3. Integrated English- 24.04.2007

Atatürk University College of Agriculture Publication Number: 66

INTEGRATED ENGLISH REFERENCE NOTES

Prof. Dr. Ziya YURTTAŞ

ERZURUM - 1999

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To Yasemin, Yalçın and Leyla

No rights reserved. All parts of this reference notes may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without a prior permission.

FOREWORD This booklet was prepared only as a source of reference for the intermediate level intensive English courses that had been held annually in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University between 1978 and 1998. The details, explanations and exercises were omitted, on purpose, for they were intended to be taken up during the courses. Generally in schools, different parts of certain subjects are taught at different times in the courses of English as a foreign language. A learner at intermediate level has to integrate and consolidate these parts in order to establish a solid base for improvement. In this booklet, the essentials of English Grammar are integrated by presenting related parts together and simplified by sacrificing some details for the sake of practicality. It is intended to provide a practical guideline for intermediate learners to reach to an advanced level and for the advanced learners to maintain their level of proficiency in English. This integrated approach makes it possible for learners to know what they already know and they need to know. Four basic skills, i.e., reading comprehension, listening comprehension, written expression, and oral expression must be developed in learning a language. These skills are based on Grammar and Vocabulary. A special attention must be given to each one of these six basic components of linguistics in learning a foreign language in an efficient way. This modest booklet has a limited objective of providing guidance for mainly one of them, namely Grammar. The other components need to be dealt with separately to facilitate a systematic learning.

Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM

ÖNSÖZ Bu kitapcık, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde 1978 yılından beri düzenlenmekte olan orta düzey yoğun İngilizce kursları için, yalnızca bir hatırlatma notu olarak hazırlanmıştır. Kurslar sırasında ele alınacağı düşünülerek, bu kitapçıkta ayrıntılara, açıklamalara ve alıştırmalara yer verilmemiştir. Genellikle, okullarda yabancı dil derslerinde, belirli bir konunun değişik bölümleri değişik zamanlarda verilmektedir. Orta düzeyde bir öğrencinin, ilerleme sağlayacak sağlam bir temel oluşturabilmesi için bu bölümleri birleştirip bütünleştirmesi ve pekiştirmesi gereklidir. Bu kitapcıkta İngilizce gramerinin temel konuları ile ilgili bölümler bir araya getirilerek bütünleştirilmiş ve bazı ayrıntılar ihmal edilerek basitleştirilmiştir. Bu bütünleştirilmiş yaklaşım bir öğrencinin belirli bir konuda neler bildiğini ve daha neler öğrenmesi gerektiğini kolaylıkla gösterebilir. Bir dil öğreniminde dört temel becerinin geliştirilmesi gerekir. Bu beceriler okuma, yazma, anlama ve konuşmadır. Bunlar gramer ve kelime bilgisine dayanır. Yabancı dil öğreniminde etkinlik sağlayabilmek için dil biliminin bu altı temel bölümüne ayrı ayrı çalışmak ve önem vermek gerekir. Sınırlı bir amaç için hazırlanmış olup, geçtiğimiz yıllarda düzenlenen kurslara katılanların da katkıları ile geliştirilmiş olan bu notların yabancı dil öğrenimi ile ilgilenenlere yararlı olmasını dilerim. Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FIRST PART..........................................................................................................................1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY..............................................................................1 1. TENSES (Zamanlar)..........................................................................................................1 2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller)...................................................................................6 3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen).................................................................................8 4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı İfadeler)......................................................................9 5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (İlgi Zamirleri).........................................................................9 6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı)...............................................................................11 7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları)....................................................................................11 8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım)..............................................................................................11 9. NOUNS (İsimler).............................................................................................................11 10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler).................................................................................................14 11. VERBS (Fiiller)..............................................................................................................15 12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar)................................................................................................20 13. ADVERBS (Zarflar).......................................................................................................22 14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar)............................................................................................25 15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar).......................................................................................27 16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler)...............................................................................30 ............................................................................................................................................32 17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler)...................................................................................................33 18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler).................................................................................................33 19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif).....................................................................................34 Odds and Ends.....................................................................................................................36 SECOND PART...................................................................................................................39 IDIOMS...............................................................................................................................39 THIRD PART.......................................................................................................................42 PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS..........................................................................42 FOURTH PART...................................................................................................................45 QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS..............................................................................................45 SIXTH PART ......................................................................................................................61 VOCABULARY..................................................................................................................61 A Poem................................................................................................................................71

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FIRST PART ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY 1. TENSES (Zamanlar) 1.1. Simple Tenses 1.1.1

Present Tense

I go1

Giderim

1.1.2

Past Tense

I went

Gittim

1.1.3

Future Tense

I will go

Gideceğim

1.1.4

Conditional T.

I would go

Gidecektim

1.2. Continuous Tenses (C.T.) 1.2.1

Present C.T.

I am going

Gidiyorum

1.2.2

Past C.T.

I was going

Gidiyordum

1.2.3

Future C.T.

I will be going

Gidiyor olacağım

1.2.4

Conditional C.T.

I would be going

Gidiyor olacaktım

1.3. Perfect Tenses (P.T.) 1.3.1

Present P.T.

I have gone

Gitmişim (Gittim)

1.3.2

Past P.T.

I had gone

Gitmiştim

1.3.3

Future P.T.

I will have gone

Gitmiş olacağım

1.3.4

Conditional P.T.

I would have gone.

Gitmiş olacaktım

1.4. Perfect Continuous Tenses (P.C.T.) I have been going 1.4.1 Present P.C.T. 1.4.2 1.4.3

Past P.C.T. Future P.C.T.

1.4.4

Conditional P.C.T.

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I had been going I will have been going I would have been going

Gitmekteyim Gitmekteydim Gitmekte olacağım Gitmekte olacaktım

I am going to go

I am gonna go

I will go

I was going to go

I was gonna go

I would go

I used to go

Giderdim (Alışkanlık)

I would go

Giderdim (Şarta bağlı)

Other verbs to be conjugated: to do, to be, to see, to have, to make. (to smoke for P.C.T.).

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SAMPLE SENTENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

I go to school every day in the morning at 8 o’clock with my friends by bus. I went to school 10 minutes late yesterday. I will go to school at one o’clock this afternoon. I would go to school today, if I had completed my homework in time.

5. 6. 7. 8.

I am going to Istanbul now. I was going to Istanbul, when I met him at the airport. I will be going to Istanbul tomorrow afternoon at two o’clock. I would be going to Istanbul at this moment, if had not missed the plane.

9. I have gone to Antalya three times in the past. 10. I had gone to Antalya two months before I met you. 11. I will have gone to Antalya the day after tomorrow. 12. I would have gone to Antalya by now, if I had not had an accident on Sunday. 13. I have been smoking for 3 years now. 14. I had been smoking for 10 years, when I stopped smoking. 15. I will have been smoking for 6 years by the end of this year. 16. I would have been smoking for 15 years now, if I had not stopped smoking 5 years ago.  I’m gonna go to downtown. Are you gonna come with me?  I was gonna go to theatre, if you had come earlier.  I used to go to movies at least three times a week, when I was a student.  I would go to see him and apologize to him, if I were in your place.

If I go to Istanbul, I will see him

Istanbul'a gidersem onu göreceğim.

If I had gone to Istanbul, I would see him If I had gone to Istanbul, I would have seen him.

Istanbul’a gitmiş olsaydım, onu görürdüm. O zaman Istanbul'a gitmiş olsaydım, Onu görmüs olacaktım.

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CONJUGATION OF TENSES 1.1.1. Simple Present Tense (do, does) (go) (-s) I go.

I do not go.

Do I go?

Do I not go?

You go.

You do not go.

Do you go?

Do you not go?

(He, She, It) goes.

- does not go.

Does - go?

Does - not go?

We go.

We do not go.

Do we go?

Do we not go?

You go.

You do not go.

Do you go?

Do you not go?

They go.

They do not go.

Do they go?

Do they not go?

1.1.2. Simple Past Tense (did) (go) (went) I went.

I did not go.

Did I go?

Did I not go?

You went.

You did not go.

Did you go?

Did you not go?

- went.

- did not go.

Did - go?

Did - not go?

We went.

We did not go.

Did we go?

Did we not go?

You went.

You did not go.

Did you go?

Did you not go?

They went.

They did not go.

Did they go?

Did they not go?

1.1.3. Simple Future Tense (will) (go) I will go.

I will not go.

Will I go?

Will I not go?

You will go.

You will not go.

Will you go?

Will you not go?

- will go.

Will not go.

Will - go?

Will - not go?

We will go.

We will not go.

Will we go?

Will we not go?

You will go.

You will not go.

Will you go?

Will you not go?

They will go.

They will not go.

Will they go?

Will they not go?

1.1.4. Simple Conditional Tense (would) (go) I would go

I would not go.

Would I go?

Would I not go?

You would go.

You would not go.

Would you go?

Would you not go?

- would go.

- would not go.

Would - go?

Would - not go?

We would go.

We would not go.

Would we go?

Would we not go?

You would go.

You would not go.

Would you go?

Would you not go?

They would go.

They would not go.

Would they go?

Would they not go?

Do not

Don't

Will not

Won't

Did not

Didn't

Would not

Wouldn't

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1.2.1. Present Continuous Tense (am, are, is) (- ing) I am going

(1) Aren't I going? 1.2.2. Past Continuous Tense (was, were) (- ing) I was going

I was not going.

Was I going?

Was I not going?

1.2.3. Future Continuous Tense (will be) (- ing) I will be going

I will not be going

Will I be going?

Will I not be going?

1.2.4. Conditional Continuous Tense (would be) (-ing) I would be going

I would not be going

Would I be going?

1.3.1. Present Perfect Tense (have, has) (gone)

Would I not be going?

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I have gone

I have not gone*

Have I gone?

Have I not gone?

*Have not: Haven't 1.3.2. Past Perfect Tense (had) (gone) I had gone I had not gone

Had I gone?

Had I not gone?

1.3.3. Future Perfect Tense (will have) (gone) I will have gone

I will not have gone

Will I have gone?

Will I not have gone?

1.3.4. Conditional Perfect Tense (would have) (gone) I would have gone

I would not have gone

Would I have gone?

Would I not have gone?

1.4.1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have been, has been) (- ing)

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I have been going

I have not been going

Have I been going?

1.4.2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been) (- ing) I had been going I had not been Had I been going? going

Have I not been going?

Had I not been going?

1.4.3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (will have been) (- ing) I will have been I will not have Will I have been Will I not have going been going going? been going?

1.4.4. Conditional Perfect Continuous Tense (would have been) (- ing) I would have been I would not have Would I have been Would I not have going been going going? been going?

2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller) 2.1 2.2 2.3

Can May Must

İktidar belirten yardımcı fiil Mezuniyet belirten yardımcı fiil Mecburiyet belirten yardımcı fiil

I can go

Gidebilirim (Muktedirim)

I could have gone

Gitmiş olabilirdim

I may go

Gidebilirim

I might have gone

Gitmiş olabilirdim

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(Mezunum) I must go

Gitmeliyim (Mecburum)

I must have gone

Gitmiş olmalıydım

Can

be able to

Must

have to, have got to, be obliged to, need to, be to, be compelled to, be supposed to, should, ought to.

