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r,fqdkwmu oHo,jzpfp&m rvdkbl;/ Keyboard eJY Mouse awG[m vmr,fh q,f p k E S p f t wG i f ; tajymif ; vJ M uD ; ajymif ; vJ wd k ; wuf v mrS m yJ / vrf ; aMumif; acsmfxGufjyD; wdk;wuf jzpfxGef; vmwmaMumifh r[kwfbl;/ tajym? jrif uGif;eJY rifyHkpHawG ajymif;vJ jzpfxGef; apjcif;jzifh tJ'Dwdk;wufrIudk jznfhqnf; Muvdrhfr,f/ tJ'Dvdk ,HkMunfrIawGeJY aqmif&GufcJhwmaMumifh rdkufu½dkaqmhzf [m a':vm bDvD,Haygif;rsm;pGm &&SdcJh wmyJ/ tcsKdU pD;yGm;a&; tcGihftvrf;awG aMumifh tablet PC udk xkwv f yk zf Ykd wmplchJ Muw,f/ wpfESpftwGif; oef;csDjyD; a&mif;cJh&w,f/ 'gayr,fh oef;aygif; q,f*Pef; rsm;rsm;pm;pm;txd a&mif; cJh&wmawmh r[kwfbl;/ oef;aygif; &mcsDjyD; a&mif;&r,fvdkY uRefawmf ,Hk Munfxm;rdw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmf wdkY jzpfapcsifwmeJY jzpfr,fvdkY ,HkMunf xm;wmawGeJY tyHk 200 yHk 1 yHkyJ atmif jrifcJhwmvdkY qdk&r,f/ olwdkY&JU wnf; jzwfjcif;? zefw;D jcif;? toHoiG ;f ,l rSwf wrf;wifjcif;? pmzwfjcif;awGukd aqmif &Gufr,fh ausmif;om;awG&Sdw,f/ olwdkY u zwfpmtkyfawG toHk;rjyKawmhbJ tifwmeufeJY qufoG,fjyD; tvGef xda&mufwhJ enf;vrf;eJY qufo, G Ef ikd zf Ykd twGuf 'Dud&d,mudk zefwD;cJhwmyJ? odyMf uD;us,w f hJ tablet PC jzpfygw,f/ tcef; (2)
&Snv f sm;jy;D wpfcgwpf&H aES;auG;av;vHwhJ c&D; tJ'aD wmh vltrsm;pkMu;D awG;xifxm;wm xuf ydjk y;D tvGet f rif; &SnMf umoGm;&wm bmaMumihfvJ/ [kwfygw,f/ t&m&mwdik ;f tcsed f ydMk umwwfwm "r®wmAs/ *&yfzpf in-
terface [m bmaMumifh tvGef MuefYMum cJhwmvJ/ Network wpfcktjzpf uGefysL
wmawG csdwfqufa&;[mvnf; 7 ESpf odYk r[kwf 8 ESpMf umcJw h ,f r[kwv f m;/ bmaMumihfvJ/ *&yfzpf interface udk avhvm Munhf½Iyg/ uRefawmfeJY pwdAfabmrm; wdkY[m EdkifiHtESHY ajcqefYjyD; *&yfzpf interface eJY ywfoufjyD; tMudK n§dEIdif; aqG;aEG;yGJaygif; rsm;pGm jyKvkyfcJhMu w,f/ vlawGajymyHkt& 'Dvkyfief;[m odyft&SnfMuD;awmh r[kwfbl;/ 'Dvdk aqmhzf0Ja&;zdkY odyfcufcJaMumif; vlawG ajymcJhMuw,f/ jyD;awmh 'Dvkyfief;udk wGef;ay;jcif;twGuf odyfudk xl;jcm; qef;Mu,faew,f/ ESpftydkif;tjcm; umvtwGif; b,folrS tJ'DxufydkjyD; aqG;aEG;cJhjcif; r&Sdbl;qdkwm odyf&Sif; vGe;f ygw,f/ cifAsm; rSew f ,fvYkd ajymjy aewJh vlawGtaejzifh umvtuefY towf rvkyfEdkifjcif;eJY tvGef Mum&Snf pGm wdu k yf q JG if&jcif;wdYk [m xl;jcm; qef; Mu,frIwpfckyJ/ tck avmavmq,frSm awmh oif a emuf x yf a qG ; aEG ; r,f h taMumif;t&mudk aqG;aEG;csifygw,f/ tapmydkif;rSmawmh 128k Macintosh [mvnf; us½IH;vkeD;eD; jzpfcJh w,f/ Apple eJY rdkufu½dkaqmhzfwdkYrS yJhudkiftcsKdUu y½dk*&rftenf;i,fudk xnfhjyD; qufvkyfEdkifcJhwmaMumihf tJ'D ud&d,m toufqufcJhwmyJ/ tJ'DvdkyJ taMumif;jyEdkifygw,f/ tJ'DaemufrSm awmh 512K Mac qufxGufvmjyD; ta&;ygwJh xkxnfMuD; tqihftxd ta&mufvSrf;Edkifcw hJ ,f/ tJ't D csed rf mS yJ Macintosh twGuf aqmhzf0Ja&;zdkY tm; xkwfMuwJh ukrÜPDawG&JU 95 &mcdkifEIef; [m ratmifjrifcJhbl;/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dud&d,mawG[m jzpf xGef;rIawGudk aqmifMuOf;ay;cJhw,f/ ½Hk;vkyfief;&JU yifrpD;aMumif;MuD;wpfck
Mo*kwf? 2008
29
tifwmAsL; tjzpf PC computing vkyfief;awG jzpfay:vmapw,f/ *&yfzpf toH;k jyKol awG&JU interface jzpfvmw,f/ a'wm A[dkrS &,lay;wJh PC-based server awG ay:xGufvmapw,f/ Fortune r*¾Zif;rSm azmfjywJh aqmif;yg;wpfy'k u f kd uReaf wmf trSwfw&&Sdaew,f/ tcsKdU (Workstation) tvkyfXmeawG[m yDpD awG aqmif&GufEdkifwJh wdk;wufrIEIef; xuf ydkrdkMuD;rm;cJhaMumif; azmfjywJh aqmif;yg;yJ/ yDpDta&twGuf odyf enf;wkef;u jzpfyHk&w,f/ tJ'D tvkyf XmeawG aqmif&u G cf w hJ hJ t&m&mwdik ;f udk jyKvkyaf y;wJh PC-based system awGukd zefwD;wJh enf;vrf;ay:xGufvmw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd[m txl; pDrx H m;wJh function (tvkyfvrf;aMumif;)awGudk vTJ ajymif; wm0ef,lEdkif½HkrQom ruygbl;? pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;aygif; rsm;pGmtwGuf pH c sd e f p H E I e f ; jynf h r D w J h ud & d , mvnf ; jzpfvmapEdkifcJhw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tHhtm;oihfzG,f aumif;wJh t&mawG[m aqmhzf0Jtqihfudk tajccH jyD; aqmif&u G w f hJ owif;tcsuftvuf pD;yGm;a&;ynmudk jzpfxGef;apcJhw,f/ tJ'gawG jzpfay:vmzdkYtwGuf tcsdef ,lcJh&w,f/ aeYcsif;ncsif; jyD;wJht&m bmrQ r&Sdygbl;/ t&mtm;vHk;[m ,cktxd wpfpHk vH;k wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f aew,f/ 'gayr,fh tjcm;wpfzufrmS vnf; wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f jzpfxGef;aewJh t&mawG &Sdw,f/ Tablet PC, Internet TV eJY Natural user interface wdkYudk qdkvdkygw,f/ acwfeJY wpfajy;nD aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; r&Sdbl;vdkY oifajymEdik w f hJ ud&, d m oH;k rsKd;ygyJ/ tJ'D ud&d,mawG[m b,favmuftxd wm xGufjrefovJ qdkwJhtay: uRefawmfh&JU taumif;jrif cefYrSef;csufudk cifAsm; trdt& qkyfudkifEdkifr,fqdk&if tJ'D ud&, d mawG&UJ aemufu, G rf mS uRefawmf
30
uGefysLwm*sme,f
uRefawmf&JU a&SUjzpf a[mudef;awGeJY ywfoufvdkY w,loefvGef;w,fvkdY qkdcsif qkdMuygvdrhfr,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqkdawmh &Sif;ygw,f/ avmavmq,ftxd tqifoifh rjzpfao;vdkYygyJ/ wdkY rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfjzpfMurSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh rdkufu½dkaqmhzfeJY uRef awmfwdkY wnf&SdaewJh tajctaeawGeJY ywfoufjyD; aumif;rGefwJh t&mwpfck &Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmh uReaf wmfwYk[ d m taqmwvsif ay:xGufvmatmif pGrf; aqmifEikd jf cif; jzpfw,f/ wd;k wuf zHUG jzdK; oxuf wdk;wufzHGUjzdK;aerIawG tjrJ wap qufvufjzpfxGef;a&;udk toihf jyifqif&if; uRefawmfwdkY vkyfief;udk aqmif&GufEdkifygw,f/ Internet TV taMumif; ajymMu ygpdkY/ ]tdkau? wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf vsm xm; xkwfvkyfEdkifjyD; aub,fvf pepf xuf ydkjyD;aumif;rGefwJh AD'D,dktqihf wpfckudk uRefawmfwdkY aqmif&Gufcsif w,f}vdYk ajymaewJh AT & T uJo h Ykd aom vkyfief;wpfck ay:xGufvmw,f qdkyg awmh/ tJ'v D kd ay:xGuv f mwJw h ikd af tmif 2 ESpf odkYr[kwf 3 ESpf tcsdef,l&vdrhf r,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh oif rsuf jcnfrjywf ½Ipm;csifwJh stuff udk ydkjyD; awGUjrifEdkifjcif;eJY pdwfr0ifpm;wJht&m awGukd z,f&mS ;jyD; jyuGuo f pf wpfrsK;d udk awGU&SdEdkifjcif; pwJh tom;ruswJh tm½Hk cHpm;rIawG &SdaerSmjzpfvdkYyJ/ aemufqHk; usawmh ]]tvdAk sm? odyaf wmufajymifwhJ pdwu f ;l yguvm;}}vdYk wpfa,mufrS ajym rSmr[kwfbl;/ ][kwfyghAsm? 'gu bm aMumifh wpfenf;wpfzHk jzpf&wmvJ} vdkY ajymMuvdrhfr,f/ taMumif;uawmh ]'g[m tjcm;wpfenf;wpfzHk jzpfw,f
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tifwmAsL; tcef; (3)
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wnf&SdcJhwJh tcsufudk cifAsm; odEdkifygh rvm;/ uRefawmf rdkufu½dkaqmhzfudk xl axmifjcif; rjyKcif tJ'D protocol awG udk toHk;jyKcJhw,f/ ae&mwpfckrSmawmh pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;wpfck[m tJ'D protocol awG tHk
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bDv*f w d v f kd jzpfz&Ykd m uGefysLwmenf;ynme,fy,frSm 35 ESpfwmrQ MuD;pdk;tEdkif,lcJhwJh bDvf*dwfwpfa,muf ,ckESpf ZGefv 27 &ufrSm olY&JU rdkufu½dkaqmhzfudk vufjyEIwfqufvdkufygw,f/ jidrf;csrf;pGm cGJcGmcJhw,f qdkayr,fh bDvf*dwfvdk yk*¾dKvfrsKd;ae&mudk b,fvdk tpm;xkd;r,fqdkwm ar;cGef;awG ay:vmygw,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh aemufxyf bDvf*dwfwpfOD; b,fvdk jzpfvmEdkifovJqdkwmyg/
bDvf*dwfudk 1955 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufrSm arG;zGm;cJhvdkY tckqdk touf 53 ESpft&G,fyJ &dSygao;w,f/ bDvf*dwfudk xl;jcm;wJh yk*d¾KvfvdkYqdk&atmif b,fvdkrsm;vJqdk wmMunhf&atmif/ *dwfonf 13 ESpfom;t&G,fupjyD; uGefysLwmynm&yfrSm pdwf0ifpm;cJholyg/ tJ'Dtcsdefumvrsm; rSm wpfOD;csif;oHk; uGefysLwm ray:cJhao;yg/ puúL (paper tape) awGudk taygufazmufjyD; oHk;&wJh w,fvDy&ifwmpuf rsm;om &dSygw,f/ bDvf*dwfu puúLwdyfrSm BASIC y½dk*&rf a&;&wmudk tvGef pdwf0ifpm;cJhygw,f/ BASIC eJY Tictac-toe qdkwJh *drf;wpfckudk yxrqHk; a&;cJhygw,f/ 'DvdkeJY *dwfwpfa,muf ausmif;om;b0udk jzwfausmf cJ&h if; uGeyf sLwm tvkyaf wGukd vkycf yhJ gw,f/ olwYkd ausmif;&JU uGeyf sLwmcef;rSm DEC PDP minicomputer a&mufvmcJv h Ykd
32
uGefysLwm*sme,f
