Amazon Report 084 October-december 2008

Global Vision International, XXXXX Report Series No. 00X ISSN XXXX-XXXX (Print)

GVI Ecuador Rainforest Conservation and Community Development

Phase Report 084 October – December 2008

GVI Ecuador/Rainforest Conservation and Community Development Expedition Report 084 ` Submitted in whole to Global Vision International Yachana Foundation Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales (MECN) Produced by Matt Iles - Science Coordinator Jonathon Escolar – Expedition Manager And

Odette Blackmore

Expedition Member

Sophie Paterson

Expedition Member

Peter Coals

Expedition Member

Nick Pope

Expedition Member

John Cray

Expedition Member

Louise Rigby

Expedition Member

Tom Dickinson

Expedition Member

Matt Smith

Expedition Member

Anna Ferguson

Expedition Member

Greg Spittle

Expedition Member

Adam Hejnowicz

Expedition Member

John Taylor

Expedition Member

Kelly Jones

Expedition Member

Hannah Urpeth

Expedition Member

Andrew Mercer

Expedition Member

Sophia Vasiliou

Expedition Member

Mark Miller

Expedition Member

Heleen Zwallenberg

Expedition Member

Anna Nelson-Smith

Expedition Member

Edited by Karina Berg – Country Director

GVI Ecuador/Rainforest Conservation and Community Development Address: Casilla Postal 17-07-8832 Quito, Ecuador Email: [email protected] Web page: http://www.gvi.co.uk and http://www.gviusa.com

Executive Summary This report documents the work of Global Vision International’s (GVI) Rainforest Conservation and Community Development Expedition in Ecuador’s Amazon region and run in partnership with the Yachana Foundation, based at the Yachana Reserve in the province of Napo. During the fourth phase of 2008 from 3 October to 15 December, GVI has:

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Added 14 species to the Yachana Reserve species list bringing the total number for the Reserve to 617 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and butterflies.

•

Added eleven new bird species to the reserve species list: Lesser Goldfinch (Carduelis psaltria), Crested Oropendola (Psarocolius decumanus), Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Olive-faced Flatbill (Rynchocyclus olivaceus), Glowing Puffleg (Ericonemis vestitus), Black-eared Fairy (Heliothryx aurita), Olivaceous Flatbill (Rynchocyclus olivaceus),

Ocellated

Woodcreeper

(Xiphorhynchus

ocellatus),

Straight-billed

Woodcreeper (Xiphorynchus picus), Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) and Variable Hawk (Buteo polysoma). •

Conducted five mist netting sessions for birds, which provided six of the new species additions.

•

Made incidental sightings of eight mammal species including Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus), Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis) and a rare sighting of a Southern Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus diadactylus) and juvenile, which proved to be new to the reserve species list.

•

Trialled the use of Sherman live traps for small mammal surveying.

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Continued collecting swab samples from amphibians within the reserve in order to assess the status of the epidemic fungal disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatitus.

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Made a rare sighting of a Caecilian (Caecilia aff. tentaculata).

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Encountered twelve species of reptile including two which were new to the reserve species list; the Aquatic Coral Snake (Micurus surinamensis surinamensis) and the Spotted Water Snake (Helicops leopardinus).

•

Continued an ongoing butterfly study assessing butterfly diversity in the reserve.

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Trialled a new project assessing river quality through the use of benthic invertebrates.

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Continued with English lessons for local school children in Puerto Rico.

© Global Vision International – 2007

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Accommodated two graduate students from the Yachana Technical High School for the duration of the phase as part of a National Scholarship Program.

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Welcomed two of the current students from the Yachana Technical High School to join the expedition for a week, in order to exchange language skills, knowledge and experience.

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Visited a local student’s community and farm, in addition to field trips to Yasuní National Park and Sumak Allpa, an island reserve run by a local Quichua conservationist.

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Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................5 2 Avian Research ..........................................................................................................7 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................7 2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................8 2.3 Results ..............................................................................................................8 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 9 2.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................10 3 Mammal Surveys .....................................................................................................10 3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................10 3.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................11 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................11 3.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................12 3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................12 4 Herpetological Research ..........................................................................................13 4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................13 4.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................13 4.3 Results............................................................................................................15 4.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................16 4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................16 5 Butterfly Surveys ......................................................................................................17 5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................17 5.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................17 5.3 Results ............................................................................................................18 5.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................18 5.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................18 6 Benthic Invertebrates and Stream Health .................................................................18 6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................18 6.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................19 6.3 Results............................................................................................................19 6.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................19 6.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................20 7 BTEC Advanced Certificate in Supervision of Biological Surveys .............................20 8 Community Development Projects ...........................................................................20 8.1 Colegio Técnico Yachana (Yachana Technical High School) ..........................20 8.2 National Scholarship Program.........................................................................21 8.3 TEFL at Puerto Rico .......................................................................................21 9 Conclusions and Future Aims ...................................................................................22 10 References ...............................................................................................................23 11 Appendix ..................................................................................................................25

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1

Introduction

The Rainforest Conservation and Community Development expedition operated by Global Vision International (GVI) is located at the Yachana Reserve in the Napo province in the Amazonian region of Ecuador. Yachana Reserve is a legally-designated Bosque Protector (Protected Forest), consisting of approximately 2000 hectares of predominantly primary lowland rainforest, as well as abandoned plantations, grassland, riparian forest, regenerating forest and a road. The Yachana Reserve is owned and managed by the Yachana Foundation. The Yachana Foundation is dedicated to finding sustainable solutions to the problems facing the Ecuadorian Amazon region. The foundation works with rainforest communities to improve education, develop community-based medical care, establish sustainable agricultural practices, provide environmentally sustainable economic alternatives, and conserve the rainforest. The Yachana Reserve is the result of the foundation’s efforts to purchase blocks of land for the purpose of conservation. The Yachana Foundation is developing a long-term plan of sustainable management for the reserve according to International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) protected forest guidelines. One of GVI’s main roles at the reserve is to provide support where deemed necessary for the development of the management plan. This includes reserve boundary determination, baseline biodiversity assessments, visitor information support, and research centre development.

GVI also works closely with the Colegio Técnico Yachana (Yachana Technical High School), a unique educational facility for students from the surrounding region. The high school provides students with meaningful education and pratical experience in sustainable agriculture, animal husbandry, conservation, eco-tourism, and small business operations. As part of their experiential learning program, students use the Yachana Reserve and GVI’s presence as a valuable educational tool. As part of their conservation curriculum, the students visit the reserve to receive hands-on training in some of GVI’s research methodology, as well as familiarization with ecological systems. On a rotational basis, students spend time at the reserve where they participate in the current research activities, and receive conversational English classes from GVI expedition members (EMs).

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Recently, GVI has also donated staff and EMs to assist the high school’s regional literacy outreach program.

GVI additionally conducts Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) classes at the nearby village of Puerto Rico, twice a week. Classes are prepared the day before and last for one hour. Groups of two or three EMs conduct the classes, covering topics such as introductions, animals, colours and expressions. This allows GVI to integrate with the local community, whilst giving volunteers the opportunity to experience first hand involvement in community development and TEFL. This is also currently laying the foundation to introduce environmental education programmes to the Puerto Rico community in the future.

GVI also works with local research institutions. The Ecuadorian Museum for Natural Sciences (MECN) provides technical assistance with field research and project development. The museum is a government research institution which houses information and conducts research on the presence and distribution of floral and faunal species throughout Ecuador. GVI has a permit through the MECN for the collection of specimens of reptiles, amphibians, small mammals and butterflies, and a permit for catching bats and birds. The data and specimens collected by GVI are being lodged with the MECN in order to make this information nationally and internationally available, and to provide verification of our field data. MECN technicians are continuously invited to the Yachana Reserve to conduct in-field training and education for GVI and Yachana students, as well as explore research opportunities otherwise unavailable. With Pontifica Universidad Catolica Ecuador (PUCE), GVI has established a collaboration involving the amphibian projects within the reserve. PUCE has requested data from the reserve to aid in their ongoing conservation efforts towards the amphibians of the neotropics. At the beginning of the phase, the staff at GVI changed completely. The effect of this change has meant a transitional period of overcoming logistical difficulties, the cessation of some projects, and the beginning of new project ideas. Due to past efforts in cataloguing diversity, a major goal for GVI in this new era is to shift focus from identifying species in the reserve to collecting data for management concerns and publication. In this way, in collaboration with all local and international partners, GVI has shifted its research focus to

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answering ecological questions related to conservation. With this focus in mind, several key goals have been identified:

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Cataloguing species diversity in the Yachana Reserve in relation to regional diversity.

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Conducting long-term biological and conservation based research projects.

