJD LD QX HVWH H[HFXWDW VDX HVWH H[HFXWDW FX întârziere. Acestea sunt de dou IHOXUL GXS FXP XUPHD] MXGHFWRUHúWL úL FRQYHQ LRQDOH ([LVWúDVHFD]XULFDUHGHWHUPLQQHH[HFXWDUHDREOLJD LLORUGXSFXPXUPHD] PRUDFXOSDGROXOFD]XOIRUWXLWIRU DPDMRUFXVWRGLD 3. 6DQF LXQHDQHH[HFXWULLREOLJD LLORU151 3DUWHDFDUHQXvúLH[HFXWDREOLJD LDFHvLUHYHQHDúLQXVHJVHDvQQLFLXQDGLQ VLWXD LLOHFDUHRVFXWHDXGHUVSXQGHUHWUHEXLDVSOWHDVFGHVSJXELULQXPLWHGDXQH interese152. 'DXQHOH LQWHUHVH VXQW GH GRX IHOXUL GXS FXP XUPHD] GDXQH LQWHUHVH MXGHFWRUHúWLúLGDXQHLQWHUHVHFRQYHQ LRQDOH153. ,96WLQJHUHDREOLJD LLORU154 2EOLJD LLOH vQ GUHSWXO URPDQ VH VWLQJ SULQ GRX PRGXUL GXS FXP XUPHD] PRGXULYROXQWDUHúLPRGXULQHYROXQWDUH 1. 0RGXULOHYROXQWDUHGHVWLQJHUHDREOLJD LLORU Modurile voluntare de stingere a obOLJD LXQLORUVXQWXUPWRDUHOHSODWDGDUHD vQSODWQRYD LXQHDFRPSHQVD LXQHDUHPLWHUHDGHGDWRULH155.

147

Ibidem. Inst., 3.9.21.; D.45.1.38. pr. 149 C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.246. 150 Ibidem, p.249 151 Ibidem. 152 Ibidem. 153 Ibidem. 154 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit.,p. 250. 155 Ibidem. 148

31

a. Plata - solutio156 3ODWDFRQVWLWXLHPRGXORELúQXLWGHVWLQJHUHDREOLJD LLORUFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]SULQ vQGHSOLQLUHD SUHVWD LXQLL DGLF WUDQVPLWHUHD SURSULHW LL XQXL OXFUX vQGHSOLQLUHD OXFUULLODFDUHQH-DPREOLJDWHWFFHIDFRELHFWXOOHJWXULLMXULGLFHREOLJD LRQDOH E'DUHDvQSODW– datio in solutum157 'DUHDvQSODWFRQVWLWXLHXQPRGGHVWLQJHUHDREOLJD LHLFHFRQVWvQIDSWXOF debitorXO FX FRQVLP PkQWXO FUHGLWRUXOXL VH OLEHUHD] GkQGX-i un alt lucru decât cel datorat. F1DUD LXQHD 1DUD LXQHD HVWH PRGXO GH VWLQJHUH D REOLJD LHL FDUH FRQVW vQ vQORFXLUHD XQHL YHFKL REOLJD LL FX DOWD QRX vQORFXLUH FH DUH ORF SULQWU-un contract – stipulatio sau contractuliterii. G&RPSHQVD LXQHD158 &RPSHQVD LXQHD FRQVWLWXLH PRGXO GH VWLQJHUH D REOLJD LLORU FDUH FRQVW vQ FXPSQLUHD D GRX GDWRULL UHFLSURFH DVWIHO FD H[HFXWDUHD V SRDUWH QXPDL DVXSUD GLIHUHQ HL159. e. Remiterea de datorie160 Remiterea de GDWRULH FRQVWLWXLH PRGXO GH VWLQJHUH D REOLJD LLORU FH FRQVW vQ UHQXQ DUHDGHFWUHFUHGLWRUODFUHDQ DVD(DVHPDLQXPHúWHLHUWDUHGHGDWRULH161. 2. 0RGXULOHQHYROXQWDUHGHVWLQJHUHDOHREOLJD LLORU a. Imposibilitatea de executare162 2EOLJD LXQHD VH VWLQJH FkQG H[HFXWDUHD HL D GHYHQLW LPSRVLELO FHHD FH VH SRDWH vQWkPSOD QXPDL FkQG RELHFWXO REOLJD LXQLL HVWH XQ OXFUX FHUW DGLF XQ OXFUX LQGLYLGXDO GHWHUPLQDW GH SLOG VFODYXO 6WLFKXV 'DF OXFUXO LQGLYLGXDO GHWHUPLQDW D SLHULW REOLJD LXQHD VH VWLQJH 3LHLUHD OXFUXOXL SRDWH V ILH IL]LF DWXQFL FkQG VFODYXO FDUHDIRVWGDWRUDWDPXULWVDXSRDWHILMXULGLFDWXQFLFkQGGHSLOGVFODYXOGDWRUDWD fost dezrobit. b. Confuziunea163 Confuziunea – confusioFRQVWLWXLHPRGXOQHYROXQWDUGHVWLQJHUHDREOLJD Lilor FHFRQVWvQvQWUXQLUHDDVXSUDDFHOHLDúLSHUVRDQHDFDOLW LLGHFUHGLWRUúLGHELWRU