*dwftwGuf wdk;wufrIEIef;jrefchJovdk aygvft,fvef (Paul Allen) eJY wGJrdwmuvnf; olYtwGuf rsm;pGm tusKd;&dScJhyg w,f/ olwdkYtkyfpku uGefysLwmoHk;cGifh tydwfcH&wJhtxd jzpf cJhygw,f/ *dwf touf 17 ESpft&G,frSm aygvft,fvef eJYtwl Traf-O-Data vdkY trnfay;xm;wJh ukrÜPDti,fpm; av;udk zGUJ pnf;cJyh gw,f/ yxrqH;k ESprf mS yJ olYtwGuf a':vm ESpfaomif; &SmEdkifcJhygw,f/ 'Dvdkqdkawmh *dwf[m touf 17 ESpt f &G,rf mS ukrP Ü yD ikd f olaX;aygufpav;vdYk qd&k r,f xifyg &JU/ olYtouf 18 ESpft&G,f 1973 ckESpfrSm [m;Amh'f wuúodkvf 0ifcGifh&cJhygw,f/ tJ'DrSm pwdAfabmrm; (Steve Ballmer) eJY qHkygw,f/ tck rdkufu½dkaqmhzf&JU CEO jzpfae olyg/ *dwfu wuúodkvfausmif;om;qdkayr,fh pmoifMum; zdkYxuf uGefysLwmvkyfief;rSmom epfjr§KyfaecJhvdkY ausmif;ysuf
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&ufawG rsm;vmygw,f/ *dwf wpfa,muf touf 20 t&G,f rSm [m;Amh'fwuúodkvfu xGufvdkuf&ygw,f/ 1980 jynfhESpfrSm urÇmh uGefysLwmpufwdkY&JU bdk;atvdkY wifpm;ac:a0:cJ&h wJh ]tdik b f t D rf} u rdu k u f ½dak qmhzu f kd wpfO;D csif;oH;k uGeyf sLwm (PC) rsm;rSm oH;k &ef pepfaqmhz0f aJ &;ay;zdYk tvkyftyfcJhygw,f/ 'DtcsufeJYyJ rdkufuaqmhzf odkYr[kwf bDv*f w d f wpfa,muf xl;jcm;wJyh *k Kd¾ vf jzpfvmcJw h ,fvYkd twdk csKHUa&;vdkuf&ygw,f/ vlwpfa,muf xl;jcm;zdkYqdkwm yifudkt&nftcsif; &dSzdkY vnf; vdyk gw,f/ BASIC y½d*k &rfukd vli,ft&G,u f a&;Edik f jcif;eJY ukrÜPDudk wnfaxmif OD;aqmifEdkifjcif;wdkYonf *dwf&JU yift&nftcsif;yg/ *dwf[m olY&JU pdwful;udk taumif txnfazmfzdkY&m raESmifhaES;cJhyg/ jyKjyifajymif;vJzdkYudkvnf; 0efrav;cJyh g/ 'Dt&nftcsi;f uvnf; olYukd umv&SnMf umpGm atmifjrifaecJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/ bDvf*dwf&JU taMumif;udk tajccHjyD; olYvdk yk*d¾KvfrsKd; jzpfvmEdkifr,fh tcsufawGudk wpfcsufcsif; jyefMunhf&atmif vm;/ ynm&Sirf sm;&JU a0zefa&;om;csuf 7 csuef YJ udu k n f cD &hJ if aemufxyf bDvf*dwfwpfOD; ay:vmOD;rSmyg/
wmaMumifh vlawG[m rsufarG;wpfqHk; Munfh½IavhvmjzpfwmyJ/ 'grSom tJ'D tcsdefrSm vltawmfrsm;rsm; vkyfEdkifrSmyJ qdkwJh tawG;rsKd; uif;pifoGm;vdrhfr,f/ 1990 jynfhESpfumvawG&UJ aESmif; ydik ;f rSm t½l;trl; jzpfrw I csKUd u uReaf wmf wdYkukd zrf;pm;cJw h ,f/ ud&, d m tenf;udk uRefawmfwdkY 0,fjzpfcJhw,f/ tjzpf tysufawG? ukeo f nfawGeYJ pDrcH srSww f hJ t&mawGqdkif&m tvHk;pHkudk jrifawGUEdkif wJh jrdKUawmfwpfck&JU site awG &Sdw,f/ tJ'gawG[m sidewalk vision rSm &Sad e w,fvdkY tckwdkif uRefawmf ,HkMunf xm;w,f/ 'gawG[m rdkbdkif;zkef;eJY ywf oufjyD; ydkrdk jzpfxGef;vmwm trSefyJ/ 'DtawG;tjrif aumufcsufu aumif; rGefygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYu Expedia twGuf a':vm 1 bDvD,H ausmf xnfh 0if vnfywfr,fh 'DukrÜPDudk zefwD;cJh w,f/ 'g[m aqmhzf0JeJY ywfoufwJh
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Mo*kwf? 2008
33
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36
uGefysLwm*sme,f
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awG tvGef jrihfrm;pGm wnf&SdaeMu w,f/ 'g[m rdkufu½dkaqmhzf&JU tm½Hk pl;pdu k rf I tjynfeh YJ wd;k wuf zGHUjzdK;apwJh pGrf;tm;wpf&yf jzpfw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf tcsdeftMumMuD; ,lcJhw,f/ IT udk vspfvsL½IcJhwJh uRefawmfwdkY[m IT udk vspfvsL½IcJhwJh yk*d¾KvfawGtwGuf cGuf ajr§muf yJGodrf;pum;qdkjcif;udprö Sm yJGOD; xGuf yk*d¾KvfawGyJ/ jyD;awmh uRefawmf wdYk rmS [efcsuw f pfc&k cdS w hJ ,f/ uReaf wmf wdYk rmS tckvnf;yJ tJ'v D kd jyif;jyrI wpfck &Sdaew,f/ xkwfvkyfa&; tpysKd;prSm awmifrS txufeJYatmuf t&yf&yfrS wnfaqmufa&; vdktyfrIawGudk ydkjyD; xdawGUvdkwJh jyif;jyrIygyJ/ SharePoint eJYtwl uRefawmfwdkY aqmif&GufcJhwm .NET wdk;wuf zGHUjzdK;a&;tqihftwGuf uRefawmfwdkY aqmif&GufcJhwmawG[m tcsdeftMumMuD; ,lcJh&w,f/
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*dwef YJ vufwJG tvkyv f yk af eol trsm;pk[m toufMuD;rS a&G;cs,fcefYxm;cJhwJh 0efxrf;rsm; r[kwfwmudk owdxm;rdyg vdrfhr,f/ Paul Allen qd&k if bDv*f w d f touf 13 ESpo f m;u wnf;u vufwGJcJholyg/ tck rdkufu½dkaqmhzf&JU CEO Steve Ballmer uvnf; [m;Amh'fwuúodkvfrSm pawGUcJhwJh oli,f csif;aumif; wpfOD;yg/ olwdkY&JU opöm&dSpGm vufwGJcJhMuwJh tcsufuvnf; atmifjrifrI&JU tajccH tcsufyg/
*dwfonf olYudk,fol jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mü atmifjrifcJh onf/ tckqdk omref ausmif;om;av;b0rSonf y&[dw vkyfief;&SifMuD;wpfOD; jzpfaeygjyD/ urÇmhwpf0ef; jynfolwdkYu *dwu f kd odvmygw,f/ tcsr;f omqH;k yk*Kd¾ vfqw kd mxuf trsm; tusKd;udk o,fydk;olqdkjyD; ajymif;vJodwmyg/ *dwf&JU yHk&dyfu ydjk yD; xif&mS ;vmygw,f/ ]]*dwo f nf touft&G,f &vmwmeJY trQ ydkjyD; &ifhusufvmygw,f/ aygif;pnf;vkyfaqmifwwfwJh pdw"f mwfvnf; &dyS gw,f/}} vdYk 'New Rules @ Work' pmtkyf udk a&;om;ol pma&;q&mr Barbara Pachter u qdkyg w,f/
Mo*kwf? 2008
37
tifwmAsL; Windows tqihu f aqmif&u G rf eI YJ
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38
uGefysLwm*sme,f
tifwmAsL; toHk;jyKw,f/ 'gayr,fh cifAsm; aqmif &Guaf vht&Sdq;kH u wifjyjcif;? wnf;jzwf jcif;eJY tjyeftvSef qufoG,f vIyf&Sm; jcif;awGudk tJ'Dud&d,meJY vkyfudkifwJh bdZeufvkyfief; jzpfw,f/ tJ'D aqmif &GufrIeJY tvSw&m;[m Offline udk cifAsm; aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;ygyJ/ cifAsm; [m MuD;rm;us,fjyefYwJh wkHYjyefrIawGudk t&,laew,f/ Latency eJY ywfouf jyD; cifAsm;rSm pdk;&drfp&m r&Sb d ;l / tcsed f rQa0jcif;tay: jyefvnf½Ijrif&if; tcsdef rQa0jcif; oabmudk od&Sd em;vnfpGm MuD ; jyif ; vmMuwJ h uRef a wmf w d k Y [ m tjcm; MuD;rm;wJh pGrf;&nfudk &&Sd&if awmifrS 'DpGrf;&nfavmuf MuD;rm;rSm r[kwfbl;/ tckqdk&if cifAsm; ydkjyD; [efcsuf n§dvdkY&aejyD/ HTML [m terminal model udk ausm½dk;jyKxm;w,f/ HTML [m Protocol trsm;qHk; wifjyEdkif wmxuf ydkjyD; pGrf;aqmifEdkifwJh enf; vrf; jzpfayr,fh cifAsm;[m 0ufbf qdkufwpfckxJudk 0ifMunfhwJh tcsdefrSm 'g[m wifjyjcif;jyKaewJh Protocol wpfck jzpfaew,f/ tckawmh cifAsm;[m Aetice Controls xJrSm odkYr[kwf Local script rSm xm;&SdrI aygif;pyfxm; w,f/ AJAX stuff tm;vHk;u cifAsm; udk code execution tcsKdUudk jyKvkyfap Edkifw,f/ 'gayr,fh cGuswm wpfck &Sd w,f/ aumif;rGefwJh 0ufbfqdkufawG [m HTML udk toHk;rjyKMubJ local execution udk toHk;jyKaeMujcif; jzpf w,f/ tckqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY[m urÇm 2 rsKd;pvHk;rS taumif;qHk;awGudk &&Sd EkdifwJh urÇmwpfckxJrSm &SdaeMuw,f/ cifAsm;[m yHkrSefvkyfief;cGJwpfckudk ac: ,laecsdefrSm tJ'D yHrk eS v f yk if ef;cG[ J m tif wmeufrSwpfqihf tjcm; uGefysLwm wpfckeJY csdwfqufwnf&Sdaew,f/ tck
40
uGefysLwm*sme,f
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42
uGefysLwm*sme,f
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r,f/ cifAsm;[m zdik af wGukd a&GUapcsifrmS r[kwfbl;/ xyfaqmif; wnfaqmuf ay;r,fh t&mawGudk a&GUcsifvdrhfr,f/ 'gaMumifh 'g[m aygif;pnf;odkavSmifrI odkYr[kwf pkpnf;odkavSmifrIygyJ/ tck txd a wmh ay:xG u f r vmao;bl ; / tajctae odyfraumif;ao;bl;/ Apple eJY rdkufu½dkaqmhzfwdkYu aemufcH um;csyfxJu String Index awGudk aqmif&GufaeMuwJh ae&mxJrS tpuf tajymufrQudkom cifAsm;od&Sdaew,f/ 'gayr,fh 'g[m wufvSrf;cgp ajc vSr;f wpfvrS ;f rQom jzpfw,f/ cifAsm;udk jynfhpHkwJh structure wpfck ay;tyfjcif; r&Sdbl;/ tckawmh Operating System awGrSm Natural user interface xJu MuD;rm;wJh tcef;u@wpfck &Sdw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm avmavmq,f ydkifqdkif xm;wmu Windows yJ / 'gud k uRefawmfwdkY&JU surface ud&d,mxJrSm xm;&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh cifAsm;u Programming Model udk b,fvdk xyf aqmif;rSmvJ/ tJ'D yHo k P²mefawGeYJ twl b,fvdk tjyeftvSef qufoG,f vIyf &Sm;rSmvJ/ ylylaEG;aEG; aqmif&GufaewJh t&mawGuawmh trsm;MuD;yJ/ Security (vHkjcHKa&;) xJrSm aqmif &Guaf ewJh tvkyaf wG trsm;MuD; &Sw d ,f/ tckavmavmq,frSmawmh tradeoff [m Mum;nyfwm trSefyJ/ Promiscuous t&mawG&JU vdktifqE´&SdyHkeJY aqmif &GufcsifyHkudk a&G;cs,fwJh Versus tvkyf udk trSefwu,f oabm raygufao; wJh ud&d,m trsm;tjym;udkyJ User u udkifwG,fae&w,f/ b,fvdk vIyf&Sm;rI awGudk &,l&if tEÅ&m,f&SdEdkifaMumif; vlawG oabmayguf vG,fulapzdkY twGuf uRefawmfwdkY twif; wGef; vkyf udkifaeMuw,f/ 'gaMumihfvnf; olwdkY tajzrodEdkifwJh Stuff trsm;tjym;udk