•

Monitoring of biological integrity within the Yachana Reserve and the immediate surrounding area.

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Publication of research findings in primary scientific literature.

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Solicitation of visiting researchers and academic collaborators.

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Identification of regional or bio-geographic endemic species or sub-species.

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Identification of species that are included within IUCN or Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) appendices.

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Identification of keystone species important for ecosystem function.

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Identification of new species, sub-species, and range extensions.

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Identification of charismatic species that can be valuable for the promotion of Yachana Reserve to visitors.

In order to achieve these goals, expedition members (EMs) are trained by GVI personnel to conduct research on behalf of the local partners in support of their ongoing work. This report summarises the scientific research and community-based programmes conducted during the ten-week expedition from 3 October to 15 December 2008, at Yachana Reserve.

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Avian Research

2.1 Introduction GVI continues to monitor the avian communities within the reserve and to identify additional bird species using the following three survey techniques: local bird surveys (audio and visual surveys), mist netting, and incidental sightings.

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2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Local Bird Surveys This is a qualitative survey method conducted in the more open areas within the Yachana Reserve to facilitate visual surveying of birds. Trails that pass through secondary forest, plantation forest, open grassland, riparian forest, and along the road are surveyed during the morning (0600 - 0900 h) and afternoon (1600 – 1830 h) for bird activity. The date, start and end time, species heard or seen, number, and sex if known are recorded. 2.2.2 Mist Netting In order to collect individuals for identification and banding, mist netting is conducted. Nets are opened during peak bird activity in the morning and afternoon. Mist netting allows GVI to band individuals and identify less conspicuous species otherwise impossible to observe with other methodology. Conducted consistently over time, data can be collected that identifies migratory species, and shifts in diversity and abundance. Two areas of the reserve are currently sampled - an open area of secondary forest adjacent to grassland on the Ridge trail, and a stretch of primary forest located on the Bloop trail. 2.2.3 Incidental Data Recordings Species that were encountered outside of point count and local bird surveys are also recorded if they were believed to be rare or not previously identified to be within the reserve (e.g. nocturnal species during satellite camps). Incidental sightings can take place during any of the other survey or project work within the reserve. With each incidence the time, location, date, species, and any other key characteristics or notes are taken and later entered into a database back in base camp. 2.3 Results Eleven new additions to the species list bring the total number of avian species in the reserve to 258. See Appendix A for the complete species list at Yachana Reserve compiled by GVI thus far. 2.3.1 Local Bird Surveys 14 local bird surveys were conducted at four different sights (Ridge lookouts 1 & 2, Rio Napo trail and Bloop lookout), which contributed to two new additions to the species list: Lesser Goldfinch (Carduelis psaltria) and the Crested Oropendola (Psarocolius

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decumanus). The Lesser Goldfinch is a boreal migrant to the region hence having remained undetected until now. The Crested Oropendola however, was observed on numerous occasions so it is therefore surprising it was not on the species list before. The Swallow-winged Puffbird (Chelidoptera tenebrosa) was recorded on every survey conducted on the Ridge trail lookouts, and Yellow-rumped Caciques (Cacicus cela) were also frequently recorded on both Ridge trail lookouts. 2.3.2 Mist Netting Five mist netting sessions were conducted at two different sights (Ridge trail and Upper Bloop trail) during the expedition phase. Between them they added six new species to the species list: Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Olive-faced Flatbill (Rynchocyclus olivaceus), Glowing Puffleg (Ericonemis vestitus), Black-eared Fairy (Heliothryx aurita), Olivaceous

Flatbill

(Rynchocyclus

olivaceus),

and

the

Ocellated

Woodcreeper

(Xiphorhynchus ocellatus). In total, 24 different species were captured over the five sessions. The most interesting capture was that of the Glowing Puffleg (Ericonemis vestitus), which according to Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) has only been recorded at altitudes of over 2250m. 2.3.3 Incidental Sightings Incidental sightings added two new species to the Yachana species list this phase. They were the Straight-billed Woodcreeper (Xiphorynchus picus), Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca), both seen at base camp, and the Variable Hawk (Buteo polyosoma), observed on the Ridge trail. 2.4 Discussion The addition of eleven new species to the reserve checklist is encouraging. The results of each survey method are discussed further below. 2.4.1 Local Bird Surveys Local bird surveys resulted in the addition of two new birds to the species list, and they were a useful way of exposing EMs to the birds and allowing them to appreciate the varied bird life in Yachana. The data collected is useful for documenting and identifying which species are common and which are rare within the reserve, providing valuable information to the Yachana Foundation and the Yachana Lodge, which is useful for the direction of the

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Management Plan, and the lodge’s tour guides and its visitors.

Local bird surveys

conducted throughout the year also reveal patterns of migratory species. 2.4.2 Mist Netting The mist netting surveys were particularly valuable for catching and identifying species otherwise difficult to detect or ID simply through observational methods. For this reason and also because EMs enjoy the experience, more mist netting sessions in more locations are recommended for future expeditions. 2.4.3 Incidental Sightings Incidental sightings added three new species to the list this phase, this emphasizes the need to stay alert at all times when out in the forest and the need to use alternative methods (e.g. playback and mist netting) for surveying secretive or rare bird species (Allen et al. 2004; Lacher et al. 2004). 2.5 Conclusion Avian survey work continues to focus on adding species to the reserve checklist. It is recommended however, that future expeditions focus on using the data more constructively and using statistical indices to measure species richness and diversity. More mist netting should also be conducted as these surveys are particularly productive at revealing less detectable species. Audio point counts are also planned for future expeditions to survey birds more thoroughly within the forest interior.

3 Mammal Surveys 3.1 Introduction GVI continues to document mammal species in the reserve predominately through incidental mammal and track sightings. The recording of mammals is largely confined to incidental recordings due to the fact that the occurrence of conspicuous diurnal mammals is low. Excessive mammal concentrated surveying is not sufficiently productive. However, long walks in the forest have been continued to increase chances of seeing diurnal and nocturnal mammals. The use of small mammal traps was also trialled during this phase.

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3.2 Methods 3.2.1 Small mammal traps The use of Sherman live traps was trialled during this phase, although it is thought to have been used inconsistently during previous phases. Three trapping sessions were performed at each of two different sites. Each trial consisted of 15 traps laid out for 48 hours at a time, with traps being checked at dawn and dusk. Traps were baited with a mix of peanut butter, oats and cat food, as recommended by Sutherland (1996). At the first site, on the Bloop trail in the primary forest, traps were laid out along a 150m transect and spaced at every 10m. At the second site, on the Ridge trail in the secondary forest, traps were arranged in a 20 x 20m quadrant amongst a stand of invasive grassland. 3.2.2 Incidental sightings All mammal species that were encountered outside of specific mammal surveys were recorded. Incidental sightings can take place during any of the other survey or project work within the reserve, or during long walks into the forest. At the time of each incidence the time, location, date, species, and any other key characteristics or notes are taken and later entered into a database back in base camp. 3.3 Results During this phase, eight mammal species were sighted incidentally during other survey work or walks into the forest. Of these, one was a new species to the Yachana species list. 3.3.1 Small mammal traps No animals were captured during any of the six 48 hour trapping periods. 3.3.2 Incidental sightings Incidental sightings included regular encounters with Amazon Red Squirrel (Sciurus sp.), Black Agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa), Black-mantled Tamarins (Saguinus nigricollis), Night Monkeys (Aotus sp.) and Water Opossum (Chironectes minimus). An Amazon Bamboo Rat (Dactylomys dactylinus) was seen on several occasions close to the Ridge lookout on the road, whilst a Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis) was spotted during a long walk. A rare sighting of a Southern Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus diadactylus) and juvenile was made only 40m along the Ridge trail from base camp, proving to be a new addition to the reserve species list.

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3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Small mammal traps The ineffectiveness of the Sherman live trap trials this phase is likely to be a result of several factors. These may include a low number of traps themselves, or a lack of exposure time, thus not allowing small mammals in the area to become accustomed to the traps and their foreign smell. 3.4.2 Incidental sightings Because of the elusiveness of many mammal species they are often difficult to survey. Incidental sightings alone have provided us with sightings of eight of the 48 mammal species (19 of which are bats from past bat netting sessions). One of the incidental sightings was new to the Yachana species list. 3.5 Conclusion In terms of the small mammal traps further experimental use is required before a standardised methodology can be established. More traps with greater spacing between traps may be more likely to provide catches. A greater amount of exposure time, allowing small mammals to become accustomed to the traps, could also provide some suitable results. Traps may also be prebated, locking the traps open without the intention of trapping in order encourage mammals to visit the traps regularly. Persistent use of the Sherman live traps could allow a whole new group of mammals to be surveyed on a regular basis, undoubtedly providing new additions to the reserve species list.

