Actuadores (1).docx

Estos dispositivos son los encargados de ejecutar tareas en los sistemas del motor y en los sistemas de seguridad activa y pasiva del vehículo. Un actuador es un dispositivo inherentemente mecánico cuya función es proporcionar fuerza para mover o “hacer actuar” otro dispositivo mecánico. La fuerza que ejerce el actuador proviene de tres fuentes posibles: presión neumática, presión hidráulica y fuerza motriz eléctrica (motor eléctrico o solenoide). Dependiendo del origen de la fuerza el actuador se denomina “neumático”, “hidráulico” o “eléctrico”. These devices are responsible for executing tasks in the engine systems and in the active and passive safety systems of the vehicle. An actuator is an inherently mechanical device whose function is to provide force to move or "act" another mechanical device. The force exerted by the actuator comes from three possible sources: pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure and electric motive force (electric motor or solenoid). Depending on the origin of the force the actuator is called "pneumatic", "hydraulic" or "electric".

En el sistema de control del motor , los actuadores regulan el ralentí, Control de las aletas de aire para la optimización de par y potencia y Medidor de combustible para una óptima combustión. En los sistemas de conveniencia, se utilizan para bloquear y desbloquear las puertas de los automóviles, por ejemplo, o para el control remoto de las aletas de llenado de combustible, las tapas de las botas, los capós del motor y los compartimentos de almacenamiento. poderosos actuadores que pueden suministrar la cantidad necesaria de combustible al motor con absoluta precisión y controlar con precisión el suministro de aire fresco y la recirculación de los gases de escape para optimizar el rendimiento y las características de los contaminantes

In the motor control system, the actuators regulate the

slow motion, Control of the air fins for the optimization of torque and power and Fuel meter for optimum combustion.

In convenience systems, they are used to lock and unlock car doors, for example, or to remotely control fuel filler flaps, boot covers, engine hoods and storage compartments.

powerful actuators that can deliver the required amount of fuel to the engine with absolute precision and precisely control the supply of fresh air and the recirculation of exhaust gases to optimize the performance and characteristics of pollutants

Electromagnetic It is any physical device capable of creating a zone of uniform magnetic field. Electromagnetic actuators are based on the principle of magnetism, which can be of natural origin, using a magnet or created by electricity (electromagnet effect).

electromagnetic Among the best known examples are the relay, the injector and the starter motor solenoid. The relay was designed to make it possible for high voltage currents to circulate in a controlled manner, with a small control current. It has two circuits, one for power where the battery current will flow to the consumer element, and another control circuit, low consumption, which can be governed by weak currents from any control unit.

In the same way is the fuel injector. This element consists of a valve body where the coil is located and an injection needle kept in the resting position (closing the fuel passage) by the action of a spring. When the coil receives current an electromagnetic effect is generated and the needle is lifted from its seat allowing the passage of fuel through the calibrated orifice.

Another element that works under the same principle is the "Solenoid" of the starter motor. This element is responsible for coupling the pinion of the electric motor to the ring gear of the steering wheel.

Heaters The heating actuators are the ones that produce heat thanks to the Joule effect. This effect relates the current flowing through a resistance and the energy released in the form of heat. The metallic wire is used as a heating element with a specific alloy (chrome-nickel) which gives it a high coefficient of resistivity (high ohmic value) and also has a high resistance to heat. They are also manufactured based on semiconductor compounds arranged on a surface.

There are several examples of these heating actuators: the glow plugs in the diesel engines are used to facilitate the cold start. They are self-regulating, fast heating and are designed as PTC resistors (their resistance increases as the temperature increases). In

cold they present very low resistance, for what a lot of current flows and the normal temperature of service is reached quickly, but once hot, its resistance increases limiting and thus regulating the passage of the current.

In addition, there are other applications such as electric radiators for heating systems in electric vehicles, heating resistances in the intake manifold and in the heated windows (rear-view mirrors). Electromotors Electromotors or electric motors base their operation on the principle that electrical energy can be transformed into mechanical energy. For example, the fuel pump has an armature that receives current through the brushes and rotates the rotor where the rollers are located. These generate a centrifugal force that moves the brushes to the outside and act as a rotating joint. The rollers create in the entrance of the fuel a chamber whose volume increases, is filled with fuel and is displaced towards the exit where the volume diminishes, reason why the fuel leaves this way pumped towards the outside.

electromotoresOther applications of electromotor actuators are seen in the fuel doser in TDI (Turbo Diesel Injection) systems, lift motor motors and windshield motors.

There are also motor motors step by step, which are constituted by a rotor of permanent magnets and several coils that configure the stator. The rotor is inside an armature or cage and is magnetized with the same number of poles that can be created by one of the coils.

An example of this type is the idle stabilizer valve, which controls the minimum speed by modifying an additional air passage to the throttle valve. An adjustment cone is threaded to the rotor shaft, so that when the shaft rotates the cone moves. The cone is inserted into the additional air passage so that according to the direction of rotation of the motor the cone will close or open the air passage.

step to pass

Other applications of this type of actuators are the electric motors of the power steering system and the automatic regulation of the ventilation ducts.

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DIAPOSITIVA

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Dependiendo del origen de la fuerza, el actuador se llama "neumático", "hidráulico" o "eléctrico".

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Ejecución de tareas en los sistemas del motor.

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Depending on the origin of the force the actuator is called "pneumatic", "hydraulic" or "electric". executing tasks in the engine systems

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