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ud&d,mtopfwpfck 0,f,lwJhtcgrSm cifAsm;uom qufoG,fEdkifr,fqdk&if cifAsm;taeeJY tJ'u D &d , d mudk MudKwifjyD; oD;oefYpDpOfEdkifygw,f/ ,aeYacwfrSm awmh cifAsm;rSm zke;f wpfv;kH &aewJt h cg jyóem trsm;MuD; MuHKawGUae&w,f/ 'gbmaMumihf jzpf&wmvJ/ ]]a[h? ig rdkufu,frdkifvmuG? ighrSm &SdwJh tjcm; zkef;vdkyJ 'Dzkef;udk vkyfay;ygOD;}}vdkY cifAsm;ajymrSmyJ/ puf½Hkcsif; rwlwJh odkY r[kwf aqmhz0f cJ si;f rwlwzhJ ek ;f jzpfae&if awmifrS qufoG,fa&;eJY tpDtpOf awGu tvm;wlaevdrhfr,f/ 'gudk yHkpH xkwfvkyfjcif; wpfckrQom jzpfaMumif; jyoaeygw,f/ cifAsm;[m topf arG;zGm;jcif;uJhodkYaom awmif;qdkrIudk pwif xkwfazmfjcif; rjyKoifhbl;/ cifarmifaZmf
Mo*kwf? 2008
43
tifwmAsL;
bDvf*dwf&JU tdyfrufrSonf tem*wfqDokdY Zlvikd v f upjy;D bDv*f w d [ f m vkyif ef;cGiu f tem;,lawmhrmS jzpf w,f/ tcsed jf ynhf full-time job u tem;,ljy;D y&[dwvkyif ef;awGbufukd ydrk t kd m½Hpk u kd f ajcOD;vSnyfh gawmhr,f/
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46
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Mo*kwf? 2008
47
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50
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Mo*kwf? 2008
51
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52
uGefysLwm*sme,f
jrefqefwhJEIef;eJY wdk;wufajymif;vJaeygw,f/ owdjyK&rSmu rormol odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufcdk;,lol (pirate) rsm;&JU e,fajr jzpfroGm;zdYk awmh ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ rdu k u f ½dak qmhzv f ?kd t'db k v D kd aqmhz0f J ukrP Ü MD uD;rsm;&JU wDxiG rf aI wGuvnf; 'Dvkd wdk;wufrIawGudk taxmuftul jyKay;aewmyg/ &Sif;&Sif; a&;&if aiGukefaMu;usrIr&dSbJ oDcsif;awG em;axmifae&wm? ½kyf&SifawG Munhfae&wm vufawGUyJ r[kwfvm;/
tifwmAsL;
Mo*kwf? 2008
53
tifwmAsL;
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uGefysLwm*sme,f
oefrmtm;aumif;vmw,fvdkY ajymcsif w,fAsm/ uRefawmfwdkY xkwfukefawG&JU oefpGrf;rItm;eJY pwdAfabmrm;eJY a&; atmZDvkd yk*Kd¾ vfausmMf uD;awGaMumifh wif rubl;/ rdu k u f ½dak qmhzf okawoetzGUJ &JU oefpGrf;rItm;aMumihfvnf; ygw,f/ wuúov kd af wGeYJ qufqaH &;/ uRefawmf wdkY okawoeynm&SifawG&JU t&nf taoG;awGeJY ywfoufvdkY uRefawmf wdkY[m wpfrlxl;uGJjym;jyD; tjydKifqifwl wmrsKd; r&Sdbl;/ 'gayr,fh cifAsm;udk,fwGif;u wpfpdwf wpfyikd ;f u Google eJY wdkufyGJrSm 0ifETJcsif aeao;w,f r[kwfvm;/ wu,f v d k Y cif A sm;u ]]uG m ? 'Davmuf pdwf0ifpm;p&m jydKifbuf&Sdae wke;f xGurf oGm;ao;ygbl;}} vdYk ajym&if tvkyfrSmyJ aozdkY &Sdawmhw,f/ uRef awmfhrSm csJUxGif MuD;rm;vmaewJh tcsdef jynfh vHk;yef;zdkY xl;jcm;aom tcGihf tvrf;aumif; tajctae &Sdaew,f/ 'gu uRefawmfvkyfzdkY jrwfEdk;wJh t&m vnf; jzpfw,f/ [kwfygw,f/ uRef awmf wpfckck pGefYvTwfcJh&w,f/ 'g wu,f aysmfarGUp&maumif;wJhtvkyf jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ jyD;awmh tajctaevnf; qufaumif;aeao;w,f/ uRefawmf tajymif;tvJ vkyfcJh&mrSm aqmhzf0Ju pdwf0ifpm;p&m enf;vmwJhtwGufvdkY rqdkvdkcsifbl;/ tJ'geJYawmh roufqdkif? rywfoufygbl;/
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Mo*kwf? 2008
55
tifwmAsL; yk*Kd¾ vaf &; t& oufa&mufcyhJ ykH /J tJ'g uRefawmfrMudKufb;l / ajymif; vdkY&r,f qdk&if uRefawmfh&JU pkwfwH i,fav;,ljyD; tJ'gudk ½kyfyHkum;csyfu jcpfcszsuf,lypfrSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh tJ'D tcsdefwkef;u uRefawmfwdkY taumif; qHk; vkyfcJhw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY&JU a&mif; tm;eJY tusKd;tjrwfawG Munfh&if rsuf rjrifawGtay: ½dkufcwfrI? ausmif;om; awGtay: ½du k cf wfr?I urÇmh 'pf*spfw,f pD;yGm;a&;tay: uRefawmfwYkd &UJ pGr;f tm; ay; armif;ESifrI awGudk Munhf&if xdkESpf umvawGu tHharmp&m taumif; qHk;yJ/ tck tJ'DESpfumvawGudk pdwfauseyf aysm&f iT f zG,v f Ykd ½Ijrifw,fayg/h uRefawmfh&JU tvkyfudk rcspfwJh ESpf umv&,fvdkY r&SdcJhygbl;/ tJ'Dumv twGi;f ½l;oGyaf vmufp&m 0,f,l odr;f ydkufrIawG vkyfcJhw,f/ vlwdkif;u yHkpH wpfrsKd;rsKd;eJY ½l;oGm;awmhr,fhtwdkif;yJ/ w&m;wabmif udprö sm;awmif oifcef; pmtcsKdU &,l emMum;EdkifcJhw,f/ *dwaf zmifa';&Si;f rSm tcsed jf ynfv h yk w f t Jh cg bmawG vkyfrvJ/ r[mAsL[m ½Ijrif oHk;oyfcsuf vkyfzdkY tcsdefav;q yd&k vmr,f/ ynm a&;? a&m*g umuG,fukoa&;? pdkufysKd; a&;? rdkufu½dk b@ma&;awG tay: ÓPfprG ;f xkwf vkyaf qmifr,fh uReaf wmf&h UJ xkwaf zmf>rufMum;rIawGuvnf; azmif a';&Sif;qDyJ trsm;qHk; ajymif;oGm;r,f/ tmz&dueJY tdE´d,qD ydkí c&D;oGm;jzpf r,f/ ukrÜPDawGeJY awGUr,f/ aq; taMumif;eJY olwYkd vkyEf ikd w f hJ t&mawGukd aq;ukrP Ü aD wGeYJ awGUqHak jymMum;r,f/ tjcm; vlrpI mem axmufxm;a&; toif; tzGJUawGeJYvnf; awGUqHkaqG;aEG;r,f/ odyt HÜ aMumif; trsm;MuD; oif,al vhvm
56
uGefysLwm*sme,f
r,f/ usef;rma&; udpöawGtaMumif; trsm;MuD; oif,al vhvmr,f/ ynma&; e,fajru uRefawmfvkyfcsifoavmuf rvkycf &hJ wJh e,fy,fy/J q&mq&mrawG wpfa,mufxHrS wpfa,muf oif,l avhvmEdkifwmawG? tools awGudk enf; trsKd;rsKd; oHk;EdkifwmawG/ oif½dk; ñTe;f wrf;awG ydak umif;atmif vkyEf ikd w f mawG/ r,fvif'guawmh 'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfh xuf a&SUa&mufaew,f/ cifAsm;&JU tcef;u@opfrSm trsm;jynfol qufqHa&; b,fvdkuGmjcm;oGm;rvJ/ tJ uRefawmfwdkYrSm iSufzsm;a&m*g twGuf CES [Consumer Electric Show] 'gaMumifh vlaygif; ig;aomif; jrdKUwpfjrdKUodkY pk½Hk;vmjyD; ]]t"du xkwf azmf j yorI vmawmh r ,f / bD v f u iSuzf sm;a&m*gtaMumif; ajymawmhr,f}} vd k Y &S d r S m r[k w f b l ; / rsKd ; aph t opf ? umuG,faq;topfudk uRefawmfwdkY vkyfr,fht&m trsm;pktwGufu vlawG 'Davmuftrsm;MuD; pkEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gayr,fh oD;oefY &nfñTef;tkyfpkyGJawG awmh &SdOD;r,f/ t½l;trl; user group awmh jzpfrSm r[kwfbl;/ taygif;bufu Munfhr,fqdk&ifawmh rdu k u f ½dak qmhzf rke;f olawGu cifAsm; tay: wdkufcdkufrI enf;oGm;r,f xifw,f/ 'DurÇmopfu urÇma[mif;xuf tjiif;yGm;p&m ydrk sm;w,f/ uRefawmfwYkd rdom;pkpDrHudef; vkyfjyr,f/ qif;&Jom; awGun l zD Ykd aumufyo J ;D ESo H ak woeawG vkyfMur,f/ tcsKdUuawmh rdk;acgifrI 'PfcH rsKd;ADZ jyifxm;wJh rsKd;aphawGu ywf0ef;usif ajymif;vJrI jzpfapjyD; odyÜH udk oHk;í qif;&Jom;awG u,fwifzdkY&m rvkyfoihfbl;vdkY xifolawG &Sdw,f/ tjiif;yGm;p&mbufu Munfh&if b,f operating system b,folawG oHk;
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Modula-2
tifwmAsL;
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58
uGefysLwm*sme,f
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bDvf*dwfeJY r,fvif'gwdkY&JU y&[dw tzGJUtpnf; ,ck ZlvdkifvrSm oleJY olYZeD;wdkY 2000 jynfhESpfu wnfaxmifxm;wJh y&d[dw tzGJUtpnf;rSm tcsdefjynfh tvkyf vkyf aeygjyD/ tqdkyg tzGJUtpnf;uae 'DaeY txd a':vm 37 bDvD,H wefzdk;&dSwJh aiGaMu;ypönf;rsm; axmufyhHvSL'gef;cJh jyD; jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh urÇmwpf0ef; ul;pufa&m*g cHpm;ae&olrsm;twGuf umuG,u f o k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;? tvGet f rif; qif;&JraJG wrI avsmhusa&;eJY tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&JU ynma&; wdk;wufrIrsm;twGuf ulnDvSL'gef;ay;aewmyg/ *dwfu olwdkY ZeD;armifESH toufxif&Sm; &dSaeoa&GU y&d[dwvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaer,fvdkY qdkygw,f/
Mo*kwf? 2008
59
taxGaxG
aus;Zl;ygyJ bDvf*dwf Windows 95 om ray:c&hJ if yDpaD wGvnf; 'DaeY urÇmay:rmS &Sad ewJh
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Mo*kwf? 2008
63
taxGaxG
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HP 2133 Mini-Note PC Eee PC4G av;eJY tvGew f &m ayghyg;jyD; aps;EIe;f csKdom wJh notebook trsKd;tpm;tjzpf Asus u pwifxw k v f yk v f u kd f wmaMumifh wjcm;yDpx D w k v f yk o f al wGuvnf; Mini PC wef;udk *½kwpdkufjzpfvmMu&w,f/ 'DtwGuf HP ukrÜPDu rSwfom; avmufp&maumif;wJh 2133 Mini-Note PC udk xkwv f yk v f u dk f
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Dell Vostro 1310 u Vostro pD;&D;0if notebook yDpDawGudk 2007 ckEpS u f pjyD; xkwv f yk v f mcJw h mjzpfw,f/ Vostro 1310 armf',f av;uawmh vkyfief;pD;yGm;tao;pm;awGudk vkyfudkifaeMuol awGtwGuf aMumhaMumharmharmh'ZD idk ;f eJYtwl ykjd yD; ayghayghyg;yg; o,f,loGm;EkdifapzdkY &nf&G,fxkwfvkyfcJhw,f/ udk,fxnfu teufa&mif a
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Mo*kwf? 2008
79
