Amra 3- Propagation & Cultivation- Pharmacological Actv

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Propagation & Cultivation

Mango can be raised from seed or propagated vegetatively. Several methods of vegetative propagation have been tried with varying degrees of success. Propagation from seed, though easy and cheap, is unable to perpetuate characters of the parent tree because most commercial varieties in India are cross-pollinated and monoembryonic. Plants also take more time to bear fruit. However, it is essential to raise seedlings to be used as rootstocks. Stone Grafting: Stone/epicotyl grafting is a simple, cheap and quick method of mango propagation with a success rate of 75-80%. For this purpose, stones should be sown in JuneJuly on raised beds of size 1x3 m. the beds should e prepared by mixing soil and FYM in the proportion of 2:1. After germination, seedlings with tender stems having coppery leaves are lifted with stones still attached. The roots and stones are dipped in O.1 per cent Carbendazirn solution for 5 minutes after washing the soil. The seedling stems are headed back leaving 6-8 cm long stem. A 4-6 cm longitudinal cut is made running down through the middle of the stem. A wedge shaped cut starting on both sides is made on the lower part of scion stick. The scion stick should be 4-5 months old and 10-15 cm long containing plumpy terminal buds. The scion stick is then inserted in the cleft of the seedlings and tied with polythene strips. The grafts are then planted in polyethylene bags containing potting mixture. The bags are then kept in the shade protecting from heavy rain. The scion stars sprouting 15-20 days after grafting. Care should be taken to remove the sprouts on the rootstocks below the graft union during this period. July is the most suitable month for stone grafting. Soft-Wood Grafting : This method of grafting is done when the rootstock is overgrown and thus not suitable for stone grafting. Normally in this method, seedlings of 8-10 months old are selected. The grafting is done on newly emerged flush. The scion wood to be used is defoliated 10 days prior to the grafting and has same thickness as that of

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terminal shoot. The method of grafting is similar to stone grafting. July and August are the best months for soft-wood grafting. Inarching : The method of inarching or approach grafting is quite cumbersome and time consuming, but it is still the leading method for commercial propagation of mango plants. The method consists of uniting the selected shoot (scion) of a desired parent tree (mother plant) with the potted or transplanted seedling (rootstock) by approach grafting. For this purpose, about one-year-old seedlings are most suitable when they attain a height of about 30-45 cm and thickness ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 cm. These seedlings are either grown in pots or under the mother plant from which the grafts are to be prepared. Generally, one-year-old twigs of the scion tree about 60 cm in length and nearly of the same thickness as that of the stock is chosen for grafting. Young and non-bearing trees should not be selected as mother plants. A thin slice of bark and wood, about 5 cm in length, 7.5 mm width and 2 mm deep, is removed by means of a sharp grafting knife from the stem of the stock as well as from the scion branch. The cuts thus made should be absolutely flat, clean, boat shaped, even and smooth. The ends of these cuts should be round and not angular. The cut surfaces of both, i.e., stock and scion are made to coincide facing each other so that there remains no hollow space between the two. Polythene/alkathene strips of about 1.5 cm in width are tied around the union. After about one month of operation, the scion below the graft union and stock above the graft union should be given light "V" shape cuts at weekly interval in such a way that the grafts can finally be detached while giving the fourth cut. In the last stage, the top of the stock above graft union should also be removed completely. Inarching should be done during the active growth period. The end of the monsoon in heavy rainfall areas and early monsoons in the light rainfall areas is the best period for inarching. Veneer Grafting: This method of propagation possesses promise for mass scale commercial propagation. The method is simple and can be adopted with success. The rootstocks as mentioned for inarching are suitable for this method also. For conducting this grafting operation, a downward and inward 30-40 mm long cut is made in the smooth area of the stock at a height of about 20 cm. At the base of cut,