Until more rigorous and tested mammal survey methods are established, incidental sightings will provide the bulk of mammal encounters in the reserve. For this reason, night walks and long forays into the forest should be conducted regularly. These should ideally be performed in small groups in order to minimise disturbance and increase the likelihood of sightings.

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4 Herpetological Research 4.1 Introduction There are two main focuses with the amphibian and reptile research.

The first is to

continue long term monitoring of the abundance and diversity of amphibians and lizard within the reserve.

The second is to determine the prevalence and effects of

Batrachochytrium dendrobatitus (commonly referred to as chytrid fungus) in the amphibian population at the Yachana Reserve. The chytrid fungus is the cause of the disease chytridiomycosis; the biggest threat facing amphibian species worldwide and particularly in the tropics (Daszak et al., 1999). B. dendrobatidis has been recognized as an emerging pathogen, whose spread is facilitated by the national and international movement of amphibians. First discovered in South Africa in 1938, no other records exist until 1961, and from there on cases of the disease have increased exponentially (Weldon et al., 2004). Chytrid fungus has only become a focus of global amphibian research and conservation in the past ten years, and the exact pathology of the disease is still unknown. A swab sample from Pristimantis malkini from the expedition phase 083 was found positive for chytridiomycosis following Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis at PUCE. This is the first positive sample for the chytrid fungus in Yachana Reserve, following somewhere in the region of 150 samples. This presents new challenges and objectives for the herpetology research program. 4.2 Methods 4.2.1 Stream and forest transects Amphibians and reptiles are surveyed by conducting stream walks and transects. Stream walks are conducted mainly along the primary stream (Stream 1) which runs throughout the heart of the reserve. Smaller streams are sampled as well on a less frequent basis. These walks are conducted both during the day and at night in an attempt to target amphibians and reptiles with different activity patterns. Groups of EMs led by GVI staff search along the banks and surrounding vegetation including overhanging branches and vines, which provide excellent cover for many species of tree frog. The time, position along the stream, and microhabitat are recorded for each specimen located. The individual’s snout to vent length (svl) is also noted, in addition to any physical characteristics that may aid the identification of unknown species. 13

Transects are similar to stream surveys except they are conducted through a segment of forest. Again, each transect is surveyed in the morning and early evening during peak amphibian and reptile activity, by thoroughly searching in the leaf litter and the surrounding vegetation. Information recorded is the same as for the stream surveys. During both surveys, unfamiliar species of amphibians are taken back to camp for further examination and where applicable, samples are taken to send to PUCE in order to determine the status of the B. dendrobatitus pathogen. 4.2.2 Sampling of chytrid fungus In accordance with PUCE, captured amphibians are swabbed for PCR analysis in order to detect the presence of B. dendrobatitus. This involves swabbing the individual 30 times across the belly and a further 15 times on each leg, focusing on the groin region where the fungus is thought to be concentrated. Amphibians are then euthanized using the anaesthetic Lidocain. A tissue sample is then taken from the frogs left thigh and an additional sample is taken from the liver. PUCE then uses these tissue samples to add to gene database of the amphibians of Latin America. This is part of a wider project linked to work at PUCE involving the captive breeding of rare and endemic species with the aim of reintroductions. Following a positive chytrid sample from a Prystimantis malkini individual in the phase 083, the focus of the chytrid research changed slightly. Previously the aim was to swab and take tissue samples from five individuals of each species in the reserve. PUCE recommended that in order to rapidly assess the status of the chytrid fungus in the P. malkini population, GVI should swab as many individuals as possible in the field. The collection of tissue samples was put on hold during this phase. 4.2.3 Incidental sightings Species that were encountered outside of stream and forest transect surveys were also recorded. A record is kept for all incidental reptile sightings, including their location. Where appropriate amphibian individuals were swabbed in the field and svl was recorded.

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4.3

Results

4.3.1 Stream and forest transects Seven stream transects were conducted during the phase, five of which took place in Steam 1, the largest stream running through the reserve. 77 individual amphibians were encountered. The overwhelmingly common species were the Engostymops petersi and Pristimantis malkini. Also of note was a sighting of an uncommon Centrolenid Glass Frog, (Cochranella midas). With regards to reptiles, stream walks provided sightings of the impressive Amazon Tree Boa (Corallus enydris enydris), a Fer-de-Lance (Bothrops atrox) and the Orange-ringed Coral Snake (Mircurus hemprichii ortoni). Two transect surveys were also performed in the forest, each consisting of a search in the morning and the same night. Eight frogs were found during the two surveys in addition to two sightings in one night of the Dwarf Climbing Salamander (Bolitoglossa peruviana). Two of the amphibians escaped before identification could take place, whilst three frogs on one of the night surveys proved to Epipedobates bilinguis. Also sighted on a forest transect was a Slender Anole (Anolis fuscoauratus), amongst other unidentified Gymnophthalmidae lizards. 4.3.2 Sampling of chytrid fungus Following the positive chytrid sample from a Pristimantis malkini individual in the phase 083, chytrid sampling was primarily performed on the majority of amphibian individuals encountered in the field. Stream 1, where the positive individual was found, was the focus of much of the sampling whilst sampling efforts predominantly targeted P. malkini. In total, 36 individual amphibians were swabbed, of which 27 were P. malkini. These swab samples are currently being analysed by PUCE. 4.3.3 Incidental sightings A rare sighting of a Caecilian (Caecilia aff. tentaculata) was made early on in the phase. Incidental reptile sightings included Common Blunt-headed Tree Snake (Imantodes cenchoa), Black-headed Snake (Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala), Bridled forest Gecko (Gonatodes humeralis), Collared Forest Gecko (Gonatodes concinnatus), Common Bird Snake (Pseustes poecilonotus), Fer-de-Lance (Borthops atrox) and Olive Whipsnake (Chironius fuscus). Also seen on one of the phases’ last stream walks were the Aquatic

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Coral Snake (Micurus surinamensis surinamensis) and the Spotted Water Snake (Helicops leopardinus), both new to the species list. 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Stream and forest transects Many frogs were encountered on the stream and forest transects. Many of these were the rain frog species Engostymops petersi and Pristimantis malkini. P. malkini in particular was being specifically targeted as part of the chytrid sampling regime. Many individual amphibians were encountered on these surveys, although reptiles were markedly fewer. Eleven amphibian species and four reptile species were encountered on these surveys, representing a small proportion of those on the reserve species list. 4.4.2 Sampling of chytrid fungus 27 Pristimantis malkini individuals were swabbed, conforming to PUCE’s request to target this species in and around the area where the positive chytrid swab sample was found in the last phase. This will hopefully shed some light, following swab sample analysis, on the prevalence of the chytrid fungus in the P. malkini population in this area of the reserve, which is obviously a high priority, following the first positive chytrid result in the Yachana reserve. 4.4.3 Incidental sightings Incidental sightings provided the bulk of reptile encounters. Two new species were added to the list on this expedition, both of which were on a night walk outside of the stream and forest transects. Fewer frogs were noted incidentally, but this is likely to be a side effect of staff and EMs targeting mammals and reptiles, which are seen less frequently, 4.5 Conclusion The small number of species encountered during survey work is likely to be a result of targeting frogs, specifically Engostymops petersi and Pristimantis malkini as part of the chytrid survey work. It is unsure where PUCE will require GVI to direct the chytrid research in the forthcoming phases, but this is likely to be dependent upon the swab sample results from this phase. Stream walks and long forays into the forest provide an excellent opportunity to encounter amphibians and reptiles, so should be conducted regularly,

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preferably in small groups in order to minimise disturbance and increase the likelihood of sightings.

Much of the survey work during this phase was concentrated in or around Stream 1. If more survey work was to be performed further afield in the reserve, it is likely that a larger number of reptile species would be encountered more regularly. This should therefore be an aim for the next expedition phase. There is also huge scope to attempt new survey methods for reptiles and amphibians. One such example is the use of pitfall traps in order to survey ground dwelling species. This would undoubtedly provide new additions to the species list.

5 Butterfly Surveys 5.1 Introduction During this phase GVI continued to survey the reserve for the purpose of identifying new species using both sweep-nets, which target nectar or fruit eating butterflies and baited traps, which target carrion eating butterflies. 5.2 Methods Butterflies are primarily surveyed by means of two complementary methods: sweep-nets and baited traps. Sites were selected according to geographical location within the reserve and habitat type. The various major habitats e.g. primary forest, old plantation, secondary forest etc. were surveyed independently. Traps are set for one day at a time and monitored for several hours between 0800 and 1500 h. Baited traps are set using rotting fish and other rotting fruit with sugar. While baited traps are set, sweep-netting is also conducted to assess the assemblage of nectar-eating butterflies in each area. All butterflies caught are either identified in the field using photographic references or otherwise specimens are taken. Pictures of those that are not identifiable are compiled on a phase-by-phase basis and are allocated a unique identification code. Photos of unidentified specimens are sent the MECN in Quito.

