A Project Report On Green Energy.docx

A Seminar Report on

GREEN ENERGY Submitted by RISHI PAL Enrolment No. – Chem/68/15 Roll No. - 03

Guided by AASH MOHAMMAD

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SRINAGAR SRINAGAR, KASHMIR – 190006 MAY-2017 1|Page

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SRINAGAR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. RISHI PAL, of Chemical Engineering Department, Enrolment Number - Chem/68/15, Roll Number - 03 has presented and successfully completed her seminar on the topic “GREEN ENERGY” in the year 2017 towards the partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelors of Technology in Chemical Engineering, under my supervision at National Institute of Technology, Srinagar

Mr. Aash Mohammad Project Guide

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ABSTRACT India is said to be one of the seven largest consumers of energy, but the growing gap between consumption and domestic output is a cause of concern. India’s share in global oil reserves is about 0.5 per cent, whereas its share in global consumption is about 3 per cent. India is still dependent to the extent of 30 to 35 per cent on non-commercial fuel sources like cow dung, firewood, agricultural waste, etc. The growing energy needs of the emerging economics, specifically India, risks enhanced environmental damage from conventional carbon based sources of energy. The pressure on petrol is mounting and we have to concentrate on conservation of petroleum. Towards conservation of petroleum consumption, the government has to ration supplies of cooking gas, kerosene and petrol; improve power generation; focus on alternative source of energy such as solar, wind and bio-fuels; setup energy standards for all vehicles and a mass awareness for conservation. As the country’s petroleum bill grows, and future supplies look volatile or insecure, alternatives need to be explored. Ethanol is an environment-friendly oxidant additive to gasoline. There is a growing interest in biodiesel or ethanol blend. Energy majors are determined to tap biofuels. Special attention is being paid to jatropha cultivation. The corporate sector too is focusing on the biofuels sector. It is estimated that globally about one million hectares would cater to biofuels over the next four years, with an estimated 300,000 hectares contributing each year to biofuels in South East Asia, India and Southern African countries. India will itself produce 2 million tone of biodiesel by 2012. Indian clean development mechanism projects broadly cover a range of sectors via power generation from renewable energy, particularly wind and hydro power, biomass applications, waste heat and energy recycling. Accelerated growth is expected in renewable energy sector, particularly wind energy sector, solar energy sector, biofuels sector .etc. with favorable conditions in terms of potential, technical support facilities, policy framework and regulatory environment, robust manufacturing base, and investors’ confidence in the country.

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TABLE OF CONTENT Serial No. 01

Name of the topic

Page No.

Introduction

05

02

2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

07 08 09

03

3.1. Wind Energy 3.2. Its scope in India 3.3. Advantages and disadvantages

11 12 13

04

4.1. Biomass Energy 4.2. Its scope in India 4.3. Advantages and disadvantages

16 16 17

05

5.1. Geothermal Energy 5.2. Its scope in India 5.3. Advantages and disadvantages

19 19 20

06

Future Plan by 2030

21

07

References

22

Solar Energy Its Scope in India Advantages and disadvantages

Total no. of Pictures: 09 Total no. of Tables: 06 Total no. of Pages: 25

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INTRODUCTION Renewable energy has been an important component of India’s energy planning. The importance of renewable energy sources in the transition to a sustainable energy base was recognized in the early 1970s. Modern renewable energy is being used increasingly in four distinct markets: power generation, heating and cooling, transport, and rural/off-grid energy services. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in India has been facilitating the implementation of broad spectrum programs including harnessing renewable power, renewable energy for rural areas for lighting, cooking and motive power, use of renewable energy in urban, industrial and commercial applications and development of alternate fuels and applications. In addition, it supports research, design and development of new and renewable energy technologies, products and services.

Renewable energy plays an important role in the long-term energy supply security, diversification of energy mix, energy access, environmental security and sustainability. Renewable energy is bound to play an increasing role in future energy systems. This chapter analyses central level policies and interventions for renewable energy applications and also recommends a set of guidelines to serve as a roadmap to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies. 5|Page

Estimates of Potential Capacities from Renewable Energy Sources (in MWs) Source

Approx. Potential

Biomass energy

19,500

Solar energy

20,000

Wind energy

47,000

Small hydropower

15,000

Ocean energy

50,000

Source: India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources

The sum of these renewable resource potentials, 152,000 MW, is greater than the current total installed energy generating capacity of India.

