To: All Legislators From: Representatives Bill Kramer, Leah Vukmir, Jason Fields, and Senator Tim Carpenter Date: March 10, 2009 Re: Co‐Sponsorship of LRB‐0924/1; The Competitive Marketplace Act, repealing the Unfair Sales Act, or the minimum markup law DEADLINE: Friday, March 20th, 2009, by 5:00 PM. SUMMARY On February 11, 2009, Judge Rudolph Randa of Wisconsin’s Eastern District Court issued his ruling in Flying J, Inc. v. Van Hollen where he struck down the portion of Wisconsin’s Unfair Sales Act that mandated up to a nine percent markup on the price of gasoline. Judge Randa held that Wisconsin’s law violated federal antitrust laws, also known as the Sherman Act, and ultimately harmed consumers. Today, Attorney General JB Van Hollen announced that he would not appeal this decision. Appropriately, the Attorney General noted, “the public policy considerations that underlie the minimum markup law can be better addressed by the legislature than by a court through an appeal. It may well be on appeal that the Court would attempt to clarify the statute, in effect, rewriting it. That is the job of the legislature.” THE COMPETITIVE MARKETPLACE ACT The Competitive Marketplace Act (CMA) will replace the existing Unfair Sales Act. The CMA addresses the concerns of Wisconsin’s business owners and consumers by allowing retailers to compete freely for their customers’ patronage. In drafting this legislation, we carefully considered the potential impact that repealing the current law would have, and what steps could be taken to ensure that Wisconsin has a competitive and vibrant marketplace. The Competitive Marketplace Act draws its language and construction from three separate sources ‐ the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Wisconsin Supreme Court and current statutes. STATE CAPITOL P.O. Box 8953 | Madison, Wisconsin | 53707-8953
The Wisconsin Supreme Court adopted a federal standard for determining anticompetitive pricing in 2003 and we have incorporated the language into the new Act. As the court notes, from a long line of federal predatory pricing cases: "predatory pricing schemes are rarely tried, and even more rarely successful, and the costs of an erroneous finding of liability are high. The mechanism by which a firm engages in predatory pricing ‐ lowering prices ‐ is the same mechanism by which a firm stimulates competition; because cutting prices in order to increase business often is the very essence of competition; mistaken inferences are especially costly, because they chill the very conduct the antitrust laws are designed to protect. It would be ironic indeed if the standards for predatory pricing liability were so low that antitrust suits themselves became a tool for keeping prices high.” (at ¶27, citations omitted). The Court, added, “Adoption of a predatory pricing standard authorizing successful claims when no harmful activity has occurred would be detrimental to market competition and consumer welfare in Wisconsin.” (at ¶28). Thus, the Court adopted the Brooke Group standard. In order to be anticompetitive (predatory), the seller’s price must be set below an appropriate measure of the seller’s cost and the seller must have a dangerous probability of recouping the seller’s investment in below−cost pricing by later raising prices above competitive levels. Under the Competitive Marketplace Act, using language from the Federal Trade Commission Act, we also provide the Department of Agriculture Trade and Consumer Protection a process for evaluating and preventing below‐cost pricing conduct that is likely to cause direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable injury to consumers. DATCP is also given the authority to create rules that are consistent with FTC findings regarding predatory pricing practices. These provisions will allow DATCP to evaluate and prevent anticompetitive pricing practices that may be occurring in this state as well as practices that the FTC discovers in other states The Department of Justice may, independently or together with DATCP, investigate and stop below‐cost pricing practices that are likely to injure competition and consumers. If the Department of Justice or a District Attorney believes a seller is employing anticompetitive pricing practices, they may bring an action under Wisconsin’s mini‐Sherman Antitrust law (Wis Stat § 133.03). The new Act increases the maximum fine for violating the antitrust laws from $100,000 to $1,000,000. Under 133.03, a violator may be charged with a Class H felony and injured parties have the right to seek treble damages and court costs. DETAILS OF THE ACT Under the bill, anticompetitive (predatory) pricing and pricing that injures competition are prohibited. Anticompetitive pricing is a violation of Wisconsin’s antitrust law. Pricing that injures or could injure competition is enforced by The Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection and the Department of Justice.