To be able to (muktedir olmak, yapabilmek) I am able to go

Gidebilirim

I will be able to go

Gidebileceğim

I was able to go

Gidebildim

I would be able to go Gidebilecektim

(Gitmeye muktedirdim)

To have to (Mecbur olmak, Zorunda olmak) I have to go Gitmek zorundayım I will have to go I had to go           

Gitmek zorundaydım

I would have to go

If I go, I will be able to see him. If I had gone, I would have been able to see him. If you had fallen, you could have broken your leg. If you had started then, you could have finished it by now. If I go, I will have to see him. If I had gone, I would have had to see him. He must have studied really well (his grade is good). He should have studied really well (his grade is bad). I need two hundred dollars so that I can go there. I bought the car so that you would not have to walk. Do you have to go? I may have to go.

Gitmek zorunda olacağım Gitmek zorunda olacaktım

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3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen) Active Voice2 1 She writes a letter 2 She wrote a letter 3 She will write a letter 4 She would write a letter

Passive Voice3 A letter is “ was “ will be would be

written by her “ “ “

5 6 7 8

She is writing a letter She was writing a letter She will be writing a letter She would be writing a letter

" " " "

is being was being will be being would be being

“ “ “ “

9 10 11 12

She has written a letter She had written a letter She will have written a letter She would have written a letter

" " " "

has been had been will have been would have been

“ “ “ “

13 14 15 16

She has been writing a letter She had been writing a letter She will have been writing a letter She would have been writing a letter

" " " "

has been being had been being will have been being would have been being

“ “ “ “

He can write a letter. He may write a letter. He must write a letter.

A letter can be written by him. A letter may be written by him. A letter must be written by him.

Let him write a letter. Let a letter be written by him. Architect Ali has designed it. It has been designed by architect Ali. He had broken a window. A window had been broken by him.4 ______________________________________________________________________ A. Someone gave me a present. P. I was given a present. P. A present was given to me. A. They made him believe that she died. P. He was made to believe that she died.

S+V+O (Subject + verb + object) O+ to be+ V3+ S (Object + to be fiilinin uygun hali + esas fiilin 3. yani past participle hali + subject) 4 Geçişli fiiller (transitive verbs) yani nesne alan fiiller veya neyi ve kimi sorularına cevap alınabilen fiiller için P.V. yapılabilir. Geçişsiz fiiller (intransitive verbs, to go gibi) için P.V. yapılamaz. 2 3

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4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı İfadeler) Indirect Statement5 He said that " " "

Direct Statement 1. "I go".6 2. "I went". 3. "I will go". 4. "I would go".

He went. He went. He would go. He would go.

5. "I am going". 6. "I was going". 7. "I will be going". 8. "I would be going".

He said that " " "

He was going. He was going. He would be going. He would be going.

9. "I have gone". 10. "I had gone". 11. "I will have gone". 12. "I would have gone".

He said that " “ "

He had gone. He had gone. He would have gone. He would have gone.

13. "I have been going". 14. "I had been going". 15. "I will have been going". 16. "I would have been going".

He said that " " "

He had been going. He had been going. He would have been going. He would have been going.

"What are you doing”? "Where were you going”?

He asked me what " where

I was doing. I was going.

"Can you help me”? "May I come in”? "Will you be able to go”? "Do you have to go”? "Did you have to go”?

" " " " "

if if if if if

I could help him. He might come in. I would be able to go. I had to go. I had to go.

“Do you go?” “Did you go?”

“ “

if if

I went Iwent

“Go” !

He told me to go

if = whether now - then

today-that day this-that

“Don’t go”!

He told me not to go

tomorrow-the next day yesterday-the day before

5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (İlgi Zamirleri)

5

6

Present tenses become past, past tenses remain the same. Future tenses become conditional, conditional tenses remain the same. When the introductory verb is in present or future tenses, the tense of the narrated part may not change.

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Who Whose Whom Who • • • •

Ki o Ki onun Ki ona (onu)

Which (What, that) Of which To which

Ki o Ki onun Ki ona

Where When Of whom

Ki orada Ki o zaman Ki onun

I saw the man who came to school on Sunday. The man who is coming toward us is a doctor. He who comes late deserves punishment. Those who were late missed the opening ceremony.

Whose • I saw the man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon. • The man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon is a lawyer. • Did you see the lady whose car was without a license plate? Whom • I saw the man whom you gave money in the bank. • The man whom I saw yesterday was quite tired and anxious. • The man with whom I played billiards is a champion in... Which (what, that) • I picked up the pen which (that) was on the floor. • I do not understand what you say. • That is not what I want. • This is the knife with which I cut the rope. • The car to which you threw stone is a Cadillac Aldorado. Where This is the place where they had met first. When There will be a time when Turkey will be full a member of the European Union. •

He is the man, about whom you were talking = He is the man, whom you were talking about = He is the man, you were talking about.

• • •

He who comes early sits down. Atatürk is to Turkey what Washington is to U.S.A. Those who are coming now will have to go back soon.

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6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı) To have something done To get something done

To make somebody do something To get somebody to do something

I have my shoes polished... I had my shoes polished... I will have my shoes polished... I would have my shoes polished...

I make Ali study English... I made Ali study English... I will make Ali study English I would make Ali study English... I will get Ali to study English

I got my shoes polished 7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları) You go to school, don't you? You went to school, didn't you? You will go to school, won't you? You would go to school, wouldn't you?

You do not go to school, do you? You did not go to school, did you? You will not go to school, will you? You would not go to school, would you?

8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım) A. Affirmative Agreements

B. Negative Agreements

Ali goes to zoo.

I do too.

He does not go to zoo.

I don't either.

Ali went to zoo.

I did too.

He did not go to zoo.

I didn't either.

Ali will go to zoo.

I will too.

He will not go to zoo.

I won't either.

Ali would go to zoo.

I would too.

He wouldn't go to zoo.

I wouldn't either.

I do too

So do I

I don't either

Neither do I

It is a pen, isn’t it? You have to go, don't you? He may go, may he not? He has to go, doesn't he?    

Let's go, shall we? Open the door will you? I am going, aren't I?

He was made to study for four hours. She was made to pay for her mistake. I was made to believe that he was innocent. I will get him to accept the conditions

9. NOUNS (İsimler) 9.1. Proper Nouns (Özel İsimler)

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Ali, Mary, January, Ankara, London, Canterbury 9.2. Common Nouns (Cins İsimler) cook, book, sinister, minister 9.3. Countable Nouns (Sayılabilir İsimler) apple, box, ranch, table 9.4. Uncountable Nouns (Sayılamayan İsimler) bread, butter, salt, water 9.5. Masculine Nouns (Eril İsimler) boy, man, prince, king 9.6. Feminine Nouns (Dişil İsimler) girl, woman, princess, queen 9.7. Neuter Nouns (Nötr İsimler) Things and animals whose sexes are not known stone, steel, pots and pans 9.10. Nouns with the Same Form for M. and F. child, parent, artist, painter, cousin 9.11. Nouns with Different Forms for M. and F. father-mother, brother-sister, nephew-niece, bull-cow, horse-mare, cock-hen 9.12 Plural Forms (Çoğul Şekilleri) 9.12.1. Regular Form cat-cats, dog-dogs 9.12.2. Special Forms 9.12.2.1. Nouns Ending in O, ss, sh, ch, X tomatoes, kisses, watches, boxes exceptions: pianos, photos 9.12.2.2. Nouns Ending in fe, f, wife-wives, life-lives, wolf-wolves, self-selves, 9.12.2.3. Nouns Ending in y 9.12.2.3.1. Following a Consonant baby-babies, lady-ladies 9.12.2.3.2. Following a vowel day-days, boy-boys.

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9.12.2.4. Nouns that are in plural form and take singular verbs : Mathematics, Statistics, Athletics, Economics 9.12.2.5. Nouns that are in plural form and take plural verbs: pants, trousers, pajamas, glasses, pliers, shears, scissors, scales, tweezeers 9.12.3. Irregular Forms fish-fish, trout-trout, sheep-sheep news-news, baggage-baggage, information-information man-men, woman-women, foot-feet mouse-mice, louse-lice, ox-oxen tooth-teeth, child-children 9.12.4. Original Latin or Greek Nouns thesis-theses, crisis-crises, alumnus-alumni, phenomenon-phenomena erratum-errata, radius-radii memorandum-memoranda, datum- data basis-bases, axis-axes, nucleus nuclea 9.12.5. Others sister in law-sisters in law man student - men students VIP- VIPs, MP MPs, UFO-UFOs 9.13. Possessive Forms (İyelik Şekilleri) Ahmet's apples, man's fob Jone's house, Jones’s house Shakespeare's plays, the plays of Martha X A week's holiday ; a week holiday A stone's throw, ten dollar gas Three dollars worth of gas For heaven's sake, for goodness sake The keys of the car, the names of the cities 9.14. Articles (Tanıtıcılar7) 9.14.1. The Definite Article (Belirli Tanıtıcı) The The boy, the girl, the sky, the old The rich, the Alps, the U.S.S.R., the Netherlands, the U.S.A. The North Pole, the Smiths 9.14.2. The Indefinite Article (Belgisiz Tanıtıcı) a, an A boy, a girl, an apple, an hour, a university

7

Tanıtıcılar özel isimlerden önce kullanılmaz.

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10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler8) (A)

(B)

(C)

( D)

(E)

I

Me

My

Mine

Myself

You

You

Your

Yours

Yourself

He

Him

His

His

Himself

She

Her

Her

Hers

Herself

It

It

Its

Its

Itself

We

Us

Our

Ours

Ourselves

You

You

Your

Yours

Yourselves

They

Them

Their

Theirs

Themselves

A. B. C. D. E. F.

Personal Pronouns (Şahıs Zamirleri) (Özne) Objective Pronouns (Nesne Zamirleri) Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri) Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri) Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns (Dönüştürme ve Pekiştirme Zamirleri) Interrogative Pronouns (Soru Zamirleri) Who? Whose? Whom? Which? What? How? When? G. Relative Pronouns (İlgi Zamirleri) Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What, That. H. Demonstrative Pronouns (İşaret Zamirleri) This, That, These, Those I. Indefinite Pronouns (Belgisiz zamirler) One, Someone, Anyone, Somebody, Anybody, None, No One, Everyone, Everybody, All. ______________________________________________________________________ I want nothing: I don't want anything No: not any Is everybody ready?

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Zamirler özne yerine kullanılan sözcüklerdir

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11. VERBS (Fiiller) 11.1. Infinitive Form

to go

11.2. Present Form

go

11.3. Past Form

went

11.4. Past Participle

gone

11.5. Regular Verbs

(Düzenli Fiiller) (ask, asked, asked)

11.6. Irregular Verbs

(Düzensiz Fiiller)

11.6.1. Present

Past

Past Participle

Bet

Bet

Bet

Bahse Girmek

Cast

Cast

Cast

Atmak

Cost

Cost

Cost

Malolmak

Hit

Hit

Hit

Vurmak

Hurt

Hurt

Hurt

Incitmek

Let

Let

Let

Bırakmak

Set

Set

Set

Kurmak

Spread

Spread

Spread

Yaymak

Put

Put

Put

Koymak

Quit

Quit

Quit

Terketmek

Shut

Shut

Shut

Kapatmak

Build

Built

Built

Inşa Etmek

Lend

Lent

Lent

Ödünç Vermek

Send

Sent

Sent

Göndermek

Spend

Spent

Spent

Sarfetmek

Get

Got

Got

Elde Etmek

Go

Went

Gone

Gitmek

Forget

Forgot

Forgotten

Unutmak

Hang

Hung

Hung

Asmak

Ring

Rang

Rung

(Zil) Çalmak

Sing

Sang

Sung

Şarkı Söylemek

Spring

Sprang

Sprung

Sıçramak

Sit

Sat

Sat

Oturmak

Win

Won

Won

Kazanmak

11.6.2.