156

Ibidem. Ibidem; Gaius, 3. 168. 158 D. 16.21.; C.8.42. 159 Ibidem. 160 (0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit.,p.200. 161 Ibidem. 162 (0ROFX  '2DQFHD op.cit.,p.202. 163 (0ROFX  '2DQFHD op.cit.,p.202. 157

32

c. Moartea164 0RDUWHDFRQVWLWXLHXQPRGQHYROXQWDUGHVWLQJHUHDREOLJD LLORUODED]DFUXLD VWSULQFLSLXOQHWUDQVPLVLELOLW LLREOLJD LXQLORU 9*DUDQ LLOHvQ dreptul roman *DUDQ LLOH FRQVWLWXLH DFHOH PLMORDFH MXULGLFH FDUH DX GUHSW VFRS V SXQ OD DGSRVW SH FUHGLWRU GH FRQVHFLQ HOH LQVROYDELOLW LL GHELWRUXOXL $FHVWHD VXQW GH GRX IHOXULGXSFXPXUPHD]JDUDQ LLSHUVRQDOHúLJDUDQ LLUHDOH 1. *DUDQ LLSersonale165 D*DUDQ LLSHUVRQDOHIRUPDOH *DUDQ LLOH SHUVRQDOH FRQVWLWXLH DFHOH SURFHGHH MXULGLFH SULQ FDUH GHELWRUXOXL SULQFLSDOLVHDOWXUXQXOVDXPDLPXO LGHELWRULDFFHVRULQXPL LJDUDQ L 5RPDQLL OD vQFHSXW SHQWUX D UHDOL]D JDUDQ LD SHUVRQDO V-au folosit de FRQWUDFWXOYHUEDO&UHGLWRULLvQVFRSXOGHDILRFURWL LGHRLQVROYDELOLWDWHHYHQWXDOD GHELWRULORU DX vQWUHEXLQ DW WUHL IRUPH YHUEDOH166 GLVWLQFWH GXS FXP XUPHD] sponsio167, fidepromissio, fideiussio. E*DUDQ LLSHUVRQDOHQHIRUPDOH168 GarDQ LLOH SHUVRQDOH QHIRUPDOH FRQVWLWXLH DFHOH PLMORDFH GH JDUDQWDUH D XQRU REOLJD LL FDUH QX QHFHVLWDX PRGXUL IRUPDOH vQ DFHVW VHQV (OH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH GXS FXP XUPHD] pactul de constitut, receptum argentariorum, mandatum pecuniae credendae169 2. *DUDQ LL reale170 *DUDQ LLOH UHDOH FRQVWDX vQ DIHFWDUHD DWULEXLUHD XQXL OXFUX GLQ SDWULPRQLXO GHELWRUXOXLFUHGLWRUXOXLvQVFRSXOJDUDQWULLXQHLFUHDQ H171. a. Fiducia172 Fiducia cum creditore HVWH XQ FRQWUDFW vQFKHLDW vQWUH FUHGLWRU úL GHELWRU SULQ care creditoruOVHREOLJVUHWUDQVPLWGHELWRUXOXLSURSULHWDWHDOXFUXOXLWUDQVPLVOXL FXWLWOXGHJDUDQ LHSULQmancipatio sau prin iure cessio.