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NEW PRODUCTS Canon Pixma MX850 pG,fpHkoHk; AIOs trsKd;tpm;awGxJrSm pdwfauseyfp&m taumif;qH;k yHpk t H aetxm;&Sw d ,f/ wpfu, dk af &oH;k jzpfjzpf? ½H;k oH;k taeeJYjzpfjzpf 0,f,l toHk;jyKoifhwJh y&ifwmav;vdkYqkd&rSm jzpf w,f/ MX850 av;rSm features awG? speed awGeJY output quality awGudk qJGaqmifrI tjynfht0ay;Ekdifr,fhtjyif aps;EIef; owfrw S cf suu f vnf; 279 a':vmyJ&w dS mrdYk tvGef oifjh rwfvyS g w,f/ Print xkwfrvm;? Scan zwfrvm;? rdwåLul;rvm;? fax taeeJY toH;k csrvm; MX850 av;u tm;vH;k aqmif&u G v f yk u f ikd f ay;rSm jzpfw,f/ Scanner taeeJY toHk;cswJhae&mrSm pmrsufESm 35 rsufESmudk tvdktavsmuf zwf½IEdkifr,fh ADF pepf xnhfay; xm;w,f/ rdwåLvkyfief;twGuf pm&Gufwpf&Gufudk rsufESmpmESifh ausmbuf wpfqufwnf; ul;xkwfay;Edkifr,fh duplexes pepf yg&Sdw,f/ USB cable eJYjzpfjzpf? network cable eJYjzpfjzpf csdwf quf toHk;jyKEdkifrSmjzpfw,f/ "mwfyHkwpfckudk xkwfr,fqkd&if 4 x 6 vufr t&G,t f pm;twGuf 54 puúeYfyMJ umw,f/ puúLaumif; aumif;oHk;Ekdifavav t&nftaoG;aumif;avavvdkY ajym&rSm jzpfw,f/ ○
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Toshiba Portege R500 Toshiba u Portege pD;&D;0iftjzpff xkwv f yk cf w hJ mjzpfjyD; tHhtm;oifhavmufatmif ayghyg;wJh Laptop trsKd;tpm;jzpf w,f/ Apple &JU MacBook Air u tyg;vTmqHk;tjzpf pHcsdef wifEkdifcJhovdk Portege R 500 uvnf; tayghyg;qHk;tjzpf
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NEW PRODUCTS Canon Powershot SD790 IS High-end pocket shooter awGxJrSmawmh 'D Cannon PowerShot SD790 av;u taumif;qHk; jzpfaeapygvdrfh r,fvdkY Cannon u tmrcHcsuf ay;xm;ygw,f/ t&nf taoG;t& 10-megapixel &Sdaew,f/ Feature awG trsm; tjym;yg0ifjyD; control wheel topfwyfxm;wJt h jyif awmuf
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Olympus E-3 10.1 megapixel t&nftaoG;&SdwJh Olympas E-3 u
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NEW PRODUCTS Razer Mako aps;awmh MuD;w,f? jydKifbufuif;w,fqkdwJh 2.1 channel speaker jzpfw,f/ THX - developed technology udk oHk;xm; wmaMumifh toHysHUvGifhrIu jzpfapr,fh desktop surfaces udk f idk f aqmif&u G f toH;k csxm;apjyD; down-firing drives awGeYJ vkyu apwJhpepfjzpfw,f/ yg0gtiftm; tvGefaumif;jyD; Munfvifjywf om;wJh toHawG xkwfay;Ekdifw,f/ em;qifcHpm;rdolwkdif;u csD; usL; axmyemjyKavmufwJh pyDumtrsKd;tpm; jzpfw,f/ Razer Mako &JU Satellite speakers awGu 5 'or 3 vufrtcsif;&Sjd yD; 3 'or 5 vufr jrifhw,f/ teufa&mif mushroom caps eJY tkyfxm;w,f/ Sub-woofer u 12 'or 3 vufr tcsif;&SdjyD; Controller ay:rS tvG,w f ul 8 'or 5 vufr jrifhw,f/ tav;csdeftm;jzifh 16 'or 5 wyfqif,El ikd rf ,fh inputs rsm; aygif av;w,f/ wpfcek YJ wpfck qufo, G Mf udK;awG toifh wyfqif ay;xm;jyD; 3.5 mm line-in connector ESpfckeJY stereo RCA input wpfck yg&Sdw,f/ MudK;rJhpepfr[kwfwmudk tm;enf;csuftjzpf axmufjyEkid yf gvdrrfh ,f/ yDpu D eG yf sLwmeJY b,fvkd enterainment udpaö wGtwGurf qkd pGrJ ufp&m toHtaetxm;eJY aqmif&u G f ay;EkdifrSmjzpfw,f/ owfrSwfa&mif;aps;uvnf; 399 a':vmjzpfaew,f/ ○
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Sony Walkman NWZ-S718F Standard 3.5mm headphone jack
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Falcon Northwest Fragbox 8500 pdwfauseyfavmufp&m jrefqefoGufvufwJh *drf;awG upm;EkdifwJh yDpDwpfvHk;udk a':vm 2000 avmufeJY &EkdifzdkYqkd wm rvG,fvSay/ 'DvdktajctaersKd;twGuf Falcon Northwest u FragBox 8500 udk 1895 a':vmeJY aps;EIef; owf rSwjf yD; xkwv f yk af &mif;cscJw h m jzpfw,f/ Crysis vd*k rd ;f rsKd;udk resolution 1280 x 1024 eJY upm;Ekdifygvdrhfr,f/ FragBox 8500 rSm 3.16 GHz Intel Core Duo E 8500 processor udk oH;k xm;ay;jy;D 4GB DDR2 SDRAM eJYtwl 512 MB EVGA nVidia GeForce 8800 udkvnf; wGJzuf wyfqifay;xm; w,f/ okrd ;DS odr;f qnf;rItwGuf 750 GB yrmP&Sw d hJ SATA hard drive yg&SdvmjyD; 7200 rpm eJY aumif;pGm vnfywfvy k f udik af y;Ekid w f ,f/ DX10 graphics twGuf &mEIe;f jynfh armif; wifay;Ekdifw,f/ tm;enf;csufwpfckrSm SLI yHhydk; aqmif&Guf rI vHk;0r&Sday/ tav;csdefuvnf; aygif 20 cefYtxd av;vH wm awGU&w,f/ pufvnfywfrpI epftwGuf Windows Vista Home Premium udk toifh xnhfay;xm;w,f/ *drf;yDpDawG xJrSm a':vm 1270 eJY a&mif;cswJh Dell XPS 630 eJY,SOfjyD; gaming test vkyfudkifMunhfwJhtcg tppt&m&m omvGef aumif;rGefaewmudk awGU&ygw,f/
86
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New Products In Yangon Docu Scan C4250 rS xkwfvkyfcJhwJh network colour scanner wpfrsKd; jzpfw,f/ acwfeJYtrD vkyfief;XmeawGrSm toHk;csEkdifyg vdrhfr,f/ Flat bed yHkpHeJY toHk;jyKEdkifrSm jzpfovdk DADF pepfeJY vnf; toHk;csEkdifrSm jzpfw,f/ Windows 98/ Me/ NT/ 2000 / XP eJY server 2003 txd operating system eJYtwl vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifw,f/ CCD Sensor eJY tvkyfvkyfay;rSmjzpfjyD; optical resolution 600 dpi eJY Resolution settings awGudk 600 dpi, 400 dpi, 300 dpi, 200 dpi qdkjyD; csdefxm; zwf,lay; Ekdifygvdrhfr,f/ Flated Scan area rSm A3 puúLt&G,ftpm;txd cGijhf yKxm;ygw,f/ DADF pepfukd built-in wnfaqmufxm;ay; w,f/ DADF &JU capacity u pm&Guf a& 50 txd &Ekid yf gw,f/ tav;csdeftaeeJY 24 uDvdkav;jyD; t&G,ftpm;u 582 _ 658 _ 209 rDvDrDwm &Sdygw,f/ (tvdk&Sdygu a&T*HkwkdifyvmZm&Sd Concordia ukrÜPDwGif rSmMum;0,f,lEkdifygonf/) Fuji Xerox
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WorkCentre PE220 Multifunction Laser Printer Fuji Xerox u xkwv f yk w f hJ y&ifwmwkid ;f [m tqift h wef;
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MSI-163 K (PR601) Notebook Intel Penryn P 8400 2.26 GHz processor wyfqifxm; jyD; DDR2 2GB memory eJY Graphic twGuf GMAX 4500 udk embedded yHkpHeJY wyfqifyg&SdvmwJhtwGuf vkyfief;orm;wkdif; oabmusEkdifapr,fh Notebook wpfrsKd;jzpfw,f/ MSI 163 K notebook av;&JU display u 15 'or 4 vufr t&G,ftpm;&Sd jyD; 1280 x 800 resolution &&SdapwJh WXGA trsKd;tpm;jzpf w,f/ Memory twGuf 4 GB txd wk;d jr§iEhf ikd af yr,fh PC cards slot awmh ryg&Sday/ SD/MMC/MS MS Pro wkdY toHk;jyKEdkifwJh 4 in 1 card reader eJY 1.3 mega pixel webcam wdYk built-in yg&Sd w,f/ Optical twGuf DVD Super-Multi drive udk toifh xnfo h iG ;f wyfqifay;xm;w,f/ Realtek 8111C Gigabit LAN eJY 56 K modem wdYk uv kd nf; wyfqifay;xm;ygw,f/ USB 2.0 port oHk;ck yg&Sdvmw,f/ udk,fxnft&G,ftpm; 358 x 259 x 27-31 rDvDrDwm&Sjd yD; tav;cse d f 5 'or 5 aygif&u dS m vSvyS y awmufawmufajymifajymif ESpfvdkzG,f'DZkdif;eJY wnfaqmufxm;wmrdkY jrif½HkeJYyif vdkcsif wyfrufzG,fjzpfaeapwJh notebook av;jzpfw,f/ (tvdk&Sdygu 36 vrf;&Sd Smart Computer ta&mif;qkdifrSm 0,f,l &&SdEdkifygw,f/)
Mo*kwf? 2008
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wpf y H k u d k y if od r f ; xm;Ed k i f a wmh r nf r[kwfyg/ 1970 jynfhESpfwGif tdkifbDtrfrSyif 8 vufr t&G,ftpm; &dSonfh floppy disk drive udk xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif tdkifbDtrfonf Winchester 3340 trsKd;tpm; hard
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93
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94
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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG Solid-state disk ed'ge;f Solid-state enf;ynm odkYr[kwf solid-state drive udk 1978 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHtajcpdkuf StorageTek (Storage Technology Corp.) ukrP Ü D
rS yxrqHk; wDxGifcJhonf/ 1980 jynfh ESpfrsm;twGif; Santa Clara Systems onf DIP RAM Chips udk xkwv f yk cf hJ um uwfrsm;wGif toHk;jyKMuonf/ 1983 ckEpS w f iG f Sharp PC-5000 notebook udk rdwfquf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 128 kilobyte solid-state storage cartridges udk oHk;xm;onf/ 1980 jynfhESpfrsm;rS pwifum RAM disks rsm; acwfpm;vmcJhonf/ tqdkyg tcsdefumvrsm;twGif; hard disk drive rsm;onf tvGef aps;MuD;ae jyD; floppy drives u tvGef aES;Mu onf/ odkYjzpfí c&D;aqmif uGefysLwm rsm;wGif oHk;Edkif&ef MudK;pm;cJhMuaomf vnf; rwGifus,fcJhyg/ 1984 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiH tajc pdkuf wdk&DSbmukrÜPDrS Dr. Fujio Masuoka onf flash memory enf;ynm udk wDxGifazmfxkwfcJhonf/ ol\ vkyf azmfudkifzufjzpfol Shoji Ariizumi u flash [k trnf ay;vdkufonf/ Flash onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefzsufEdkif aomaMumifh uifr&moHk; vQyfwpfysuf rD;a&mifESifh EdIif;,SOfay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg enf;ynmudk 1984 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk qefz&efppöudk jrdKUü usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonfh Interna-