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a small shorter cut is given to intersect the first so as to remove the piece of wood and bark. The scion stick is given a long slanting cut on one side and a small short cut on the other so as to match the cuts of the stock. The scion is inserted in the stock so that the cambium layers comes on the longer side. The graft union is then tied with polythene strip as recommended for inarching. After the scion remains green for more than 10 days, the rootstock should be clipped in stages. The scion wood to be used for veneer grafting requires proper preparation. The desired shoots should be defoliated at least one week prior to grafting so that the dormant buds in the axil of leaves become swollen. Climate : Mango can be grown under both tropical and sub-tropical climate from sea level to 1400 m altitude, provided there is no high humidity, rain or frost during the flowering period. Places with good rainfall and dry summer are ideal for mango cultivation. It is better to avoid areas with winds and cyclones which may cause flower and fruit shedding and breaking of branches. Soil : Mango comes up on a wide range of soils from alluvial to laterite provided they are deep (minimum 6') and well drained. It prefers slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5 to 7.5)

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Varieties & Controversial aspects

According to Ayurveda, Bhavamishra has discussed about 4 varieties 1.Sadharana Amra 2.Koshamra 3.Rajamra 4.Maharajamra 5. Baddha rasamra. According to modern classics 200 varieties. States Andhra Pradesh Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab

Varieties Grown Allumpur, Baneshan, Banganapalli, Bangalora, Cherukurasam. Bathua, Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Sukul. Fernandin, Mankurad. Alphonso, Kesar, Rajapuri, Vanraj. Dashehari, Langra, Sarauli (Bombay Green). Alphonso, Bangalora, Mulgoa, Neelum, Pairi. Mundappa, Olour, Pairi. Mostly seedling types and Alphonso, Bombai, Langra. Alphonso, Mankurad, Mulgoa, Pairi. Mostly seedling types and Baneshan, Langra, Neelum, Suvarnarekha. Dashehari, Langra, Sambar behest Chausa.

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Tamil Nadu Banganapalli, Bangalora, Neelum, Rumani, Mulgoa. West Bengal Bombai, Himsagar, Kishen Bhog, Langra. Uttar Pradesh Bombay Green, Dashehari, Fajri, Langra, Safeda, Lucknow, Samarbehisht Chausa. Indian Traditional varieties: Alphonso (Happus) State : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. Fruit medium in size, ovate oblique in shape, orange yellow in colour; juice is moderate-abundant; excellent keeping quality, good for pulping and canning; mainly exported as fresh fruit to other countries; Flesh develops spongy tissue. Bangalora (Totapuri) State : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Fruits medium-large, oblong shaped with pointed base with golden yellow colour; good keeping quality; used for processing; heavy and regular bearing variety; susceptible to bacterial spot. Banganapalli (Baneshan, Safeda) State : Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Variety suited for dry areas; fruit large sized, obliquely oval in shape, golden yellow in colour; good keeping quality; good for canning; biennial in habit Bombai (Malda) State : Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. Variety is alternate bearer; fruit medium, ovate and yellow in colour; keeping quality medium. Bombay Green State : Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Fruit size is medium, shape ovate oblong with spinach green colour; keeping quality is medium; early season variety; biennial in habit Highly susceptible to both vegetative and floral malformation. Dashehari State : Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Best varieties of the country; fruit size is small-medium, shape is elongated with yellow fruit colour, flesh is fibreless; good keeping quality; mainly used for table purpose; susceptible to mango malformation. Dashehari-51-regular bearing and yielding clone of Dashehari.

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Fernandin State: Goa. Fruit size medium-large, fruit shape oval to obliquely oval and fruit colour is yellow with a blush of red on shoulders; medium keeping quality; mostly used for table purpose. Himsagar State: West Bengal and Bihar. Fruit is medium sized ovate fruit with yellow colour; good keeping quality; early season variety and mostly used for table purpose. Kesar State: Gujarat. Fruit medium oblong with a red blush on the shoulders; good keeping quality; ideal for pulping and juice concentrates; early season variety. Kishen Bhog State : West Bengal and Bihar. Fruit medium oval oblique with yellow colour; keeping quality is good; bearing heavy. Langra State : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Punjab. Trees vigorous and spreading; fruit medium, ovate in shape with lettuce green colour; poor keeping quality; skin is very thin and pulp is very sweet; alternate bearing variety mostly used for table purpose. Mankur State : Goa and Maharashtra. The variety develops black spots on the skin in rainy season. Fruit is medium ovate and yellow in colour. Fruit quality is very good but keeping quality is poor. Mulgoa State : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. Fruit is large roundish-oblique in shape and yellow in colour; high fruit quality and good keeping quality. Neelum State : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa. Fruit is medium ovate-oblique in shape and saffron yellow in colour; good keeping quality; high yielding and regular