11.6.3.

16

11.6.4. Hear

Heard

Heard

Duymak

Read

Read

Read

Okumak

Pay

Paid

Paid

Ödemek

Say

Said

Said

Söylemek

Feed

Fed

Fed

Beslemek

Lead

Led

Led

Yol Göstermek

Hold

Held

Held

Tutmak

Feel

Felt

Felt

Hissetmek

Keep

Kept

Kept

Saklamak

Sleep

Slept

Slept

Uyumak

Weep

Wept

Wept

Ağlamak

Leave

Left

Left

Bırakmak

Meet

Met

Met

Karşılaşmak

Lose

Lost

Lost

Kaybetmek

Bind

Bound

Bound

Bağlamak

Find

Found

Found

Bulmak

Shine

Shone

Shone

Parlamak

Strike

Struck

Struck

Vurmak, Grev Yapmak

Bring

Brought

Brought

Getirmek

Buy

Bought

Bought

Satın Almak

Fight

Fought

Fought

Dövüşmek

Think

Thought

Thought

Düşünmek

Catch

Caught

Caught

Yakalamak

Teach

Taught

Taught

Öğretmek

Sell

Sold

Sold

Satmak

Tell

Told

Told

Anlatmak

Make

Made

Made

Yapmak

Stand

Stood

Stood

Durmak

11.6.5.

11.6.6.

11.6.7

11.6.8.

17

11.6.9.

Ride

Rode

Ridden

Binmek

Write

Wrote

Written

Yazmak

Rise

Rose

Risen

Kalkmak

Bite

Bit

Bitten

Isırmak

Hide

Hid

Hidden

Saklamak

Bear

Bore

Born

Taşımak

Swear

Swore

Sworn

Yemin Etmek

Tear

Tore

Torn

Yırtmak

Wear

Wore

Worn

Giymek

Break

Broke

Broken

Kırmak

Speak

Spoke

Spoken

Konuşmak

Choose

Chose

Chosen

Seçmek

Steal

Stole

Stolen

Çalmak

Grow

Grew

Grown

Büyümek

Know

Knew

Known

Bilmek

Throw

Threw

Thrown

Atmak

Fly

Flew

Flown

Uçmak

Slay

Slew

Slain

Katletmek

See

Saw

Seen

Görmek

Take

Took

Taken

Almak

Shake

Shook

Shaken

Sarsmak

Beat

Beat

Beaten

Dövmek

Eat

Ate

Eaten

Yemek

Fall

Fell

Fallen

Düşmek

Do

Did

Done

Yapmak

Go

Went

Gone

Gitmek

Lie

Lay

Lain

Yatmak, Uzanmak

Lay

Laid

Laid

Yatırmak, Uzatmak

Lie

Lied

Lied

Yalan Söylemek

11.6.10.

11.6.11.

11.6.12

11.6.13.

18

19

11.6.14 Forbid

Forbade

Forbidden

Yasaklamak

Give

Gave

Given

Vermek

Begin

Began

Begun

Başlamak

Drink

Drank

Drunk

Içmek

Run

Ran

Run

Koşmak

11.7. Verbs Followed by the Gerund admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, deny, dislike, dread, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, prevent, propose, remember, resent, resist,stop, suggest To object to, to confess to, to get used to, to look forward to  He objected to joining the army.  He admitted robbing the bank.  She appreciated receiving letters from her fans.  I enjoy calling her once in a while.  I don't mind walking to my office.  I don't remember seeing her.  I can't help laughing when I think of that joke.  Stop talking, l can't stop loving you.  I am looking forward to hearing from you.  I can't stand listening to a loud music. 11.8. Verbs Followed By the Gerund or Infinitive Start, begin, continue, intend  I started studying. (I started to study!) 11.9. Verbs Followed By That and Verb-1 Suggest, recommend, insist, demand  He suggested that we go.  What do you suggest that we do?  The kidnappers demanded that the father pay the ransom in small dollar bills. 11.10. Verbs Followed by the Gerund or Infinitive Taking a Different Meaning try + gerund

denemek

I tried solving the problem.

try + to infinitive

çabalamak

I tried to pick up the stone.

stop + gerund

bırakmak

I stopped smoking.

stop + to infinitive için durmak

I stopped to smoke.

20

12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar) 12.1. Definitive, Comparative and Superlative Forms Of Adjectives 12.1.1. Regular One or Two Syllable Adjectives Long

Longer

The Longest

Short

Shorter

The Shortest

Heavy

Heavier

The Heaviest

Old

Older

The Oldest

Weak

Weaker

The Weakest

Strong

Stronger

The Strongest

12.1.2. Regular Multi Syllable Adjectives Beautiful

More Beautiful

The Most Beautiful

Important

More Important

The Most Important

Eccentric

More Eccentric

The Most Eccentric

Tiring

More Tiring

The Most Tiring

Tired

More Tired

The Most Tired

Boring

More Boring

The Most Boring

Bored

More Bored

The Most Bored

Good

Better

The Best

Bad

Worse

The Worst

Much

More

The Most

Little

Less

The Least

12.1.3. Irregular Adjectives

12.2. Comparisons 1. as.............. as

I am as old as you are. He is twice as old as she is.

2. more .......... than

I am older than you are. I am more important than you are. I am better than you are.

3. The most.... among (in)

He is the best runner among students. She is the most beautiful girl in town. (... in the world)

21

• • • • •

The sun is one million times as big as the Mars is. The population of Erzurum is about twice as much as that of Kars. The statue of Atatürk in Erzurum is twice as big as the one in Kars. Ahmet spends half as much money as Mehmet does. There are more than twice as many people in the world now as there were 25 years

• • • • • •

ago. There are as many students in Erzurum as there are people in Kars. I have studied for as many years as you have lived. I am not as tired as you are: I am not tired as much as you are. A is 100 times richer than B. A is as tall as B. A is not as tall as B. A is not so tall as B. I am as generous as you are miser.

22

13. ADVERBS (Zarflar9) 13.1. Adverbs of Manner (Hal Zarfları) Slowly

Yavaşça

Smoking kills slowly.

Quickly

Hızlıca

……

Well

Iyice

Badly

Kötüce

Altogether

Birlikte

Separately

Ayrıca

Generally

Genellikle

Particularly

Özellikle

Deliberately

Kasden

Accidentally

Kazaen

Naturally

Doğal Olarak

Artificially

Yapay Olarak

Similarly

Aynı Şekilde

Conversely

Tersine Olarak

Apparently

Görünüş Olarak

Certainly

Muhakkak

Evidently

Görünüşe Göre

Obviously

Açık Olarak

Presumably

Farazi Olarak

Fortunately

Iyiki

Especially

Özellikle

Actually

Gerçekten

Mostly

Çoğunlukla

Personally

Şahsen

Undoubtedly

Şüphesiz

Clearly

Açıkça

Surely

Emin Olarak

Definitely

Muhakkak

Positively

Kesin Olarak

9

Zarflar, bir fiilin veya sıfatın anlamını belirten veya kuvvetlendiren kelimelerdir

23

13.2. Adverbs of Time (Zaman Zarfları) Now Then Earlier Later The day before yesterday The day after tomorrow Every third day All of a sudden A while ago A moment ago A little later Right now Right away At the beginning At the end Until now From now on From then on Sooner or later Eventually Lately Recently Soon Immediately In the meanwhile Every other day

Şimdi O zaman, ondan sonar Daha önce Daha sonra Önceki gün

It is time to go now.

Öbür gün Üç günde bir Aniden Biraz önce Biraz önce Biraz sonra Hemen şimdi (önce) Hemen şimdi (sonra) Başlangıçta Sonunda Bu zamana kadar Bundan sonra (artık) Ondan sonra Er veya geç Sonunda (nihayet) Son zamanlarda Son zamanlarda Yakın zamanda Derhal Bu arada Gün aşırı

He was here right now. He will be here right away.

13.3. Adverbs of Place (Yer Zarfları) Here

Burada, burası, buraya

There

Orada, orası, oraya

He is here. It is here. Come here.

13.4. Adverbs of Frequency (Sıklık Zarfları)* Once

Bir kez

Twice

Iki kez

Three times

Üç kez

All the time

Her zaman

Always

Her zaman

Frequently

Sık sık

Occasionally

Arada sırada

I went there once.

24

Periodically

Periodik olarak

Once in a while

Arada bir

Rarely

Nadiren

Once in a blue moon

Çok nadir

Repeatedly

Mükerrer olarak

Continually

Sürekli olarak

Intermittently

Kesintili olarak

* (Sıklık zarfları yardımcı fiillerden sonra, asıl fiillerden önce gelir) (I am always late) 13.5. Adverbs of Degree (Derece Zarfları) Almost

Hemen hemen

Nearly

Neredeyse

Quite

Oldukça

Too

Haddinden fazla

Enough

Yeterli

Extremely

Aşırı şekilde

Only

Sadece

Just

Sadece

It is almost completed.

13.6. Words with the Same Adjective and Adverb Forms Fast

Hızlı

Late

Geç

Hard

Sert

Early

Erken

Friendly

Dostça

Low

Düşük

Don’t go too fast.

25

14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar10) In

Içinde, içine

Out

Dışında, dışına

On

Üstünde, üstüne

Off

Uzağında, uzağına

At

De, da, e, a

Over

Üzerinde, üzerine

Under

Altında, altına

In front of

Önünde, önüne

At the back of

Arkasında, arkasına

At the bottom of

Dibinde

On the top of

Üstünde

Around

Çevresinde, çevresine

Across

Karşısında, karşısına

Against

Karşısında, karşısına

Along

Boyunda, boyuna

Among

Arasında, arasına (ikiden fazla şey)

After

Sonra

Before

Önce

Behind

Arkasında, arkasına

Below

Altında, altına

Between

Arasında, arasına (iki şey)

Beyond

Ötesinde, ötesine

By

Yanında, yanına

Up

Yukarıda, yukarıya

Down

Aşağıda, aşağıya

From

Den, dan

Into

Içine

Near

Yakınında, yakınına

Opposite

Karşısında, karşısına

Outside

Dışında, dışına

10

It is in the box. Put it in your pocket.

Edatlar bir nesnenin diğer bir nesneye göre konumunu belirten kelimelerdir.

26

Past

Den öteye

Through

Içinden, arasından

Until, till

E kadar

To

E doğru

With

Ile

Without

Ile olmaksızın

ABOVE OVER ON TO

FROM IN

OUT

THROUGH

INTO

OUT OF

BY

BELOW UNDER

A diagram of the most commonly used prepositions

27

15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar) And

Ve

Or

Veya

But

Fakat

For

Için, den dolayı

Yet

Henüz, yine de

If

Eğer

Although (though)

E rağmen

Notwithstanding

E rağmen

Nevertheless

Yine de

Because

Çünkü

Because of

Den dolayı

In spite of

E rağmen

In stead of

Yerine

Due to

Den dolayı

Besides

Zaten, ayrıca, den başka

Except

Den başka, hariç

Like

Gibi

Likewise

Aynı şekilde

As

Gibi, ken (giderken)

Therefore

Bunun için

However

Buna rağmen

Whereas

Halbuki

In fact

Gerçekte, nitekim

As a matter of fact

Aslında, zaten, nitekim

Not to mention the fact that

Kaldı ki

In as much as

Madem ki, den dolayı

Since

Madem ki, den dolayı

About

Hakkında

George and Jack go to bed at ten.