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1.

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is derived from the sun’s radiation. The sun is a powerful energy source. Did you know that the energy that it provides to the Earth for one hour, could meet the global energy needs for one year? We are able to harness only 0.001 percent of that energy. There is a reason why solar energy has become a trending topic when talking about renewables. While it has been popularly criticized for being expensive or not very efficient, solar energy has now proved to be very beneficial - not only for the environment but also financially speaking. Additionally, due to the higher demand, the technology has been improved considerably, turning into a very efficient source of clean energy.

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1.1 IN INDIA The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) was launched in 2010 after which the Indian SPV market has seen significant growth. Grid connected SPV mainly consists of ground mounted, rooftop and distribution grid plants. With the provision of institutional arrangements, national and local enabling mechanisms, and targeted policies, including appropriate subsidies and financing arrangements, the total installed capacity rose from 40 MW in 2010 to 2686 MW as on 30 June 2014. An aggregate capacity of 1686 MW was installed in JNNSM Phase I, and an additional capacity of 1000 MW has been added in Phase II of the program (TERI, 2014-15). The total installed capacity of grid connected SPV as on June 2015 is 4060.65 MW (MNRE, 2015), which includes central and state level initiatives. In order to meet this target, the government is taking a number of measures which are listed below: • •

•

Provision of renewable purchase obligation (RPO) for solar power in the National Tariff Policy Grant of subsidy on off-grid applications and GBI facility for bundled power and Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for grid-connected solar power projects through various interventions announced from time to time Setting up ultra-mega solar power projects and solar parks, 1 MW solar parks on the banks of canals, and solar power driven agricultural pump sets for energizing 1 lakh pumps. • Concessional import duty/excise duty exemption for setting up of solar power plants, accelerated depreciation and tax holiday

Rooftop solar has been relatively lackluster in India with no clear policy thrust so far and only about 350 MW of rooftop solar being installed (100 MW) of total rooftop capacity. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in India has reached the 225 MW mark. In 2014, the world’s largest linear Fresnel plant of 125 MW and equivalent to 13% of global added capacity came on line in India. The Dhursar CSP plant of 125 MW is located in Rajasthan and is Asia’s largest CSP installation. Another plant of 50 MW located in Andhra Pradesh.

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1.2.1 Advantages of Solar Energy 2. Renewable Energy Source Among all the benefits of solar panels, the most important thing is that solar energy is a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas of the world and is available every day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some of the other sources of energy. Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun, therefore sunlight will be available to us for at least 5 billion years when according to scientists the sun is going to die. 3. Reduces Electricity Bills Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your solar system has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your bill will be dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or heat usage. Moreover, not only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but if you generate more electricity than you use, the surplus will be exported back to the grid and you will receive bonus payments for that amount (considering that your solar panel system is connected to the grid). Savings can further grow if you sell excess electricity at high rates during the day and then buy electricity from the grid during the evening when the rates are lower. 4. Diverse Applications Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can generate electricity (photovoltaic) or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to produce electricity in areas without access to the energy grid, to distill water in regions with limited clean water supplies and to power satellites in space. Solar energy can also be integrated into the materials used for buildings. Not long ago Sharp introduced transparent solar energy windows.

1.2.2 Disadvantages of Solar Energy Although a lot of good study is said every day about solar energy, people should familiarize themselves with the disadvantages of solar energy before committing any financial resource. Here is an outline of basic disadvantages to solar energy: 1. It’s not 100% reliable This means that when the sun is not shining, there is no generation of energy. The generation of power is mostly affected at night and during winter months. Most people have now invested in battery backup systems, which store up power to be used when the sun is not shining. However, investing in backup systems can ramp up the overall cost of installing a solar panel. It mostly ends up not adding value to the solar energy technology. 2. High initial capital costs Although installation of solar panels would bring immense benefits in the long run, the upfront costs can be punitive. Depending on the company you choose to buy solar panels from, it could cost an arm and leg. It’s even difficult to quantify the entire cost of installation without the help of manufacturing companies. Some nations have introduced rebates and tax credits to enable lots of people to install solar panels, but unless you are putting some money aside for this, it can be an unbearable cost. Also, it might take up to 9|Page

