Amra 2 - Intro To Distribution

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INTRODUCTION TO

AÉrÉÑuÉåïS, SìurÉaÉÑhÉ & AÉqÉë

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INTRODUCTION AÉrÉÑuÉåïS There is an intimate relation between man and nature. Man cannot survive without Mother Nature, which has fulfilled basic needs for him and his life. Especially biological environment, which includes plant kingdom and animal kingdom. Almost all plants of Universe are used both as food and medicine. Ayurveda is one of ancient systems of medicine, which is still practiced in India. In recent years it has been a topic of interest in developing and exporting the depth of science. Ayurveda is combination of 2 words-Ayu – means life span that is from first breath to death -Veda – Knowledge Which in total means nature of life. The science which gives full knowledge of life span

is

called

Ayurveda.

On

the

basis

of

“

xÉuÉïÇ

SìurÉÇ

mÉÉgcÉpÉÉæÌiÉMÇü AÎxqÉlÉç AjÉåï” every material substance in the universe is a medicine. Ayurveda has dealt with hundreds of medicines and has also given freedom to utilize any substance as medicine which helps to alleviate the disease. A finished medicinal product of other mineral or animal or plant origin is said to be a Dravya, because these contain a specific quality and actions that gives relief to patients from the sufferings. It is traditionally considered as part of Vedas. Both Charakacharya and Sushrutacharya considered Ayurveda as an Upaveda of Atharvaveda. This medicinal science is as old as the Vedas. It is an outcome of practical experiences of trial and error and careful investigations perceived by sages in ancient days. Medicine is naturally born out of primary instinct for self preservation. Each and every systems of medicine from various parts of world including Indian system of medicine must have grown out of a necessity of overcoming injury, sickness and pain. The pre historic art of selecting substances which could be assimilated with the help of boiling, cooking, pounding, drying and compounding and thereby not only alleviating the disease but also providing nourishment and protection to different organs. “Ayurveda” is mainly concerned with prolongation of healthy life and prevention of diseases and curing the diseases or uprooting the diseases from cellular level.

A Compilation on AÉqÉë Ayurveda, the science of life was brought to earth by sage Bharadwaja. It was recalled by Lord Brahma, and passed to Dakshaprajapathi from there to Indra and passed to Ashwini kumaras in this way it had traveled long way. On reaching the earth, served many living beings in attaining healthy life – According to some scholars this science is Upaveda of Atharvaveda. It is the scientific discipline, which was discovered and developed by our sages, in ancient times to keep the people and themselves to live longer life free from disease, pain and sorrow and also to attain the purusharthas – Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha The science of Ayurveda is having 8 branches viz. Kaya, Bala, Graha, Urdhwanga, Shalya, Damstra, Jara and Vrisha. In all branches there in active usage of drugs. Entire science of Ayurveda is revolving around 3 Sutras and they are like 3 pillars on which Ayurveda is built. They are – 1. Hetu or Nidana 2. Linga or Lakshana 3. Aushadha And are for both rogi and swastha. Among these Aushadha is very important, without which aim of Ayurveda can’t be achieved. Aushadha has become part of treatment. It is an instrumental aid for the physician. The drugs can be classified as Dravya, Bhutha and Adravya Bhuta according to line of treatment. The dravyabhuta drugs are classified into 3 types. 1. Drugs of Herbal Origin 2. Drugs of Animal Origin 3. Drugs of Mineral Origin Among the innumerable known and unknown drugs present in this world, I have made a humble attempt to compile details about a drug Amra.

INTRODUCTION TO SìurÉaÉÑhÉ

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The study of drugs is branched into a subject known as Dravyaguna Vijnana. Though not separately dealt as one among the Asthangas, it is having scattered references in all its branches. Man has always been a keen observer of nature. He observed what other animals did or ate when they got injured and then tried it on himself and his fellow beings. At first he used the drugs as such in its raw form but later he developed certain techniques to make drug more conducible and potent along with it being palatable. This process is called samskara. Then he started to quest into season for its action and disease with help of certain parameters namely-Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka, Prabhava and Karma. Thus actual form of Dravyaguna Vijnana came into existence along with the development of itself based on experiences of great Acharyas while treating different conditions. The author of various textbooks has given classification of drugs into categories for easy understanding. The description of drugs waslater dealt by Nighantukaras in their Nighantus. It flourished till Muslim invasion on India. At that time there was addition of diseases and also inclusion of drugs, which acted as medicine for same.