Anticompetitive Pricing (below‐cost pricing) Anticompetitive pricing occurs when a seller’s price is less than an appropriate measure of the sellers cost and the seller has a dangerous probability of recouping their losses in below‐cost pricing by later increasing their price above a competitive level. The Department of Justice or a District Attorney may commence an action against a seller who engages in anticompetitive pricing. A violator may be found guilty of a class H felony and may be fined up to $1,000,000. Parties who believe they have been injured may pursue a civil action against a seller for treble (triple) damages and court costs. Such cases may include a class action. Pricing that Injures Competition Pricing that injures competition occurs when a seller’s price is less than an appropriate measure of the sellers cost and poses a direct, substantial and reasonably foreseeable injury to consumers and not outweighed by countervailing benefits to competition. The Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, may conduct a hearing to determine if a seller’s pricing injures competition or consumers. If the department finds that the seller’s price injures competition, the department shall prepare written findings and may issue an order requiring the seller to cease the violation and assess a penalty of up to $2,500. Such an order is subject to judicial review. The Department of Justice may independently pursue an action to restrain the practice under a temporary or permanent injunction and assess a penalty of up to $2,500. Such an order is subject to judicial review. As an alternative, DATCP or the Department of Justice may accept a seller’s written agreement to stop pricing that is alleged to be in violation. DATCP may promulgate rules for administering or interpreting the Competitive Marketplace Act. These rules must be consistent with federal laws and controlling legal precedent relating to predatory pricing. WHAT IS THE CURRENT STATE OF THE LAW? The markup provisions for alcohol and tobacco products, while not part of the opinion are subject to the same immunity test that motor vehicle fuels failed. The state cannot enforce horizontal (or vertical) price fixing schemes that allow manufacturers or wholesalers to determine a retailers selling price. This is particularly problematic when the statutorily defined cost has little to do with actual costs. Even as a below‐cost‐sale law, the Unfair Sales Act is unlikely to survive a federal challenge (the Act defines "cost" in a way that the Federal Trade Commission and the courts point out lacks a firm economic foundation). If you would like to co‐sponsor LRB‐0924, please contact Rep. Kramer’s office at 6‐8580 by Friday, March 20th.
Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau: Under current law, the Unfair Sales Act or “minimum markup” law prohibits “loss leaders,” or wholesale and retail sales of merchandise at a price below the cost of the merchandise to the seller. With respect to motor vehicle fuel, tobacco products, and alcoholic beverages, the current formulas for calculating cost add minimum markups from 3 to 9.18 percent to cover a portion of the seller’s cost of doing business. This bill repeals the Unfair Sales Act and creates prohibitions against certain pricing practices by wholesale and retail sellers of goods. First, the bill prohibits anticompetitive pricing, which occurs when a seller sets a price lower than an appropriate measure of the seller’s cost and has a dangerous probability of recouping the seller’s investment in below−cost pricing. Anticompetitive pricing, as defined in the bill, also violates a current provision that prohibits contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in restraint of trade or commerce. See Conley Publishing Group v. Journal Communications, Inc., 2002 WI 121 (2002), overruled in part on other grounds, Olstad v. Microsoft Corp., 2005 WI 121 (2005). Second, the bill prohibits pricing that injures competition, which occurs when a seller sets a price lower than an appropriate measure of the seller’s cost and the price is likely to cause a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable injury to consumers. A seller’s pricing does not violate either prohibition unless all of the following apply: 1) the pricing causes, or is likely to cause, substantial injury to consumers; 2) the injury is not reasonably avoidable by consumers; and 3) the injury is not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or competition. Under the bill, the prohibitions are enforced concurrently and independently by the Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and district attorneys as follows. If DATCP has reason to believe a seller has engaged in pricing that injures competition, DATCP may, after a hearing, issue an order requiring the seller to cease the violation. The order may require the violator to pay a forfeiture not more than $500 for a first violation or $2,500 for subsequent violations. An order issued by the department is reviewable by a court under procedures available under current law. If DOJ has reason to believe a seller has engaged in pricing that injures competition, DOJ may bring an action seeking a court order requiring the seller to cease the violation. The court may require the violator to pay a forfeiture not more than $500 for a first violation or $2,500 for subsequent violations. If DOJ or a district attorney has reason to believe a seller has engaged in anticompetitive pricing, DOJ or the district attorney may commence an action against the seller under the current provision prohibiting contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in restraint of trade or commerce. In lieu of initiating an enforcement action, DOJ, DATCP, or a district attorney may accept an agreement by a seller to stop a pricing practice. Such an agreement may provide for payment by the seller of a reasonable forfeiture. If a seller violates the agreement, the seller may be required to pay a forfeiture up to $25,000. DATCP is authorized to promulgate rules administering or interpreting the prohibitions created by the bill. In doing so, DATCP must ensure that the rules are consistent with federal laws and regulations
concerning anticompetitive pricing, request commentary on proposed rules from the federal trade commission, and consult and cooperate actively with DOJ. Under current law, a posted retail price for motor vehicle fuel must remain in effect for at least twenty−four hours. This bill repeals the requirement. Current law generally prohibits contracts or conspiracies in restraint of trade, monopolization of trade, price discrimination, and secret rebates. This bill increases from $100,000 to $1,000,000 the maximum amount of a fine or forfeiture that may be imposed upon a corporation that violates the prohibitions against contracts or conspiracies in restraint of trade or monopolization of trade and increases from $50,000 to $250,000 the maximum amount of a fine or forfeiture that may be imposed upon any other person that violates those prohibitions. The bill increases from $25,000 to $50,000 the maximum amount of a fine or forfeiture that may be imposed upon a person who violates the prohibitions against price discrimination or secret rebates.