6 Statements
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6-Statements
Statement- a particular kind of sentence that brings a message which can be either true or false. Ex) George Washington was the first president of the United States. Ex) Silvio Berlusconi was the first president of the United States. Look for “truth value” True or false
6-Statements
If there is no truth value then there is no statement
Ex) Who wrote the book The Davinci Code?
Commands
Ex) Go get me an apple.
Questions
Nonsense
Ex) The round square sweetly kicked the green yesterday. Ex) This statement is false.
7-Self Supporting Statements
Self-supporting statement – a statement whose truth value can be determined from the statement itself 1. Self-reports- a statement by a person concerning his or her own desires, beliefs, or feelings −
Ex) I believe Nutella is delicious.
2a. Tautology - Statements which are true by logical structure- Covers all the possibilities. −
Ex) This apple is red or it is not red.
2b. Self- contradiction-Statements which are false by logical structure −
Ex) This apple is red and is not red.
7-Self Supporting Statements 3) Statements which are true or false by definition. − −
Ex) All triangles are three-sided figures Ex) This triangle is an octagon
8-Supported Statements
Supported statement a statement whose truth value depends on evidence or information from outside itself
1) Authority (look at recorded history) −
Ex) George Washinton rode a white horse. 2) Experience (trust our senses) −
Ex) It is raining outside 3) Deduction (reason based on other statements) −
Ex) The leaning tower will fall down.
8-Supported Statements Statement Self-Supporting
Supported Authority Experience Deduction
Self- report Logical Structure Defintion Tautology Self-Contradiction
9-Relationships between Statements 1) Consistency- When two statements are true at the same time
Ex) George Washington was the first President. George Washington was never in Egypt.
Inconsistent- Conflict between two statements
Ex) George Washington was never in Egypt. George Washington spent his life in Egypt.
2) Implication- When the truth of the first statement requires the truth of the other
Ex) All animals are made of cells. Some animals are made of cells. In logic “some” does not mean “others don't”
9-Relationships between Statements 3) Logical equivalence- the first implies the second and the second implies the first
Ex) No native born Italians are native born Chinese. No native born Chines are native born Italians. Ex) Some mammals are egg-layers Some egg-layers are mammals No S is P / Some S is P.
S is subject and P is predicate.
9-Relationships between Statements 4) Independence- If the truth or falsity of one statement has nothing to do with the truth or falsity of another statement −
Neither statement can imply the other − The statements must be consistent Ex) All tricycles have three wheels George Washington was the first president of the U.S.
9-Relationships between Statements Relationships between Statements Consistency Inconsistency Implication
Independence Equivalence
10-Consistency and Disagreement
Disagreement- The appearance of inconsistency
1) Real disagreement- actual inconsistency between two statements (they cannot be both true at the same time) ex) I am Mr. Schvaneveldt. I am not Mr. Schvaneveldt
2) Apparent disagreement- (OPINION OR PERCEPTION)
ex) Billy: I think logic is easy Willy: I think logic is the hardest course I have ever taken.
10-Consistency and Disagreement 3) Verbal disagreementthe same word.
from different defintions of
ex) Billy: One fifth of all high school graduates are illiterate
Willy: One third of all high school graduates are illiterate Famous ex) If a tree falls down in a forest, and nobody hears it, does it make a sound?
11-The One Basic Verb
Verb of being is key to understand
Ex) No cows eat meat No cows are meat-eaters
Be careful the same!! −
God is love. − Love is blind. − Ray Charles is blind. − Therefore Ray Charles is God? Is does not always mean =
11-The One Basic Verb
My little brother thows rocks.
1) Identify and write down the entire subject.
Ex) My little brother
2) Choose the proper “to be” verb.
Ex) My little brother is
3) Rewrite the entire predicate as a predicate nominative Ex) My little brother is a rock-thrower
Mr. S rebuked Billy in class.
Mr. S is a Billy-in-class-rebuker.