10 years to 15 years before you can break even with your initial investment. It’s not about how much payback period is, anything that can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels is worth trying. 3. Problem of efficiency A lot has been documented about the in efficiency of solar energy. Most people do not understand what efficiency means. People look at 15% efficiency and think that it’s not good enough. They think that the ideal efficiency ought to be 100%. Efficiency is all about the amount of space it takes to generate the energy. It would shock you to know that a 250watt solar panel featuring 15% efficiency produces the same power like a 250-watt solar panel featuring 20% efficiency. The disparity is shown in size. Smaller panels tend to be more efficiency than larger panels.

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2.

WIND ENERGY

When you take a trip to remote farms, you’re more likely to come across creaky windmills. Although they may look old and low-tech, they are the predecessors for modern day innovative wind turbines that produce electricity for homes, businesses and even industries. In the ancient days, wind was mainly used for grinding grains and pumping up water for domestic use. These days, it turns large wind Shares turbines to generate energy, which is converted into electricity. The modern wind turbines may vary technology wise, but the principle8 of operation is similar; they both capture wind energy to produce electricity. Wind energy or wind power is energy captured from moving air to generate electricity. Wind has kinetic energy in it. The kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy using a turbine. The mechanical energy can be utilized for numerous purposes including pumping water and grinding grain. Better still; the mechanical energy can be converted into electricity using a generator to power schools, homes, and businesses. 2.1 In India India currently has about 23,762 MW of installed wind power capacity and is ranked fifth in the world for total installed capacity, although the demand contracted by 26% in the previous year (REN21 2014). A steep devaluation of the rupee against the US dollar (increasing financing and import costs) and the removal of key support policies, in 2012 delayed investment in wind power. However, retroactive reinstatement of the generation based incentive (GBI) in late 2013 helped resurrect the market. Wind power is a mature and scalable clean energy technology in which India holds a domestic advantage. India has an annual manufacturing capacity of over 9.5 GW for 11 | P a g e

wind turbines. During 2013, India installed 1.729 GW of new wind power capacity. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Gujarat are the leading states for wind power capacity. In 2011, the Centre for Wind Energy Technology revised India’s wind power potential to 102,778 MW at 80 m height and at 2% land availability. This was a significant upward revision from the earlier estimate of approximately 49,130 MW at 50 m height and at 2% land availability. Over the past years, other research organizations have also estimated India’s wind power potential using various models for mapping the wind resource. A study conducted by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, assuming a turbine density of 9 MW/km2, estimated the total wind potential in India with a minimum capacity factor of 20% to be 2006 GW at 80 m hub height and 3121 GW at 120 m hub height. Comparison between Fossil Fuels and Wind Wind

Availability

Limitation on availability

Transportation

Environmental effect of use

Geo-political implications

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Usable as it exists

Inexhaustible resource Used where it is available or transported where needed Zero emission

Fossil Fuel Have to be procured and made usable through laborious and environmentally damaging processes Limited in reserves, expected to be completely exhausted in the coming 60 years Has to be transported from its source site for further processing, exposing the environment to pollution from accidents Used in producing electricity, releasing greenhouse gasses

Reduces our reliance on oil, safeguarding national security. Allows for selfsufficiency. Over-reliance on oil as a resource has undermined India’s energy security, There is no adverse e.g. OPEC crises of 1973, Gulf War of effect on global 1991 and the Iraq War of 2003. environment. The whole system is pollution free and environment friendly.

