A Climbing Route Named Oriental Bazaar

Negotiating the Oriental Bazaar Certainty Philosophy of Uncertainty Coaching Acceptance Accepting interacts with the Rock Obstacles to Accepting Take it for what it is Clear Mind- Purging Training Tasks Coach Climber Critical Perspectives Web Resources: Climbing an unknown boulder introduces the climber to an Oriental Bazaar of new handholds, footholds and stands. He orients through the maze of the route encountering the exotic of new handholds, footholds and the foreign; unknown. Sporadically placed protection offers the climber an opportunity to recuperate, and to reassemble himself before the chaos of confrontation ends with the last step. Negotiating the Oriental Bazaar Shortly after sunrise as the bazaar slowly awakes; the similarity between the bazaar and climbing becomes obvious when activity begins to move as the stands assemble in the bazaar. Still weighted from the sedentary quiet of a still, star-lit restful night: the emerging sounds signal that the routine preparations end to accept the waves of daily shoppers. As the sun turns from red to gold, early morning shoppers hurry to finish their tasks before busy crowds interrupt their passage. Holding their purchases under their arms, they leave scarcely a ripple in the still, cool morning air. As the temperature rises, the passages bounded by stands, slowly fill to satisfy the shopper’s needs. Meandering between the stands, some customers let themselves be pushed by the crowding current which determines their path, eddying to buy and gossip with chance contacts; subjecting themselves to the chaos of spontaneity, like the climbers resting between difficult passages. Exotic, unknown smells fill the air reminding of the wealth searched for by Christopher Columbus, remind of new moves on faultless granite. Unknown and unlimited promises or potential question the visit’s intent, seeking the yet, unknown encounters in the bazaar passageways. Bleating tones of donkeys and sheep fill the air, while cries of unknown, eyecatching birds vie for attention, detracting attention with the risk of drifting. A mysterious force seems to push the crowd, enabling each to find his appointed and hidden tasks, reminiscent of the success in a new route on a sunny day. Fleeting images remind of risk, with the impulse to put your hand on your wallet; as the fear of theft rises like smoke through your body. Rising pressure of the crowd-current occupies the mind with fears of the unknown and unexpected, detracting from immersing in the flow of the current. Shadowy images arise in the mind, and remind that that the day’s tasks while clear; there still remain unknown encounters, reminiscent of the apprehension before the first move into the climb. Thievery, theft, cheating, stealing or amusement, enjoyment, the mysterious, swirling immersing in chaos of the unknown and unexpected remains open. Standing at the foot of the Nose in the face of El Capitan rising from Yosemite Valley, is similar to the moment of hesitation at entering the bazaar, and accepting the expectation of the unexpected. This moment at the perimeter of the bazaar, the innate force reaches out to snag and pull into the crowding-current; putting the expected in question. It is a moment pregnant with unknown promise, with the certainty of the known and expected, but wrought with Attribute Graphic, Text and Content. Gary_Gabriel 18.12.08 20081Pub2006Wident_OrientalBazrv5

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uncertainty as to what awaits and is unexpected. At this moment the question of overpowering consequences arise, the certainty of success balanced by the uncertain consequences of the unknown. This is the moment to accept the essence of the route, by engaging the flow of force inherent in the route. The irrational of the unexpected confronts the rationality of the known, arriving at a crux where philosophy indicates a resolution. Certainty Starting the climb is a confrontation with the irrationality of the rational, discussed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. He discerned that the rational mind determined reality through the experience of the senses. One could not reason more than experience provided, and reasoning extrapolates no farther than experience. The known and experienced limits rational thought 1. Before starting the climb, the rational provided important planning, guided training, and weighted experience to determine if the outcome is predictable- being successful. It picks out the logical route by predetermining the logical hand- and footholds. Reasoning provides a basis for the certainty of success. Rationality continues to use experience to determine the outcome by picking the route, and the stands, ensuring that the protection is adequate, and calling on experience to sensibly employ all