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5.3 Results Overall, 216 specimens were caught during six trapping sessions. Surveys ranged from three and five hours in duration. Between 20 and 49 individuals were caught. 53 different species were captured, of which none were new to the species list. 5.4 Discussion Butterfly surveys continue to provide captures of many species. In this phase, all butterflies captured were thought to have been seen in the reserve before. This is somewhat in contrast to previous phases, where new additions to the reserve species list were regularly noted. This may be because many of the species in the reserve have been seen in previous phases, or this may be due to the inexperience in butterfly identification skills of the new staff running the project. Incorrect identification of some butterfly species may have occurred due to the close morphological similarities between species of the same sub-families, particularly the Ithomiinae and the Heliconiinae, and for this reason new species may have been overlooked. 5.5 Conclusion Data collected up until the beginning of this phase is currently being analysed to provide the basis for a research paper examining the differences in butterfly community structure between primary and secondary rainforest. No specific aims have been set out for the next phase and due to staff turnover and new interests, it may be that butterfly surveys are used only as a tool to teach students at the Yachana Technical High School and to provide additional survey experience to EMs.

6 Benthic Invertebrates and Stream Health 6.1 Introduction Monitoring the biodiversity of benthic macro invertebrates has been indicated as a superior measure of water quality and overall stream health (Karr, 1999). In much of temperate North America and Europe, national environmental groups have included macro invertebrate diversity in measures of acceptable water quality. In most cases, workers compare the diversity of a stream to a certain set index that represents pristine quality. In the tropics however, little work has been done to create these indices. The long-term aim of this project will be the ongoing monitoring of the streams present in the reserve;

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collecting comparable data from the various stream sections regularly in order to assess quality. Several obstacles currently exist; namely a lack of expertise within this field of study and a lack of identification guides specific to the area. Therefore, the current phase has tested a pilot project to be replicated and strengthened for subsequent expedition phases. 6.2 Methods The methodology for sampling freshwater streams can be varied and is often dictated by the structure of the stream. The streams in the reserve are mainly shallow, wide and with a variety of riffles and pools. Therefore we employ the use of kick net, surber net and hand collection in order to collect a representative sample for the streams. Specimens are pooled with the aim of either collecting a target quantity of specimens per stream/site, or collecting specimens from a standardised sample number, e.g. 15 kick samples. Specimens can then be identified to the family level and total counts made for each group. A standardised index can then be used to compare the abundance of family groups that demonstrate sensitivity to stream health, or those that indicate the presence or absence of certain physical characteristics in a stream. 6.3 Results Multiple trials were made throughout this phase, experimenting with different methods of collection (i.e. net type) and different methodology aims (i.e. number of individuals vs. standardised number of samples). 21 target families were found regularly in the preliminary samples, whilst a couple of unidentified specimens were omitted from the results, as advised by Carrera & Fierro (2001). Indexes were calculated but no direct comparisons were made between streams/sites, due to the preliminary nature of the trials made in this phase. 6.4 Discussion Of the possible combinations of sample method available, use of a surber net provided the greatest number of individuals. Hand collection was also successful in collecting some of the larger and more charismatic benthic invertebrates. Specimens proved to be easy to identify to the family level using an ID sheet from Carrera & Fierro (2001) and hand lenses (10x magnification).

19

6.5 Conclusion The ease of specimen collection and identification provides promise for this new project. Methods must be standardised early on in the next phase, whilst a regime for sampling different sites along the streams present in the reserve must be established in order to collect accurate, replicable data.

7 BTEC Advanced Certificate in Supervision of Biological Surveys EMs who join for a five or ten week expedition, have the opportunity of completing a BTEC course in the Supervision of Biological Surveys, equalling the standard of an A-level equivalent qualification. The course consists of five units, ranging in content from Target Species Identification, Survey Techniques, to learning about Expedition Logistics, and Community Development. This course is a hands-on applied course that builds on the training and knowledge that all EMs receive during the initial training week and throughout their expedition time. Over the course of the ten weeks we certified eight EMs. During this expedition phase we allowed EMs to choose an area of specialization and conduct their assignments based on their own interests. Through this method, we allowed EMs with special abilities to improve and enhance our data collection.

8 Community Development Projects 8.1 Colegio Técnico Yachana (Yachana Technical High School) A large component of the expedition is exchange with students from the high school. This expedition phase we began three new collaborative projects which resulted in a greater period of interaction. The first project was to have GVI and EMs assist the students in their environmental education class. On three occasions GVI participated in a project to map the boundaries and major trails of the protected forest owned behind the high school. GVI's presence allowed for efficient mapping, a smaller student to teacher ratio, cultural exchange, and English and Spanish language practice. A second project was to teach ecological survey methods to students so they can reproduce projects at the school. On three separate occasions high school students came to the reserve, received training and then practiced methods such as sampling for aquatic insects, reforestation of native trees, and amphibian collection.

The third project was to participate in the government

sponsored literacy outreach program. Students in their third year are obligated to

20

participate in an outreach literacy program. Here in the Upper Napo area, this program is critically needed. GVI is participating in this program to add environmental education to the programs contents. 8.2 National Scholarship Program Students from the Yachana High School are offered a one to two week internship on the expedition. Each week two or three students become integral members of the expedition during which they are involved in all aspects of the expedition, including survey work, camp duty and satellite camps. Conversation sessions are also arranged between the students and EMs, or staff. During the last phase two students participated on the expedition. The students are of great assistance during field work, sharing their knowledge about local uses for plants as well as helping with the scheduled work. They also shared their culture with both staff and EMs through outlets such as, teaching traditional basketweaving, traditional achiote-painting, providing indigenous language (Quichua and Chachi) and cooking lessons e.g. empanadas, teaching the uses of medicinal plants and demonstrating how to build several animal traps. 8.3 TEFL at Puerto Rico Formal English classes were provided by EMs and staff for one hour on Tuesdays and Thursdays, to school children from the neighbouring community of Puerto Rico. The relationship with Puerto Rico is continuing to grow and strengthen and GVI is looking to provide environmental education programmes to the community in the future as part of the conservation work that is done here. For example, upon invitation by the school teacher, GVI was asked to tutor some of the older students at Puerto Rico who can only attend school twice a week due to work obligations.

GVI hopes to continue these tutorial

sessions. Puerto Rico is the nearest discrete community to the reserve and as such, GVI’s relationship with the community is an important component of the expedition providing benefit to both its residents and GVI EMs.

21

9 Conclusions and Future Aims


The biodiversity programme will be continued, opportunistically re-surveying sites, and expanding the survey areas within the reserve.




The MECN continues to provide taxonomic support and this will be continued with specimens being lodged at the MECN for identification, thereby also increasing Ecuador’s national specimen collection.




Research into the status of the chytrid fungus in the reserve will continue in accordance with PUCE.




The focus of the avian research program will be expanded to include more mist netting and audio point counts, in order to monitor bird species less detectable by visual means.




Mammal trapping will be further trialled in the next expedition in order to allow small mammals to become accustomed to the traps and moreover to establish a methodology for regularly surveying populations in the reserve.




In order to monitor stream health through surveying benthic invertebrates, methods must be standardised in the next phase, whilst a regime for sampling different sites along the streams present in the reserve must be established.




It is intended for a new research project to commence in the next phase focusing on the reserve’s dung beetle community, as they provide an excellent indication of habitat stability and biodiversity.




The BTEC course will continue to be offered and run for all interested EMs.




An ongoing aim of the expedition is to attract high quality researchers and departments interested in conducting research in the reserve with the assistance of GVI staff and expedition members to carry out the field work.




GVI will continue to co-ordinate projects with the Yachana Foundation as determined by the goals in the Reserve Management Plan, such as marking the reserve boundary and mapping land use.




GVI will continue with its TEFL classes in Puerto Rico.




GVI will aim to further develop the possibilities of working more closely with the Yachana Technical High School.

22

10 References Allen, T., Ginkbeiner, S.L., and Johnson, D.H., 2004. Comparison of detection rates of breeding marsh birds in passive and playback surveys at Lacreek National Wildlife refuge, South Dakota. Waterbirds 27, 277-281.

Daszak, P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Green, D.E., Speare. R., 1999. Emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 5, 735-48. Karr, J.R., 1999. Defining and measuring river health. Freshwater Biology 41: 221-234.

Kroodsma, D.E., 1984. Songs of the Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) are innate. Auk 101, 13-24.