tcsuftvufrsm; zsufjcif;ESifh a&;jcif; wGif ydkí jrefonf/ xkwfvkyfrIukefus p&dwf oufomjyD; tvGef tMurf;cH onf/ txl;ojzifh SmartMedia tjzpf xkwfvkyfMuonf/ ¤if;rSqufvufjyD; SMMC, Secure Digital, Memory Stick, xD-Picture Card rsm;tjzpf aps;
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Flash odr Yk [kwf Solid-state drive
ynmudk &,lcJhonf/ 1988 ckESpfwGif NOR type flash chip tjzpf pwif xkwv f yk cf o hJ nf/ 1989 ckEpS w f iG f Samsung ESihf Toshiba ukrP Ü w D YkdrS NAND flash trsKd;tpm;udk xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf NOR flash trsKd;tpm;xuf
ao;i,fonfxuf i,fatmif jyKvkyf Edik jf cif;? tav;csdef ayghyg;jcif;? vQyfppf yg0goHk;pGJrI enf;jcif;? pufydkif; qdkif&m ysufpD;rIrsKd; r&dSjcif;? toH qlnHrI rjzpf ay:jcif;? hard disk rsm;uJhodkY armfwm vnfywfEeI ;f ESihf seek time ac: &SmazGrI
uGefysLwm e,fy,fwGifomru rD', D me,fy,fwiG v f nf; enf;ynmrsm; ajymif;vJ jzpfay:aeonf/ zvifoHk; uifr&mrsm;tpm; 'pf*spfw,fuifr&m rsm; tvHk;t&if;ESifh 0ifa&muf ae&m ,laeonf/ t&G,ftpm; ao;i,faom
rsm;twGuf tvSnt hf ajymif;
Mo*kwf? 2008
95
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh hard disk drive wdkY txGwftxdyf odkYr[kwf rGef; wnfhcsdefodkY a&mufaecsdef jzpfonf/ Solid-state drive ESihf laptop rsm; Solid-state drive rsm;udk notebook odkYr[kwf laptop rsm;wGif toHk;
vufudkifzkef;? c&D;aqmifzkef;? MP3, MP4 player ponfwdkYuvnf; ra& rwGuEf ikd af vmufatmif xkwv f yk af &mif; csaeMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf t"du ypönf;jzpfonfh flash memory rsm;\ tcef;u@onf ydkrdk jrifhrm;vmyg onf/
tvGef ao;i,faom hard disk rsm; 'pf*spfw,fuifr&m? aw;zGifhpuf? *drf;puf? yD'Dat? notebook uJhodkY ao;i,faom rD'D,mypönf;rsm;twGuf od k a vS m if y pö n f ; tjzpf hard disk
rsm;udk t&G,ftpm; tvGef i,fatmif tjydKif wDxGifMuonf/ 2004 ckESpfwGif Toshiba rS 0.85 vufrt&G,f HDD udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ odkavSmifpGrf;&nfonf 2GB ESifh 4GB tMum; jzpf o nf / od k Y &mwG i f od k avSmifpGrf;&nfonf wajz;ajz; wdk;vm cJh&m 1.8 vufrt&G,f HDD onf 40GB txd 0ifqv Hh mcJo h nf/ xdkuJhodkY hard disk dirve rsm;udk rD', D mypön;f i,frsm;wGif oH;k Edik &f ef MudK; pm;MuouJhodkY okdavSmifEdkifrI pGrf;&nf MuD;rm;atmifvnf; jyKvkyfaeMuqJ jzpf drives
jyKEdkif&ef pwif MudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ yHkrSef hard disk drive rsm;onf 3.5 vufr t&G,f &dSMujyD; ¤if;xuf i,fatmif jyK vkyEf ikd Mf uaomfvnf; pufyikd ;f qdik &f m vdk tyfcsufrsm; &dSvmonf/ odkYjzpfí HD rsm;udk ao;i,fatmif jyKvkyf&onf xuf solid-state drive rsm;udk wyfqif &onfu ydkrdk tqifajyaMumif; awGU& onf/ Notebook odkYr[kwf laptop rsm;wGif solid-state drive 2.5 vufr odkYr[kwf 1.8 vufr t&G,ftpm;udk aumif;pGm toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ Samsung NT-Q30 notebook
wGif 32GB SSD udk oH;k xm;onf/ 12.1 inch LCD, Intel Celeron 1.2GHz,
Solid-state drive rsm;udk xkwv f yk af eonfh ukrP Ü v D yk if ef;rsm; - BitMICRO onf 1.6 TB 0ifqo Hh nfh 3.5 vufr t&G,f SSD rsm;udk xkwf vkyaf ejyDjzpfonf/ odYk &mwGif ppfzuf qdkif&mrsm;twGufom oHk;onf/ - tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tajcpdkuf Trident Space & Defense rS tvGef tMurf;cHonfh Triton Series Drives rsm;udk xkwv f yk af eonf/ ppf zufESifh pufrIvkyfief;oHk;twGufom jzpfonf/ - SMART rS SMART Modular Technologies enf;ynmudk toHk; jyKum XceedLite SATA SSD drive rsm;udk xkwfvkyfonf/ ¤if;wdkY onf serial ATA (SATA) oHk;
96
uGefysLwm*sme,f
yxrqHk; SSD rsm; jzpfjyD; read 100MB/sec ES i f h write speeds 60MB/sec wdkY jzpfMuonf/ - SanDisk onf 64 GB SSD udk rdwfquf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 1.8 UATA 5000 ESifh 2.5 SATA 5000 wdkY jzpfMuonf/ SSD SATA 5000 \ wefzdk;onf 350 a':vm jzpfonf/ - Real Ram Disk Inc. onf Hybrid Ram Disk plug in card udk rdwf quf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf yHkrSef hard disk udk multiple GB DDR2 hybrid Disk tjzpf o d k Y ajymif;vJay;onfhuwf jzpfonf/
- Texas Memory Systems rS RamSan-500 flash storage udk xkwf vkyv f u kd o f nf/ urÇmt h jrefq;kH drive [k aMunmcJhonf/ - Fusion-io onf ioDrive 640 GB 100,000 IOPS 800 MB/s NAND Flash PCI Card ud k xk w f v k y f
aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ - STEC Inc. rS 64 GB SSD udk xkwf vkyfonf/ ¤if;onf 9.5 rDvDrDwm txljzpfjyD; tjcm; SSD rsm;xuf xuf0ufyg;vTmonf[k qdkonf/ qufvufí 256GB ESihf 512GB 0if qhaH om SSD drive rsm;udk xkwv f yk f aeonf/
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG yg0ifonf/ wefzdk; a':vm 3ç700 jzpfonf/ HP \ desktop Compaq DC 7800 uGey f sLwmwGif yHrk eS f 80GB hard disk tjyif 16GB SSD udk tm;jznfh oHk;xm;onf/ qufvufí 32GB, 64 GB ponf ajymif;vJ wyfqifoGm;rnf [k qdkonf/ SSD wyfqifxm;aomf vnf; vuf&dS tm;enf;csufrSm aps;MuD; aejcif;jzpfonf/ 16GB SDD onf a':vm 300 jzpfí 80GB HDD onf a':vm 120 om usoifhonf/ odkYjzpf í 2010 jynfhESpfwdkif desktop uGefysL wmrsm;wGif solid-state drive rsm;udk DDR2 512MB
EdIif;,SOfcsuf
Solid-State Drive
Hard Disk Drive
trsKd;tpm; aqmif&GufEdkifcsuf tav;csdef cHEdkif&nf vQyfppfckcHEdkifpGrf; vkyfief;oHk;tylcsdef yg0g oHk;pGJrI (0yf) toH qlnHrI t&dSefEIef;
Solid NAND flash R-100MB/s,W-80MB/w 73g MTBF>2M hours 1,500G/0.5ms -25°C to 85°C 1W 0 dB 0 mins 36 sec
magnetic platters vnfywf R-59MB/s, W-60MB/s 365g MTBF<0.7M hour 300G/2.0ms 5°C to 55°C 3.86W 0.3dB system boot 1 min 03 sec
2.5inch SATA-II trsK;d tpm; SSD ESihf HDD wdu Yk kd EdiI ;f ,SOx f m;jcif; jzpfygonf/ EdiI ;f ,SOcf surf sm;t& solid-state drive u ydrk kd omvGeo f nfukd awG&U rnf/ R-W onf Read-Write udk qdv k ko d nf/ MTBF onf Meantime between failure udk qdv k ykd gonf/ SSD wdo Yk nf cHEikd &f nftm; aumif;rGejf y;D vQypf pfyg0go;kH pG&J rI enf;onf/
oD;jcm; wyfqifEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k qdo k nf/ 'One Laptop Per Child' tpD tpOfjzifh xkwfvkyfaom XO Laptop wGif SSD udk oHk;xm;onf/ ¤if;udk ta&twGuf rsm;jym;pGm xkwfvkyfrnf jzpfonf/
- w½kwfwdkifay ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfonfh A-DATA onf CES 2007 SSD drives rsm;udx k w k v f yk o f nf/ 32GB, 64GB (1.8") ESifh 128 GB (2.5") rsm;jzpfjyD; aps;uGufodkY tajrmuf trsm; ydkYaqmifcJhonf[k qdkonf/ - Power Quotient International (PQI) onf 256GB SSD udk xkwf vkyfcJhonf/ - PNY onf 1.8" ESifh 2.5" PATA, SATA oHk; 128GB SSD udk xkwf vkyfaMumif;udk aMunmcJhonf/ - Lexar \ Lexar ExpressCard SSD rsm;udk aps;uGufodkY jzefYcsdcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 4GB, 8GB, 16GB capa-
cities yg0ifonf/ - Super Talent Technology onf 3.5-inch 128 GB solid-state drive
udk aMunmcJhonf/ - ROMEDIA rS 3.5-inch 128 GB solid-state drive ud k xk w f v k y f aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ - Mtron onf 100 MB/s Read, 80 MB/s Write, 72,000 Max IOPS
&dSaom solid-state drive udk xkwf vkyfa&mif;cscJhonf/ - Memoright rS 120 MB/s read ESifh 120 MB/s write &daS om SSD drive rsm;udk xkwfvkyfcJhaMumif; aMunm cJhonf/
Dell onf SanDisk SSDs xnfh xm;onfh laptop trsKd;tpm;udk 2007
ckESpf {jyDvwGif aps;uGufodkY jzefYcsdcJh onf/ 2008 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dvukeyf ikd ;f wGif Apple Inc rS MacBook Air trsKd; tpm; laptop udk aps;uGufodkY jzefYcsdcJh onf/ ¤if;wGif 64GB SSD yg0ifjyD; wefzdk; a':vm 1ç299 jzpfonf/ 2008 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif tdkif bD t rf u k r Ü P D r S IBM Lenovo ThinkPad X300 udk xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 64Gbyte SSD yg0ifonf/ ASUS ESihf solid-state drive ASUS ukrÜPDrS 2007 ckESpf