available handholds and footholds. It sorts the holds into those attainable and others still beyond climbing capability. Climbers convince themselves that the outcome is certain, based on equipment, experience, knowledge and condition. However the route is a natural route, subject to weather, subjective influences of the rock and rock fall, and confusing terrain. The irrational of uncertain or unknown influences confronts beyond the limit of reasoning. Nature extends beyond logic, which cannot predict the entirety of conditions that will govern the climbing. Nature expands beyond reasoning. Kant answers that the unknown will not become known, because the unknown cannot be experienced. The rational requires experience as a pre-requisite for knowledge. The irrational extends beyond experience. It includes uncertainty and unpredictability, which are unknown and unexperienced. The rational cannot deal with the un-predictable side of the irrational. If the experience does not limit the encounter to the known, then the rational limit of certainty has been reached. Kant argues that beyond the knowledge of experience, reasoning cannot deal with uncertainty. Climbers often pursue new routes because it pits the experience, knowledge and condition against the test of nature. Nature is overpowering because it expands the limits, which in reality include the ultimate consequence of life and death. Although every responsible climber undertakes everything to ensure that he remains within the limits of certainty, nature is more powerful and changes in the natural environment puts the climber at the limit or beyond. Climbers seek the engagement with nature because it exceeds the rational sphere, opening insights and experience into nature not penetrating rational thought. Climbing challenges the limit of determinability, by opening the uncertainty of the overpowering natural forces. It provides growth beyond the confines of human structures, at the cost of uncertainty and risk. Philosophy of Uncertainty Philosophy responds to the question of how to resolve the encounter with uncertainty. Søren Kierkegaard investigated life and determined that life is not certain, but uncertain. 2 He maintained that although the normality of rational thought tried to produce a predictable framework for life, that this is an illusion that wrecks on the overpowering of nature. Understanding life includes the realization that life extends beyond the determinable, and the belief of a predictable development leads to doubt and despair. Similar to climbing or wondering through the bazaar, the chance encounters in the bazaar confirm the illusion of certainty, or unexpected difficulties in climbing. Only by directly confronting life as uncertain; can doubt and despair be overcome. 3 Joy presupposes a conscious and willful encounter with the uncertain and unknown. Acceptance of the uncertainty of existence rewards with the joy of living, which contains the ecstasy of broaching the limits. Engaging life as uncertain leads to satisfaction, and a fulfilled existence. It confirms the reason the climber stands at the foot of the climb, overcoming the doubt rising from uncertainty. Kant showed that knowledge derived from reasoning, but Kierkegaard demonstrated how engaging uncertainly builds a knowledge of what he called practical knowledge. Knowledge of uncertainty results through engaging uncertainty and experiencing mastering chance, and the uncertainty of obstacles. Knowledge derives from the practical experience of solving uncertainty, and building the tools to deal with it. Acceptance is a conscious state of mind used to improve climbing ability through the mastery of uncertainty. Acceptance of uncertainty overcomes the obstacles that confront predictability and determinability of the climb. Accepting is learning the nature of not only the climb itself, Attribute Graphic, Text and Content. Gary_Gabriel 18.12.08 20081Pub2006Wident_OrientalBazrv5

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but the emergence of the essence of nature. The real essence of nature emerges in the confrontation of the natural elements composing the climb. Handholds and footholds resemble the essence of the route; but the nature of the route lies deeper. By actively engaging these essents an understanding of the irrationality of nature beyond reasoning and certainty develops. Accepting assumes the desire for certainty and striving to understand, and uses the climbing experience to cope with the expected, as well as transcending the expected to master the unexpected. It builds the self-confidence necessary to face uncertainty. As in the Oriental Bazaar, the push of the crowds exerts an unknown, determining force; the essentials of the route, and nature generate a similar force guiding the climber through the uncertainty. Accepting