Lacher, T., 2004. Tropical Ecology, Assessment, and Monitoring (TEAM) Initiative: Avian Monitoring

Protocol

version

3.

Conservation

International,

Washington,

DC.

www.teaminitiative.org. Ridgely, R.S., Greenfield, P.J., 2001. The birds of Ecuador. Volume I. Status, Distribution, and Taxonomy. Cornell University Press, New York. Sutherland, W.J., 1996. Ecological census techniques: a handbook. University press, Cambridge. Weldon, C., du Preez, L.H., Hyatt, A.D., Muller, R., Speare, R., 2004. Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (Issue 12).

References used in the field to identify species: Bartlett, R.D., Bartlett, P., 2003. Reptiles and amphibians of the Amazon. An ecotourist’s guide. University Press of Florida, Gainsville.

Bollino, M., Onore G., 2001. Butterflies & moths of Ecuador. Papilionidae. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito.

23

Volume 10a. Familia:

Carrera, C., Fierro, K., 2001. Manual de monitoreo los macroinvertebrados acuáticos. EcoCiencia, Quito.

Carrillo, E., Aldás, S., Altamirano, M., Ayala, F., Cisneros, D. Endara, A., Márquez, C., Morales, M., Nogales, F, Salvador, P., Torres, M.L., Valencia, J., Villamarín, F., Yánez, M., Zárate, P., 2005. Lista roja de los reptiles del Ecuador. Novum Milenium, Quito. de la Torre, S., 2000. Primates of Amazonian Ecuador. SIMBIOE, Quito. DeVries, P.J., 1997. The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Volume II: Riodinidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Duellman, W.E., 1978. The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. The University of Kansas, Lawrence. Eisenberg, J.F., Redford, K.H., 1999. Mammals of the neotropics: The central neotropics. Volume 3 Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Emmons, L.H., Feer, F., 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals. A field guide, second edition. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Moreno E., M., Silva del P., X., Estévez J., G., Marggraff, I., Marggraff, P., 1997. Mariposas del Ecuador. Occidental Exploration and Production Company, Quito. Neild, A.F.E., 1996. The butterflies of Venezuela. Meridain Publications. London. Ridgely, R.S., Greenfield, P.J., 2001. The birds of Ecuador. Volume I. Status, distribution and taxonomy. Christopher Helm, London.

Ridgely, R.S., Greenfield, P.J., 2001. The birds of Ecuador. Volume II. A field guide. Christopher Helm, London. Tirira S., D., 2001. Libro rojo de los mamíferos del Ecuador. SIMBIOE/EcoCiencia, Quito.

24

11 Appendix

Yachana Reserve, Napo

Columbia

Laguna

Stream 1

Caimencocha Laguna

Frontier

Green Inferno

Stream 1 Bloop PC17 Bloop Swamp

Inca Stream 1

Cascada

Road

Cascada Stream

Stream 1

Ficus

Agua Santa

Ridge and Road

N

- Ridge trail

Access Routes

Ridge

Rio Napo

25

GVI Base Camp

Little Tinamou

Undulated Tinamou

Variegated Tinamou

Great Tinamou

Crypturellus cinereus

Crypturellus soui

Crypturellus undulatus

Crypturellus variegatus

Tinamus major

Spix's Guan

New World Quails

Marbled Wood-Quail

Penelope jacquacu

Odontophoridae

Odontophorus gujanensis

Chloroceryle amazona

Alcedinidae

Coraciiformes Amazon Kingfisher

Kingfishers

Blue-crowned Trogon

Trogon curucui

Black-throated Trogon Amazonian Violaceous Trogon

Trogon violaceus

Trogon rufus

Collared Trogon

Amazonian White-tailed Trogon

© Global Vision International – 2007

Sandpipers, Snipes and Phalaropes

Spotted Sandpiper

Scolopacidae

Actitis macularia

Charadriiformes

Speckled Chachalaca

Ortalis guttata

Trogon collaris

Nocturnal Curassow

Nothocrax urumutum

Pavonine Quetzal

Pharomachrus pavoninus

Black-tailed Trogon

Trogons and Quetzals

Trogoniformes

Fork-tailed Woodnymph

Great-billed Hermit

White-bearded Hermit

Straight-billed Hermit

Trogonidae Trogon melanurus

Yellow-headed Caracara

Milvago chimachima

Trogon viridis

Collared Forest-Falcon

Micrastur semitorquatus

Thalurania furcata

Phaethornis malaris

Phaethornis hispidus

Phaethornis bourcieri

Black-eared Fairy

Rufous -breasted Hermit

Heliothryx aurita

Buff-tailed Sicklebill

Glowing Puffleg

Napo Sabrewing

Black-throated Mango

Glittering-throated Emerald

Andean Emerald Hummingbird

Hummingbirds

White-collared Swift

Grey-rumped Swift

Swifts

Ocellated Poorwill

Glaucis hirsuta

Curassows, Guans, and Chachalacas

Lined Forest-Falcon

Micrastur gilvicollis

Nightjars and Nighthawks Pauraque

Eutoxeres condamini

Eriocnemis vestitus

Campylopterus villaviscensio

Anthracothorax nigricollis

Amazilia fimbriata

Cracidae

Laughing Falcon

Herpetotheres cachinnans

Trochilidae Amazilia franciae cyanocollis

Galliformes

Red-throated Caracara

Ibycter americanus

Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

Bat Falcon

White Hawk

Leucopternis albicollis

Falco rufigularis

Black-faced Hawk

Leucopternis melanops

Falcons and Caracaras

Gray-headed Kite

Leptodon cayanensis

Black Caracara

Plumbeous Kite

Ictinia plumbea

Daptrius ater

Double-toothed Kite

Falconidae

Swallow-tailed Kite

Streptoprocne zonaris

Harpagus bidentatus

Apodiformes

Elanoides forficatus

King Vulture

Sarcoramphus papa

Nyctiphrynus ocellatus

Variable Hawk

Black Vulture

Coragyps atractus

Nyctidromus albicollis

Caprimulgidae

Roadside Hawk

Greater Yellow-headed Vulture

Cathartes melambrotus

Common Potoo

Nyctibius griseus

Buteo polyosoma

Turkey Vulture

Cathartes aura

Great Potoo

Buteo magnirostris

American Vultures

Cathartidae

Potoos Long-tailed Potoo

Nyctibius grandis

Chaetura cinereiventris

Rufescent Tiger-Heron

Tigrisoma lineatum

Nyctibiidae Nyctibius aethereus

Kites, Eagles, Hawks, and Osprey

Little Blue Heron

Egretta caerulea

Accipitridae

Cattle Egret

Bubulcus ibis

Caprimulgiformes

Apodidae

Cocoi Heron

Tawny-bellied Screech-owl Spectacled owl

Otus watsonii Pulsatrix perspicillata

Tropical Screech-Owl

Crested owl

Lophostrix cristata Otus choliba

Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

Typical Owls

Hoatzin

Hoatzin

English name

Glaucidium brasilianum

Strigidae

Strigiformes

Falconiformes

Herons, Bitterns and Egrets

Ardeidae

Ardea cocoi

Ciconiformes

Cinereous Tinamou

Crypturellus bartletti

Opisthocomus hoazin

Tinamous

Bartlett's Tinamou

Tinamidae

Opisthocomidae

Tinamiformes

Birds Scientific name

English name

Birds

Scientific name

Yachana Reserve species list (new additions from 084 in red). Birds

Malacoptila fusca

Chelidoptera tenebrosa

Bucconidae

Jacamerops aureus

Galibulidae

Piciformes

Dendroica striata

Dendroica fusca

Basileuterus fulvicauda

Parulidae

Microbates cinereiventris

Polioptilidae

Microcerculus marginatus

Henicorhina leucosticta

Donacobius atricapillus

Campylorhynchus turdinus

Troglodytidae

Tachycineta albiventer

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis

Atticora fasciata

Hirundinidae

Turdus lawrencii

Turdus albicollis

Catharus ustulatus

Turdidae

Vireo olivaceus

Vireonidae

Cyanocorax violaceus

Corvidae

Tyranneutes stolzmanni

Pipra erythrocephala

Manacus manacus

Machaeropterus regulus

Lepidothrix coronata

Dixiphia pipra

Chiroxiphia pareola

Pipridae

Querula purpurata

Iodopleura isabellae

Gynnoderus foetidus

Cotinga maynana

Cotinga cayana

Ampelioides tschudii

Cotingidae

Scientific name

White-chested Puffbird

Swallow-winged Puffbird

Puffbirds

Great Jacamar

Jacamars

Blackpoll Warbler

Blackburnian Warbler

Buff-rumped Warbler

New World Warblers

Tawny-faced Gnatwren

Gnatcatchers and Gnatwrens

Southern Nightingale-Wren

White-breasted Wood-wren

Black-capped Donacobius

Thrush-like Wren

Wrens

White-winged Swallow

Southern rough-winged swallow

White-banded Swallow

Swallows and Martins

Lawrence's Thrush

White-necked Thrush

Swainson's Thrush

Thrushes

Red-eyed Vireo

Page 26

Vireos, Peppershrikes, and Shrike Vireos

Violaceous Jay

Crows, Jays, and Magpies

Dwarf Tyrant Manakin

Golden-headed Manakin

White-bearded Manakin

Striped Manakin

Blue-crowned Manakin

White-crowned Manakin

Blue-backed Manakin

Manakins

Purple throated Fruitcrow

White-browed Purpletuft

Bare-necked Fruitcrow

Plum-throated Cotinga

Spangled Cotinga

Scaled Fruiteater

Cotinga

English name

Birds

Piranaga olivacea

Hemithraupis flavicollis

Thraupidae cont.