164

C.St.Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.258. (0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit.,p.210. 166 Ibidem. 167 Gaius, 3.117. 168 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit.,p.217. 169 Ibidem. 170 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p.218. 171 Ibidem. 172 Ibidem. 165

33

b. Gajul173 *DMXOHVWHJDUDQ LDUHDOFDUHFRQVWvQUHPLWHUHDSRVHVLXQLLXQXLOXFUXGHFWUH GHELWRUFUHGLWRUXOXLVXîn momentul încheierii contractului de gaj. c. Ipoteca174 ,SRWHFDFRQVWLWXLHJDUDQ LDUHDOSULQFDUHVHODVOXFUXOvQSRVHVLDGHELWRUXOXL úLQXPDLGDFDFHVWDQXSOWHúWHODVFDGHQ FUHGLWRUXOLSRWHFDUDUHGUHSWXOGHDLQWUD vQSRVHVLDOXFUXOXLúLGHa-l vinde, valorificându-úLDVWIHOFUHDQ D Partea a VII-a ,=92$5(/(2%/,*$,,/25 ,&DUDFWHUL]DUHJHQHUDODL]YRDUHORUREOLJD LLORU &RQFHSWXO GH REOLJD LH V-D IRUPDW vQF GLQ HSRFD IRDUWH YHFKH D GUHSWXOXL URPDQ LDU RULJLQHD REOLJD LHL VH FRQIXQG Fu originea contractului ca fiind cel mai YHFKLL]YRUGHREOLJD LL175. 3ULPXO FRQWUDFW URPDQ D FRQVWDW vQ vQ HOHJHUHD GLQWUH JDUDQW úL SJXEDú vPEUFkQG IRUPD MXUPkQWXOXL UHOLJLRV FH D DSUXW vQ FRQWH[WXO FRPLWHULL XQXL delict176. II. Contractele în dreptul roman 1. Contractele formale &RQWUDFWHOH FRQVWLWXLH FHO PDL YHFKL L]YRU GH REOLJD LL &HOH PDL YHFKL VXQW FRQWUDFWHOH IRUPDOH VDX VROHPQH DGLF FRQWUDFWHOH FDUH SHQWUX D OXD QDúWHUH DX QHYRLHFDDFRUGXOGHYRLQ DOSU LORUVILHvPEUFDWvQWU-o anuPLWIRUPÌQGUHSWXO URPDQ VH FXQRVF SDWUX IRUPH FH DYHDX VFRSXO GH D vPEUFD DFRUGXO GH YRLQ  vQWU-o KDLQ REOLJDWRULH IRUPD UHOLJLRDV177 IRUPD YHUEDO178 IRUPD DXWHQWLF úL IRUPD VFULV179. D&RQWUDFWHOHvQIRUPUHOLJLRDV &RQWUDFWHOH vQ IRUP UHOLJLRDV DX IRVW GRX GXS FXP XUPHD] sponsio UHOLJLRVDúLMXVLXUPDQXPOLEHUWL. E&RQWUDFWHOHvQIRUPYHUEDO &RQWUDFWHOH YHUEDOH VXQW DFHOH FRQWUDFWH FDUH OXDX QDúWHUH SULQ URVWLUHD XQRU cuvinte solemne. Sponsio sau stipulatio de fapt este cel mai important contract al 173 174 175

Ibidem, p.220. Ibidem, p. 221. ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD RSFLW S  $( *LIIDUG 5 9LOOHUV

francais, II, 1976, p.10. 176 177 178 179

op.cit., p. 233. a, op.cit., p. 238.

( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFH

Ibidem, p.239. Ibidem, p. 249.

Droit romain et ancien droit

34

URPDQLORU IDSW FH H[SOLF GH FH MXULVFRQVXO LL VH RFXS GH UHJXOLOH JHQHUDOH DOH REOLJD LXQLORUFRQWUDFWXDOHDWXQFLFkQGVHWUDWHD]VWLSXOD LXQHD'HFLUHJXOLOHGHIRQG HODERUDWH GH MXULVFRQVXO L SHQWUX VWLSXOD LXQH VH DSOLF RULFURU contracte nu numai acesteia. F&RQWUDFWHOHvQIRUPDXWHQWLF180 )RUPDDXWHQWLFUH]LGvQSUH]HQ DPDJLVWUDWXOXLODIDFHUHDDFWXOXL8QVLQJXU DFRUGGHYRLQ RVLQJXUFRQYHQ LHDGHYHQLWFRQWUDFWSULQIRUPDDXWHQWLFnexum181 sau contractul de aservire. G&RQWUDFWHOHvQIRUPVFULV182 Contractus litteris183 &RQWUDFWXO OLWWHULV QX SRDWH OXD ILLQ  GHFkW VXE IRUPD unui înscris, mai precis printr-RvQVFULHUHRFRQVHPQDUHDFUHGLWRUXOXLvQUHJLVWUXOVX vQVFULHUHFRQILUPDWGHGHELWRUvQDFHODúLUHJLVWUX