opens the climber to this force through an understanding of the emerging essence of the route, and the nature it takes part in. Each climber that opens himself, experiences this force as spontaneous, guided by chance, it warms and circulates through the body, providing a feeling of security. The climber interacts with the guiding essences of nature. Complete concentration on the essentials of the climb and immersing in the force of the current leads through its chaotic, paradoxical passages Immersing requires absolute concentration on the task at hand, at the moment. Being the act of exclusion, it excludes other disruptions, and focuses the attention on the force at hand. If immersing in the bazaar is being in the moment, guided by the force of the milling crowd, immersing in the Orient Bazaar Route puts the attention on the momentary balance of hand, foot, mind and nature. Immersing opens guidance to the force of the spontaneity of meeting chance contacts to gossip, and striving to complete the items at hand. Coaching Acceptance A Bad Tölz (sport) climbing team coach investigated Accept for the suitability of training use; intending to integrate it to improve climbing ability in the higher difficulty range of 7.x, 8.x, and breaking the limit of the 9.x. Accept overcomes climbing obstacles by mastering key moves, and initiating the climb with a dynamic flow of movement. This becomes a key for the climber trying to improve his technical aptitude; extending the climbing difficulties that he masters. He masters the higher difficulties through these means to improve the fluidity of movement and balance, thereby conserving strength. Accept extends the mental capacities required for achieving success in more difficult technical routes in climbing walls, and sport climbing. Acceptance of uncertainty, and in engaging the overpowering of nature, improved climbing confidence that provides more security, confidence, and fluid movement. Sport climbing differs from climbing in that single, difficult, technical pre-determined routes are climbed, and the climbing time and style of the competitors is compared. Bad Toelz hosts this team for young climbers seeking to gain competence in competitive climbing as well as general climbing use. The climbers in this team progressed steadily from beginners, and successfully since foundation. Part of the success derives from the search for innovative training methods and the acceptance of training the mind. In articles about the team, the local newspaper reported that the team is known for mental strength. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 4 uses Flow to denote a higher state of awareness, which he explains in a number of books, and established useful definitions and methods to exploit the benefits of flow. Uses of these principles of flow improve dynamic movement in climbing 5 as well as extending mental capacities. They contribute to the training methods used by this trainer. However flow as referred to in this article does not necessarily confine itself to these definitions. It expresses a “current” of movement, thought and energy during the climb, and the mental state necessary to gain and maintain it. Flow also necessitates accepting the natural essence. Current implies a continuous, unimpeded stream or flow. Acceptance focuses on the confrontation with the overpowering nature of the route to let the essence of the route emerge. Force is a change and if the climber allows it; the essents have the force to change him. Accept provides a means to accept the force for what it is, to strive to understand the individuality of the route, and why it was chosen at that time. Immersed in the nature of the climb, it leads to an interaction with the nature of the climb itself, inducing flow into the route. Flow in the sense of Csikszentmihalyi can be admirably used to maintain the level of flow or ecstasy that every climber experiences. On a good day, when the sun is shining and everything goes well, then the climber unifies himself with the route, the rock and nature, time expands or the concentration sharpens, the light crystallizes and radiates, details recede into a dreamlike existence and the concentration focuses on only the details that provide fluid movement, requiring almost no energy. The climber recognizes this as flow. Time passes as in a dream, and the route continues as a mountain stream in its bed. These are the days of flow that bring the Attribute Graphic, Text and Content. Gary_Gabriel 18.12.08 20081Pub2006Wident_OrientalBazrv5