2.2.1 Advantages of Wind Energy Wind is a unique resource because we interact with it every minute. It has been harnessed since the ancient times, and it is the most eco-friendly source of energy around. It has a wide range of uses. You may be familiar with a few, but others may totally catch you by surprise. Enough said, let’s drive through the most innovative uses of wind energy. 1. To power vehicles In the course of your research, you must have run across wind-powered vehicles. If you haven’t, then know that there are vehicles powered chiefly by wind. A typical example is the widely documented wind-powered car that completed a 3100-mile journey through Australia. Although it wasn’t totally powered by wind, it’s a perfect example of how vehicles can be moved by alternative sources of energy. Precisely, the car used a combination of batteries, wind, and kite. For the entire journey, the car used an estimated $10 to $15 of energy, which underlines the cost-effective nature of wind energy. 2. Generation of power Electricity is the main source of energy worldwide. Due to abundance of electricity, almost every device produced is powered by electricity. The traditional way of electricity generation is the use of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal. These fossil fuels emit greenhouse gasses and other harmful substances that pollute the environment. Wind energy provides reprieve from the dangerous gasses emitted to the atmosphere. The wind energy is captured using strategically located wind turbines. This can be carried out on a massive scale, for example, wind turbines installed on wind farms. It can be small scale, for instance, wind turbines installed by individuals to produce energy for home use. 3. Cargo ships A typical example of the use of wind energy is the cargo ships developed by Cargill, Inc., an American corporation that is committed to making the world grow by innovating cutting-edge technologies. Cargill has scaled up and fully embraced the idea of installing a huge kite on one of its cargo ships to harness wind power. The project is geared towards cutting back on consumption of fuel and carbon dioxide emission. We all know that wind power has been used over the centuries to power sailing and smaller vessels, but innovators have taken it up a notch to assist drive cargo ships. 4. Used in sports Shares For countless of years, wind power has been utilized to power some breathtaking sports such as windsurfing, sailing, kite flying, hang gliding, kitesurfing, wind skiing, Parasailing and much more. 5. Water pumps Utilizing wind power to pump water from underground is not a new technology. It has been used since ancient times. It’s a cheap alternative for some countries and communities. Essentially, there are no extraordinary costs involved compared to using huge pumping tracks powered by fossil fuel sources of energy.

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2.2.2 Disadvantages of Wind Energy Wind energy, without any doubt, offers the best advantages in regard to the environment and cost. However, it harbors some disadvantages worth putting into perspective if you intend to invest in wind energy. Here are a few: 1. Wind is inconsistent Wind energy has a lot in common with solar energy in terms of consistency. Although wind energy qualities as a renewable resource, wind speeds actuate each day. This can be a big disappointment to wind turbine developers who will commit every penny and every ounce of energy in the project only to end up with actuating wind patterns. 2. Involves high upfront capital investment A lot has been done to bring down the cost of installing turbines; the overall costs, however, remain on the higher side. The first step to installing a turbine is usually to do a rigorous survey to determine the winds speed of the location. This involves erecting a sample turbine to gauge the wind speeds over a stipulated period. If the location is found to be ideal, the wind turbine will be manufactured and transported to the site and set up on a strong foundation. 3. Visual impact Although wind turbines come with eye-catching designs, they impact the natural beauty of the landscape. When a lot more wind turbines are set up, the area becomes unsightly. The local community starts to sound alarm bells, and this can escalate to a conflict. 4. Can reduce the local bird population Wind turbines are particularly disadvantageous to the local bird species. A lot of bird death as a result of collision with turbine blades has been reported in these areas. This can wipe out the population of certain bird species. Also, wind turbines require them to be dig deep into the earth which could have negative effect on the underground habitats. However, there has been an index of bladeless wind turbines in the marketplace designed to reduce bird deaths. This could be a game changer for turbine manufacturers. 5. Noise disturbances The most hated disadvantage to wind turbines is the noise they produce. The sound produced by one turbine can be perceived from far distances. Combine many turbines, and the noise becomes unbearable. Many homeowners’ lives have been turned upside down due to the noise pollution from turbines. Although the emphasis is to site wind turbines away from the local community, most companies disregard this rule. This explains the strong public objections to wind turbine installations in most areas. The visual pollution is another reason why people do not mind it attractive to install it in their backyard. 6. Takes up significant portion of land The best location of wind turbines can be the most fertile land where farming is practiced. Installation of wind turbines would take away land that has been the bedrock of agricultural activities for many years. 14 | P a g e

