Abb Invertors.pdf

Jyrki Leppänen, Power Conversion, ABB Tech Days, Johannesburg, South Africa, May 2013

ABB solar inverters Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid © ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 1

Connecting large scale solar to South African grid Agenda

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 2



Photovoltaic markets and systems



Challenges and opportunities for solar inverters



ABB portfolio for solar energy



PVS800 central inverter



PVS800-MWS megawatt station



Inverter features – grid support



Solar inverter example cases



Large scale – what does that mean?

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid Photovoltaic markets and systems

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 3

Photovoltaic markets and systems World market – annual installed PV capacity MWp 50000 47500 45000 42500 40000 37500 35000 32500 30000 27500 25000 22500 20000 17500 15000 12500 10000 7500 5000 2500 0

Total solar market appr 100 b$ 

Average growth during last 10 year has been appr. 50% per year



Grid connected systems dominating (95% 2011)



Large central power plant have increased share



Top 5 markets 2012: Germany,

China, Italy, USA and Japan (appr. 70% of the markets).

Source: EPIA, Photon, various sources

Inspite of global economic situation solar market continued growth 2012. New emerging markets and Asian market increase share. © ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 4

Photovoltaic markets Cost and efficiency of Photovoltaics Module price (EUR/Wp)

Efficiency, crystalline (%)

25 20 15 10 5 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2012

0 Source: Photovoltaics in 2010, EU Directorate-General for Energy and Photon

cost © ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 5

efficiency

Photovoltaic markets and systems Cost reduction by mass production Technological improvements

Mass production

Source: EPIA, Photon © ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 6

GRID PARITY = The point at which the solar produced electricity price equals or is lower than the retail price of the electricity

Photovoltaic markets and systems Development of system cost

Balance of system components cost share is increasing © ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 7

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid Challenges and opportunities

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 8

Challenges and opportunities Loss breakdown of large PV power plant

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 9

Challenges and opportunities Solar inverters - requirements 

Higher efficiency



Higher DC input voltages

Grid support (passively and on command). 

More strick tolerances for DC side disturbances 



active and reactive power compensation



LV ride through (with current feeding)

Load control (in favour of on site  Lower harmonics and grid disturbances consumption) 



Smaller size



Recyclable materials

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 10



Load leveling (battery strorage)



Lower investment cost



Increased reliability



Longer lifetime (lower system lifetime cost)

Challenges and opportunities Solar inverters - solutions The next generation grid feeding inverters could be with: New materials for power semiconductors: (e.g. Silicon carbides, Gallimium Nitride) 



Multiple-level switching topologies



Modular multi-inverter construction

Industrial design with increased protection against environmental stresses 



Efficiency race is coming to an end and other requirements lead the development



Focus will be more on total yield: reliability, serviciability

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 11

Challenges and opportunities Share of lost production

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 12

Challenges and opportunities Cost of downtime

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 13

Challenges and opportunities Transformers Efficiency Latest Dry type transformer technologies with: 

amorphouse metal core

matching of transformer and inverter characteristics (harmonics, temperatures) 



optimized over-all construction

Resulting

Load Eff at nom. P Max Eff (%) EURO Eff (%) NLL (W per MW) Annual energy gain (%) © ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 14

ABB Dry ABB Eco Dry Ultra Basic 99 Plus standard 99,25 99,05 99,2 98,8 99,54 99,54 99,36 99,10 99,39 99,35 99,15 98,81 850 700 1700 2500 1,57 % 1,62 % 0,84 %



higher Euro efficiency



very low no load losses.

environmental sound and safe construction 



Optimized solar transformers

Challenges and opportunities PV electricity cost

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 15

Challenges and opportunities PV electricity cost – comes down to the bankability

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 16

Challenges and opportunities Solar inverters - solution 

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 17

In order to meet these challenges you need: 

Reliable and long lasting industrially designed product



Product that is serviciable



Service and maintenance concepts and contracts



Spare part availability – logistics and stocking



Product capable of meeting todays and future grid codes



And a local technically capable organization to support all these

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid ABB portfolio for solar energy

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 18

ABB solar inverters - product portfolio Solar inverter offering

Remote monitoring portal

Solar inverter PC tools (sizing and product selection)

Monitoring systems © ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 19

(string monitoring etc.)