Statement- a particular kind of sentence that brings a message which can be either true or false. Ex) George Washington was the first president of the United States. Ex) Silvio Berlusconi was the first president of the United States. Look for “truth value” True or false
6-Statements
If there is no truth value then there is no statement
Ex) Who wrote the book The Davinci Code?
Commands
Ex) Go get me an apple.
Questions
Nonsense
Ex) The round square sweetly kicked the green yesterday. Ex) This statement is false.
7-Self Supporting Statements
Self-supporting statement – a statement whose truth value can be determined from the statement itself 1. Self-reports- a statement by a person concerning his or her own desires, beliefs, or feelings −
Ex) I believe Nutella is delicious.
2a. Tautology - Statements which are true by logical structure- Covers all the possibilities. −
Ex) This apple is red or it is not red.
2b. Self- contradiction-Statements which are false by logical structure −
Ex) This apple is red and is not red.
7-Self Supporting Statements 3) Statements which are true or false by definition. − −
Ex) All triangles are three-sided figures Ex) This triangle is an octagon
8-Supported Statements
Supported statement a statement whose truth value depends on evidence or information from outside itself
1) Authority (look at recorded history) −
Ex) George Washinton rode a white horse. 2) Experience (trust our senses) −
Ex) It is raining outside 3) Deduction (reason based on other statements) −
Ex) The leaning tower will fall down.
8-Supported Statements Statement Self-Supporting
Supported Authority Experience Deduction
Self- report Logical Structure Defintion Tautology Self-Contradiction
9-Relationships between Statements 1) Consistency- When two statements are true at the same time
Ex) George Washington was the first President. George Washington was never in Egypt.
Inconsistent- Conflict between two statements
Ex) George Washington was never in Egypt. George Washington spent his life in Egypt.
2) Implication- When the truth of the first statement requires the truth of the other
Ex) All animals are made of cells. Some animals are made of cells. In logic “some” does not mean “others don't”
9-Relationships between Statements 3) Logical equivalence- the first implies the second and the second implies the first
Ex) No native born Italians are native born Chinese. No native born Chines are native born Italians. Ex) Some mammals are egg-layers Some egg-layers are mammals No S is P / Some S is P.
S is subject and P is predicate.
9-Relationships between Statements 4) Independence- If the truth or falsity of one statement has nothing to do with the truth or falsity of another statement −
Neither statement can imply the other − The statements must be consistent Ex) All tricycles have three wheels George Washington was the first president of the U.S.
9-Relationships between Statements Relationships between Statements Consistency Inconsistency Implication
Independence Equivalence
10-Consistency and Disagreement
Disagreement- The appearance of inconsistency
1) Real disagreement- actual inconsistency between two statements (they cannot be both true at the same time) ex) I am Mr. Schvaneveldt. I am not Mr. Schvaneveldt
2) Apparent disagreement- (OPINION OR PERCEPTION)
ex) Billy: I think logic is easy Willy: I think logic is the hardest course I have ever taken.
10-Consistency and Disagreement 3) Verbal disagreementthe same word.
from different defintions of
ex) Billy: One fifth of all high school graduates are illiterate
Willy: One third of all high school graduates are illiterate Famous ex) If a tree falls down in a forest, and nobody hears it, does it make a sound?
11-The One Basic Verb
Verb of being is key to understand
Ex) No cows eat meat No cows are meat-eaters
Be careful the same!! −
God is love. − Love is blind. − Ray Charles is blind. − Therefore Ray Charles is God? Is does not always mean =
11-The One Basic Verb
My little brother thows rocks.
1) Identify and write down the entire subject.
Ex) My little brother
2) Choose the proper “to be” verb.
Ex) My little brother is
3) Rewrite the entire predicate as a predicate nominative Ex) My little brother is a rock-thrower
Mr. S rebuked Billy in class.
Mr. S is a Billy-in-class-rebuker.
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