INTRODUCTION TO AÉqÉë

A Compilation on AÉqÉë Amra is a popular fruit in use since early days. It is mentioned in Jaimineeya Brahmana (2,156), Brihadaranyaka (4, 3, 36) and other Upanishads. The commentator on Sankhyayana grihya sutra (1, 11, 2) calls it as “Phalottama”. But in Ashtanga Hridaya, Draaksha is said as phalottama. Probably in earliest times, Amra had a position much lower than that of Draksha but gradually it occupied its due place. Geographical factors also might have played an important role in this process. While Rasala denotes succulent and juicy nature. Sahakara signifies magnificent fragrance of its fruits. Sahakara was in great demand in ancient days in perfumery.(Be.Sam.77.27). Panini has mentioned Amra (8, 4, 5) and also Patanjali at several places (1, 1, 1; 1, 2, 45; 4, 3,155; 6, 1, 91). In classical literature the synonyms चूत and

सहकार

are mostly used.

It’s a tree growing to about 20 m ht bearing clusters of yellow flowers in all over India. Ripened, unripened, artificially ripened and dried fruits of amra are used in various ways and forms to attain different benefits.

EimÉÌ¨É & ÌlÉÂÌ£ü आमः – अमयते पापयते आरोगय ब

ं ल

ं चअनने।

A Compilation on AÉqÉë अमयते अिििलषयते आमः ।

Historical Review Mango is the main fruit of Asia and this fruit has developed its own importance all over the world. Being an useful and delicious fruit, it was the part of culture and religion since long time. Besides its fine taste and good qualities, it is called as the king of fruits. Mango, Mangifera indica, is the natural fruit of India and since long, it is the choicest fruit in India and abroad. This fruit has been in cultivation in India sub-continent for well over 4000 years and has been the favourite of the kings and commoners because of its nutritive value, taste, attractive fragrance and health promoting qualities and now it is recognized as one of the best fruits in the world market.

A Compilation on AÉqÉë Historical and philological facts bear that M. indica has been introduced to the archipilogic regions of India from the mainland. The mango is said to have originated in the Indo-Burma region (Decandolle, 1903; Popenoe, 1920; Vavilov, 1949-50). On the basis of the presence of maximum number of allied species growing in Malaysia, some workers are lead to believe that Malaysian region is the original home of mango, as about 20 species are grown there. Mango is undoubtedly under cultivation for more than 4000 years in eastern India and Burma (Decandolle, 1904). The mango had been introduced into certain islands of Asiatic archipelago within the memory of living men. The name common in Philippines ‘Manga’ shows a foreign origin. Vavilov (1926) supported that mango originated in Indo-Myanmar region. Hwen Sang, a Chinese traveller who visited India between 632-645 AD, was the first person to take mango to outside world. Early in fifteenth century, pish voyagers, Muslim missionaries and Portuguese carried mango to South East Asia and Philippines. In the beginning of sixteenth century, Portuguese introduced mango from Goa into South Africa and from Bombay to Egypt in 1825. Mango was introduced into western hemisphere when it was first planted in Brazil in 1700 and thereafter, it was introduced into West Indies around 1740 (Chandler, 1958). Hayes (1957) advocated that mango was being cultivated at the head of the Persian Gulf by sixteenth century. It was introduced in Philippines after 1600, in the Moluccas in 1865 and in the later part of eighteenth century (Burns and Prayag, 1921). It is also reported that the mango was being grown in England under glass house conditions as early as 1690 and trees at Kew were in fruiting during 1818. In Mexico, it was introduced before 1778 by the pish travellers from the Philippines. It was cultivated in Barbados in 1742 and in Jamaica in 1782. According to Pope (1929), it was introduced in Hawaii between 1800 and 1820.In 1809, it was carried from Mexico to Hawaii. Mango was first planted in Florida and California in 1861 and 1880, respectively. Later in 1889, USDA introduced grafted Mulgoba variety from India into Florida. This genus Mangifera belongs to family Anacardiaceae, originated in South-East Asia at an early date. According to Mukherjee (1958), the natural spread of the genus is limited to the Indo-Malaysian region, stretching from India to the Philippines and New Guinea in the east. There are 41 valid species of Mangifera which are distributed throughout the world. Mukherjee (1949) observed that this genus had its origin in the continental region of Burma, Thailand, Indo-China and Malaysia peninsula. The highest concentration of Mangifera species is reported to be in the Malay Peninsula followed by Sunda Islands and the eastern peninsula.

A Compilation on AÉqÉë He further reported that occurrence of wild form of M. indica, allied species M. sylvatica and M. coloneura, fossil leaf impressions of M. pentandra and presence of numerous varieties in India indicates that M. indica had originated in Indo-Burma region (Mukerjee, 1958). A few other species M. foetida, M. caesia and M. odorata are confined to Malaysian region. The cultivar M. khasiana recorded earlier is no longer traceable.