Solar inverter services

ABB solar inverters - product portfolio Central inverters, PVS800 Product highlights: 

High total performance high efficiency with low auxiliary power consumption and reliability



Advanced grid support functionality extensive grid code compatibility with adjustability





Scope and application:



100 – 1000 kW non-isolated inverters for large multi-megawatt solar power plants



reliability and long operating life 

ABB Group © ABB May 02 May 2, 2013 | Slide 20

Compact state of the art industrial design - low space requirement and fast & easy installation with serviciability



High total performance with realibility and serviciability

All-in-one design with extensive DC and AC side protection - ensuring maximum uptime of the plant



©

Proven technology platform - high

Lifecycle service and support through ABB’s extensive global service network rapid support anywhere in the world

ABB solar inverters - product portfolio Megawatt station, PVS800-MWS Product

highlights:



All ABB - proven and reliable components



Compact and robust design transportability



High total efficiency - high return of investment





©

ABB Group © ABB May 02 May 2, 2013 | Slide 21

reduced downtime

Scope and application:



Complete 1 and 1,25 MW turn key solution for multi-megawatt power plants in one package



Compact all ABB solution with reliability and performance

Modular and serviciable system -



One supplier - Global life cycle services and support secured

ABB solar inverters - product portfolio String inverters, PVS300 Product highlights: 

High total efficiency - high return of investment



All-in-one design with built-in and monitored protection devices – reduced system cost





Scope and application:



3.3 - 8 kW single phase transformerless outdoor inverter for residential and small commercial and industrial building applications up to few hunders of kWp system size.

 © ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 22

All-in-one solution with easyness and user friendliness

High maximum input voltage with wide input range – flexibility for system designers



Detachable control unit with intuitive user and service interface - fast and easy commissioning



Grid support – compatibility with grid codes



Power balancing with i2i link - 3-phase system configurations possible



Outdoor enclosure, with IP55 protection

ABB solar inverters - product portfolio Remote monitoring portal Product highlights:



Scope and application:



Remote monitoring portal for ABB central and string inverters from very medium sized systems up to multi-megawatt plants.



©

ABB Group

May

2, 2013 | Slide 23

Centralized solution with easiness, scalability and safety



Internet browser accessible solar portal



All the database transactions are fully secured



Easy reporting and trend analysis



Centralized monitoring of sites



Easy connectivity from almost any PC and mobile device with internet browser



Alarms and reports to e-mail



Secured and permanent data storage during whole plant life time

ABB solar inverters - product portfolio PC tools - PVSize Target group 

ABB technical support and sales



System integrators and plant developers

Product highlights:

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 24



Scope and application:



Design tool for solar power systems using ABB PVS series solar inverters



ABB solar inverter product selector for site and solar array specific conditions



Output prediction with balance of plant losses and for different solar array configurations

ABB solar inverters - product portfolio Solar inverter services Service

Global presence and life cycle management: 



©

ABB Group

May

Presence in 60+ countries with around 1000 service people The best service practices applied to solar inverters learnt with 20 years experience in managing the life cycle of its numerous drives product families

2, 2013 | Slide 25

portfolio for ABB solar inverters:



Solar inverter care contracts



Commissioning support



Training (e-learning, class rooms)



Technical support



Spare parts



Preventive maintenance



On-site repairs



Workshop services



Upgrades & Retrofit



Response time

ABB portfolio for solar energy ABB product range for MW power plants

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 26

ABB portfolio for solar energy ABB products range for solar trackers

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 27

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid PVS800 central inverter - highlights

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 28

ABB central inverter, PVS800 1000 kW product example 

DC input section (customer specific)     



Inverter section  



   

AC output © ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 29

DC input

Inverter modules 3 pcs Output filter module (LCL) 3 pcs

AC output section 



8 busbar inputs fuses Overvoltage protection Fuses EMC filter DC grounding (optional)