ZGef vwGif t&G,ftpm; ao;i,fjyD; aps; oufomonfh laptop trsKd;tpm;opf udk xkwfvkyfvdkufaMumif; aMunmcJh onf/ ¤if;udk Eee PC [k trnfay; xm;jyD; 7 vufr t&G,f display ESifh jzpfonf/ PDA xuf MuD;jyD; omref yDpDwpfvHk;tjzpf oHk;EdkifjyD; xl;jcm;onf rSm hard disk tpm; solid-state disk (SSD) udk oH;k xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ 4GB
Mo*kwf? 2008
97
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG twGuf a':vm 400 rQ usoifo h nf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ qufvufí 8GB, 20GB ponf wdk;jyD; xnfhoGif;um uGefysLwm tvHk;a& oef;aygif;rsm;pGm aps;uGuo f Ykd ydYkaqmifaejyDjzpfonf/ yHrk eS f hard disk drive rsm;ESifh &if;EDS;jyD;jzpf onfh uGefysLwme,fy,f twGif;odkY pGefYpm; xdk;azmuf 0ifa&mufvdkufjcif; vnf;jzpfonf/ Samsung \ SSD Samsung onf 2006 ckEp S f arv u 32GB flash-based solid state drive udk mobile PC rsm;twGuf rdwf
quf xkwv f yk cf jhJ yD; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf 1.8 vufrESifh 2.5 vufr t&G,ftpm; rsm;jzpfMujyD; wefzdk;rSm a':vm 2ç430 ESifh 3ç700 jzpfonf/ 2008 ckESpf arvwGif Samsung Electronic onf 256GB solid-state drive udk xkwv f yk rf nfjzpfaMumif; aMu nmcJhonf/ 2.5 vufr t&G,ftpm;udk OD;pGm xkwfvkyfjyD;rS 1.8 vufr t&G,f tpm;udk qufvuf xkwv f yk rf nf[k qdk onf/ Read times 200MB/sec jzpfí Samsung \ SSD wdk;wuf
98
hard disk drive xuf
ydkjyD; jrefonf/ odYk&mwGif ,ckEpS u f ek yf ikd ;f wGirf S aps;uGuf odYk a&mufygvdrrhf nf/ aps;EIe;f udk azmfjy rxm;yg/ aps;EIe;f cefYreS ;f Mu&mwGif 128 GB SSD xnfx h m;onfh Toshiba Dynabook SS RX1 onf a':vm 4000 usoifh&m 256GB twGuf tenf;i,f ydkEdkifonf[k qdkonf/ Solid-state drive wd\ Yk tem*wf
uGefysLwmESifh rD'D,me,fy,fwGif solid-state drive rsm;tm; tjynfht0 toH;k jyKMurnfh tem*wfc&D;onf ra0; awmh[k qdkonf/ Seagate \ CEO jzpfol Bill Watkins u ]]'DaeY ukrÜPD
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uGefysLwm*sme,f
rsm;u solid state disk awGudk tvHk; t&if;eJY xkwv f yk zf Ykd pDpOfaeMuygjyD}} [k qdkonf/ tqdkyg SSD rsm;onf 2TB txd jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf/ tb,faMumifh qdkaomf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tajc pdkuf BitMICRO (www.bitmicro. com) onf 3.5 vufrt&G,f 1.6 TB SSD rsm;udk xkwfvkyfaeí jzpfonf/ Hard disk drive xkwfvkyfrIwGif emrnfausmfMum;qJjzpfonfh Seagate onf vuf&t Sd m;jzifh Barracuda 7200 .11 SATA 1TB hard drive udk xkwf vkyaf eonf/ 2010 jynfEh pS w f iG f 37TB hard drive txd a&muf&ef aMunm xm;onf/ odYk &mwGif armfwmryg? vuf wHrygonfh solid state drive rsm; tay: ydkí pdwf0ifpm;aeonf[k qdk onf/ Solid-state drives rsm;twGuf twm;tqD;wpfcu k aps;MuD;jrifah ejcif; jzpfonf/ 128GB SSD onf tedrq fh ;kH a':vm 1000 atmuf jzpfonf/ 160 GB hard drive onf a':vm 200 yif r&dSyg/ odkYjzpfí aps;EIef;rsm; oufom zdYk&m 4 ESpcf efY tcsed , f &l OD;rnfjzpfonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap enf;ynmwpfck\ a& pD;aMumif;udk wm;qD;í &rnf r[kwf yg/ rMumawmhaom tcsdefumv wpfck wGif hard disk drive rsm; ae&modkY solid-state drive rsm;u tpm;xkd; 0if a&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
Solid-state drive twGuf
FAQ [Q] Solid-state drive awG
uGefysLwm e,fy,frSm xl;xl; jcm;jcm; vTrf;rdk;vmvdrfhr,f vdkY xifygovm;/ xifxm;ygw,f/ enf; ynmwpfck atmifjrifvmwm eJ Y t rQ aps;uG u f u d k v nf ; tajymif;tvJ MuD;rm;pGm jzpf apcJhwmyg/ uGefysLwme,f y,frmS floppy diskette awG aysmufuek w f mudyk J Munfyh g/ AD'D,dkwdyfawG aysmufukef w,f/ zvifoHk; uifr&m awG aysmufuek w f ,f/ Solid -state drive awGvnf; 'Dvdk yJ ae&m,lvrd rhf ,fxifw,f/ [Q] vuf&dStm;jzifh b,f avmuftxd jrefaejyDvJ? b,fvdk aqmif&GufcsufrsKd; awG ydkaumif;vdkYvJ/ zwfEIef;^a&;EIef; (R/ W) taeeJY 57MB/sec eJY 32MB/sec wdkYrSm &dSaeyg w,f/ tckaemufydkif; 100 MB txd wdk;vmaeygjyD/ oD t d k & D t & SATA hard disk onf write speed 150MB/sec vdkY qdkayr,fh wu,f w rf ; zd k i f a wG u d k aumfyD vkyfwJhtcg 10MB/ sec jzpfaew,f/ qdv k w kd mu Solid-state drive u ydkjyD; jrefw,f/ tm;omcsufawG
trsm;MuD; &dSw,f/ toHk; enf;ao;vdkY b,fvdk aqmif &GufcsufawG ydkaumif;w,f qdkwm tao;pdwf rajymEdkif yg/ [Q]
SSD
awGudk wnf aqmuf&mrSm enf;ynm uefY owfcsufawG &dSaew,fvdkY Mum;&ygw,f/ aemuf ukef usp&dwfvnf; &dSw,f/ pdwfcs &rItaeeJY b,favmuf &dSEdkif ygovJ / R/W cycles ta&
10 ES p f a usmf toH k ; cHygw,f/ tck 'Dxuf ydkae ygjyD/ xkwfvkyfp&dwf MuD; w,f qdkwmvnf; rSefyg w,f/ 'gayr,fh vGefcJhwJh 10 ES p f a usmf u xuf 40 &mcdkifEIef; oufomvmygjyD/ enf;ynmtopfawG&JU jzpf
rm;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifwmeJY trQ R/W speed awG ydkjyD; wd k ; vmEd k i f y gr,f / R/W speed qdkwmuvnf; uGef ysLwmrSm yHkaoajymvdkY r& wwf y g/ R/W speed tjynft h 0&zdYk &m tjcm;aom taMumif;tcsufrsm;vnf; &dSaeygw,f/ vuf&dStm;jzifh SSD awG&JU vkyfaqmifcsuf onf 5000 IOPS (I/O operations per second) jzpfygw,f/ HD awGrmS 100 IOPS jzpfvYkd notebook awG twG u f SSD wyf w mu
twGufeJY ywfoufvdkY enf; ynmuefYowfcsufawG &dS aeygao;w,f/ t&Sif;qHk; a&;&if olYrSm R/W cycles tMudrf tuefYtowf &dSae ygw,f/ tMudrfaygif; b,f ESoef;ayghav/ tJ'DtwGuf enf ; ynmopf a wG &zd k Y eJ Y error enf;onfxuf enf; atmif aqmif&GufaeMuyg w,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf tedrq hf ;kH
wwfwJh oabmyg/ tem *wfrSmawmh ydkjyD; oufom vmygvdrrhf ,f/ pdwcf s&rI qdk wmu hard disk awGrSm aum b,favmuftwdkif; twmtxd pdwfcs&ovJ/ [Q] Solid-state drive &J U R/W speed rsm;udk xyfjyD;
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ydjk yD; jrefw,fvYkd qd&k ygr,f/ HD xuf 4 q ydkjrefyg w,f/ [Q] Thumb drive eJY flash cards awGu solid-state drive rsm;eJY b,fvdk uGmwm
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Mo*kwf? 2008
99
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG [Q] SSD udk a&G;cs,foHk;wJh tcg 1.8 inch eJY 2.5 inch
t&G,ftpm;rsm;om awGU&yg w,f/ 3.5 inch t&G,f tpm;udk bmjyKvdkY roHk;Mu wmvJ / 1.8 inch eJY 2.5 inch t&G,ftpm;wdkYonf portable odkYr[kwf laptop rsm; twGuf &nf&G,fjyD; xkwfMu wmyg/ 3.5 inch u uReaf wmfwYkd vuf&o Sd ;kH aeMu wJh hard disk drive t&G,f yg/ qdkvdkwmu 1.8/2.5 inch onf laptop rsm;eJY tqifajywJh t&G,ftpm; jzpf a evd k Y yg/ 3.5 inch t&G , f t pm;ud k desktop
100
uGefysLwmrsm;rSm oHk;Edkifyg w,f/ [Q] SSD awGtwGuf PATA udk oH;k w,fvYkd od&yg w,f/ SATA udk bmjzpfvdkY roHk;MuwmvJ/ SATA-II bandwidth udk oHk;r,fvdkY
uGefysLwm*sme,f
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SSD rsm; ydjk refvmwmeJYtrQ interface vnf; ajymif;vJ
oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ [Q] ,ck 256GB SSD &JU aps;EIef;udk azmfjyay;rxm; ygvdkY od&ygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY vQd K U 0 S u f x m;&wmyg v J / vQKdU0Sufw,f qdkwm xuf raMunmao;wmyg/ aps;uGufodkY ra&mufcifrSmyJ SSD rsm;&J U aps;EI e f ; u wjznf;jznf; usaeygw,f/ qdkvdkwmu aps;uGufudk ydkY wJh tcsdefrSm trsm; cefYrSef; Muwmxuf ydkjyD; oufom Edkifygw,f/
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
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vdrfhr,fvdkY od&w,f/ (aemufjyD; Min Win kernel vdkYvnf; ac:vdkY&w,f/ olu disk space 25 MB avmufyJ ae&m,lrSmjzpfjyD; memory 40 MB avmufeJY vnfywfapvdrfhr,f/) Modular Kernel wpfckrSm builtin networking pepf ygvmvdrfhr,f/ 'gayr,fh GUI wpfckawmh yg&SdvmrSm r[kwfbl;/ qdkvdkwmu Microsoft u rsufpdyom'eJY pGJrufapzdkY GUI awG tao;pdwf jyifqifxm;csufygwmrsKd;
Mo*kwf? 2008 101
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
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Mo*kwf? 2008 105
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WEBSITE INDEX
r&Sdrjzpf 0ufbfqkduf q,fck 1. http://www.wikipedia.org
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2. yahoo finance (http://finance. yahoo.com)
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3. Craigslist.com
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Yelp uawmh MSN local, Yahoo locakl wdkYvdk USA wpfvTm;rSm&SdwJh &Sd&Sd
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4. ESPN (http://www.espn.com)
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6. http://Facebook.com
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Mo*kwf? 2008 107