= (pertaining to, regarding, with regard to in connection with, , related to pursuant to, in relation to)

28

Either .......or

Ya ........ya da......

Either you or your friend will have to go there.

Neither.....nor

Ne ........ne de.......

Neither you noır your friend can pay for that.

Both ........and

Hem ....hem de......

Both you and your girl friend were seen there.

Not only....but also

Yalnızca ...değil, fakat aynı zamanda .......da

Not only you but also your friends are not wanted here.

Whether ....or

…..ip ........mediğini ....se de .....mese de

I don’t know whether or not he is in Erzurum. She will have to go there Whether she wants it or not

The more ....the more

Ne kadar çok .......... O kadar çok ............

The more you study the higher grade you get. The more you work, the more you earn. The higher you go, the harder you fall

Just as ......so

Nasıl ki .......ise, ayni şekilde........

-Just as Kosovo is sacred land to the Serbs, so is Krajina to Croatians. -Just as Chechenia is an internal matter of Russia so is Karabag for Azerbeijan.

29

30

16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler) 16.1. Gerund (İsim Fiil) 16.1.1. Present Swimming is a good exercise. I like swimming in a warm pool. She likes teaching tap dance. I can't stand waiting in lines. Being alone in a trip is boring. I like your speaking with an accent 16.1.2. Past Having been alone on that trip was boring. He denied having been late for work. 16.2. Infinitive (Mastar) 16.2.1. Present To exercise in the morning is good for health. I like to swim in heated pools. She has a lot of work to do. I felt the earth move. He saw him go into the building. 16.2.2. Past To have seen him doesn't mean much. It is unfortunate for him to have met her. I am sorry to have met you. I wish I had never met you. 16.3. Participle (Sıfat ve Zarf Fiiller) 16.3.1. Adjective Participle (Sıfat fiiller) 16.3.1.1. Present The movie is exciting. It is a very exciting movie indeed. People living in the country are lucky. The energy needed by all living things comes from the sun. The lecture was interesting and informing.

31

16.3.1.2 Past He is a retired teacher. (tired, disappointed etc.) The broken chair will be repaired. I will borrow the required money from the bank. I am excited. 16.3.2. Adverb Participle (Zarf Fiiller) 16.3.2.1. Zaman Bildiren Adverb Participle 16.3.2.1.1. Present Watching TV, he fell asleep (while...) Entering the room, I saw the burglar (while...) I saw him crossing the street (while) 16.3.2.1.2. Past Having watched the game he left the stadium (... after that.) Having finished his work, he went home (... after that..) 16.3.2.2. Sebep Bildiren Adverb Participle 16.3.2.2.1. Present Being very hungry, I ate a lot. (Because ...) Knowing him well, she did not believe him (Because...) 16.3.2.2.2. Past (Having been) Wrapped in a blanket, he didn't mind spending the night outside. (Because...) Having been very hungry, I had eaten a lot. Having received no letter from her for a long time, he was worried.

32

VERBALS

Gerund

Present

Infinitive

Past

Present

Participle

Past

Adjective

Present

Adverb

Past

Time

Present

Cause

Past

Present

Past

33

17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler) Aboard Abroad Archbishop Enrich Impossible Semiofficial Prehistoric Post election Vice-president

: (Gemide, gemiye) Welcome aboard. : (Yurt dışında, yurt dışına) I have not been abroad yet. : (Başpiskopos) Archbishop Makarios had been involved in politics. : (Zenginleştirme) Protein can be used to enrich the flour. : (İmkansız) When something is not possible it is impossible. : (Yarı resmi) AA is a semiofficial news agency. : (Tarih öncesi) People did not know much in prehistoric times. : (Seçim sonrası) Post election politics has been quite complicated : (Başkan yardımcısı) Vice-president Johnson had an heart attack.

18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler) Drinkable Kingdom Enriched Employed Childish Civilized Americanize Booklet Lakelet Payment Careful Careless Carefulness Carelessness Separately Naturally Personally Strong Smoke Simple

: (İçilebilir) This water is drinkable. : (Krallık) The United Kingdom is ruled by Elizabeth II. : (Zenginleştirilmiş) This food has been enriched by extra protein. : (İşçi, müstahdem) The employees will strike to raise their wages. : (Çocukça) It is childish to cry over simple things. : (Medenileştirilmiş) The wild tribes are civilized now. : Amerikalılaştırmak : (Kitapçık) That booklet consists of only 30 pages. : (Gölcük) Van is a lake but Küçükçekmece is a lakelet. : (Ödeme) The size of the payment is determined by the purchase power. : (Dikkatli) You have to be careful when you cross the street. : (Dikkatsiz) He fell on the ice because he was careless. : (Dikkatlilik) That job requires complete carefulness. : (Dikkatsizlik) The accident happened as a result of carelessness. : (Ayrı olarak) Place the pieces separately. : (Doğal olarak) Naturally they will refuse the offer. : (Kişisel olarak) Personally, I hate cold weather. : güçlü : duman : basit

Strength Smoky Simplify

: güç, kuvvet (sıfattan isim) : Dumanlı (isimden sıfat) : Basitleştirmek (sıfattan fiil)

34

19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif) Three lane highway Hundred page book The tea is too hot to drink The tea is hot enough to drink There is no body in the room The movie is not interesting, I would rather (I'd rather) watch TV tonight I had better (I'd better) start studying, or else I will flunk the exam.

Üç şeritli karayolu 100 sayfalık kitap Çay içilmeyecek kadar sıcak Çay içilebilecek kadar sıcak There is not any body in the room …televizyon seyretmeyi tercih ederim.

They talk to each other.

…çalışmaya başlasam iyi olur. Yoksa sınavda çakarım. (2 persons)

They talk to one another.

(More than 2 persons)

You can go whenever (or wherever) you want

Her ne zaman istersen…

You can take whatever (or whichever) you want

Her ne istersen…

No matter what, I will go there

Ne olursa olsun...

Sooner or later I'm gonna get you

Er veya geç…

They came here one after another

Onlar buraya birbiri peşine geldiler.

They came here one at a time

Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.

They came here one by one

Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.

They came here in a group of two

Onlar buraya ikişer ikişer geldiler.

The more you study, the more you learn

Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…

The more you work, the more you earn

Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…

Did you happen to meet Mr. President

Hiç (tesadüfen) başkanla karşılaştınız mı

I happened to be passing by the scene when the accident happened.

Kaza olduğunda oradan tesadüfen geçiyordum….

You don't get into this, mind your own business:

Bu işe karışma. Kendi işine bak.

That is none of your business

Bu iş seni ilgilendirmez.

You have to take a taxi in order to get there in time (... so, as to ..., so as not to...)

Oraya zamanında varabilmek için taksi ile gitmen gerekir.

You have to study hard in order that (so that) you can learn English well

İngilizceyi iyi öğrenebilmen için…

Has what happened to you happened to them too

Senin başına gelen onların başına da geldi mi?

35

• • • • •

Open the door. Please open the door (open the door please). Will you please open the door? Would you please open the door? Would you be so kind as to open the door please?

• • • •

The cars were travelling bumper to bumper. Put the boxes one on top of the other to save room (on top of one another) The workers put the rails end to end and welded them. The fishermen laid the fish side by side in the market.

• • • • •

If it weren't for the umbrella, we would get wet. If it had not been for you, I would not have been able to go there. Had it not been for you, she would have died. (Inversion) Should one day you come here, please stop by my office. Should I hear from him, I will let you know.

• •

Did you use to go there? No. I didn't use to go there.

• •

Let us (me, him, her, it, , them) go. Shall we? Let's stay here. Let's not stay here. Shall we go?

• •

This is the first time I have seen such a thing. If you had not been a stupid, you would not have listened to the same thing

• • • • • • • • • • •

every Sunday. You can’t have seen him yesterday, he was with me all day. Someone came here, didn't they? I am a doctor, aren't I? I heard him sing. I heard him singing. You can't go there until you have finished your work. Don't stick your neck out. He suggested that I see the doctor. To arrive in Istanbul. To arrive at the airport. To arrive on the scene.

36

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

We will take turns. Whose turn is it? It is my turn. Sit at the table. Hold it tight, so that you won't fall He held it tight so that he wouldn't fall It is made of gold. It is made from (out of) packing cases. To fall in (out of) love with sb. Would you honorable MPS come to order please? To take a chance: to take a risk. To give a chance: to give an opportunity. Ski slopes in Erzurum are steeper than those in Sarıkamış. The population of Erzurum is twice as much as that of Kars. On behalf of : adına In behalf of : yararına 20 % of the students who passed the exams are girls. Half of those that were sent there were donkeys. I saw Ahmet go to school. (Action completed) I saw Ahmet going to school. (The action may not have been completed.) You have to be a little bit crazy to keep your sanity. Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards. Don't bite the hand that feeds you. May god give you twice as much as what you want for me! Every body must account for his actions. There are two sides to a coin. There are more to things than meets the eye. There is nothing to it. Every criminal must stand trial, and get a fair trial.

Odds and Ends to rank first - to put someone to shame - council of Higher Education - ICBMs, airborne bombers, submarine based missiles - a duplicate copy of important documents - special thanks are due to those who...

37

-

-

his philosophy is moderation in everything Jack of all trades, but master of none Don’t let this chance slip away. boil, grill, bake, fry, pots and pans, garnish extant X extinct poker, bridge, black jack, chess, backgammon heart, club, spade, diamond citius, altius, fortius wrestling, boxing, running, high-jumping, long-jumping, skating, skiing, swimming, diving, riding, hammer-throwing, discus-throwing, javelin, tennis, ping-pong, pole-vaulting, golf, football, voleyball, basketball, soccer, etc. Five Pillars of Islam: praying, fasting, pilgrimage, almsgiving, confirmation of faith. (the sixth one, they say, is knowing your boundries) Mental Abilities : Intelligence, memory, perception, reasoning, orientation, willpower stability, attention, sensitivity. Acrophobia: fear of height. Acrobat: acts in the heights. To pass (fail, flunk) the test To stand the test of time. To chant nursery rhymes. At ease, attention, fire. Open shed barns Honest to God : Vallahi Duplication, multiplication, replication, reproduction. Liberty, equality, fraternity. Dilemma: A difficult situation. Paradox: strange but true. Enigma: Muamma, esrar, şifre To be vulnerable to pressure To take somebody at his word. The theory of Lambrazo on the nature of man On the spur of the moment. To tell a lie To lie ander a tree To lay a wreath, (a foundation stone and a L)

38

Addition

2+3=5

Two plus three equals five. Two plus three is five.

Subtraction

5-3 = 2

Five minus three equals two.

Multiplication

5 x 6 = 30

Five multiplied by six equals thirty. Five times six is thirty.

Division

30 : 6 = 5

Thirty divided by six equals five.

62: six squared 63: six to the third power

ax : a to the power x a-b : a to the power minus b.

a/b = c

dividend / divider = quotient

a.b = c

multiplied. multiplier = product

X = Σ X/N

X bar equals sum X over N (average)

6 and 36

6 is a factor of 36, 36 is a multiple of 6 (çarpan ve kat)

a2 - b2 : (a+b) (a-b)

The difference of two squared numbers is the product of the sum and the difference of these numbers.