Contactor EMC filter Disconnector Fuses Output connections

Auxiliary controls section

ABB central inverter, PVS800 R8i Inverter Modules – most widely used platform Since 2003, ABB has delivered over 200.000 pieces R8i inverter modules which are used in ABB 



Frequency converters (ACS800)



Wind turbine converters (ACS800)



Solar inverters (PVS800)

R8i is the most widely used inverter module in the world and is backed up with ABB continuous development and life cycle service network



ABB central inverter platform is based on this world leader power converting platform delivered so far over 100 GW globally



© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 30

ABB central inverter, PVS800 Modular and compact design Inverters are made from a portfolio of HW and SW building blocks 

DC busbar Connection

DC Bus Capacitors

DC-AC inverter modules



L-C-L output filter modules



Standard size cabinets and other mechanical hardware



Standard control electronics and control SW

 Any power rating can be produced by scaling the “length” of the cabinet

Cooling Fan

AC Plug type Connection

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 31



 Easiness of maintenance – reduced dowtime  Reduced harmonics (L-C-L)

ABB central inverter, PVS800 Easiness of maintenance

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 32

ABB central inverter, PVS800 Extensive electrical protection included – all in one All-in-one concept DC side: 

type 2 surge protection



dc fuses



dc-contactor (always open when not modulating)



EMC filter



dc-switch - manually operated

AC side: 

varistor surge protection as standard



type 1 surge protection as an option



fuses



contactor (always open when not modulating)



ac-switch - manually operated

 Integrated protection and separation. Always when

not modulating, double galvanic separation between dc and ac. Triple operational separation (ac contactor - IGBT - dc contactor) © ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 33

ABB central inverter, PVS800 General design of the inverter and connection DC input section

Inverter section AC output section

PV module field MV grid PV module field

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 34

ABB central inverter, PVS800 Inverter basic offering

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 35

ABB central inverter, PVS800 Flexible DC input field - extendable Installer and service friendly DC input cabinet design: 

DC input (DCU) cabinet design with 4 inputs in each cabinet.



Extendable in multiples of 4 up to 12 or 16 pcs in 875/1000kW models.



Easiness of installation with safety and cost effectiveness:

4 DC input section with additional 4 inputs resulting 8 DC inputs (width 2 x 40 cm) © ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 36



Stepwise positioning



Spaceous design

ABB central inverter, PVS800 Warranties and services 

Extended warranties up to 10 years

ABB solar inverter care contracts up to 20 years (increments of 5 years) 



© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 37



Preventive care



Complete care

Supported with 

ABB’s global presence



ABB’s trained and knowledgeable service organization



ABB’s training courses



Spare part availability and stocking

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid PVS800-MWS megawatt station - highlights

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 38

ABB megawatt station, PVS800-MWS Overview ABB central inverters

ABB Safering Switchgear



ABB dry type transformer



© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 39

All-in-one solution 1 MW and 1,25 MW 

Insulated steel framed housing with concrete foundation



2 x PVS800 central inverters



ABB dry type transformer



ABB Safering MV switchgear



Accessories

Product highlights: 

All ABB - proven and reliable components



Compact and robust design - transportability



High total efficiency - high return of investment



Modular and serviceable system – reduced downtime



One supplier - Global life cycle services and support secured

ABB megawatt station, PVS800-MWS Overview Hot dip galvanized light weight steel frame with concrete foundation

Air outlets

Metal frame



Air cooled system with thermally insulated inverter compartment 

Separate compartments for inverter, transformer and medium voltage switch 

Lifting handles

Cable entrys

Concrete foundation

MV and transformer compartment, non walk-in 



Inverter room, walk-in

Foundation can serve also as spill reservoir for the transformer 

Transportation and lifting with normal truck crane: dimensions and weight



 © ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 40

Integrated double stage air pre-filtering

ABB megawatt station, PVS800-MWS Transformer ABB vacuum cast coil dry type transformer 

Optimized for low losses and compatibility with PVS800 inverter in solar applications 



© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 41



1000 kVA or 1250 kVA



20000 kV



static shield



high CM voltage withstand

1000 kVA / 1250 kVA 

No load losses: 1750 / 2500 W



Load losses: 10500 / 13500 W



Max efficiency: 99,1

ABB megawatt station, PVS800-MWS MV switchgear ABB Safering, SF6 insulated switchgear for secondary distribution.