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climber back, and are the reason to challenge the limits. Accept helps to induce flow on the days limited by rationality, where the key to nature sticks in the pocket. Accepting interacts with the Rock Bathed in the soft white-gold light of early morning, the climber feels a current flowing through the base of the climbing route. Calling like a siren, it contrasts between the ecstasy of flow and encountering the uncertain and fleeting figures of failure or injury. Accepting the pull and the individuality of the route complements careful planning of the route, placing protection, and finding the significant hand- and footholds; with the spontaneity of the current pulling unexpectedly. Flow is the state that does not resist this pull. Accepting interacts to take the route as it is, for what it is, and to strive to understand the nature by absorbing the essence (innermost nature) and it’s flow with the totality of senses. Immersing accepts the essence without resistance of expectations, or the pressure of meeting individual goals. It achieves the state described by Kierkegaard when life freely meets the unexpected. The climber foregoes the conscious need of planned certainty by endeavoring to understand the individual nature of the route. He opens himself to meet unknown encounters, which generate questions on the route, and the route responds in an interaction of forces between the self and the route. Openness of feelings records the responses, and decrypts the interactive guidance to open the sequence of moves. This opens the secrets held in store to reveal the inner nature of the route. Questioning mirrors the individual self. The interaction perseveres as long as the climber remains open to an exchange of questioning. 6 Kierkegaard offers a practical philosophy of exploiting experience with the encounter of uncertainty. The route offers this; and Accept assumes this experience making it part of the self, to become part of being. Feeling this flow is like the merging of two rivers at the point where the differently colored water from each river merges to form one stream. Immersing in the current accepts the spontaneity of the moment, what the moment stores to offer, and how this moment differs from the next. The current leads from eddy to eddy resolving a particular encounter that mirrors the questioning. Each climber achieves his own perspective, revealing an individual essence. Understanding creates an admiration for the nature of the route, and immersing in the route experiences the totality of senses, resulting in the practical knowledge explained by Kierkegaard. Certainty disturbs this knowledge because the totality of rationality excludes the irrational, which senses the natural essence. Only through an openness and extension of the senses can the senses tune themselves to the flowing current. In this interaction of the individual identity with the nature of the rock; each hand- and foothold unveils a new facet of the mountain. Accepting leads to an understanding of the mountain itself. This practical knowledge opens progress in surmounting climbing difficulty, because it derives from a unity of the climbing dynamic and encounters with the route, the rock, and nature itself. Obstacles to Accepting Acceptance creates an interaction with the essence of the route. Letting go or assuming the interaction induces a force of unity consisting of questions placed on the route and awareness of the responses. Understanding for the individual nature of the route derives from the questioning, and reveals the inner nature as a response. The response to these questions equips each climber with everything needed to immerse in the current, and equips him with the capability to handle the momentary climbing situation. As in the oriental bazaar where barkers try to take advantage of the shopper by pulling him into the stand to distract him, creating an eddy in the flow or eddies in the route should be avoided because they interrupt the dynamic, and waste energy. Expectations distract Accept because they logically, deduce what should be, not what is. The coach experienced that they linearly extrapolate past experience. Completely, rationally planning and reasoning restricts the climber to the rational approach without engaging it with spontaneity to move around the obstacle avoiding the direct confrontation. This results in thinking about each movement, instead of switching to flow, which relies on feeling, and links moves. Respect is what he called this, and related that if he did not respect the route so much, he would not have repeated it so often before successfully climbing it. He would have simply flowed with what he was to do at the moment. Distractions also arise from the shadowy mental images of fear that arise, mostly unaware, and unexpected as unknown threats rise to the consciousness. Feel how the serenity of the moment dissipates when these brown-black figures merrily appear. Shadowy characters from the bazaar warning you, that you will be cheated out Attribute Graphic, Text and Content. Gary_Gabriel 18.12.08 20081Pub2006Wident_OrientalBazrv5