39

SECOND PART IDIOMS

All the same

yine de

As if

sanki, imiş gibi

As soon as possible At first At last At least

mümkün olan en kısa zamanda ilk önce nihayet en azından

To be about to

üzere olmak

To be familiar with To be in charge of To be interested in To be one's turn To be tired of To be used to To break down To break up (with) To bring up By the way To catch cold

aşina olmak sorumlu olmak ilgilenmek sırası olmak bıkmak alışık olmak bozulmak bozuşmak çocuk yetiştirmek sırası gelmişken soğuk almak

To catch fire To be fed up (with) To be fond (of) To be in need (of) To be out of question

To beat about to bush

ateş almak bıkmak usanmak hoşlanmak ihtiyacı olmak söz konusu olmamak bitirmek, ilişiği kesmek lafı uzatmak

To change one's mind To come across

Fikrini değiştirmek karşılaşmak

To come to an end

sona ermek

To call for To catch up (with)

gerektirmek yetişmek

To charged (with)

ile itham etmek

To be through (with)

I was not invited to the conference, but I will attend all the same. He orders me to do things, as if he is my father. Please let me know the result as soon as possible. At first, I thought that he was a student At last, he was able to pay his debt. There were at least 500 people in the theatre. He was about to leave the room when I went there. I am familiar with that subject. He is in charge of this department. I am not interested in politics. Now it is your turn to wash the dishes. They are tired of uninvited guests. People in Erzurum are used to cold. My car broke down on the way. He broke up with his girl friend yesterday. He was brought up in a village. By the way, I had met him in Paris. Take your coat with you, otherwise you will catch cold. The forest caught fire in a dry hot day. I am fed up with all this nonsense. He is fond of Jane Fonda very much. The old man is in need of money and care. A general amnesty is out of question for the coming ten years. I am through with that research for this semester Please don't beat about (around) the bush, come to the point. Did you change your mind? We come across different types of people in the railway and bus stations. Sooner or later, this tragedy will come to an end. The project calls for a million dollar. Turkey has been trying to catch up with the West for the past 100 years. He was charged with murder and robbery.

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To do away with (to get rid of) To do one's best To fall asleep To fall in love (with) To feel like To feel sorry (for)

kurtulmak, başından atmak elinden geleni yapmak uykuya dalmak aşık olmak canı istemek acımak

To find out For the time being

anlamak şimdilik

For nothing To get along To get well To get in touch (with) To get in the house To get on the bus To get up To get used to To give a call To give in To give up Heads or tails To have nothing to do with something In other words To keep in mind To keep in touch (with) To keep up (with) To let someone know To look after To make fun (of) To make up (with) To make up (for) To play a joke (on) To make money To make up one's mind To change one's mind To make use of To mind one's own business Once and for all Out of curiosity

bedava, karşılıksız geçinmek iyileşmek temasa geçmek eve girmek arabaya binmek yataktan kalkmak alışmak telefon etmek taviz vermek vazgeçmek yazı tura Bir şeyle ilgisi olmamak diğer bir deyişle akılda tutmak ilişkiyi devam ettirmek ayak uydurmak birisine bildirmek bakmak (çocuk vs.) alay etmek barışmak telafi etmek şaka yapmak para kazanmak karar vermek

Out of date

demode

karar değiştirmek yararlanmak kendi işine bakmak kesin olarak meraktan

She did away with all her old clothes. I will try do my best to accomplish it and save my face. He falls asleep right after he goes to bed. Ferhat had fallen in love with Şirin. I don't feel like drinking tonight. He feels sorry for the poor and gives them money. I'll find out where he was at that time. He will keep his mouth shut for the time being. You can not get anything for nothing. They can’t get along well with each other. I hope you will get well soon. You have to get in touch with the manager. to get out of the house : evden çıkmak to get off the bus : arabadan inmek to wake up : uyanmak You will get used to it soon. Give me a call tonight. I won’t give in any more. He gave up his plan to go to Sakarya Heads or tails? Heads you win, tails I win. I have nothing to do with it. …in other words, he will not pay his debt. please keep in mind that ... Keep in touch with us even if you go far far away. He can't keep up with the rest of the group Please let me know if you run into him. The mother will look after the child. Don't make fun of me sir. He made up with his girl friend today. I will make up for the time I lost… The students played a joke on the teacher. He made a lot of money in gambling. Don't make up your mind without consulting the consultant. Don’t change your mind so often. Turkey can make use of coal for energy. Mind your own bussiness. Don’t stick your nose into this matter. Resolve the matter once and for all. Just out of curiosity, how much money do you make in one month? Your shirts are out of date, keep them up

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Out of order To pay attention to To put out To put off

bozuk dikkat etmek söndürmek tehir etmek

To call off

iptal etmek

To put on weight

kilo almak

To run into To see someone off

rastlamak birisini uğurlamak

To set fire to To shake hands To shut up To show up To slow down To stick to the point To take a bus To take a chance To take advantage of To take after

ateşe vermek el sıkışmak sesini kesmek çıkagelmek yavaşlamak konuya bağlı kalmak otobüse binmek İşi şansa bırakmak istirmar etmek Birisine çekmek

To take a seat

bir yere oturmak

To take into account

hesaba katmak

To take a break To take apart To take by surprise To take part in To take seriously To take sides

ara vermek parçalamak şaşırtmak katılmak ciddiye almak taraf tutmak

To take someone for someone else To take up

birisini birisine benzetmek alışkanlık edinmek

To turn someone down To wake up

birisini reddetmek uyanmak

to date. Don't turn the radio on. It is out of order. Pay attention to what I say. They put the fire out. They had to put off the show because of the bad weather. They called off the show for financial reasons. Some people put on weight fast, no matter what... He ran into his old friend in the street. The honor troop was present when they saw the president off. They set fire to the house on purpose. We shook hands when we broke up. If you don't have to talk, just shut up. He showed up one hour after the show. The car slowed down and pulled over. Do not beat about the bush, come and stick to the point. You must take a bus or a taxi. Study hard. Don’t take a chance. Do not take advantage of his innocence. Who did he take after? He took after his good for nothing uncle. He asked me to take a seat when I entered the room. The teacher should have taken the conditions in his family into account. We took a break after we studied an hour. They took the car apart to repair it. That news took me by surprise. I would like to take a part in the research. Don't take to the movies too seriously. A president should not take sides on political matters. They often take me for my brother. I gave up smoking but took up chewing gum. Don’t take up a harmfull habit. The girl turned the boy down when he asked her for a date. I try to wake up early in the morning.

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THIRD PART PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS Proverbs  Treat others as you would like to be treated.  Do not do to others, what you do not want others to do to you.  Whatever you wish for yourself wish the same for the others  One is as good as the extent to which he wants for others what he wants for himself  We have two ears but only one tongue, so that we may hear more and speak less.  Birds of a feather flock together.  Rolling stones gather no moss.  Barking dogs do not bite.  A friend exaggerates one's virtues and enemy his faults.                       

What is good for one may not always be good for others. One should not judge by appearance. One should not put the cart in front of the horse. Business is business. A lie calls for a hundred more. You can fool some of the people all of the time, all of the people some of the time, but you can not fool all of the people all of the time (Lincoln). People who stay in glass houses should not throw stones (men dakka dukka) When the cats are away, the mice will play. Only the squeaky wheel gets the grease. Too many cooks spoil the soup. Strike while the iron is hot. A penny saved is a penny earned. A friend in need is a friend indeed. A man is known by the company he keeps. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Action speaks louder than the words. The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know. Easy come, easy go. Time is money (El vaktu naktun) Out of sight, out of mind God gives nuts to those who don't have teeth. Don't run after a girl or a bus, because there is always another one coming. If a diplomat says yes, it means perhaps.If a diplomat says perhaps, it means no.

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 If a diplomat says no, he is not a real diplomat.

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Tongue Twisters  How much wood would a woodpecker peck, if a woodpecker could peck wood.  Did you see Sally selling sea shells by the sea shores?  Will you buy a rubber baby buggy bumper?  Three hundred and thirty three thousand three hundred and thirty three (333.333).  Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper. How many packs of pickled pepper did Peter Piper pick?  Trouble trouble before trouble troubles you.  The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.  It lasted from two to two, to two two..  If the sentence that had HAD had had HAD HAD, it would be correct.  Are you one of those whom we have not been able to Americanize?

A Nursery Rhyme Eeney meeney monee moo. Catch a tiger by his toe, If he hollers let him go. Eeney, meeney, monee, moo.

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FOURTH PART QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS The World Geography  The world is one of the 9 planets of the solar system.  The world rotates* on its own axis once every 24 hours.  The Earth revolves* around the sun once a year.  The moon is a satellite of the earth.  The moon revolves around the earth on an orbit once a month.  The moon is a satellite of the earth.  The area of the world is about 510.000.000 km2 (square kilometers).  The area of the world is about 600 times larger than that of Turkey.  3/4 of the world area is covered by the sea (three fourths of the ...)  The distance between the earth and the moon is about 384.000 km. A space craft can cover this distance in less than three days.        

History The history of the world dates back around 4 billion years. We are living at a time when machines do work that men used to do. Airplanes can cover a distance in as many hours now, as it used to take days by other means of transportation in the near past. There are twice as many people in the world now as there were 50 years ago. Neil Armstrong, the commander of Apollo 11, is the first man to set foot on the moon on July 21, 1969. America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell in 1876. United Nations was established in 1945.

Economy  The richest country in the world, in terms of per capita income, is Kuwait.  According to Malthus, the population of the world increases in geometrical ratio whereas the food production increases in arithmetical ratio. Therefore, the world is bound to face a serious crisis stemming from the shortage of food. Politics  One of the most important problems facing the mankind today is the lack of sense of justice among nations. Power is still the major factor in settling disputes.  Palestinian-Israeli dispute is the most important problem in the World Politics.  Turkey is trying to join the European Union since 1963. * Rotate: to turn on an axis * Revolve: to turn around a point

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Turkey Geography  Turkey is located between two continents, Asia and Europe.  The area of Turkey is about 780.000 km2 (... square kilometers)  Turkey has well defined borders on all sides.  Turkey is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The Black Sea is in the north, Aegean Sea is in the west and the Mediterranean Sea is in the south.  The mountains along the coast are covered with forests whereas the mountains of Central Anatolia is mainly bare.  Due to the differences in climate and the formation of the terrain, Anatolia is divided into a variety of agricultural regions. History  For many thousands of years, because of its unique geographical position, Turkey has been the cradle of many civilizations and the scene of many historical events.  Anatolia was captured and ruled by many nations, including Ionians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, and Turks.  It is not for nothing that Turkey is called as the "cradle of civilization"... Economy  The economy of Turkey is based on free market system.  Monetary unit in Turkey is Turkish Lira.  Per capita income in Turkey is about $5.000.  Turkey is among a few nations in the world that are self- sufficient in food production.  If it weren’t for the waste and and mismanagement in the government in the past 20 years, the per capita income would have more than doubled now. Social and Cultural Structure  The population of Turkey is about 70 million which constitutes approximately % 1 (one per cent) of the world's population.  30 % of the population live in rural areas in Turkey.  Turkey can be considered as a land of contrasts in some ways. For example, some people still live a traditional life while some have adopted a modern way of life.  There is a big gap between the distribution of income both among the individuals and the regions. These disparities need to be mitigated. Politics  Political parties based onreligion, race or class is outlawed in Turkey.  Turkey is a country to be reckoned with.