Widely used worldwide in secondary distribution. 

Standard configuration DeV with REJ603 protection relay suitable for single container solutions or star connection in multiple container solution. 

MWS 1: PVS800-MWS-1000kW-20

CCF and CCV versions for other configurations 

3

3

20 kV 20 kV

MWS 2: PVS800-MWS-1000kW-20 MV grid connection 3

3

20 kV

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 42

ABB megawatt station, PVS800-MWS 2 MW inverter station Product highlights: 

Proven and industrial design – maximizing the return of investment



Compact and robust design - for easy and safe transportation



Easy connection to a MV station – simple cable acces and interfaces included in the inverter



Protected working environment – serviciability and maintenance



Standard design - extendable manufacturing footprint



Embedded auxiliary power distribution system

Structure: 20 Feet HC sea container Inverters: 2 pcs of PVS800 1000 kW with 12 DC inputs allowing 80 cm service area between inverters.

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 43

ABB central inverter housings Local solutions – example from Gulf area ABB Drives outdoor design for desert installation: 

Robust Certified IP55 protection class

Forced air cooling as standard, no special AC required 

Each with 2 sets of 630 kW PVS800 back to back 



Dimensions 3,8 x 2,0 x 3,1 m



50mm thick insulated structure Steel hollow section framed sandwich panels filled with fire rated PU foam 

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 44



Cooling air flow 5800 m3/hr



∆T less than 1ºC

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid Inverter features – grid support

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 45

Inverter features – grid support Grid supervision

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 46



PVS800 SW has the grid supervision function included. No external relay needed.



Two stage voltage and frequency limits with separate time delay.



>>U, <>f, <


>U, f,


Each trip level with own trip delay value

Inverter features – grid support Anti-islanding Conventionally solar inverters must stop operation in case of grid malfunction. This is secured by grid monitoring with 

Allowed grid voltage and frequency windows with certain time limits 

In case of weak grid the standard ranges might have to be widened 



Anti-islanding (mixture of active+passive):  passive methods:



© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 47



Voltage phase deviation detection



3rd harmonics voltage detection



Frequency rate of change detection

active methods: 

Frequency shift



Active Current detection



Reactive current detection



Load deviations

Inverter features – grid support Grid support functions New regulations are required gradually due to high penetration of renewable energy in the distribution networks. Inverters must be able to support voltage and frequency to sustain network stability. The new functionalities supporting this include among other ones the following: 

LV ride through – supports network during a disturbance 

LV ride through with current feeding – dynamically supports network during a disturbance 

Reactive power control – supports network voltage 

Active power control – supports network frequency control 

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 48

Inverter features – grid support Grid support functions - LV ride through LV ride through – supports network during a disturbance: 

Inverter does not trip even under serious grid faults 

Below the blue line inverters

May 2, 2013

do not  have to stay connected

Note: U means the lowest of the three line-to-line voltages Limit 1: Above Limit 1 no instability allowed nor disconnection

Borderlines of voltage profile at network connection point (allowed lower limits). © ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 49

Requires a robust and dynamic controller to deal with transients and voltage distortion 

Back-up power for the inverter control circuits against loss of control power supply but also against transients 

Inverter features – grid support Grid support functions - LVRT with current feeding

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 50



LV ride through with current feeding – dynamically supports network during a disturbance



Full reactive current is fed in couple of milliseconds after voltage dip to support network voltage



Requires a robust and dynamic controller to deal with transients and voltage distortions



Back-up power for the inverter control circuits against loss of control power supply but also against transients

Inverter features – grid support Grid support functions - Reactive power control Reactive power control - supports network voltage (capacitive or inductive reactive power) 

Reduces grid infrastructure (i.e. capacitor banks) 