7. Safety Concerns In the last couple of decades, the frequency of tornadoes, hurricanes and cyclones have increased considerably. Now these severe storms can cause extensive damage to the wind turbines and can be a safety hazard to the people working in these wind farms. The damage may cause huge damage to wind turbines. 8. Suited To Particular Region Wind turbines are suited to the coastal regions which receive wind throughout the year to generate power. Therefore, countries that do not have any coastal or hilly areas may not be able to take any advantage of wind power. The location of a wind power system is crucial, and one should determine the best possible location for wind turbine in order to capture as much wind as possible. Just like solar energy which relies heavily on sun to produce power, wind energy needs high speed winds to produce power on constant basis.

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3.

BIOMASS ENERGY

From the start of civilization, biomass fuels were unquestionably being utilized for the generation of energy. However, in the past few decades, debates have raged over whether biomass fuel is really useful and sustainable. Biomass energy, sometimes known as bio energy, is a renewable form of energy produced from organic matter. Biomass occurs in the form of living or recently living plants and waste. Biomass energy is the energy which is contained inside plants and animals. This can include organic matter of all kinds: plants, animals, or waste products from organic sources. Organic materials used to produce Biomass energy include forest residues (branches, dead trees, and tree stamps), wood chips, yard clippings, and municipal solid waste. This means that wood remains the largest source of biomass energy. 3.1 In India Biomass-based power generation has been increasing in India with the installation of megawatt-scale plants processing a variety of biomass residues such as shells, husks, dialed cakes, and wood. According to the MNRE, 500 million tons (MT) of agricultural and agroindustrial residues are generated annually in the country, of which about 120–150 MT per year could be surplus for power generation.7 Biomass power generation from agriculture and agro-industrial residues is estimated at about 17 000 MW. Rajkumar Impex Pvt. Ltd, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, is a leading cashew processing company in India. It has established a biomass power plant with the capacity of 6 MW using cashew nut shells as fuel, the first of its kind in India.

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3.2.1 Advantages of Biomass Energy Biomass has been in existence before people started talking about renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. This long term use would not be possible if biomass didn’t have any bent. As most governments are leading campaigns to and alternative sources of fuel to fossils, biomass energy continues to make headlines as a possible alternative. Here are the advantages that make biomass energy a perfect alternative to fossil fuels. 1. It’s a renewable form of energy Biomass energy is considered a renewable form of energy because the organic materials used to produce it are never-ending. The organic materials including wood, crop waste, garbage, sewage sludge, and manure are continually produced by society. In a nutshell, regrowth of these organic materials supports the fact that biomass is renewable. 2. It’s carbon neutral We all know that release of vast amounts of carbon contributes greatly to climate change. Biomass energy takes care of this since it is a natural part of the carbon cycle as opposed to fossil-based sources of fuel such as oil, natural gas, and coal. Researchers say that the only carbon emitted to the environment from biomass fuels is the amount that was absorbed by plants in the course of their life cycle. In the process of replenishing the used plant materials, the new ones that spring up absorb equal quantity of carbon, hence, developing neutrality that witnesses no new carbon generated. This aspect renders biomass uniquely clean. 3. Widely available Just like sun and wind energy, biomass energy sources are bountiful in supply. You can and them virtually in every nook and cranny of the world. The fact that it’s bountiful in supply means that we may never encounter problems that we are presently experiencing with fossil-based sources of fuel. Nonetheless, it’s vital that we maintain the abundance of this natural resource by being responsible in its use. 4. It’s cheaper compared to fossil fuels Producing biomass energy does not involve heavy capital outlay. Fossil fuels production, on the other hand, involves high upfront capital costs such as drilling to reach oil wells, constructing gas pipelines and collection of biomass fuel. The low cost resulting from the production of biomass fuel is passed on to customers. This means that customer’s energy bills will not depend on aspects such as availability and knee jack decisions of energy production and supply rms. Low biomass cost makes this form of energy attractive to manufacturers and producers since they are able to generate higher protects from extremely low output. 5. Minimizes overdependence on traditional electricity Virtually anyone can produce biomass energy because the raw materials are available everywhere. Traditional forms of electricity can sometimes be unreliable due to power outages. Biomass energy produced at home can be a good backup for traditional electricity. 6. Reduces amount of waste in landslides Most waste produced in homes is either plant matter or biodegradable. This kind of waste can be channeled to more pro table use. Biomass energy generation utilizes any waste that 17 | P a g e