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Erzurum Geography  Erzurum is located in the north eastern part of Turkey.  It has always been an important center because of its geographical location and topographical position.  A branch of the ancient Silk Road used to pass through the city.  It is located on the skirts of majestic Palandöken Mountains, overlooks a large plain and controls several passes to different directions.  The population of Erzurum is about 400.000.  The altitude of the city is about 1.800 meters.  The city is surrounded by Palandoken Mountains on the south and Kargapazarı Mountains on the north.  The winters in Erzurum last for about six months from mid-November to the end of April. History  Erzurum has a history of 6.000 years dating back to 4.000 B.C.  Erzurum was captured and ruled by many nations such as Urartians, Cimmerians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, Byzantians and Turks (Saltuqs, Ilhans and Ottomans).  The Citadel in the city was built by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in the 5th Century, but the clock tower was built by the Saltuq Turks in 12th Century.  Erzurum has been the capital city of Saltuqian Dynasty in 12th Century.  There are many works of art in the city from the period of Saltuq, Ilhan, and Ottoman Turks such as Grand Mosque, Double Minarets, Yakutiye Medresah and Lala Pasha Mosque.  Ulucami, the grand mosque, was built by Melik Nasrettin of Seljuks in the 12th Century. It is covered by 7 parallel vaults, which provide 7 wide naves for the prayers.  The Double Minarets, a Theological College, was built by Sultan Alaattin Keykubat of saltuqs, a branch of the Seljuks, in the 13th Century. It is the biggest and most elaborately decorated building of its kind in Anatolia. It has a very impressive portal with a highly decorated frame and a huge mukarnas (a decorated arch of the portal). Elaborate stone carvings on the base of the minarets and the reliefs on the walls have symbolic meanings representing the beliefs of the Ilhanits before they adopted Islam. For example, the double headed eagles and the dragons represent masters of the sky and the earth respectively.  Yakutiye Medresah, a theological college, was built by Hodja Cemalettin Yakutin in the 14th Century. The building is being used as a museum now.  Lalapasha Mosque was built by the Governor Lala Mustafa Pasha who later became the conqueror of Cyprus in the 16th Century during the reign of The Suleyman the Magnificent. It is a typical example of classical Ottoman mosques with a central dome supported by 4 main columns. It is the work of the great architect Sinan.  The city was occupied temporarily by the Russians three times in 1829, 1882 and 1916.  Erzurum is the city where the foundation of the Republic of Turkey was laid in Erzurum Congress in July 23rd. 1919 by Atatürk and his friends.  Other points of interest in the city include the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai which

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is used as a marketplace for black stone jewelry, three tombs and old Erzurum houses. Economy  For thermal and eco- tourism as well as rafting, trekking and mountain biking, the economy of Erzurum depends mainly on three Sectors, namely, agriculture, trade and turizm.  Fodder crops and animal husbandry in Erzurum has a great potential for development.  The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Erzurum has more than 3.500 members. It is the biggest civil society organization in Erzurum.  Tourism, especially the winter tourism, is becoming a major economical sector in Erzurum. Palandöken Ski Center is one of the most popular ski centers in the Country. When fully developed, the center will have a capacity of 32.000 skiers per day. The center isonly 6 kilometers away from the city. There are four five star luxurious hotels in the center and it has the longest ski runs and the best snow quality in Turkey.  There is an important potential in Erzurum. Social and Cultural Structure  Erzurum has been the center of culture, education and throughout the history.  Double minarets and Yakutiye Medresah are the two important institutions of higher education of 12th and 13th Century.  Ataturk University is one of the biggest and most important institutions of higher education in the Country with about 40.000 Students  The people of Erzurum are called “dadash” which means “man of dignity “. Politics  People of Erzurum are known to be “conservative” in their political and social views.  Local elections will be held next year.  In the political history of Erzrurum, no Mayor has been elected twice.

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Cyprus Problem Cyprus is an island in Eastern Mediterranean, only 40 miles off the cost of Turkey. It is more than 300 miles away from the mainland Greece. Cyprus became a part of the Ottoman Empire in 1571 and remained so, for more than 300 years. In 1923 Turkey relinquished its sovereignty to England in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. The population of Cyprus is about 600.000, a quarter of which is Turkish. The essence of Cyprus problem is that the Greeks have, for a long time, wanted to unite the island with Greece and eliminate the Turkish Population. Turkish people on the island had been subjected to continious discrimination, intimidation, oppression harassment and outright massacre for years. In 1974, Turkey intervened militarily in accordance with the Treaty of Guarantee of 1960 to maintain the independence of the island and protect the lives of the Turkish People. If the Turks had not been harassed out of Cyprus, it has been calculated that the number of them would have been equal to that of Greeks by now. The best possible solution to the problem seems to be the establishment of a bicommunal, bi-zonal, non-aligned and independent federal republic. This solution will maintain the independence and integrity of the island, and will provide peace and security to both communities. There are two completely different communities on the island. They have different cultural, social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. They have different traditions and aspirations. Past events have created a profound mistrust and enmity between them. These communities can not live together at least for the time being. Therefore, they should live side by side if peace and security on the Island are to be maintained. The Greeks seem to maintain the idea of Enosis. Now, they are more interested in mobilizing international pressure against Turkey than in reaching a just and lasting peace through negotiations. There will not be a solution to the problem as long as Greeks follow a policy of tension with Turkey. On the other hand an imposed solution to the question will, almost certainly, lead to another crisis, another tragedy or even a shamefull ethnic clensing like the one witnessed in Bosnia.

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Turkish-Armenian Matter Some Armenians are trying to win the sympathy of the world public opinion and gain some political advantage at the expense of Turkey by making genocide claims and presenting only one side of the story. The Armenians, like many other communities, lived in total cultural freedom, peace, and prosperity for many Centuries under the Ottoman rule. In late 19th Century those countries that wanted to decimate the Ottoman Empire manipulated the Armenians for their own political aims and encouraged them to fight against the empire and form an independent State. To that end, they formed organizations such as Hinchak in 1987 and Tashnak groups in 1890 with armed units to fight against the Ottoman security forces and harass the Muslim population. They started the first riot and in Sason in 1894 and shed the bloods of many innocent people. In the following years they intensified their violence in Eastern Anatolia. During the First World War, they fought against the Ottoman army along side the Russians and committed mass murders On April 24, 1915, the Ottoman Government decided to relocate or resetle the Armenians of Eastern Anatolia to Syria which was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that time. Many countries in history have relocated some of their citizens during the wars. What Armenians claim to be genocide is in fact the relocation of the Armenians away from the front line as a result of their own acts of violence. Subsequent loss of life due to the inhuman conditions of war is well known to all. Genocide is an act of killing a group of people for what they are, not for what they do. Ermenians were resetled for what they did during the war. Most Armenians who scratch the healing wounds now are the descendents of those who were resetled away from the front line during the War. If there had been a genocide at that time, they would not have been able to make those claims now. It is unfortunate that on the advent of 21st Century, some people are nurturing hatred and violence again, killing innocent people including diplomats and expecting some benefits from creating a biased World public opinion. A group of bipartisan international experts must come together to bring out to light all the facts about this matter and put an end to endless accusations, enmities, misunderstanding and the exploitation of the good will of the international communities. In the final analysis, both the Armenians and the Turks who lost their lives as a result of the fabricated hatret are the victims of the super powers of that time which followed the policy of “divide and rule”. Most of the conflicts in the Middle East of today stems from the same policy. All those who want to tarnish the image of a nation must act responsible and give up creating more hatret, conflict and violence.

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Agriculture  Agriculture can be described as the work of growing crops and raising farm animals.  Agronomy is the work of producing field crops in large and open fields.  Horticulture is the work of producing fruits and vegetables in small and protected areas.  Agricultural extension is a technical service based on an out-of-school educational system and aimed at improving the living conditions of the people who are engaged in Agriculture.  There are eleven Departments in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University. They are the Departments of: Horticulture, Plant Protection, Food Technology, Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Mechanization, Field Crops, Soil Science and Animal Husbandry, Aquaculture and Landscape Architecture.  Photosynthesis is a process by which chlorophyll containing cells in green plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbodioxide and water in the presence of sun light. In other words, it is a process by which plants make sugar from water and air.  Erosion occurs on sloping surfaces rather than level surfaces.  Some bacteria are beneficial, but some are harmful, causing various diseases.  A plow is an implement to till or turn over the soil.  A roller is used to break up the clods and compact the seed bed.  In general, tillage serves three purposes. It prepares the seed bed, destroys the weeds, and improves the soil.  Rotation is a practice of growing different crops at different times on the same soil.  A tractor can draw a two or more furrow plow.

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Economics  Economics is the study of man's activities aimed at satisfying the unlimited human needs by means of limited resources. These activities include production, distribution, consumption etc.  Supply and demand are among the most important concepts in Economics. Supply refers to the amounts of a commodity that the suppliers are willing to sell at certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time. On the other hand, demand refers to the amounts of a commodity that the consumers are willing to buy at certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time.  In a free market, the price of a commodity is determined at a point where the amounts of supply and demand are equal. , the price of a commodity goes up as the demand goes up, or the supply goes down, or vice versa.  Inflation is an economic phenomenon which appears as a steady and sharp increase in general price level. Inflation, by definition, refers to a high level of increase in money supply in relation to the increase in production. Inflation can also be defined as too much demand in relation to supply. It follows that the solution to inflation is to decrease demand and increase supply by certain measures.  According to the law of diminishing returns, in production when one factor is increased constantly while the others are held constant. the output will show three stages: 1) Increases at an increasing rate. 2) Increases at decreasing rate. 3) Reaches a maximum and there after decrease.  The law of diminishing returns is also called the law of diminishing marginal productivity

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Atatürk Atatürk is the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic. He was born in 1881 in Salonika which is in Greece now but was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that time. He attended military school and became an officer in the Ottoman Army in 1902. He fought on several fronts in different wars and became a national hero after the Gallipoli War in 1915. Ottoman Empire was invaded by several foreign powers after the First World War. He started the Independence War against the invading powers in Samsun on May 19th, 1919. He led the Nation to victory after a bitter and costly struggle on August 30th, 1922. He established the Turkish Republic, on October 29th, 1923 and was elected as the first President of the Republic. The Turkish Republic was established on the principles of; republicanism, nationalism, statism, secularism, populism, and revolutionism which have become to be known as Kemalism. Atatürk has carried out several bold and broad reforms to create a modern state on the ruins of the six-century old Ottoman Empire. His many reforms include the following:  Abolishing the Sultanate and establishing the Republic.  Abolishing the Caliphate and Religious Code and establishing the secularism and Civil Code.  Closing down the religious orders.  Changing hats and costumes.  Introducing the Latin alphabet.  Establishing several state institutions to promote peace, prosperity, and progress in the Country. Atatürk died on November 10th, 1938, but his memory and his works will live forever. He is one of the greatest leaders of the Twentieth Century. Even if he had achieved only one of his many accomplishments, he would still have deserved to be called as one of the greatest leaders in the world.

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Atatürk’s Address to the Turkish Youth Turkish Youth! Your first duty is to preserve and defend the Turkish independence and the Turkish Republic forever. This is the only foundation of your existence and your future. This foundation is your most valuable treasure. In the future too, you will have enemies both in the country and abroad who will try to deprive you of this treasure. If, one day, you are compelled to defend your independence and the Republic, you shall not hesitate to perform your duty no matter what the circumstances and possibilities may be. These circumstances and possibilities may be extremely unfavorable. The enemies who desire to destroy your independence and your Republic may have won a victory unprecedented in the history of the World. By force or deceit, all the fortresses and shipyards of your homeland may have been seized, all the armies may have been dispersed and all the corners of your homeland may have actually been occupied. What is more tragic and awesome than even these eventualities, those in power may have fallen into ignorance, error, or even treason. Moreover, they may identify their personal interest with the enemies' political claims. The nation may have been completely deprived, destroyed and exhausted. Turkish youth of the future, even under these circumstances, it is your duty to save the Turkish independence and the Turkish Republic. The might that you will need is already present in the noble blood in your veins.