Maximum reactive power limited to 80%, short term maximum is 100% 

For reactive power provision will be specified either 



a fixed target value or

a target value variably adjustable by remote utility control 



Control can be done during operation by utility command or automatically with voltage measurement within adjustable range and functions (rate of change, etc) 

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 51

adjustable as %, kVAr, phi or Cosphi

Inverter features – grid support Grid support functions - Active power control Active power control - prevent domino effect of PV plants shutting down during high voltage or high frequency scenarios or in case of grid unstability 

E.g. The plant must be able to reduce the active power at steps of 10% of nominal connection power to target preset values (e.g. 100%, 60%, 30% and 0%). 

Utility is responsible for control signalling 

Active power control levels as function of frequency

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 52

Automatic possible also with parameterized characteristic curve 

Inverter features – grid support Advanced grid support - Energy storage 1kWp Production, 6,64kWh taken from the grid

0,800000

2kWp Production, 5,29kWh taken from the grid 0,600000

4kWp Production, 4,49kWh taken from the grid

kWh

0,400000 0,200000 0,000000 0

5

10

15

20

25

In high solar and wind penetration areas subsidies moving from pure FITs into local consumption supporting FITs or time dependant FITs in order to support the grid. This will lead to: 

Production ‐ Consumption, week average/100m2 1,000000

30

‐0,200000

PV system sizes to be relative to load of the building or district 

‐0,400000 ‐0,600000 ‐0,800000

Time (h)

4kWp Production ‐ Consumption (week average/100m2)   and storage 0,100000



Load control



Time shifting with batteries:

0,000000 0

5

10

15

20

25

30



short term peak shaving – minutes of battery



long term peak shaving – hours of battery

‐0,100000

‐0,200000

 balance between cost and benefit –

‐0,300000

1kWh Storage, 3,49kWh taken from the grid ‐0,400000

2kWh Storage, 2,49kWh taken from the grid 4kWh Storage, 0,24kWh taken from the grid

price of electricity dependant

‐0,500000

‐0,600000

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 53

Grid stabilization is another topic!

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid Solar inverter example cases

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 54

World-class solar inverter technology Global coverage – totally appr. 1000 MW sold Germany, 19,5 MWp Power plant

Romania, 7,5 MWp Power plant

Finland, 181 kWp Industrial building

China, 10 MW Power plant

Bulgaria, 50,6 MWp Power plant UK, 4.99 MWp Power plant Japan, 2 MW Power plant

Italy, 3 MWp Power plant Greece, 5,9 MWp Power plant

Taiwan, 475 kWp Commercial building

Mexico, 1,2 MW Industrial building Argentina, 26 kW Commercial building

South Africa, 31 MWp Power plant ©

ABB

02

May 2013 | Slide 55

India, 17 MW Power plant

Thailand, 5 MWp Commercial PV system

Australia, 266 kWp Commercial building

ABB solar inverter example cases Bulgaria, Popeda: 50,6 MWp PV plant 

Customer: Investor looking for reliable supplier with local presence

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 56



System description 

PV plant: 50,6 MWp



Application: ground-mounted power plant



Grid connection: 110/20 kV grid



Solar modules: cSi

Solution 

PVS800: 86 pcs 500 kW



Locally manufactured 2 MW housings with 2 x 1000 kVA transformers, 20 kV swithcgear and 4 inverters



20/110kV step-up substation and rehabilitation of surrounding 110kV grid



Service contract for maintenance



Commissioning June 2012

ABB solar inverter example cases India, Mithapur: 17 MW PV plant 

Customer: An EPC and power company that was looking for reliable supplier with local presence

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 57



System description 

PV plant: 17 MWp



Application: ground mounted power plant



Grid connection: MV grid



Solar modules: poly-csi

Solution 

34 pcs of PVS800-0500kW-A



ABB’s string monitoring junction boxes with SCADA system



Commissioning: January 2012

ABB solar inverter example cases Germany: 13,1 MWp PV plant 

Customer: a large plant developer and system integrators looking for reliable supplier with rapid response and local presence

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 58



System description 

PV plant: 13,1 MWp section of 91 MWp plant



Application: ground mounted power plant



Grid connection: 20 kV



Solar modules: poly-csi

Solution 

9 pcs of PVS800-MWS-1250kW-20



Skytron monitoring system



Commissioning: December 2011

ABB solar inverter example cases UK, Malmesbury: 4,99 MWp PV plant 

Customer: Experienced solar developer, builder and operator focused on security, plant efficiency and profitability.