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of everything, you will lose everything, all that you have will be stolen, and you will be left in the middle of a foreign bazaar to somehow fend for yourself. This fear creates a deep, black hole of emptiness in the consciousness that obstructs acceptance. Kierkegaard predicts this emptiness and wanting to fill this emptiness, a search begins for the means to fill the void. Accept helps to make the necessary step to confront the shadow of emptiness created by the uncertainty. By accepting a climbing route, it offers a myriad of unique, new experiences some of which are unique, waiting to be discovered. Each climber is offered something suited specially for him, whether it is a test for his technique, for endurance, route finding, orientation or practical knowledge. There is a challenge that the route will offer and require from him, to provide the satisfaction of success. If interrupted, he will probably end up dangling somewhere on the end of a rope. Take it for what it is Beginning the route, a climber evaluates the difficulties, assembling his reserves to surmount the difficulties by linking moves together like chess game. It is a rational exercise with the athletic and mental capabilities on one side, and the unique difficulties of the rock on the other, similar to a planned route through an oriental bazaar, which chains expectations. Rationalizing the difficulties, and mapping them out is Respect, believing that everything is predictable. Respect obstructs flow by creating determinability showed by Kierkegaard to be counterproductive. Climbers seeking to master sport climbing train in more difficult routes, bring considerable time in a transition area between what they mastered, and the next set of difficulties. In the ongoing confrontation with the unattainable, chess movements are usually planned to advance. Rationalizing what needs to be done, and planning present and future activities, is often accompanied by a measurement or comparison scheme. The climber sets goals to achieve. Acceptance is a complementary approach and manifests itself intuitively according to need. Like the oriental bazaar, it allows oneself to be pulled into and led by the difficulties of the route or the intuitive daily training tasks led by questions of oneself. Acceptance takes what the route offers without building links of expectations that maps the difficulties. It seeks to understand what the route is, and what the individual experiences it offers. Consider the to be a test, it has something in store for you to accept. By engaging yourself in it; the tour will provide practical experience. It does not replace planned training activities, and often what is surprising, it is merciless in its expectations, placing then much higher than the climber thinks he can achieve. Respect is smattered, because the climber achieves a much higher level than where he places his level of respect for his abilities. Clear Mind- Purging Accepting the route endeavors to admire the individual uniqueness and the identity of the perfect line in the route linking movements to this line in a continuous flow. Accepting the route for what it is creates fluidity in climbing movement and balance. Admire the route by accepting what it is, not limited by the respect of the difficulties. Purging removes the preconception, rationalization of the linked movement and Respect. Training experience shows that thinking, rationalization disturbs the flow of movement, resulting in a loss of strength and diminishing dynamic moves or threading a move into the next one. A dynamic solution is more aesthetic and pleasing as well as conserving needed strength. Purging methods vary according to individuals and the goal is to completely relax, removing all preconceptions and relaxing all muscle groups. Successful purging will completely empty the mind, and allow intuitive approaches to bubble out of the emptiness. A state of Clear Mind. One method proven by the coach was complete relaxation before climbing a route at or approaching his limits. Relaxation means that the intensity of the training is set to the relaxation level, the training intensity is held at the level compatible with the capability to relax and empty the mind. If this intensity level is exceeded, relaxation cannot be induced. By reducing training intensity, a level will be reached where relaxation is possible. He slept between trials, which completely relaxed his body and mind. Progressive muscle relaxation is a proven method. 7 Another method used by international competitive climbers in the Fränkische Schweiz, was to expel air from their lungs in a loud whistle, this clears all thoughts to accept the momentary challenges, and let intuitive solutions solidify, furthermore relaxes muscles.