Habia rubica

Euphonia chrysopasta

Euponia xanthogaster

Euphonia rufiventris

Euphonia laniirostris

Scarlet Tanager

Yellow-backed Tanager

Red-crowned Ant-Tanager

White-lored Euphonia

Orange-bellied Euphonia

Rufous-bellied Euphonia

Thick-billed Euphonia

Purple Honeycreeper Yellow-bellied Dacnis

Dacnis flaviventer

Rufous-crested Tanager

Magpie Tanager

Green Honeycreeper

Tanagers, Honeycreepers, Bananaquit, and Plushcap

Spot-winged Antbird

Plain-winged Antshrike

Mouse-colored Antshrike

Dusky-throated Antshrike

White Plumbed Antbird

Reddish-winged Bare-eye

Thrush-like Antpitta

Wing-banded Antbird

Short-billed Antwren

Ornate Antwren

Long-winged Antwren

Plain-throated Antwren

White-shouldered Antbird

Cyanerpes caeruleus

Creugops verticalis

Cissopis leveriana

Chlorophanes spiza

Thraupidae

Schistocichla leucostigma

Thamnophilus schistaceus

Thamnophilus murinus

Thamnomanes ardesiacus

Pithys albifrons

Phlegopsis erythroptera

Myrmothera campanisona

Myrmornis torquata

Myrmotherula obscura

Myrmotherula ornata

Myrmotherula longipennis

Myrmotherula hauxwelli

Myrmeciza melanoceps

Plumbeous Antbird Sooty Antbird

Myrmeciza hyperythra

Yellow-browed Antbird

Warbling Antbird

Scale-backed Antbird

Spot-backed Antbird

Dugand's Antwren

Black-faced Antthrush

Undulated Antshrike

Banded Antbird

Striated Antthrush

Gray Antbird

Typical Antbirds

Straight-billed Woodcreeper

Buff-throated Woodcreeper

Ocellated Woodcreeper

Lineated Woodcreeper

Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper

Woodcreepers

Black-tailed Leaftosser

Cinammon-rumped Foliage-gleaner

Ruddy Foliage-gleaner

Ovenbirds

English name

Myrmeciza immaculata

Hypocnemis hypoxantha

Hypocnemis cantator

Hylophylax poecilinota

Hylophlax naevia

Hersilochmus dugandi

Formicarius analis

Frederickena unduligera

Dichrozona cincta

Chamaeza nobilis

Cercomacra cinerascens

Thamnophilidae

Xiphorhynchus picus

Xiphorhynchus guttatus

Xiphorhynchus ocellatus

Lepidocolaptes albolineatus

Dendrexetastes rufigula

Dendrocolaptidae

Sclerurus caudacutus

Philydor pyrrhodes

Automolus rubiginosus

Furnariidae

Passeriformes

Scientific name

Electron platyrhynchum

Chestnut-headed Crake

Gray-necked Wood-Rail

Anurolimnatus castaneiceps

Aramides cajanea

Blue Ground-Dove

Plumbeous Pigeon

Ruddy Quail-Dove

Gray-fronted Dove

Claravis pretiosa

Columba plumbea

Geotrygon montana

Leptotila rufaxilla

Chestnut-fronted Macaw

White-eyed Parakeet

Dusky-headed Parakeet

Black-headed Parrot

Orange-cheeked Parrot

Blue-headed Parrot

Bronze-winged Parrot

Maroon-tailed Parakeet

Ara severa

Aratinga leucophthalmus

Aratinga weddellii

Pionites melanocephala

Pionopsitta barrabandi

Pionus menstruus

Pionus chalcopterus

Pyrrhura melanura Great Kiskadee

Pitangus sulphuratus

Cuckoos and Anis

Smooth-billed Ani

Greater Ani

Squirrel Cockoo

Black-bellied Cuckoo

Black-bellied Cuckoo

Cuculidae

Crotophaga ani

Crotophaga major

Piaya cayana

Piaya melanogaster

Piaya melanogaster Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet Fork-tailed Flycatcher Eastern Kingbird Tropical Kingbird Slender-footed Tyrannulet

Tyrannulus elatus Tyrannus savana Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus melancholicus Zimmerius gracilipes