Synonyms & their etymology C ha. Sa. CHUTA RASALA ATISOUBHE SAHAKARA KAMASHARA KAMAVALLABHA KAMANGA KEERASTA

Su . Sa .

A sh. Hri

Aa . Ni

B ha. Pra

Ra . Ni

Sh a. Sa

K ai. Ni

Chakr a.

Ra. Ma r

G ad. Ni

Sh o. Ni

vri. Ma d

A . K

A. M

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MADHAVADRUMA BHRAGABHISTA SHEEDHURASA KOKILOTAMA VASANTHADOTA AMLAPHALA MEDHAKHYA MANMATHALAYA MADHVAVASA

Ch a. Sa. SUMADANA PIKARAGA NRIPAPRIYA PRIYAMBU KOKILAVASA MAKANDA MADHUVRATHA VASANTHADRU PIKAPRIYA

Su . Sa .

As h. Hri

Aa . Ni

Bh a. Pra

Ra . Ni

Sh a. Sa

K ai. Ni

Chakr a.

Ra. Ma r

Ga d. Ni

Sh o. Ni

vri. Ma d

A . K

A. M

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STHREEPRIYA GANDHABANDHU ALIPRIYA MADIRASAVA

पयााायाः आमः – अमायते पााापायते आाोगायं बलं च अनेन ।

It provides good health and strength. अमायते अिििलषायते आमााः ।(िन.आ.)

Many people like this fruit. चूतः – चायोतित ासं चूतः । (िन.आ.) चूषायते इित वा । चषायते ासः । चूष पावे (िा.दी.)

It possess plenty of juice. Its juice is sucked by many. रसालः – ासमलित ासालः । अल िूषणादौ (िा.दी.)

Its taste is very much palatable and lovable. सहकार – सहकााोऽितसौािः ।…….अित ियतं सौािमसाय। (िा.दी.)

A Compilation on AÉqÉë The plant appears beautiful with its flowers and fruits.

कामशरः कामवललि कामाङ कीरेषः मधुवदमृः िृङािीषः सीधुरसः मधूली कोिकलोतसवः वसतदत ू ः अमलफलः मेदाढय मनमथालयः मधवावासः सुमदनः ििकरागः नृििपयः िपयमबु कोिकलासव (इित राजिनघनटु) माकनदः षटिादाितिथः मधुवरतः वसतदःु ििकिपयः सतीिपयः गनधबनधुः अितिपयः (इित शबदरतावली) मिदरासखः (इित जटाधरः)

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Vernacular names English: Mango tree, spring tree, cupid’s favourite, cuckoo’s joy. Bengali: amri. Hindi: aam, amb, aamchur. Kannada: maavu, ambo, mavinahannu. Malayalam: maavu, amram, chutam, mampalam, maava, manna. Marathi: amba. Panjabi: am, amb, mawashi. Tamil: maanga, mau, manpalam. Telugu: mamidi, amramu. Arab: ambaj. Assam: am, ghariam Konkani: ambo. Oria: am Parsi: amba, naghzak, naghyak. Santhal: ul. Sing: makandamu, etamba, amba.

A Compilation on AÉqÉë Sindh: amb,amu

Classical categorization Charaka: Hridya Chardinigraha Pureesha sangrahaniya Mutrasangrahaniya. Sushrutha: Nyagrodhadi gana.

Vagbhata: Nyagrodhadi gana.

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Habit & Habitat (Morphology) LATIN NAME: Mangifera indica FAMILY: Anacardecea

Botanical description A large spreading evergreen tree, up to 45 m height with a heavy doom shaped crown, straight, stout bole and thick rough dark grey bark; leaves simple, crowded at the ends of branches, linear-oblong or elliptic, lanceolate, acute, acuminate or sub obtuse, flowers small, pungent odour, reddish white or yellowish green in large many-flowered pubescent panicle, longer than the leaves, fruits large, freshly drupes, green, orange, yellow or red in colour. Seed solitary, enclosed in a hard compressed fibrous endocarp. Leaves-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 10-30 cm long. Flowers- small, reddish white or yellowish green, in large panicles. Fruits- variable in form and size, green, yellowish or red, fleshy. Seeds- solitary, ovoid-oblique, encased in a large hard fibrous endocarp.

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Tree

Fruit

Leaves

Distribution

Flowers

Seed

Throughout India in forests up to 1200m also widely cultivated. It occurs wide or semi-wild nearly throughout India in tropical and semi-tropical hilly forests, particularly nullahs and ravines. Its common in sub-tropical Himalayas, Chota Nagpur, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, hill forests of eastern and western Ghats, Deccan and Andaman islands. Commonly cultivated its fruits throughout the country.

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