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bearing; ideal variety for transporting to distant places. This variety is mostly used for table purpose. Samarbehisht Chausa State : Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Fruit large, ovate to oval oblique in shape and light yellow in colour, flesh fibrous; medium keeping quality; extremely sweet in taste; alternate bearing variety; shows apical dominance. It is mostly grown for table and processing purpose. Suvernarekha State : Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Fruit medium ovate oblong fruit, green in colour with prominent red blush on the shoulders; good keeping quality; bearing is heavy. Vanraj State : Gujarat. Fruit medium, ovate oblong in shape with a blush of jasper red on the shoulders; good keeping quality. Hybrid Varieties Malika (Neelum X Dashehari) Realising Institute : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Fruit large, oblong elliptical yellow in colour; fruit and keeping quality is good and is mostly used for table purpose Amrapali (Dashehari X Neelum) Realising Institute : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Dwarf, regular bearing and late maturing variety; suitable for high density planting; flesh is fibreless; average yield 16 tonnes/hectare. Ratna (Neelum X Alphonso) Realising Institute : Konkan Krishi Vidyapith, Maharashtra. Tree moderately vigorous, precocious, fruits are medium sized, attractive in colour and free from spongy tissue Sindhu (Ratna back-crossed with Alphonso)

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Realising Institute : Konkan Krishi Vidyapith, Maharashtra. Regular bearer, fruits medium sized, fibreless, free from spongy tissue with high pulp to stone ratio and very thin and small stone. Arka Aruna (Banganapalli X Alphonso) Realising Institute : Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (IIHR), Bangalore. Plants are dwarf regular bearing; Fruits oblong; skin is thin, rough and dull yellow in colour with slight red blush; pulp is soft, pale yellow in colour; free from spongy tissue and fibre, stone is small 35g, TSS 20° Brix; average fruit weight is 500g. The keeping quality is moderate and is mostly used for table purpose. Arka Neelkiran (Alphoso x Neelum) Realising Institute : Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (IIHR), Bangalore. Tree is semi-vigorous in nature; fruit is elliptical, medium size golden yellow in colour, average weight 270-280g; free from fibre and spongy tissue; keeping quality is good. Exotic varieties Pakistan Table Purpose : Fazli, Suvarnarekha, Gulab Khas, Langra, Alphonso. Brazil Table & Processing purpose : Embrapa Roxa 141, Embrapa Alfa 142. USA Table & Processing purpose : Haden, Irwin, Tommy Atkins, Keitt. West Indies Table purpose : Julie Peter.

Substitutes and adulterants

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As it is popularly known and abundantly available there is no substitute and adulterants for this drug.

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Taxonomical Classification

Kingdom -Plantae – Plants Subkingdom -Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision- Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division- Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class- Magnoliopsida –Dicotyledons Subclass- Rosidae Order- Sapindales Family- Anacardiaceae – Sumac family Genus- Mangifera L. – mango Species Mangifera indica L. – mango

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Rasa Panchaka

Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka

Bark Kashaya Laghu,ruksha Sheeta Katu

Unripe fruit Amla Laghu,ruksha Sheeta Amla

Ripe fruit Madhura Guru,snigdha Sheeta Madhura

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ÌlÉbÉhOÒû

MüÉzÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû uÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû ÌlÉbÉhOÒû