© Global Vision International – 2007

Gray-crowned Flatbill Olive-faced Flatbill

Tolmomyias poliocephalus

Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher

Masked Tityra

Black-crowned Tityra

Black-tailed Tityra

Grayish Mouner

Tolmomyias viridiceps

Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum

Tityra semifasciata

Tityra inquisitor

Tityra cayana

Olivaceous Flatbill

Black-capped Becard

Drab Water-Tyrant

Social Flycatcher

Dusky-chested Flycatcher

Gray-capped Flycatcher

Ochre-bellied Flycatcher

Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher

Streaked Flycatcher

Whiskered Flycatcher

Short-crested Flycatcher

Dusky-capped Flycatcher

Pachyramphus marginatus

Ochthornis littoralis

Myiozetetes similis

Myiozetetes luteiventris

Myiozetetes granadensis

Mionectes oleagineus

Myiodynastes luteiventris

Myiodynastes maculatus

Myiobius barbatus

Rhytipterna simplex

Yellow-crowned Amazon

Amazona ochrocephala

Myiarchus ferox

Myiarchus tuberculifer

Rhynchocyclus olivaceus

Mealy Amazon

Boat-billed Flycatcher

Screaming Piha

Megarynchus piangu

Piratic Flycatcher

Lipaugus vociferans

White-eyed Tody-tyrant

Eastern Wood-Pewee

Yellow-throated Flycatcher

Lemon-browed Flycatcher

Bright-rumped Attila

Tyrant Flycatchers

Blue-crowned Motmot

Broad-billed Motmot

Rufous Motmot

Motmots

Ringed Kingfisher

Legatus leucophaius

Hemitriccus zosterops

Contopus virens

Cuculiformes

Parrots and Macaws

Psittacidae

Amazona farinosa

Psittaciformes

Conopias cinchoneti

Columbidae Conopias parva

Attila spadiceus

Pigeons and Doves

Columbiformes

Tyrannidae

Momotus momota

Baryphthengus martii

Momotidae

Rails, Gallinules, and Coots

Pied Plover

Hoploxypterus cayanus

Megaceryle torquata

Green and Rufous Kingfisher

Chloroceryle inda

Rallidae

Plovers and Lapwings

Recurvirostridae

Green Kingfisher

Chloroceryle americana

Gruiformes

Solitary Sandpiper

Tringa solitaria

Little Woodpecker

Smoky-brown Woodpecker

Veniliornis fumigatus Veniliornis passerinus

Lafresnaye's piculet

Yellow-tufted Woodpecker

Lineated Woodpecker

Spot-breasted Woodpecker

Scale-breasted Woodpecker

Cream-coloured Woodpecker

Chestnut Woodpecker

Red-necked Woodpecker

Crimson-crested Woodpecker

Woodpeckers and Piculets

Golden-collared Toucanet

White-throated Toucan

Channel-billed Toucan

Many-banded Aracari

Lettered Aracari

Chestnut-eared Aracari

Ivory-billed Aracari

Toucans

Lemon-throated Barbet

Gilded Barbet

Scarlet-crowned Barbet

New World Barbets

White-necked Puffbird

Black-fronted Nunbird

White-fronted Nunbird

Yellow-billed Nunbird

Picumnus lafresnayi

Melanerpes cruentatus

Dryocopus lineatus

Chrysoptilus punctigula

Celeus grammicus

Celeus flavus

Celeus elegans

Campephilus rubricollis

Campephilus melanoleucos

Picidae

Selenidera reinwardtii

Ramphastos tucanus

Ramphastos vitellinus

Pteroglossus pluricinctus

Pteroglossus inscriptus

Pteroglossus castanotis

Pteroglossus azara

Ramphastidae

Eubucco bourcierii

Capita auratus

Capita aurovirens

Capitonidae

Notharchus macrorynchos

Monasa nigrifrons

Monasa morphoeus

Monasa flavirostris

Page 27

Psarocolius viridis

Psarocolius decumanas

Psarocolius angustifrons

Molothrus oryzivorous

Icterus croconotus

Icterus chrysocephalus

Clypicterus oseryi

Cacicus solitarius

Cacicus cela

Icteridae

Carduelis psaltria

Fringillidae

Oryzoborus angloensis

Ammodramus aurifrons

Emberizidae

Saltator maximus

Saltator grossus

Cyanocompsa cyanoides

Cardinalidae

Thraupis palmarum

Thraupis episcopus

Tersina viridis

Tangara xanthogastra

Tangara schrankii

Tangara mexicana

Tangara chilensis

Tangara callophrys

Tachyphonus cristatus

Ramphocelus nigrogularis

Ramphocelus carbo

Piranaga rubra

Green Oropendola

Crested Oropendola

Russet-backed Oropendola

Giant Cowbird

Orange-backed Troupial

Moriche Oriole

Casqued Oropendola

Solitary Cacique

Yellow-rumped Cacique

American Orioles and Blackbirds

Lesser Goldfinch

Cardueline Finches

Lesser Seed-Finch

Yellow-browed Sparrow

Emberizine Finches

Buff-throated Saltator

Slate-colored Grosbeak

Blue-black Grosbeak

Saltators, Grosbeaks, and Cardinals

Palm Tanager

Blue-gray Tanager

Swallow Tanager

Yellow-bellied Tanager

Green-and-gold Tanager

Turquoise Tanager

Paradise Tanager

Opal-crowned Tanager

Flame-crested Tanager

Masked Crimson Tanager

Silver-beaked Tanager

Summer Tanager

Philander sp. Gymnophphthalmidae

Southern naked-tailed armadillo

Nine-banded armadillo

Dasypodidae

Cabassous unicinctus

Dasypus novemcinctus

Large fruit bat

Large fruit bat

Big-eyed bat

Hairy-legged bat

Yellow shouldered fruit bat

Tent-making bat

Great Stripe-faced bat

Spear-nosed Bats

Long-legged bat

Hairy-nosed bat

Spear-nosed bat

Vespertilionid Bats

Little brown bat

Monkeys

Artibeus lituratus

Artibeus obscurus

Artibeus planirostus

Chiroderma villosum

Sturrnia lilium

Sturnria oporaphilum

Uroderma pilobatum

Vampyrodes caraccioli

Phyllostominae

Macrophyllum macrophyllum

Mimon crenulatum

Phyllostomus hastatus

Vespertilionidae

Myotis nigricans

Primates

Liophis reginae

© Global Vision International – 2007

Black-headed calico snake

Yellow-headed calico snake

Common swamp snake

Brown parrot snake White-lipped swamp snake

Leptophis cupreus Liophis miliaris chrysostomus

Common cat-eyed snake

Amazon blunt-headed tree snake

Imantodes lentiferus Leptodeira annulata annulata

Common blunt-headed tree snake

Spotted water snake

Banded south american water snake

Imantodes cenchoa

Helicops leopardinus

Helicops angulatus

Common glossy racer

Big-headed snail-eating snake

Dipsas indica Drymoluber dichrous

Ornate snail-eating snake

Tawny forest racer

Musarana

Rusty whipsnake

Olive whipsnake

Earth snake sp2

Earth snake

Earth snake sp3

Dipsas catesbyi

Dendriphidion dendrophis

Clelia clelia clelia

Chironius scurruls

Chironius fuscus

Atractus occiptoalbus

Atractus major

Atractus elaps

Colubridae

Neotropical Marbled Tree Frog

Trachycephalus venulosus

Scinax rubra

Scinax garbei

Phyllomedusa vaillanti

Phyllomedusa tomopterna

Phyllomedusa tarsius

Phrynohyas resinifictrix

Osteocephalus planiceps

Osteocephalus cf. deridens

Osteocephalus cabrerai

Hypsiboas geographica

Hypsiboas calcarata

Hypsiboas boans

Hylomantis hulli

Hylomantis buckleyi

Common milk Tree Frog

Two-striped Tree Frog

Fringe lipped Tree Frog

Page 28

White-lined monkey Tree Frog

Barred Monkey Frog

Warty Monkey Frog

Amazonian Milk Tree Frog

Flat-headed bromeliad Tree Frog

Forest bromeliad Tree Frog

Map Tree Frog

Convict Tree Frog

Gladiator Tree Frog

Rocket Tree Frog

Casque-headed Tree Frog Hyla lanciformis

Variable Clown Tree Frog Hemiphractus aff. scutatus

Red Striped Tree Frog

Common Polkadot Tree Frog Dendropsophus triangulium

Dendropsophus rhodopeplus

Dendropsophus punctata punctata

Dendropsophus marmorata

Upper Amazon Tree Frog

Snakes

Oxyrhopus melanogenys

Large fruit bat

Artibeus jamaicensis

Black-mantle tamarin

Large fruit-eating bat

Stenodermatidae

Pygmy hatchet-faced Tree Frog

Dendropsophus bifurcus

Golden tegu

cf. Sphaenorhychus carneus

Tupinambis teguixin

Saguinus nigricollis

Neotropical Fruit bats

Lonchophylla robusta

Tree Frogs Amazon Leaf Frog

Ruby Poison Frog

Duellmans Poison Frog

Sanguine Poison Frog

Hylidae

Epipedobates ingeri

Dendrobates duellmani

Colostethus bocagei

Agalychnis craspedopus

Forest whiptail

Allobates insperatus Allobates zaparo

Poison Frogs

Glass Frog

Glass Frog

Glass Frog

undescribed Glass Frog

Glass Frogs

Orange bellied leaf toad

Leaf Toads

Teiidae

Olive Tree Runner

Collared tree runner

Common forest anole

Allobates bilinguis

Dendrobatidae

Cochranella resplendens

Cochranella midas

Cochranella anetarsia

Centrolene sp.

Centrolenidae

Dendrophryniscus minutus

Dendrophryniscus

Kentropyx pelviceps

Oxyrhopus formosus

Spear-nosed long-tongued bat

Glossophaga soricina

Tropidurus (plica) umbra ochrocollaris

Tropidurus (Plica) plica

Tropiduridae

Anolis trachyderma

Callitrichidae

Long tongued bats

Long tongued bat

Glossophaginae

Sac-winged/Sheath-tailed Bats

White-lined bat

Saccopteryx bilineata

Common vampire bat

Emballonuridae

Vampire bats

Desmodus rotundus

Amazon green anole

Desmodontinae

Amazon bark anole

Little fruit bat

Rhinophylla pumilio

Yellow-tongued forest anole

Slender anole

Anolis punctata

Anolis nitens scypheus

Carollia perspicullatus

Amazon forest dragon

Anolis ortonii

Anolis fuscoauratus

Short-tailed fruit bat

Carollia castanea

Polychrotidae

Enyalioides laticeps

Hoplocercidae

Iguanas

White-striped eyed lizard

Common streamside lizard

Prionodactylus oshaughnessyi

Neusticurus ecpleopus

Sharp-nosed Toad

Crested Forest Toad

Rhinella complex margaritifer Rhinella dapsilis

Common forest lizard

Cercosaura ocellata

Cane Toad

Toads

Dwarf climbing salamander

Lungless Salamanders

English name

Bufo marinus

Bufonidae

Bolitoglossa peruviana

Plethodontidae

Caecilia aff. tentaculata

Typhlonectidae

Caecilians

Amphibians Scientific name

Leposoma parietale

Carollia brevicauda

Carollinae

Short-tailed Fruit bats

Armadillos

Choloepus diadactylus

Chiroptera

Two-toes sloths

Southern two-toed sloth

Subfamily Choloepinae

Reticulated creek lizard

Black-bellied forest lizard

Bridled forest gecko Amazon pygmy gecko

Pseudogonatodes guianensis

Collared forest gecko

English name

Gonatodes humeralis

Arthrosaura reticulata reticulata

Micoureus demerarae

Megalonychidae

Four-eyed opossum

Marmosa lepida

Gonatodes concinnatus

Alopoglossus striventris

Little rufous mouse opossum Long-furred woolly mouse opossum

Chironectes minimus

Xenarthra

Opossums

Water opossum

Didelphidae

Gekkonidae

Reptiles Scientific name Lizards

English name

Marsupialia

Mammals Scientific name

Night monkey

White-fronted capuchin

Carnivores

Raccoon

South american coati

Kinkajou

Weasel

Tayra

Neotropical otter

Cat

Jaguarundi

Ocelot

Puma

Peccaries and Deer

Red brocket deer

Collared peccary

Aotus sp.