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A two-week training period in the Fränkische Schweiz intensively tested accepting. During the training period the coach was normally under pressure to optimize the results, not to lose the valuable time resources spent training. But in the two-week period with a midpoint rest day, this belief results in pressure and obstructs relaxation in the daily training period. However the intensity was governed by the ability of the body to relax, not the desire to do as many routes as possible. Practically that meant that on some days, the sleeping bag was left at noon, and there was sufficient time between routes to completely relax both mind and body. This created a lot of slack time spent resting under the trees, sleeping, interacting with nature, also creating anxiety that the responsibility to fill time was not fulfilled. The training results were beyond expectations; in spite of the fact that expectations should be avoided and the results accepted, but being human they come as naturally as rain. Training results improved strength, endurance, and movement techniques, as well as choreographing new ones. Route difficulty was continually challenged, and significant progress made on the progression to the next difficulty grade. An important goal was the development of the mental state measured by the state of relaxation, which influenced the flow of motion, dynamic movement in overhanging holds, and fear of falling. Perfect results would include mastering dynamic holds, requiring that the complete route be climbed while relaxed, and the fear of falling be impeded, which contributes to flow enabling. This goal required that endurance and strength be increased to be sufficient to master the determining difficulties, and then master the key movements while relaxed. Acceptance centers on improving the mental state which frees reserves, saves strength, and improves dynamic or athletic capabilities, and even decreases the fear of falling into the rope. Training Tasks Acceptance requires contribution from both the climber and coach: Coach The coach understands Acceptance through personal use and he makes the climber aware of his feelings while climbing. They signal the condition or level of flow, and through questioning make the climber aware of what impedes flow, and what promotes relaxation. His questions present the climber with a mirror of himself. If the climber uses relaxed, fluid movement and conserves energy while climbing then he achieved the goals. The answers to the questions relate a relaxed, powerful climbing experience. Questions such as: - How did you feel at a distinctive point? - What could be done to eliminate the awkwardness? - What were you thinking about? - What could have caused the rough movements, or how could the holds be better used? Why did you start to slip- or why were the movements jerky? What can feeling tell you? When members combined to form teams they induced climbing progress by monitoring feeling in the route. Moving into a route on his limits, the climber teamed with a partner who stood underneath and observed his movements and progress. Asking him how he felt at that moment monitored climbing progress, in the position he was in, and particularly in difficult passages. If he felt good, then he was linking, if not- then something had to be changed, and he was asked what he could change. Feeling attained progress. The feeling was the feedback that told the climber whether what he was doing was right for him and the hold at the moment Awareness of the feelings developed understanding for the route difficulties, and each climber changed the movements until the feeling was positive. Understanding developed out of the experience of the movement and the feeling it produced in a particular structure of the rock. Expectations should be set, and Accept is a mid- to long-term exercise, that once mastered will accompany not only climbing but applies to all endeavors. Accept can produce short-term benefits to provide evidence of the need to continue. Climber Take the Route as it is, for what it is. Sinking in the dynamic that matches the body movements to the intricacies of the route, the climber blends his efforts into a flow where the boundaries between route and climber fade. It differs from a chess game by striving to understand the nature of the route, not forging a rational chain of individual moves and combination rules. Through acceptance, the climber becomes one with the route, moving in a dynamic state. His task is to move relaxed, and to Attribute Graphic, Text and Content. Gary_Gabriel 18.12.08 20081Pub2006Wident_OrientalBazrv5

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monitor his feelings, noting where flow interrupts. He distances himself from his rational and intuits moves that produce security through relaxation and energy conservation. Training masters route difficulties, and enables progress in more difficult routes, by not focusing on logical chess moves, but on the feeling produced by the moves and concentrating on a flowing state of mind. Accept mobilizes mental reserves to develop climbing ability, improve training results and formulates a deeper understanding of nature - Climbing the route. Movements, strength, and dynamic harmonize to achieve balance on the hand-, and footholds of the route. Understanding for the route structure and the effect of forces on the structure (gravity, position, weight, tension) results in climbing progress. Accept complements training awareness and understanding, it consciously integrates unconscious resources of the mind. - Surroundings and nature. Action- reaction is a natural “law” connecting man and the rock. Linking to the unity of nature is often the motivation to climb and to progress; intensifying this unity. The route does not separate from the rock, nor the rock from the mountain, which is part of nature and is experienced when