would have otherwise found way into landfalls. This minimizes the impacts of waste in landfalls to the environment. This impact may be compounded by contamination of local habitats and destruction of wildlife ecosystems. Minimized waste means reduction of land intended for landfalls, hence, more space for human habitats. 7. Can be used to Create Different Products: Biomass energy is also versatile, as different forms of organic matter can be used to create different products. Ethanol and similar fuels can be made from corn and other crops. With so many living things on the planet, there is no limit to how many ways it can be found and used. 3.2.2 Disadvantages of Biomass Energy While the upsides to biomass energy are plenty, it’s not exactly a perfect source of energy. Here are the downsides to biomass energy: 1. Not entirely clean Using animal and human waste to power engines may save on carbon dioxide emissions, but it increases methane gases, which are also harmful to the Earth’s ozone layer. So really, we are no better o environmentally for using one or the other. And speaking of using waste products, there is the smell to consider. While it is not physically harmful, it is definitely unpleasant, and it can attract unwanted pests (rats) and spread bacteria and infection. 2. Risk of deforestation Biomass energy sources are renewable, but they have to be utilized sustainably. Uncontrolled biomass production can result in deforestation. If deforestation is allowed to happen, scores of animal and bird species would be rendered homeless, not to mention the drought as a result. In fact, this is the main reason for slowing down the large scale use of biomass fuel. Governments feel replanting e orts may not match the rate of cutting down of trees. 3. Requires a great deal of water This is the most invisible disadvantage of biomass fuel. All plant matter need sufficient amount of water to get by, meaning water sources must be abundant. If enough water is not available, irrigation systems would have to be developed, which could prove to be costly. Irrigation may also limit the availability of water to humans and wildlife. 4. Inefficient as Compared to Fossil Fuels Despite the fact that biomass energy is natural in many ways, it doesn’t get close to fossil fuels in regards to efficiency. In fact, some renewable sources of energy like biofuels are fortified with fossil fuels to increase their efficiency.

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4.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy is not a new invention or hype - in fact, it has been used for thousands of years for different purposes, such as cooking and heating. The Greek term geothermal literally translated means “earth heat”, which ­ in its essence ­ is all there is about geothermal energy: it is energy contained underneath the crust of the earth, found both in shallow grounds as well as deep below the surface. Electricity or heat can be created by tapping into these underground reservoirs of steam and hot water. As opposed to conventional systems, in which fossil fuels are burned to create energy, the concept of geothermal energy is fundamentally different. Here, energy is not created, but moved: from the inside the earth, to inside buildings and vice versa. Therefore it is both a sustainable as well as a renewable energy. Geothermal energy can provide houses with heating, cooling as well as warm water supply.

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4.2.1 Advantages of Geothermal Energy 1. Environmentally friendly – There are a few polluting aspects to harnessing geothermal energy, and the carbon footprint of a geothermal power plant is seen as minimal. An average geothermal power plant releases the equivalent of 122 kg CO2 for every megawatt-hour (Mwh) of electricity it generates – one-eighth of the CO2 emissions associated with typical coal power plants. 2. Renewable resource – Geothermal reservoirs are naturally replenished. According to some scientists, the energy in our geothermal reservoirs will last billions of years. While fossil fuels have an expiry date, renewable sources like geothermal energy is not going to expire anytime soon. 3. Potential capacity – Estimates for the potential of geothermal power plants vary between 0.035 to 2 TW. 4. A stable resource – The power output of a geothermal plant can be accurately predicted. Not subject to the same low-energy fluctuations as with solar or wind. 5. Great for Heating/Cooling – There is significant growth in the number of homeowners utilizing geothermal heating/cooling over the last couple of years. 6. No fuel required – After installation, no mining or transportation activity is necessary. 7. Small land footprint – Smallest land footprint of any major power source.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