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7. http://www.digg.com
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8. http://www.google.com
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9. http://www.TMZ.com
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10. http://www.flickr.com
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http://www.www facebook.com/ application.http?.id=235255895
http://www.facebook.com/apps/ application.php?id = 2439131959
Entourage http://www.facebook.com (applications / Entourage
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My Flickr and Happy Flickr
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Text twirl (http://www.facebook.com/ applications/Text_Twirl/ 7613482658)
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Structured Programming: t&nf
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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG modules rsm;tjzpf
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structured design
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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG [m analysis and design vkyfief;aqmifwm tm;vHk; r[kwfbJ tcsKdUudkom ukdifwG,f vkyfaqmifwJh tm;enf;aomenf;pepfvYkd owfrw S Mf u w,f/ a0zefolawGu system development udk tEkynmqefaom art u@enf;apí tif*sifeD,m bmom e,fy,fuo hJ Ykd vTr;f jcHKodjrifEidk jf yD; ckid rf m wif;usyfaomenf;pepftpk ydkí jzpfap vdkw,f/ 'ghtjyif vlrsm;pGmu DFD (structured analysis) uae structured chart (structured design) odkY ul;ajymif;rIrSm vufawGYü aumif; aumif; tvkyfrjzpfbl;vdkY awG;xifMu w,f/ Data modeling eJY ERD u DFD jzif h process rd k ' ,f x k w f w m xuf trsm;MuD; ydkí ta&;MuD;w,fvdkY xifwJholawG rsm;w,f/ Structured approach rSm data modeling eJY database design yg0if a yr,f h v nf ; data xuf process u pepfA[dkjyK tm½Hkpkduf&mjzpfaeao;w,f/ aemuf q H k ; taeeJ Y jcH K iH k od j rif em;vnfjyD; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&; twGuf tzGJYtpnf;\ tvHk;pHkaom r[mAsL[mpepf tpDtrHtm;xkwfrI jyD ; pD ; onf h t cgrS pepf a zmf x k w f r I poifhaMumif; trsm;u awG;xifMuyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh olwdkYu strategic system planning technique ud k azmfxw k af &; csO;f uyfenf;twGi;f xnfh proach
Class diagrma erlemwpfck
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2/ File > Open jzifh toHk;jyKvdkaom "mwfyHkudk zGifhyg/ Alt + Drag jzif h topf , l x m;aom file xJ o k d Y qGJxnhfay;yg/ Toolbox xJrS Elliptical Marquee Tool jzifh rsufESmae&mwGif selection zefwD;ay;yg/ Keyboard rS Ctrl+Alt+D udk ESdyfyg/ usvmaom dialogbox wGif 20 ½dkufxnhfí OK wGif ESdyfyg/ rSwcf su/f
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150
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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm 6/ Timeline xJrS xdyfqHk; track udk click ESdyfí select vkyfay;yg/ Window > Effect Controls udk a&G;yg/ Motion a&SU&Sd triangle wGif click ESdyfí jzefYcsay;yg/ f 200 7/ Timeline panel rS Duration ae&mwGicf lick ESyd í ½du k x f nhaf y;yg/ 2 puúeYf ae&mwGif Edit Line &&Sv d myg vdrfhrnf/
4/ Adobe Premiere Pro xJoYdk 0ifí New Project wpfck ,lxm;ay;yg/ File > import udk a&G;yg/ usvmaom dialog box rS odr;f xm;aom psd file udk select vkyí f open wGif click ESdyfyg/ Import Layered File dialog box xyfusvmygrnf/ Layer options wGif Merged Layers ESifh Import'As wGif Sequence udk a&G;í OK wGif click ESdyfyg/
5/ Project panel xJrS Folder udk jzefYcsay;yg/ xkd folder xJwiG &f adS om sequence file wGif ESpcf suEf ydS yf g/ Timeline xJwGif sequence wpfcktaejzifh &&Sdvmygvdrfh rnf/
8/ Keyframe xnhf&eftwGuf Project panel rS Scale a&SU&Sd Toggle animation button wGif click ESdyfyg/ Home Key ESdyfí Edit Line udk a&SUqHk;odkY a&TUay;yg/ Scale wefzdk; udk 0 ½dkufxnhfay;yg/ Keyframe Auto xnhfoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ Play button ESdyfí preview Munhfyg/ Monitor panel rS screen ay:wGif tv,frS aeí yHkay:vmygvdrhfrnf/
Mo*kwf? 2008 151
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm 9/ Timeline xJrS 'kwd, track rSaeí aemufqHk; track xd shift key zdí select vkyfay;yg/ Clip > Group udk a&G;yg/ Track rsm; tkyfpkzGJUoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ f 10/ yxrqH;k vIy&f mS ;rIvyk x f m;aom track wGif click ESyd í select vkyfyg/ Edit > Copy udk a&G;yg/ 'kwd, track wGif click ESdyfyg/ Group vkyfxm;aomaMumifh usef track rsm;yg select vkyfjyD;om; jzpfoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ Edit > Paste Attributes udk a&G;yg/ yxr xnhfxm; aom Effect rsm;udkyg copy ul;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ Play button ESy d í f preview Munhaf y;yg/ vIy&f mS ;rItm;vH;k rSm wlnDaewmudk awGU&ygr,f/
xJrS Text tool udk a&G;í "Actress" pmom;udk oifah vsmaf om font, size, color jzifh ½du k af y;yg/ pmom; udk tv,fodkY a&TUxm;ay;í File > Save jzifh odrf;jyD; Photoshop xJrS jyefxGufay;yg/ box
13/ File > import udk a&G;í psd file udk jyefzGifhay;yg/ Import Layered file dialog box usvmvQif Layer Options wGif Choosed Layer rS Actress pmom; Layer ESifh Footage Dimensions wGif Layer size udk a&G;í OK wGif click ESdyfyg/ Project panel wGif Actress.psd file &&Sdvmygvdrhfrnf/
11/ yHkrsm; wpfckcsif;pD xGufvmap&ef Timeline xJrS track rsm;udk avSum;xpfyHkpH tenf;i,fpD a&TUí aemufqHk; ydkif;wGif wpfnDwnf; xm;ay;yg/ xkdodkYjyKvkyf&ef Group vkyfxm;aom track rsm;udk jyefjzKwf&eftwGuf Clip > Ungroup udk a&G;í a&TUay;yg/ Play button ESdyfí preview Munhfay;yg/ 14/ Sequence > Add Tracks udk a&G;yg/ Dialog box xJrS Video Tracks ae&m&Sd placement ae&mwGif After Target Track udk a&G;í OK wGif click ESdyfyg/ Timeline atmufq;kH wGif video 1 track topfwpfck &&Sv d m ygvdrhfrnf/
12/ qufvufí Photoshop xJrS Layer wpfckcsif;pD ac:xnfyHkudk jyKvkyfygr,f/ Adobe Photoshop xJodkY 0ifí odrf;xm;aom psd file udk jyefzGifhay;yg/ Tool
15/ Actress.psd file udk video 1 track ae&modkY qGJxnhf ay;yg/ tqifh 10 twdkif; Actress.psd file udk copy/ pasteattribute vkyfí vIyf&Sm;rI jyKvkyfay;yg/
152
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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm 16/ Video track rS psdfile udk select vkyfí windows/ effects controls udk a&G;yg/ Edit line udk scale keyframe tqHk;odkY a&TUay;yg/ Window >Effects udk a&G;yg/ Video Effect xJrS Distort > Spherize udk a&G;í psd.file ay:odkY qGJxnfhay;yg/
18/ Edit Line udk keyframe ESpfckMum;odkY a&TUay;yg/ Radius wGif 100 ESifh Center of Sp ae&mwGif 275 ½dkuf xnhfay;yg/ Keyframe Auto xnhfoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ Preview Munhfay;yg/ pmom;vIyf&Sm;rIudk jrifawGU &ygrnf/
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Mo*kwf? 2008 153
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Mo*kw?f 2008 163
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Photoshop Tutorial
Photoshop udk
TIPS (1)
TIPS (6)
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menu bar, palette
TIPS (2)
menu, button
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TIPS (3)
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TIPS (4)
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TIPS (7)
ta&mifjzifh jznfjh cif; Alt + Backspace ESdyfyg/ Selection udkyJ jzpfjzpf? Layer wpfjyifvHk;udkyJjzpfjzpf foreground ta&mifjzifh jznfhay;onf/
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TIPS (8)
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TIPS (9)
tutorials rSm
TIPS (5)
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TIPS (10)
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TIPS (11)
TIPS (13)
vuf&dS ukid x f m;aom tool udk rjzKwb f J yHjk rifuiG ;f csK&UH ef zoom out tool ,m,D ac: jcif; Space bar udk ESy d jf yD; Alt udk qufEydS yf g/ aemuf vdo k vdk mouse uvpfESdyf/ xdkcvkwfrsm; jyefvTwfonfhtcg rlva&G; xm;aom tool jyefay:rnf/ xdk space + Ctrl > Space Alt cvkwfwGJrsm;udk Polygonal Lasso tool.