M.K.Atatürk 1927

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FIFTH PART LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES A Letter to a Friend

April 1st, 1986 ERZURUM

Dear A, Thank you very much for your letter of March 8 th. It was very nice to hear from you again. I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter. I was out of town for a twoweek vacation when it arrived. Lots of paper had piled up on my desk when I returned from vacation, and it took me several days to catch up with the work. It is nice to hear that you and your family are all well. I am happy to be able to say that I and my family are all fine too. B had a cold last week. He is about over it and join the football team now. The weather has been unusually warm around here for this time of the year. That is all there is to say for the time being. Please say hi, to C and D for me. Please give my regards to your parents. I am looking forward to hearing from you again.

With all my best wishes

E. F. U

P.S. G. became engaged to H.T. yesterday K will get married to L tomorrow.

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A Letter of Application ______________________________________________________________________ April 2nd, 1986 ERZURUM

I.C.L.S. 1346 Connecticut Ave., 1200 N.W. Washington D.C. 20036 U.S.A.

Dear Sirs I am a member of the teaching staff in the Department of... in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University in Turkey. I was given a scholarship to study in U.S.A. for a period of one year. I would like to attend your school for three months for language training before I start studying in my field. I would appreciate if you could send me an application form and some information regarding accommodation possibilities-in D.C. Thank you very much in advance for your consideration. I am looking forward to receiving an answer from you. Sincerely yours,

.

Enclosures : 1. A copy of B.S. diploma 2. A letter of financial support

K.L.A Department of........... Ataturk University 25240 Erzurum-Turkey

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A Letter of Recommendation ______________________________________________________________________

April 3rd, 1986 ERZURUM

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN I am pleased to write this letter of recommendation in behalf of Dr. O.P. whom I have known for over ten years and worked with since 1980. He was asked to join the teaching staff in the College because of his distinguished record during his undergraduate years. Mr. P. is a diligent and intelligent person. He has a great sense of duty and responsibility. He is known to be a man of patience and perseverance. It is my belief that Dr. O.P. will be able to benefit greatly from an opportunity to study abroad. I strongly recommend him for such an opportunity.

Very truly yours, Prof. Dr. M. C. A Chairman Department of.................. College of Agriculture Atatürk University Erzurum / TURKEY

Some positive characteristics: careful, considerate, creative, co-operative, diligent, dedicated, energetic, extravert, friendly, hardworking, imaginative, intelligent, meticulous, orderly, punctual, self confident, vigilant,

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A Letter of Confirmation ______________________________________________________________________

April 4th, 1986 ERZURUM

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that Dr. O.P. has been a member of the teaching staff in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University for the past five years. He was awarded a scholarship by the Government to study abroad for a period of one year. I would like to confirm that his scholarship covers in full, the travel expenses, perdiem allowances, admission fees and medical expenses.

Prof. Dr. T.K.F Dean College of Agriculture Atatürk University 25240 ERZURUM-TURKEY

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______________________________________________________________________ Translation of a Diploma ______________________________________________________________________ REPUBLIC OF TURKEY ERZURUM Photo ATATURK UNIVERSITY and COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE seal AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER DIPLOMA

Date of Diploma Diploma Number Department

: : :

This is to certify that ...............................................................the son/daughter of .......................born in the year........................ in .........................has been granted the title of AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER on the date of............................. upon completing his/her studies and examinations successfully in compliance with the special laws and regulations of the College of Agriculture of Atatürk University to benefit from all the rights and privileges provided by the laws of the Republic of Turkey.

Rector of Atatürk University .......... Signature

Dean of College of Agriculture ......... Signature

______________________________________________________________________ This is a complete and correct translation of the original Date and confirmation:

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61

SIXTH PART VOCABULARY  Just as keys are attached to rings, the words should be attached to sentences to prevent them from being lost. English Words English Logic When the English tongue we speak, Why is break not rhymed with freak? Will you tell me why it's true? We say sew, but likewise few And the maker of the verse Can not cap his horse with worse? Beard sounds not the same as heard Cord is different from word Cow is cow, but low is low; Shoe is never rhymed with foe. Think of hose and dose and lose, And of goose and yet of choose. Think of comb and tomb and bomb, Doll and roll, and home and some, And since pay is rhymed with say. Why not paid with said, I pray? We have blood and food and good; Mould is not pronounced like could. Wherefore done, but gone and lone? Is there any reason known? And in short, it seems to me, Sound and letters disagree.

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Homophones Aisle (Ayıl)

Koridor

Isle

Ada

Be (Bi)

Olmak

Bee

Arı

Break (Breyk)

Kırmak

Brake

Fren

Die (Day)

Ölmek

Dye

Boya

Cell (Sel)

Hücre

Sell

Satmak

Doe (Do)

Dişi Geyik

Dough

Hamur

Hair (Heyr)

Saç

Hare

Tavşan

Flour (Flawr

Un

Flower

Çiçek

Heal (Hiil)

Iyileşmek

Heel

Topuk

Idol (Aydıl)

Put

Idle

Boş, Aylak

Mail (Meyl)

Posta

Male

Erkek

Our (Avr)

Bizim

Hour

Saat

Straight (Streyt)

Doğru (Düz Hat)

Strait

Boğaz (Çanakkale)

Tail (Teyl)

Kuyruk

Tale

Masal

Fair

Doğru Adil

Fare

Ücret (Bilet v.b.)

American English

English English

Turkish

Baby bottle (nipple)

Teat

Biberon

Long distance call

Trunk call

Şehirlerarası telefon

Business suit

Lounge suit

Resmi elbise

Pants (slacks)

Trousers

Pantolon

Parka

Onarak

Mont

Shoestring

Shoelace

Ayakkabı bağı

Intermission

Interval

Ara (sinemada)

Meat grinder

Mincer

Kıyma makinası

Raisins

Sultanas

Kişmiş

Antenna

Arial

Anten

Closet

Cupboard

Dolap

Faucet

Tap

Muslık

Scotch tape

Cellotape

Şeffaf bant

Fender

Mud quard

Çamurluk

Baggage

Luggage

Bavul

Lost and found

Lost property

Kayıp eşya bürosu

Make reservation

Book

Yer ayırtmak

Subway

Under ground

Metro

63

Zero

Naught

Sıfır

Agricultural Words and Terms General Agriculture: Tarım

Winnow: Savurmak

Leaf: Yaprak

Horticulture:Bağcılık, Bahçecilik

Store: Depolamak

Awn: Kılçık

Viticulture: Üzümcülük

Germinate: Çimlenme

Bud: Tomurcuk

Apiculture: Arıcılık

Emerge: Çıkma

Field Crops: Tarla bitkileri

Cultivate: Işlemek

Flower: Çiçek, Çiçek açma

Cash Crops: Gelir bitkileri

Plow: Sürmek, Pulluk

Mature: Olgun, Olgunlaşma

Subsistence Crops: Geçimlik Ürünler

Sow: Ekmek

Bran: Kepek

Grain Crops: Daneliler

Plant: Dikmek

Stable: Ahır

Cereal Crops: Hububat

Mow: Biçmek

Stem: Gövde (ağaç)

Root Crops: Kök bitkileri

Reap: Biçmek

Branch: Dal

Industrial Crops: End. bit.

Harvest: Hasat etmek

Bark: Kabuk

Oil Crops: Yağ bitkileri

Trash: Dövmek

Stalk: Gövde (sap)

Fiber Crops: Lif bitkileri

Wilt: Sararma

Seedling : Fide

Poultry: Kümes hayvan

Thin: Seyreltme

Fingerling: Yavru balık

Feed: Hayvan yemi

Hoe: Çapalama

Rotation: Münavebe

Trough: Kurun (Su kapları)

Irrigate: Sulama

Smut: Sürme

Saddle Animals: Binek h.

Sprinkler: Yağmurlama

Forage Crops: Yem bitkileri

Draft Animals: Çeki h.

Barn: Samanlık

Fodder Crops: Yem Bit.

Flora: Tabii Bitki varlığı

Furrow: Karık

Cover Crops: Örtü bitkileri

Fauna:Tabii Hayvan varlığı

Fallow: Nadas

Bovine : Büyükbaş hayvan

Farm Manure: Çiftlik gübresi

To Leave Fallow: Nadasa bırakma

Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvan

Beef: Sığır eti Mutton: Koyun eti

Barley: Arpa

Millet: Darı

Awned Wheat: Kılçıklı b.

Wheat: Buğday

Lentils: Mercimek

Rice: Pirinç

Corn: Mısır

Oat: Yulaf

Weed: Yabancı ot

Plants Grains: Hububatlar

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Rye: Çavdar

Industrial crops Cotton: Pamuk

Tobacco: Tütün

Hemp: Kenevir

Sugar Beet: Şeker pancarı

Flax: Keten, Jute: Kendir

Fruits:Meyveler Apple: Elma

Cherry Pip: Kiraz çekirdeği

Strawberry: Çilek

Pear: Armut

Grape: Üzüm

Mulberry: Dut

Peach: Şeftali

Grapefruit: Greyfurt

Pineapple: Ananas

Apricot: Kayısı

Date: Hurma

Orange: Portakal

Plum: Erik

Fig: Incir

Tangerine: Mandalina

Cherry: Kiraz

Melon : Kavun

Lemon: Limon

Pip: Çekirdek

Watermelon: Karpuz

Quince : Ayva

Tomato: Domates

Potato: Patates

Squash: Kabak (Dolmalık)

Pepper: Biber

Onion: Soğan

Pumpkin: Kabak (Bal)

Egg Plant: Patlıcan

Garlic: Sarmısak

Cauliflower: Karnabahar

Cucumber: Salatalık

Bean: Fasulye

Cabbage: Lahana

Lettuce: Marul

Melon: Kavun

Mushroom: Mantar

Chestnut: Kestane

Coconut: Hindistan Cevizi

Pistachio: Antep Fıstığı

Walnut: Ceviz

Almond: Badem

Peanut : Fıstık

Cashew: Cashew Fıstığı

Vegetables: Sebzeler

Carrot: Havuç Nuts: Kuruyemişler

Fodder crops: Yem Bitkileri Alfalfa: Yonca

Vetch: Fiğ (Küspe)

Grass: Çimen

Seinfoin: Korunga

Clover : Üçgül

Crushed Straw: Saman

Flowers: Çiçekler Rose: Gül

Carnation: Karanfil

Daisy: Papatya

Tulip: Lale

Violet: Menekşe

Lavender: Lavanta

65

Jasmine: Yasemin

Lily: Zambak

Trees: Ağaçlar Willow : Söğüt

Maple: Akçaağaç

Okra: Bamya

Poplar: Kavak

Palm Tree: Palmiye

Spinach: Ispanak

Oak: Meşe

Herbicide:Yabancı Ot Ilacı

Celery : Kereviz

Hazelnut: Fındık

Pea: Bezelye

Parsley: Maydanoz

Pine: Çam

Chick-Pea: Nohut

Leek: Prasa

Division : Bölüm

Class: Sınıf

Family: Familya

Animals and Insects Bovine: Büyükbaş Hayvanlar Cow: Inek

Bull: Boğa

Ox: Öküz

Buffalo: Manda

Calf: Dana

Pig: Domuz

Camel: Deve

Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvanlar Sheep: Koyun

Lamb: Kuzu

Eve: Koyun

Goat: Keçi

Ram: Koç

Buch: Teke

Doe: Keçi (Dişi), Dişi Geyik

Poultry: Kümes Hayvancılığı Chicken: Tavuk

Turkey: Hindi

Hen: Tavuk

Goose: Kaz

Rooster: Horoz

Duck: Ördek

Duckling: Ördek yavrusu

Saddle Animals: Binek Hayvanları Horse: At

Mare: Kısrak

Stallion: Aygır

Donkey:Eşek

Domestic Animals Dog: Köpek

Mule: Katır

: Ev Hayvanlar Puppy: Guduk

Kitten: K.Yavrusu

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Bitch: Kancık

Cat: Kedi

Insects: Böcekler Fly: Sinek

Butterfly: Kelebek

Genus: Cins

Bee: Arı

Spider: Örümcek

Species: Tür

Mosquito: Sivrisinek

Cockroach: Hamam b.