4.2.2 Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy Potential emissions – Greenhouse gas below Earth’s surface can potentially migrate to the surface and into the atmosphere. Such emissions tend to be higher near geothermal power plants, which are associated with sulfur dioxide and silica emissions. Also, and the reservoirs can contain traces of toxic heavy metals including mercury, arsenic and boron. Surface Instability – Construction of geothermal power plants can affect the stability of land. In January 1997, the construction of a geothermal power plant in Switzerland triggered an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.4 on the Richter scale. High cost for electricity – Total costs usually end up somewhere between $2 – 7 million for a 1 MW geothermal power plant. High up-front costs for heating and cooling systems – While there is a predictable ROI, it will not happen quickly. For an average sized home, installation of geothermal heat pumps costs between $10,000 – $20,000 which can pay of itself in another 5-10 years down the line Location Specific – Good geothermal reservoirs are hard to come by. Iceland and Philippines meet nearly one-third of their electricity demand with geothermal energy. Prime sites are often far from population centers. Distribution costs – If geothermal energy is transported long distances, cost can become prohibitive. Sustainability questions – Some studies show that reservoirs can be depleted if the fluid is removed faster than replaced. This is not an issue for residential geothermal heating and cooling, where geothermal. May Run Out of Steam: You have to be incredibly careful when you are trying to check everything that is related to geothermal energy. Mind must be taken to watch the heat and not to abuse it, because if the heat is not taken care of properly, it can cause a meltdown or other issues where the energy is not properly distributed or used.

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FUTURE PLAN BY 2030 Medium Term Plan: By 2030 Set up Wind energy mission Promote Ultra mega solar projects and solar Promote initiatives for increasing projects for canals deployment of renewables Integrate ongoing programs such as rooftop, solar cities with smart city program Set up national Bio energy mission Reassessment of wind potential at 100 m hub height Develop resource base for enhancing the potential of renewable energy sources

Assessment of solar potential Assessment of off-shore wind potential and prepare a policy on off-shore wind power Revaluate DNI data for Solar thermal technologies that can become the basis for project design and financial-viability calculations for all states in India Address issues relating to tariff for renewable energy technology based power projects, renewable purchase obligations and measures like renewable energy certificates and other market based mechanisms, market and grid connectivity issues, inter-state exchange of renewable energy.

Continuing improvements in regulatory and policy initiatives to promote renewable energy technologies

Pursue the compliance of renewable energy purchase obligations with regulatory authorities and states Setting up transmission systems required primarily for renewable energy projects. Assistance may also be required for Solar Parks. Development of strong monitoring and evaluation frameworks for the various schemes and programs. More efficient monitoring and verification is possible

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References:              

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IREDA. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.ireda.gov.in/writereaddata/AtlasPotentialLandRE/Data/Executive%20Su mmary.pdf IRENA. (2014). The Socio-economic Benefits of Solar and Wind energy. IRENA. (2015). Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review. MNRE. (2014). MNRE Annual Report. Retrieved from http://mnre.gov.in/filemanager/annual-report/2014-2015/EN/Chapter%201/chapter_1.htm MNRE. (2015, August 10). Physical Progress (Achievements). Retrieved from MNRE: http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/ PIB. (2015). Press Information Bureau. Retrieved from http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124495 RE-Invest 2015. (n.d.). Investors Guide. Retrieved from http://www.reinvest.in/Document/orginal/15.RE-Invest_2015_Investors_Guide.pdf TERI. (2014-15). TEDDY. New Delhi: TERI. The Climate Group. (2015). the business case for off-grid in India. India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) http://mnes.nic.in/ The President of India www.presidentofindia.nic.in The Energy & Resources Institute (TERI) http://www.teriin.org/ Trade Team Canada Environment (TTC Environment) http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inenva.nsf/en/h_eg02268e.html Maps of India http://www.mapsofindia.com U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_energy_stat.htm Canada India Business http://canadaindiabusiness.ca/gol/cib/cib.nsf/en/ci00109.html Zenith Energy http://www.zenithenergy.com/index.HTM Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) http://www.greenbusinesscentre.com/renenegy.asp Centre for Wind Energy Technology www.cwet.tn.nic.in

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