बीज कफिितशामक सतमभन मूतसङरहणीय रकतशोधक वरणरोिक अिकव फल दाहपशमन रोचन दीिन शूलनाशक िकव फल वातिितशामक सनहेन अनुलोमन सरक

SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ

हद ृ वृषय बलय वणयय बृहं ण शोिणत सथािन िुषि रोचन दीिन

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uÉÉiÉzÉÉ qÉMü ÌmɨÉzÉÉ qÉMü MüTüzÉÉ qÉMü

PROPERTIES & USES

उियोग चरक १.चछदाम्- जषंवामयोः िललवज क ं

ा यिंिबेतसुशीतमंधुसंयुतवंा।

ष

- च.िच.२३/२८ ं थामिसथरसः..॥ २. घाणातपवृते रकते - नसय त …… - च.िच.४/९७

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वृनद ३. रकताितसारे- आमाजुयनतवचः । िीताः कीरेण मधवादाः िृथकशोिणतवारणाः ॥ - अितसारािधकारे चकदत ४. पलीहोदरे- पलीहवयुिरमो योगः िकवामरसोऽथवा समधुः । - पलीहािचिकतसा भावपकाश ५. मतसयभकणजे अजीणे- आममामफलं मतसये । ६. मासभोजनजे अजीणे- तदीज ि ं

ि िशतेिहतम्।

७. अितसारे- ……तथामधयतवगामजा अितसार व

ं

ादाहहंनतयेवाशुनसंशयः॥

यथ

वङसेन ८. िकवाितसारे- नवचूतसय िणािन किितथफलमेव च । े कवाितसारशालये॥

ििषटवा तणडुलतोयेन ि ९. शोथे- िुननयवाितेरसालमूलं संकुद तोयाममयणशेषिसदम् । चतुथयभागेन घृत ि समसेिवत व

ं

िकवपंसथनतुततकलकिलाषके॥

ं

व ा

त

बलासरोगान्सवाशअहोथानििदसुतराश।

गुलमोदपलीहगुदोदवाश िनहिनत विनह कुरते िह िुंसाम् ॥ १०. बालाना मुखिाके- मुखिाके तु बलानामामसारयोरजः। गैिरकं कौदसंयुकत भ

केमकुतूहलम् ११. आमिानम्

ं

ेषजस ं रसाञनम्॥

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ं

सुिकवमामसय फलं सुमुिषना संमिहत श एलालवगंादयकवासवािसत व

ं

िानकं तवामसमभूत स सहृद श

ं ं

णा

व

कयरयासमिनवतम्। ं सयनरोचकपदम्। िनवतक

ादमलंगुरिितिजत्। ं िचपदम्॥ षमकृदबलयवंणययवंृषयर

ल े

शाङयधरः १२. चछदाम्- बीजिूरामजमबूना िललवािन जटाः िृथक् । िविचेत् िुटिाकेन कौदयुकतश तदसः ॥ चछिदय िनवारयेद घ

ोरासवयदोषसमुदवाम्।

्

१३. जवरे- आमजमबूिकसलयैः वटशुङपरोहकैः । उशीरेण कृतः फाणटः सकौदौ जवरनाशनः ॥ १४. रकतििते- आमजमबू च ककुभ च ं

ू

ं कतिितजम्॥

िहमं तसय ििबेतपातः सकौद र १५. दारणे- आमबीजसय चूणय त ं दगुधििषः पलेिोऽय द

ु ं

णीकृतयजलेिकपतेत्।

िशवाचूणयसमंदयम्। ा

रणंहिनतदारणम्।

The roots and bark are astringent, acrid, refrigerant, styptic, antisyphilitic, vulnerary, anti emetic, anti inflammatory and constipating. They are useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, metrorrhagia, colonorrhagia, pneumorrhagia, leucorrhoea, syphilis, wounds, ulcers, vomiting, uterities, diarrhoea, dysentery, diphtheria and rheumatism. The leaves are astringent, refrigerant, styptic, vulnerary and constipating. They are useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and pitta hiccough, hypeedisia, burning sensation, haemarrhages, haemoptysis, wounds, ulcers, diarrhoea, dysentery,