Variety: Çeşit

Beetle: A. Böceği

Silkworm: Ipek böceği

Strain: Hat

Insecticide:Böcek Öldürücü

Locust: Çekirge

Wild Animals and Others Land Animals: Kara Hayvanları Wolf: Kurt

Monkey: Maymun

Rabbit: Tavşan

Fox: Tilki

Zebra: Zebra

Rat: Tarla faresi

Bear: Ayı

Giraffe: Zürafa

Mouse: Ev faresi

Lion: Aslan

Elephant: Fil

Bat: Yarasa

Tiger: Kaplan

Beaver: Kunduz

Squirrel: Sincap

Leopard: Leopar

Jackal: Çakal

Sea Creatures: Deniz Yaratıkları Whale: Balina

Coral: Mercan

Shrimp: Karides

Shark: Köpek Balığı

Sponge: Sünger

Lobster: Istakos

Dolphin: Yunus Balığı

Octopus: Ahtapot

Crab: Yengeç

Trout: Alabalık

Mussel: Midye

Birds: Kuşlar Sea Gull: Martı

Crow: Karga

Peacock: Tavus

Hawk: Atmaca

Sparrow: Serçe

Pheasant: Keklik

Dove: Güvercin

Pigeon: Güvercin

Vulture: Akbaba

Falcon: Şahin

Eagle: Kartal

Ostrich: Devekuşu

Canary: Kanarya

Stork: Leylek

Owl: Baykuş

Parrot: Papağan

Crane: Leylek

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Reptiles: Sürüngenler Snake: Yılan

Alligator: Timsah

Snail: Sümüklü böcek

Scorpion: Akrep

Turtle: Kaplumbağa

Frog: Kurbağa

Crocodile: Timsah

Worm: Solucan

Agricultural Implements Fork: Dirgen

Hammer: Çekiç

Harrow: Sürgü

Rake: Tırmak

Sickle: Orak

Discharrow: Diskaro

Pick: Kazma

Scythe: Tırpan

Shovel: Kürek

Cart: Araba

Seed Drill: Mibzer

Spade: Bel Küreği

Plow: Pulluk

Tractor: Traktör

Hoe: Çapa

Roller: Merdane

Trailer: Römork

Combine Harvester: Biçer Döver

Potato Planter: P. Dikici

Wheel Barrow: El arabası

Scissors: Makas

Driver: Tornavida

Awl: Biz

Tweezers: Cımbız

Bolt: Civata

Strainer: Süzgeç

Pliers: Pense

Nut: Somun

Funnel: Huni

Pincers: Kerpeten

Spanner: Somun anahtarı

Bucket: Kova

Axe: Balta

Wrench: İng.Anahtar

Nail: Çivi

Chopper: Satır, Falçata

Saw: Testere

Hammer: Çekiç

Lever: Levye

Hacksaw: Demir testeresi

Brush: Fırça

Drill: Matkap

Ripsaw: Ağaç testeresi

Broom: Süpürge

Screw: Vida

Dust Pan: Faraş

Mop: Paspas

Household Tools

Parts of a Human Body The Skeleton : İskelet Skull: Kafatası Collar-Bone: Köprücük k. Shoulder-Blade: Kürek k. Breastbone: Göğüş Kemiği Rib: Kaburga Kemiği Backbone/Spine: Omurga

Wrist: Bilek

Forehead/Brow: Alın

Fist: Yumruk Hand: El Palm: Aya, Avuç içi Thumb: Başparmak Finger: Parmak Nail: Tırnak

Jaw: Çene Kemiği Mustache: Bıyık Beard: Sakal Tooth: Diş Lip: Dudak Tongue: Dil

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Hip-Bone/: Kalça Kemiği/ Pelvis: Leğen Kemiği Kneecap: Dizkapağı Kemiği Hair: Saç Head: Baş/Kafa Neck: Boyun Throat: Boğaz/Gırtlak Shoulder: Omuz Chest: Göğüs Back: Sırt Waist: Bel Stomach/Tummy:Mide/Karın Hip: Kalça Bottom/Buttocks: Kıç/Kaba Armpit: Koltuk Altı Arm: Kol Upper Arm: Üst kol Forearm: Önkol Elbow: Dirsek

Leg: Bacak Thigh: Uyluk Knee: Diz Calf: Baldır Ankle: Ayak bileği Foot: Ayak Heel: Topuk Instep: Taban kemeri Sole: Ayak tabanı Toe: Ayak parmağı The Face: Yüz Eye: Göz Nose: Burun Ear: Kulak Mouth: Ağız Cheek: Yanak, Avurt Chin: Çene Temple: Şakak

Eye: Göz Eyeball: Göz yuvarlağı Eyebrow: Kaş Eyelid: Göz kapağı Eyelashes: Kirpikler Iris: Iris/Iris Tabakası Brain: Beyin Wind Pipe: Soluk borusu Heart: Kalp Yürek Lung: Akciğer Liver: Karaciğer Kidney: Böbrek Intestines: Barsaklar Bladder: Sidik torbası Vein: Toplardamar Artery: Atardamar Muscle: Kas/Adale Vessel: Damar

Automotive Words and Terms Car: Araba

Gear: Vites

Spare Tire: Yedek Lastik

Bus: Otobüs

Clutch: Debriyaj

Jack: Kriko

Truck: Kamyon

Brake: Firen

Lever: Levye

Bumper: Tampon

Accelerator: Gaz

Towing Rope: Çekme halat

Headlight: Ön Far

Fan: Pervane

Extinguisher: Yangın sön.

Signal: Sinyal

Fan Belt: Pervane kayışı

Fuel Tank: Depo

Fender: Çamurluk

Starter: Marş

Pot Hole: Kasis

Hood: Motor kapağı

Spark Plug: Buji

To Start: Çalıştırmak

Windshield: Ön cam

Distributor: Distribitör

To Speed Up: Hızlanmak

Wiper: Silecek

Carburetor: Karbüratör

To Swerve: Dir. Kırmak

Roof: Üst Kaporta

Dashboard: Konsol

Flat Tire: Patlak Lastik

Trunk: Bagaj

Glove Compartment: Torpido gözü

To Slow down : Yavaşlamak

Wheel: Tekerlek

Front Seat: Ön koltuk

To Pull Over: Kenara çekmek

Tire: Lastik

Back Seat: Arka koltuk

To Stop: Durmak

Rear view mirror: Arkayı görüş aynası

Seat Belt: Kemer

To Repair the flat tire: Lastik tamir etmek

Steering Wheel: Direksiyon simidi

Horn: Korna

A Dent On The Fender: Çamurlukta bir çöküntü

To sound horn: Korna

To Blow Horn: Korna

69

çalmak

Çalmak

Military Terms Er

Artillery

Topçu

Corporal

Onbaşı

Cavalry

Süvari

Sergeant

Çavuş

Tank units

Tankçı

Lieutenant Second Lieutenant

Teğmen

Military engineering

Üsteğmen

İstihkam Muhabere

Captain

Yüzbaşı

Communication Units Cease- Fire

Major

Binbaşı

Armistice

Mütareke

Lieutenant colonel Colonel

Yarbay

Machine gun

Makinalı tüfek

Albay

Bullet

Tabanca mermisi

General

General

Artillery round

Top mermisi

One Star general

Tuğ general

Missile

Füze

Two Star general

Tüm general

Nuclear warhead

Nükleer başlık

Three Star general

Kor general

Gun powder

Barut

Four Star general

Or general

Combat

Çatışma

Marshal

Mareşal

Booby trap

Bubi tuzağı

Chief of staff

Genel kurmay baş.

Armored vehicles

Zırhlı araçlar

Army

Kara kuvvetleri

Trench

Siper

Navy

Deniz kuvvetleri

Front line

Savaş hattı

Airforce

Hava kuvvetleri

Infantry

Piyade

Private

Ateş Kes

Latin Words and Abbreviations De facto

In Reality

Fiili Durum

De jure

In Law

Yasal Olarak Durum

Phenomenon

Event

Olay

Phenomena

Events

Olaylar

Fait accompli

Accomplished Fact

Emri Vaki, Oldu Bitti

(Or) Vice Versa

Conversely

(Veya) Tersi

Vis-A-Vis

Faceto Face, Compared to

Yüz Yüze, E Göre

As Per

In Accordance with

E Uygun Olarak….

70

Datum

Information (Sin.)

Veri

Data

Information (Pl.)

Veriler

Thesis

Thesis

Tez

Theses

Theses

Tezler

Per Se

In (By) itself

Bizatihi

Per Capita

Per Head

Kişi Başına

Ad Hoc

Specific

Özel

In Vivo

In living thing

Canlı içinde

In Vitro

Out of living thing

Canlı dışında

Sine Quo Non

Essential

Olmazsa olmaz

Ceterus Paribus

Other things being equal

Diğer şartlar sabit kaldığında

I.E. (Id Est) E.G. (Exempli Gratia)

That Is For Example

Yani Mesela

Etc. (Et Cetera)

And so on

Vesaire

Et al.

And others

Ve diğerleri

Ibid ( Ibidem)

In the book cited above

Y.A.G.E.

C.V.

Curriculum Vitae

Özgeçmiş

Quid Pro Quo

Something for something

Kısasa kısas

Erratum

Error

Hata

Errata

Errors

Hatalar

Criterion

Criterion

Ölçüt

Criteria

Criteria

Ölçütler

Bona Fide

Made in good faith

Iyi niyetle yapılmış

Uni, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca. Onomatopoeic Words (Tabiat sesleri taklidi kelimeler) Bark: Havlama

Hum: Mırıldanma (Şarkı)

Knock: Kapıyı Vurma

Meow: Miyavlama

Mırmır: Mırıldanma (Söz)

Clap: Alkış Sesi

Hee Haw: Anırma

Purr: Mırıldanma (Kedi)

Chop: Odun Kırma

Quack: Vak Vak

Snore: Horlama

Chip: Kutuya Para Atma

Roar: Kükreme

Piss: Işeme

Moan: Inleme

Weigh: Kişneme

Cough: Öksürme

Crisp: Gevrek

Blah-Blah: Dırdır

Crack: Çatırtı

Bomb: Bomba lamak

Burb: Geğirme

Crackle: Çıtırtı

Snap: Ipin Kopması

Sneeze: Hapşırma

Crash: Çarpışma

Hick-Up: Hıçkırmak

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Hush: Hış!

Splash: Suya Çarpma

A Poem Come, come again. Whatever you are come again. Be you an idol or fire worshipper or an atheist Come again. Our way is not the way of hopelessness; Even if you have broken your oath or penitence a hundred times, Come again, Mevlana

Another Poem Whatever you wish for yourself, wish the same for the others. That is the assence of four Books, and the words of the fathers.

Yunus Emre