accepting the flow of the line in the mountain. Flow immerses in a force emanating from the natural essents. Interaction with the essents changes the climber as he accepts. Accepting this flow is a mirror reflecting uncertainty on the self. Accepting uncertainty as the normal part of life is part of the glow felt on completion of the route, and is a reason for the attraction of climbing Critical Perspectives Simple thought experiments provide guidance to the credibility and use of mental imagery and Accept for improving performance in sports. These thought experiments derive from practical use and studies. They delimit the use of mental imagery by looking at the limiting areas of implementation. Use of mental imagery and flow to progress or solely implementing physical training excluding mental imagery; define the two poles. This article describes and elucidates the practical benefits of the combination of mental and physical methods for training. A critical approach to the use of mental imagery and unconscious awareness in training performance assumes that mental training achieves no progress or does not contribute to training improvement. The climber easily measures his progress by climbing a route that threw him before. Assume that only mental imagery is used to improve performance in sports during a predetermined time or training period. If the use of mental imagery is useless then it produces no progress. How will imagery lead to improvement? Anne Plessinger discusses studies of mental rehearsal showing imagery improves results, “that mental imagery practice influences performance more than no practice," 8. What would happen if only physical practice is used to achieve improvement in performance? The studies discussed by Plessinger show that the combination of mental imagery and physical practice outperformed those groups who only used physical practice. “This study posits that despite the level of skill (beginner or experienced) visual imagery proves effective. (Isaac, 192198)”. 9 Competitive results in Bad Toelz demonstrate the combination of both mental and physical training lead to a well-balanced program, and satisfactory progress, when measured by competitive achievements. Mental imagery is effective in the studies outlined, but these relate mostly to mental rehearsal and not directly to Accept in the climbing situation. Accept combines mental imagery (figures of fear, figures of natural unity) with principles of flow. Csikszentmihalyi shows that if flow can be induced, then the mechanics and dynamic of climbing performance can be improved [5]. It becomes a question of how physical practice and mental imagery combines and integrates in training. This goes beyond the scope of this article, but practical experience shows that feeling and intuition guides the implementation and use of mental imagery. Choosing the necessary mental imagery techniques serves to assist in inducing flow. Further experience shows that the techniques innovate themselves or derive from the training and climbing experience. This confirms Kierkegaard’s observation that the experience of uncertainty provides practical experience.

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Adrian Gabriel was co-coach of the Stutzpunktkader from Bad Tölz active in challenging sport climbing and competitive events. He actively climbs internationally. He worked with the founding team coach to continue, and develop the physical and mental training methods. Gary_Gabriel has over 30 years mountaineering experience from Yosemite Valley in California to the continental United States west cost, and extensive climbing experience in rock and ice walls in the Alps. He is currently active in ski mountaineering. Web Resources: Mental Imagery Self Awareness Imagery, the phenomenon of visual experiences in the absence: http://cogprints.org/2491/01/Imagery.htm Mental Imagery in Sport: http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/mental.htm Mental Images: Philosophical Psychology: Introduction. http://www.gis.net/~tbirch/hp5.html Imagination, Mental Imagery, Consciousness, Cognition: Science, Philosophy & History: http://www.imagery-imagination.com/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery

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1 Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können. Immanuel Kant. Immanuel Kant. Philipp Reclam jun. GmbH & Co., Stuttgart. 1989. P. 133. 2 Kierkegaard Eine philosophische Einführung. Philipp Reclam jun. GmbH & Co., Stuttgart. 2003. P. 39. ISBN 315-018260. 3 Ibid. p. 58. 4 Flow in Sports: the key to optimal experiences and performances. Susan Jackson and Mihaly Csikzentmihalyi. Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., Champaign, Ill./U.S.A. 1999. 5 Beyond Boredom and Anxiety – The Experience of Play in Work and Games. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Jossey-Bass Inc. San Francisco. 1975. 6 This is a summary of a much more extensive analysis presented in other sources. It is based on Science of Knowledge by Fichte, who took the task to reflect on the first principle of all human knowledge [p. 93]. Accepting interacts with the Rock uses Fichte’s principles of the „Method of Reflection“ and the „synthetic union of the opposition between the two types of interdetermination“ [p. 120] to analyze the interaction, and further to reflect on the „absolute self“ [p. 233] which helps defines the interaction between the overpowering and the rational. Martin Heidegger analyzes this interaction in the emergence of being. The discussion of the ideas from Plato by Weizsäcker illuminates the essence or nature of the route. The Theory of Unified Force from Leibniz defines the unified force of nature. 7 Progressive Muscle Relaxation. http://www.guidetopsychology.com/pmr.htm 8 The Effects of Mental Imagery on Athletic Performance. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/health_psychology/mentalimagery.html. 9I bid.