2. Contractele neformale a. Contractele reale184 &RQWUDFWHOHUHDOHVXQWFRQWUDFWHOHQHIRUPDOHFDUHSHQWUXQDúWHUHDORUSHOkQJ FRQVLP PkQWXOSU LORUFHUúLXQHOHPHQWPDWHULDOQXPLWUHV–FHFRQVWvQUHPLWHUHD unui lucru corporal. Contractele reDOH vQ VLVWHPXO GUHSWXOXL URPDQ DX IRVW XUPWRDUHOH GXS FXP XUPHD]mutuum, fiducia, gajul, comodatul, depozitul. b. Contractele consensuale185 8Q SDV vQDLQWH SH FDOHD HOLEHUULL GH IRUPH VH IDFH DWXQFL FkQG VXQW FUHDWH contractele consensuale186, contracWH FDUH LDX ILLQ  QXPDL SULQ DFRUGXO GH YRLQ  DO SU LORU &RQWUDFWHOHFRQVHQVXDOHVXQWvQQXPUGHFLQFLGXSFXPXUPHD]YkQ]DUHD – venditio-emptio ORFD LXQHD – locatio-conductio, societatea – societas, mandatul mandatum187, emfiteoza - emphyteusis188. IV. Quasicontractele189 Quasicontractele FRQVWLWXLH IDSWH OLFLWH FDUH GDX QDúWHUH XQRU HIHFWH MXULGLFH DVHPQWRDUHFXFHOHFHLDXQDúWHUHGLQFRQWUDFW190. 180

C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 275. ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 247. 182 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 249; C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 276. 183 Ibidem. 184 Ibidem. 185 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.283. 186 Inst., 3. 22; Gaius, 3. 163. 187 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 283. 188 6&RFRú Drept roman, Ed. Aripress, 1996, p.274. 189 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p.309. 181

35

-XVWLQLDQ HQXPHU XUPWRDUHOH TXDVL-contracte: plata lucrului nedatorat, negotium gestio, gestiunea tutorelui pentru pupil, indiviziunea, acceptarea succesiunii191. V. Delictele192 'HOLFWHOH FD L]YRU GH REOLJD LL. (YROX LD ORU LVWRULF. Delictele sunt fapte GXQWRDUH LQWHUHVHORU VRFLHW LL URPDQH úL SHGHSVLWH SULQ GLVSR]L LXQLOH MXULGLFH DOH statului. RomDQLúWLLSOHFkQGGHODGLVWLQF LDOXL8OSLDQDVXSUDGUHSWXOXLSXEOLFúLSULYDW vPSDUWGHOLFWHOHvQGRXFDWHJRULLGHOLFWHSXEOLFHúLGHOLFWHSULYDWH Delicte private193. Acestea se subdivid în delicte private vechi194SUHY]XWHGH /HJHD FHORU ;,, 7DEOH úL delicte private principale noi195 VDQF LRQDWH SULQ DF LXQL SUHWRULHQH 6XQW GHOLFWH SULYDWH YHFKL GXS FXP XUPHD] furtum, injuria, damnum injuria datum196. Delicte private principale noi197. Delictele private principale noi sau pretoriene sunt acele fapte iliFLWH GXQWRDUH UHOD LLORU VFODYDJLVWH URPDQH FDUH DX IRVW VDQF LRQDWH GH SUHWRU ÌQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH VXQW FXSULQVH GXS FXP XUPHD] rapina, metus, dolus, malus, fraus creditorum198. V. Quasidelictele199 2EOLJD LLOH quasidelictuale sunt acelea ce se nasc din fapte nepermise, fapte FDUHWRWXúLQXVXQWGHOLFWH 4XDVLGHOLFWHOH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH GXS FXP XUPHD] judex quil litem suam faciW YUVDUHD VDX DUXQFDUHD XQXL OXFUX DWkUQDUHD RELHFWHORU SDJXED SURGXV GH SHUVRDQHOHDIODWHvQVOXMEDFRUELHULORUKDQJLLORUúLJUMGDULORU200.