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phaeyngopathy and stouatopathy. The ash of the burnt leaves are useful in burns and scalds. The flowers are astringent, refrigerant, styptic, vulnerary and constipating and haematiuic. They are useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, hypeedisia, burning sensation, haemarrhages, haemoptysis, wounds, ulcers, dysentery, diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, auoreunia, dyspepsia, uro-edema, gleet and anaemia. The unripe fruits are sour, acrid, refrigerant, digestive and calminative. They are useful in gastropathy, dyypesia, pharyngopathy, ulcers, dysentery, urethrorrhei and vagiauopathy. The ripe fruits are refrigerant, sweet, emollient, laxative, cardiotonic, haemostatic, asphsodisiac and tonic. They are useful in vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, anorexia, dyspepsia, cardiopathy, haemoptysis, haemorrhages, emaciation, anaemic and general debility. The seed kernel is sweet, acrid, astringent, refrigerant, anthelmintic, constipating, haemostatic, vulnerary and uterine tonic. It is useful in vitiated conditions of pitta and kapha, helmimthiasis, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhages, haemoptysis, haemorrhoids, ulcers, bruises, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, diabetes, heartburn and vomiting. Leaves, bark, stem and unripe fruit extracts show anti bacterial activity. The anti fungal micro-organisms are reported to be present in ripe fruit.

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Rogaghnata रोगघता रकतसाव कत वरण अितसार पवािहका रकतिित ित रकतसाव कत वरण छिदय िूयामेह िुषि रकतसाव कत वरण अितसार पवािहका रकतिित

अिकव फल अंशुघता अरिच अिगनमानद

Seed Kernel रकतसाव कत वरण अितसार पवािहका रकतिित रकतपदर शेतपदर कृिम पमेह िूयमेह िकव फल िवबनध कोषगत रौकय हृदोग रकतालिता रकतिित शुकदौबयलय दौबयलय वणयिवकार

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Properties of different avasthas of mangoes According to Bhavaprakasha in his Phalavarga. भावपकाशः (फल वगयः) आमशूतोरसालोऽसौ सहकारोऽितसौरभः । कामाङो मधुदत ू श माकनदः ििकवललभः॥

आमिुषि आमिुषिमतीसारकफिित पमेहनुत् । असृगधरहर श

ं

ी

त

ं िचकृत्गािहवातलम्॥ र

Flowers of Amra mitigates Kapha, pitta, cures diarrhea, diabetes, disorders of Rakta, is cold in potency, improves taste, causes constipation and increases Vaata.

आमामफलम् आमं बालं कषायामलं रचय म

ं ारतिितकृत्।

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तरणं तु तदतयमलं रकं दोषतयासकृत् ॥

Very young fruit of Amra is astringent, sour, helps taste, increases Vaata and pitta. That which is in its youth is very sour, dry; (causes dryness) aggravates all the three Doshas and Rakta.

शुषकमामफलं आममामं तवचाहीनमातिेऽितिवशोिषतम् । आमलं सवाद क

ं फवातिजत्॥ ायसंयादेदनक

ष

ु

Unripe fruit, removed of its skin, cut into pieces and dried well in sun, is sour sweet , astringent, purgative and miti8gates Kapha and Vaata. िकवम् आमफलम् िकव त ं गुर वातहर ह

ु

म ं

ुरवंृषयिंसनगधबंलसुखपदम्।

ध

द वंणययश ं ीतमिितलम्।

ृ

कषायानुरसं विनहशलेषमशुकिववधयनम् ॥

Ripe fruit is sweet, aphrodisiac, unctuous, gives strength and happiness, hard for digestion, mitigates vaata, good for heart, color/complexion, cold in potency, not aggravating pitta, has astringent as after taste, greatly increases digestive fire, Kapha and Semen.