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 59



System description 

PV plant: 4,99 MWp



Application: ground mounted system on an old World War II RAF airfield



Grid connection: 33 kV



Solar modules: mono-csi, HEE 250 Wp

Solution 

PVS800: 10 x 500 kW



ABB integrated inverter and MV components housing



ABB switchgear



ABB MV main substation



Commissioning: July 2011

ABB solar inverter example cases Australia, Harvey bay: 266 kWp PV plant 

Customer: Queensland Health wanting to reduce the bought energy of the hospital in Harvey Bay

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 60



System description 

PV plant: 266 kWp



Application: Hospital roof-top system



Grid connection: LV grid, 230/400 V



Solar modules: mono-cSi

Solution 

PVS300: 26 x 8 kW and 12 x 4,6 kW



ABB metering and low voltage products



Commissioning: July 2012

ABB solar inverter example cases Taiwan: 9,68 kWp PV plant 

Customer: Company investing on solar for green image

© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 61



System description 

PV plant: 9,68 kWp



Application: sloping roof system on office building



Grid connection: LV grid, 230/400 V



Solar modules: cSi

Solution 

PVS300: 3 x 3,3 kW, with power balancing (3 inverters)



Commissioning: November 2011

ABB solar inverter example cases Switzerland, Mont Soleil: 555 kWp PV plant 



© ABB Group May 2, 2013 | Slide 62

System description 

PV plant: 554,6 kWp



Application: ground mounted



Grid connection: MV grid



Solar modules: mono-cSi

Solution 

1 pcs 500 kW (prototype)



Commissioning: January 1992



Extensively Monitored over 20 years



Still operating

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid Large scale – what does that mean?

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 63

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid What is large scale?

Many small systems close to consumption point

Medium sized systems at the consumption point

Which one of these or combination of all? - whose busines? - whose problem? Or is there any problem?

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 64

Large systems far away from consumption

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid What utilitities have to consider for grid stability? An example Technologies or methods for grid operators to manage the high levels of renewable energy production

Romania

Serbia

 cross border exchange Black Sea

 demand side management  balancing markets

Macedonia Turkey Greece BULGARIA

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 65



Territory – appr. 110 000 km2



Population – 7,4 million



Three main utilities: EON, CEZ, EVN



32 substations (400/220/110 kV, 400/110 kV, 220/110 kV): 16817 MVA



257 substations (110/20/10/6 kV): 16817 MVA



2011-2012 appr. 500 MW new PV

 improved instruments and measurements  grid extensions  Eventually new powerplants and/or energy storages needed  The weaker the grid the more carefull considreations needed

Connecting large scale solar to the South African grid Beyond grid parity – what is needed – smart grids Technology: concepts

Markets: co-operation



Smart metering



Standards



Energy storing



Utility involvement



Electric vehicles



Architectural and land development



Smart grids

High voltage direct current transmission 

Central power plant Offices PV power plant Houses

Policy: actions

Storage

Feed in tariffs and support means well designed  

Effective administration supporting distributed power generation



Fuel cells

Clear regulations



Time of use billing and metering

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 66

CHP

Microturbines

Industrial plants Wind turbines Virtual power plant

Source: Epia, Eurelectric/Fortum

ABB Solar inverters Summary 

Grid parity is close  share of solar power increases

Solar modules are becoming commodity  price pressure on Balance of System Components



Higher share of intermittent power and especially smaller systems  inverters need to become smart and part of the power production network



ABB has complete offering for PV systems supported by local presence, experience and service  ABB is your solar partner 

© ABB 02 May 2013 | Slide 67