190

Inst  ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit.,p.309. ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit.,p.309. 192 Ibidem. 193 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 325. 194 Ibidem. 195 Ibidem. 196 Ibidem. 197 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 336. 198 Ibidem. 199 ( 0ROFX  ' 2DQFHD op.cit., p. 334. 200 Ibidem. 191

36

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1. Gh. Beleiu, ,&HWHUFKLúL0/XEXULFL ,&HWHUFKLúL,&UDLRYDQ <(PLQHVFXúLFRODERUDWRULL 6*KLPSXúL&*URVX 7,RQDúFX 7. E. Lupan, +/úL0D]HDXG 9. N.Popa, 10. T. Popescu, $3RSúL*K%HOHLX 12. C-WLQ6WWHVFX 13. C-WLQ6WWHVFXúL&%vUVDQ

Drept civil român%XFXUHúWL 7HRULD JHQHUDO D VWDWXOXL úL GUHSWXOXL, %XFXUHúWL ,WURGXFHUH vQ WHRULD JHQHUDO D dreptului, %XFXUHúWL Subiectele colective de drept. &DSDFLWDWHD úL UHSUH]HQWDUHD SHUVRDQHORU fizice în dreptul R.P.R.,%XFXUHúWL Tratat de drept civil%XFXUHúWL967. Drept civil – Persoanele, Cluj, 1981. Lecons de droit civil, Paris, 1959. 7HRULDJHQHUDODGUHSWXOXL%XFXUHúWL Drept civil român,%XFXUHúWL Drept civil%XFXUHúWL Drept civil,%XFXUHúWL 'UHSW FLYLO 7HRULD JHQHUDO D GUHSWXULORU reale%XFXUHúWL

BIBLIOGRAFIE DE SPECIALITATE TRATATE, MANUALE, CURSURI, STUDII 1. V. Arangio...., 2. B. Bionoi, 3. P. Bonfante, 4. V. Brasiello, ,&WXQHDQX 6. Cicero, 7. P. Collinet, 8. E. Cuq, 9. G. Dimitrescu, 10. J. Gaudement, 11. Fr. Girard, 12. Fr. Girard, 13. A.E. Giffaro 9O+DQJúL0-DFRW 9O+DQJ 9O+DQJ

Inutituzioni di Diritto Romano, Napoli, 1957. Corso di Diritto Romano, Milano, 1942. Inutituzioni di Diritto Romano, Milano, 1932. Corso di Diritto Romano, Milano, 1932. CurV(OHPHQWDUGH'UHSW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL De Domo Le Patrimoine, Cours, Paris, 1931-1932. Manual des Institutiones Juridiques des Romains, 1917. 'UHSW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL InstitX LRQHVGH/¶$QWLTXLWH3DULV Manuel Elementaire de Droit Romain,.... Manuel de Droit Romain, Paris, 1927. Precis de Droit Roman, Paris, 1938. Drept Privat Roman, BucuUHúWL 'UHSW3ULYDW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL Principiile Dreptului Privat Roman, ClujNapoca, 1989.

37

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21. H.Levy Bruhl, 0-DFRW 23. J.Longinescu, 24. A. Nieillet, 25. G. May, 26. R. Monier, (0ROFX úL'2DQFHD (0ROFX úL'2DQFHD (0ROFX úL'2DQFHD 30. I. Popescu Spineni, 31. C.St. Tomulescu, 32. C.St. Tomulescu, 33. C.St. Tomulescu, 34. C.St. Tomulescu,

,QVWLWX LL(OHPHQWDUH5RPDQH%XFXUHúWL )RUPDOLVPXO'UHSWXOXL5RPDQúL&RQGL Lile *HQHUDOH1HFHVDUHSHQWUXDSDUL LDXQHLúWLLQ HD GUHSWXOXL,DúL Conflictele de Legi în Imperiul Roman, „Studii Clasice”, VII, 1968. )RUPDOLVPXO'UHSWXOXL5RPDQúL&RQGL LLOH SHQWUX$SDUL LDXQHLùWLLQ HÄ'UHSWXO Analele úWLLQ LILFHDOH8QLYÄ$O,&X]D´,DúL(GL LH QRX Quelquel Problemes sur le tres Ancien Droit Roman, 1934. 'UHSW5RPDQ,DúL Elemente de Drept Roman, 1929. Histoire de la Langue Latine, 1928. Elements du Droit Romain, 1909. Manuel Elementaire de Droit Roman, Paris, 194..... 'UHSW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL 'UHSW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL992. 'UHSW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL &KHVWLXQLGH'UHSW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL 0DQXDOGH'UHSW3ULYDW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL 'UHSW3ULYDW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL3. &KHVWLXQLGH'UHSW5RPDQ%XFXUHúWL Nexum Bei Cicero, Neapole, 1966.