तदेव वृकसंिकव ग

ं

ु

रवातहरिंरम्।

मधुरामलरसं िकििचत् भवेितितपकोिणम् । आमं कृितमिकव च

ं

ेतदभवेितितनाशनम्।

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रससयामलसय हीनसतु माधुयािच िवशेषतः ॥ तदसो गािलतो बलयो गुरवातहरः सरः । अहद ृ सतियणोऽतीव बृंहणः कफवधयनः ॥ The Rasa sucked is best to increase taste, strength and vigour, is easily digestable, cold in potency, mitigates Vaata and Pitta and is laxative, not good for heart, bestows satisfaction/ contentment, highly metritious/ stoutness the body greatly and aggravates Kapha.

आम खणड ं

तसय खणड ग मधुर ब

ं

ु

र

ृ

ि ररंोचनिंचरिािकच। ं ीतलंवातनाशनम्॥ हणंबलयश

ं

Pieces of dried fruit is hard for digestion, best stimulator of taste/ appetite undergoes digestion slowly, sweet, stoutening, strengthening, cold in potency and mitigates Vaata.

दगुधयुकतामगुणाः ं

वातिितहर र वृषय व

ं

यबंृंहणंबलवधयनम्।

च ण

य

करसंवाददुगुधामंगुरशीतलम्।

Fruit boiled in milk mitigates Vaata and Pitta, helps taste, nutritious, strengthening aphrodisiac, bestows complexion, is sweet, hard for digestion and cold in potency.

आमावतयलकणम्

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िकवसय सहकारसय िटे िवसतािरतो रसः । धमयशुषको मुहदुयत आमावतय इित समृतः ॥ Juice of Amra fruit cooked, spread on acloth and dried in the sun is known as आमररावतरर. तदरगुणाः – आमररावतररसत र ृषरणाचरछिदररवातिितरतहरः सरः । रुचरयः सूयाररं

ु

िििाकालरलघु

र

च स िह कीितररतः ॥

This cures thirst, vomiting, mitigates vaata and pitta, is laxative, helps taste and easily digestive since it is cooked by sun’s rays also. आमबीजगुणाः – आमबीज क ं

ईषदमलिच मधुर त

ं

ष

ायसंयाचछदयतीसारनाशनम्।

थाहदृ यदाहनुत्॥

Seed of Amra is astringent, cures vomiting and diarrhoea, is slightly sour, sweet and mitigates burning sensation in the region of heart. आमिललवगुणाः – आमसय िललवो रचयः कफिित िवनाशनः । Young leaves of Amra helps taste, mitigates kapha and pitta.

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Amra Atiyoga and its Upachara

आमाितयोग ं व

मनदानलतव ि

ं रकतामयबंदगुदोदरच ं । म जवरच

ष

आमाितयोगो नयनामय च ं करोित तसमादित तािन नादात् ॥ ं ध ुरामिरनंतु।

एतदामलामिवषय म मधुरसय िर न

ं

त

े

िहततंवादागुणायतः॥

Weakness of digestive fire, irregular (intermittent) fever, diseases of blood, enlargement of abdomen due to intestinal obstruction or diseases of eyes occur due to over-eating of Amra. Hence it should not be used in excess. Occurrence of these diseases are found in only from use of fruits which are sweet, since sweet are ideally good for eyes. उिचार ं यादामाणामितभकणे।

सुणठयमबुरसोनुिान स जीरकं वा पयोकतवय स

ं

ह सौवचयलेनच॥

(अिभदानमञरी) आमशूतो वनजो वसतदत ू सतथा महावृकः । चुच ं ीवानिसथफलः िपयचुंिचक उचयते िनघणटुजैः ॥ Drinking of water boiled with ुणरठी often or powder of जीरक with सौवचररल Salt are the treatment for the effects of overeating of आमरर fruits.

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Pharmacological activities

Antibacterial Antifungal CNS and Cardiostimulant Cardiotonic Anti-influenza Virus activity Antitumour Antispasmodial Antipyretic Antiamoebic Coagulase Suppressor Hypocholerectic Antioxidant

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Hypoglycaemic Diuretic