Cebus albifrons

Carnivora

Procyonidae

Nasua nasua

Potos flavus

Mustelidae

Eira barbara

Lontra longicaudis

Felidae

Herpailurus yaguarundi

Leopardus pardalis

Puma concolor

Artidactyla

Mazama americana

Tayassu tajacu

Green-striped vine snake

Peruvian rainbow boa

Epicrates cenchria gaigei

Squirrels

Amazon red squirrel

Neotropical pygmy squirrel

Sciuridae

Sciurus sp.

Sciurillus pusillus

Bi-color spined porcupine

Black agouti

Capybara

Green acouchy

Coendou bicolor

Dasyprocta fuliginosa

Hydrochaeirs hydrochaeirs

Myoprocta pratti

Paleosuchus trigonatus

Alligatoridae

Crocodilians Smooth-fronted caiman

Aquatic coral snake

Central amazon coral snake

© Global Vision International – 2007

Paca

Agouti paca

Large Cavylike Rodents

Spiny rat

Proechimys semispinosus

Micurus surinamensis surinamensis

Micrurus spixii spixxi

Amazon bamboo rat

Dactylomys dactylinus

Eastern ribbon coral snake

Langsdorffs coral snake

Micrurus lemniscatus

Micrurus langsdorfii

Echimyidae

Orange-ringed coral snake

Micurus hemprichii ortonii

Elapidae

Amazon tree boa

Corallus enydris enydris

Boa constrictor imperator Common boa constrictor

Fer-de-lance

Bothrops atrox Boidae

Speckeled forest pit viper

Bothriopsis taeniata

Viperidae

Giant false viper

Xenoxybelis argenteus

Common false viper

Black-headed snake

Xenedon severos

Xenedon rabdocephalus

Tantilla melanocephala melanocephala

Tiger rat snake

Red-vine snake

Spilotes pullatus

Giant bird snake

Sphlophus compressus

Common bird snake

Banded calico snake

Pseustes sulphureus

Pseustes poecilonotus polylepis

Colubridae cont. Oxyrhopus petola digitalus

Red howler monkey

Cebidae

Allouatta seniculus

Microhylidae

Sheep Frogs

Rana palmipes

Ranidae

Vanzolinius discodactylus

Oreobates quixensis

Lithodytes lineatus

Leptodactylus wagneri

Leptodactylus rhodomystax

Leptodactylus mystaceus

Leptodactylus knudseni

Leptodactylus andreae

Engystomops petersi

Prystimantis variabilis

Prystimantis sulcatus

Prystimantis ockendeni

Prystimantis nigrovittatus

Prystimantis martiae

Prystimantis malkini

Prystimantis lanthanites

Prystimantis conspicillatus

Neotropical Green Frog

True Frogs

Page 29

Dark-blotched Whistling Frog

Common big headed Rain Frog

Painted Antnest Frog

Wagneris Jungle Frog

Moustached Jungle Frog

Rose-sided Jungle Frog

Cocha Chirping Frog

Painted Forest Toadlet

Variable Rain Frog

Broad-headed Rain Frog

Carabaya Rain Frog

Black-banded Robber Frog

Marti's rainfrog

Malkini's Rain Frog

Striped-throated Rain Frog

Chirping Robber Frog

Amazonian Rain Frog

Peruvian Rain Frog

Prystimantis altamazonicus

Green Rain Frog

Prystimantis aff peruvianus

Eyelashed Forest Frog

Rain Frogs

Bassler's Sheep Frog

Prystimantis acuminatus

Edalorhina perezi

Leptodactylidae

Chiasmocleis bassleri

Butterflies

Butterflies

Scientific name

Scientific name

Butterflies Scientific name

Nymphalinae

Papilionidae

Charaxinae

Anartia amathae

Battus belus varus

Agrias claudina

Anartia jatrophae

Battus polydamas

Archaeoprepona amphimachus

Baeotus deucalion

Papilio androgeus

Archaeoprepona demophon

Bia actorion

Papilio thoas cyniras

Archaeoprepona demophon muson

Biblis hyperia

Parides aeneas bolivar

Archaeoprepona licomedes

Callicore cynosura

Parides lysander

Memphis arachne

Callizona acesta

Parides pizarro

Memphis oenomaus

Catonephele acontius

Parides sesostris

Catonephele esite

Memphis philomena Prepona eugenes

Catonephele numilia

Satyrinae

Prepona dexamenus

Colobura dirce

Chloreuptychia herseis

Prepona laertes

Consul fabius

Cithaerias aurora

Prepona pheridamas

Dynamine aerata

Cithaerias pireta

Zaretis itys

Dynamine arthemisia

Euptychia binoculata

Dynamine athemon

Euptychia ocypete

Lycaenidae

Dynamine gisella

Haetera macleania

Thecla aetolius

Eresia pelonia

Haetera piera

Thecla mavors

Eunica alpais

Hermeuptychia hermes

Eunica amelio

Magneuptychia libye

Riodinidae

Eunica volumna

Magneuptychia ocnus

Amarynthis meneria

Hamadryas albicornus

Pareuptychia ocirrhoe

Ancyluris endaemon

Hamadryas arinome

Pierella astyoche

Ancyluris aulestes

Hamadryas chloe

Pierella hortona

Ancyluris etias

Hamadryas feronia

Pierella lamia

Calospila cilissa

Hamadryas laodamia

Pierella lena

Calospila emylius

Historis odius

Pierella lucia

Calydna venusta

Historis acheronta

Taygetis mermeria

Hypna clytemnestra

Emesis fatinella Emesis lucinda

Marpesia berania

Limenitidinae

Emesis ocypore

Marpesia petreus

Doxocopa agathina

Eurybia dardus

Metamorpha elisa

Doxocopa griseldis

Eurybia halimede

Metamorpha sulpitia

Doxocopa laurentia

Eurybia unxia

Nessaea batesii

Doxocopa linda

Hyphilaria parthenis

Heliconinae

Ithomiola floralis

Panacea prola

Dryas iulia

Lasaia pseudomeris

Paulogramma peristera

Eueides eunice

Leucochimona vestalis

Phyciodes plagiata

Heliconius erato

Livendula violacea

Phrrhogyra amphiro

Heliconius melponmene

Lyropteryx appolonia

Pyrrhogyra crameri

Heliconius numata

Mesophthalma idotea

Pyrrhogyra cuparina

Heliconius sara

Mesosemia loruhama

Pyrrhogyra otolais

Heliconius xanthocles

Mesosemia latizonata

Siproeta stelenes

Laparus doris

Napaea heteroea

Smyrna blomfildia

Philaethria dido

Nymphidium mantus

Ithomiinae

Nymphidium balbinus

Aeria eurimidea

Nymphidium caricae

Nessaea hewitsoni Nica flavilla

Isapis agyrtus

Temenis laothoe Tigridia acesta

Nymphidium lysimon

Pieridae

Ceratinia tutia

Nymphidium chione

Appias drusilla

Eueides isabella

Pandemos pasiphae

Dismorphia pinthous

Eueides lampeto

Perophtalma lasus

Eurema cf xanthochlora

Eueides lybia

Pirasica tyriotes

Peirhybris lorena

Hyposcada anchiala

Rhetus arcius

Phoebis rurina

Hyposcada illinissa

Rhetus periander

Hypothyris anastasia

Sarota chrysus

Brassolinae

Hypothyris fluonia

Sarota spicata

Caligo eurilochus

Ithomia amarilla

Setabis gelasine

Caligo idomeneus idomeneides

Ithomia salapia

Stalachtis phaedusa

Caligo illioneus

Mechanitis lysimnia

Synargis orestessa

Caligo placidiamus

Mechanitis mazaeus

Catoblepia generosa

Mechanitis messenoides

Limenitidiae

Catoblepia sorannus

Methona confusa psamathe

Adelpha amazona

Catoblepia xanthus

Oleria gunilla

Adelpha cocala

Opsiphanes invirae

Oleria ilerdina

Adelpha cytherea

Oleria tigilla

Adelpha erotia

Morphinae

Tithorea harmonia

Adelpha iphicleola

Morpho achilles

Adelpha iphiclus

Morpho deidamia

Adelpha lerna

Morpho helenor

Adelpha melona

Morpho menelaus

Adelpha mesentina

Morpho peleides

Adelpha messana

Morpho polycarmes

Adelpha naxia Adelpha thoasa Adelpha viola Adelpha ximena

© Global Vision International – 2007

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