Selection
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TIPS (14) Selection
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TIPS (12)
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Mo*kwf? 2008 165
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Photoshop Tutorial rnf/ aemufwpfcsuf xyfESdyfygu yHkrSef windows yHkpH jyef& rnf/ TIPS (18)
udk jzpfap? atmufrS uyfvsuf layer jzifh jzpfap merge vkyjf cif; Ctrl + E udk ESy d yf g/ wpfcw k nf;aom layer tjzpf merge jzpfoGm;rnf/ Layers group
TIPS (19)
MunfhEkdifygw,f/ Zoom in/ zoom out twGuf tips eHygwf (11) space + Ctrl / space + Alt oH;k Ekid yf gw,f/ jyefvw T &f if polygonal lasso tool jyefay:um vkyfief;pOf jyefpEkdifyg w,f/ ywfvrf;ydwfjzpfonftxd qufa&G;oGm;yg/ tydktvdk tcsKdUtwGuf option bar rSm Add to selection, Subtract from selection rsm;ESdyfum vdkwdk;ydka&TU path xyfa&G;Ekdifyg ao;w,f/ Select > Modify atmufrSm Smooth, Expand, Contract wdYk jzifh tenf;i,f tacsmuki d Ef idk yf gw,f/ tjrJtm; jzifh feather ay;zdkYudk pOf;pm;oifhonf/
Mask color ta&mifajymif;jcif;
TRICKS (2)
jzifh zHk;tkyfxm;aom (selection ü rygaom) ta&mifukd yHak o default tm;jzifh opacity 50 % &Sd teDa&mif layer jzifh jyonfukd Mask jzifh z,f&mS ;rnft h &mu teDa&mif bufygaevQif mask color jzifh ra&mapzdkY tjcm;ta&mif a&G;ay;Ekdifonf/ Tool box rS Quick Mask button tay: double click ESdyfyg/ Dialog box ay:vmrnf/ ta&mif tuGufü uvpfESdyfjyD; tjcm;oifhawmfrnfhta&mifajymif;yg/
Quick mask
Mask
TRICKS (1)
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,lenf; Polygonal Lasso tool udkoHk;yg/ vHkavmufatmif wdk jywfaom rsOf;ajzmifhrsm;jzifhqdkvQif yHkoP²mef rrSefaom rsOf; auG; rsOf;aumufrsm;udkyg aumufaMumif;vkdufEkdifygw,f/ Pixel level eD;eD; jrif&onftxd zoom csJUyg/ Polygonal lasso tool jzifh aumufaMumif;tay: uvpfEy dS f yGKd ifrh sm;csum rsOf;jywfwdkrsm;jzifh a&G;oGm;yg/ jrifuGif;tqHk;a&mufvQif Tips eHygwf (10) t& space ESdyfjyD; vdk&m drag qGJa&TU,lyg/ Window > Navigator palette azmfxm;jcif;jzifh tud;k tum;
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Mo*kw?f 2008 167
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Overclock
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Mo*kw?f 2008 169
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(1) Acer notebook TravelMate \ bufx&D oufwrf;onf 3 em&DvdkY od&ygw,f/ odkYaomf vnf; bufx&Dtm;u 1.30 em&D a vmuf y J &ygw,f / tqifajywJh enf;vrf;rsm; &dSygovm;/ (2) t&ifu Happy Birthday virus 0ifcJhzl;ygw,f/ ,ck scan zwfMunhfaomf vnf ; rawG U &yg/ 2008 Adkif;&yfpf aqmhzf0Jrsm;eJYyg/ tifwmeuf rcsdwfxm;wJh twGuf Adkif;&yfpf ul;p&m qdk vdYk &efuek rf S topf0,fcahJ om pD'Drsm;om jzpfzdkY &dSygw,f/ b,fvdk odatmif vkyfjyD; ajz &Sif;EdkifygrvJ cifAsm;/ (3) Notebook recovery CD [m pdwc f s&ovm;/ Recovery topfwifjyD; BitDefender 2008 eJY scan zwf wm adware, malware awGU w,fvdkY jyygw,f/ tJ'gawG udk &Sif;jyD; aemufwpfcg zwf awmh bmrSr&dSbl;vdkY jyyg w,f/ (4) Vista Home Premium rSm PS CS3 full version udk install vkyw f m r&yg/ Internal error vdkY jyygw,f/ XP SP2 rS m awmh &ygw,f / bmrsm; uGmvdkYvJ/ Notebook &J U keyboard taMumif;pHu k kd odcsifygw,f/ Word 2007 rSm Alt + Unicode udk oHk;r&yg/ Oyrm
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com/downloads/details. aspx?FamilyId= 1B286 E6D-8912-4E18-B57042470E2F3582& display lang=en 0uf b f q d k u f o d k Y
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Mo*kw?f 2008 171
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ay:aeygw,f/ (9) uGefysLwmrSm .DAT. .MPG, .ASF, .AVI qdkjyD; format awG trsKd;rsKd; uGJae& wmvJ/ wpfckeJY wpfck bm rwlwmvJ/ omrefvl em; vnfEdkifatmif &Sif;jyay;yg/ (10) Microsoft u jrefrm unicode w&m;0if xkwfay; jyDvdkY *sme,fxJrSm zwf&yg w,f/ bmawG xl;jcm;vmrSm vJ/ 0if;'dk;pfudk jrefrmvdk oHk;&jyDqdk&if Help zdkifawGyg
of your disks need to be checked for consistency
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ru TV vnf; MunhfEdkifyg r,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh WinTVGO-FM onf PCI slot rSm wyf & jyD ; wef z d k ; 69.95 a':vm jzpfygw,f/ (6) OC onf Over Clocking udk &nfnTef;wm jzpfyg w,f / ¤if ; message u uGefysLwm&JU CPU odkYr[kwf tjcm; device wpfcck &k UJ frequencey udk jr§ifhxm;vdkY ay: &wmyg/ tqdkyg jyóem rwdkifcifu memory vJwyf wmrsKd ; od k Y r [k w f tjcm; device wpfckckvJwyfwmrsKd; vkyfcJhw,fvdkY xifygw,f/ ¤if; jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&ef BIOS odkY 0ifjyD; Fail-Safe mode udk load vkyy f g/ tjcm; setting tcsKdUudk oifhawmf ovdk jyifqifyg/ Hardware awG&JU frequency eJY voltage wdkYudk t&if ppfaq; MunhfzdkY rarhygeJY/ BIOS rSm jyifzdkY pdwfr&J&if uGefysLwm Unify Karaoke Software ynm&Siw f pfO;D OD;&JU tultnD (www.unifykaraoke.com), udk &,lapvdkygw,f/ Karaoke-Kanta (www. (7) 0if;'dk;pf rwufcifrSm karaokekanta.com), KaraFun (www.karafun.com), van-Basco's Karaoke Player ponf jzpfygw,f/
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One of your disks need to be checked for consistency ay:wm [mh'' f pfrjS yóem
tao;tzGJ &dSaew,fvdkY rSwf ,lEdkifygw,f/ ¤if;twGuf 'Dvekd nf;eJY &Si;f Munh&f atmif/ Start/Run (box) rSm cmd vdYk ½dkufxnfhjyD; chkdsk eJY jyef ppfyg/ tcsdef MumEdkifayr,fh onf;cHjyD; apmifhMunhfyg/ [mh'f'pfrsm;udk chkdsk eJY ppf&mrSm tao;pdwt f csuf rsm; &dSygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
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Java Developer Guide
Chapter (6) 6.6.1 STUDYING THE FILEBROWSER DIALOG METHOD uRefawmf 'D Sub_Index udkawmh em;vnfvG,fovdk tvG,w f ulyJ acgif;pOfwyfvu kd w f myg/ trSew f u,fuawmh File Browser qkdwmuawmh pmzwfol Application Software awG toHk;jyKpOfu• File ta[mif;awGudk jyefvSef zGifhvSpf toHk;jyKEdkifzdkY twGuf Open Dialog Box • File ta[mif;awGukd Computer xJrmS odr;f qnf;ay; EdkifzdkYtwGuf Save Dialog Box tp&SdwmawGudk pmzwfoltaeeJY vufawGUtoHk;cszl;rSmygyJ/ 'gawG[m 'DaeY emrnfMuD; Application Software awGjzpf wJh Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Adobe PageMaker, InDesign, Photoshop tp&SdwmawGrSm toHk;cszl; MurSmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm Mum;jzwf ajymMum;vdkwmuawmh 'D Dialog Box awGudk pmzwfoltaeeJY jrifzl; awGUzl;ovdkrsKd;yJ/ tcsKdU aom programmer awGtzkYdvnf; vufawGUzefw;D a&;om;zl; ygvdrhfr,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Visual Basic programmer awG yJaygh/ VB programmer awGtzkdYuawmh Microsoft Common Dialog Control 6.0 udk Form ay:ukd ac:wifjyD;awmh rSCommonDialog1. Show Color Show Font Show Help Show Open
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awmh rvG,fulygbl;/ 'g[m cufcJvSwmawmhvnf; r[kwf ygbl;/ AWTPackage file awGukd toH;k jyKvYkdyjJ zpfjzpf? Swing Package &JU components awGudktoHk;jyKvkdYyJjzpfjzpf zefwD; &,lvdkY &Ekdifygw,f/ uJ t&ifq;kH AWT Components awGukd toH;k csaewm qkdawmh AWT package file eJY ywfoufwmawGukd t&ifq;kH avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ 'Dawmh AWT package file atmuf rSm yg0ifwJh FileDialog Class udk avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ • FileDialog Class - FileDialog is a sub-class of Dialog that allow the user to select files for opening or saving. - A FileDialog is not a standalone container but is always the Child of another top Level window component,usually a Frame. - FileDialog ( ) constructor : public FileDialog (Frame parent); public FileDialog (Frame parent, String title); public FileDialog (Frame parent, String title, int mode); • There are two FileDialog constants that are used to specify the mode FileDialog.LOAD FileDialog.SAVE • The default mode is to Load, or read a file.
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25.
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public
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(WindowEvent we) {System.exit (0);} 31. }
Analysis
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vm;/ uJ avhvmMuygpkdY/ Listing 6.8 Using the AWT Components FileDialog Method 1 . import java.awt.*; 2 . import java.awt.event.*; 3. 4 . public class AWTFileDialog extends Frame { 5. FileDialog fd; 6. AWTFileDialog ( ) { 7. addWindowListener(new WinClosing ( ) ); 8. SetBounds (100, 100, 200, 200); 9. SetVisible (true); 10. CreateFileDialog ( ); 11. } 12. 13. 14. public void create FileDialog ( ) 15. { fd = new FileDialog (this); 16. fd.show( ); 17. } 18. 19. 20. // getString ( )is used to return the name of the selected file 21. 22. public String getString ( ) 23. { return fd.getFile ( ); }
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'gaMumifh setBounds (100, 100, 200, 200);
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24.
Mo*kwf? 2008 181
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm eHygwf (11) rSm vmydwfxm;wmuawmh Constructor method &JU Close brace} yJ jzpfygw,f/ 2/ vdkif;eHygwf (12) (13) wkdYudk Line space jcm;ay;jyD; awmhrS tay:u constructor method &JU vkdif;eHygwf (10)rSm a&;om;azmfjyxm;wJh CreateFileDialog ( ) qkw d hJ method udk tus,fcsJUjyD;awmhrS a&;om; azmfjyxm;wm ygyJ/ avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/ vkdif;eHygwf (15) rSm a&;om;xm;whJ Code_Line [m tay:u primary_class &JU vkid ;f eHygwf(5)rSm zefw;D cJw h hJ FileDialog udk jyefvnfac:,ltoHk;csvdkufwmygyJ/ tay:u &Sif;jycJhwJhtaMumif;t&mrSm ygovdkygyJ/ FileDialog ( ) constructor. method udk ac:,ljyD;awmhrS olY&JU 1stparameter ae&mrSm parent_frame 2ndparameter ae&mrSm Dialog Title rSm yg0ifap csifwJh pmom; tp&SdwmawGudk xnhfoGif; a&;om;vkduf wmygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ 'gaMumifh fd= new FileDialog (this," vdkY a&;om;xm;wmyJaygh/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh show( ) method udk toH;k csjyD;awmhrS FileDialog Box udk ac:,l vdkufwmygyJ/ 'gaMumifhfd.show( );
qkdjyD;awmhrS awGUjrif&wmayghaemf/ vdkif;eHygwf (17) u awmh createDialog ( ) method &JU close brace } ygyJ/ 'Dtxd &Sif;jyDaemf/ Code_Line awG[m ½dk;&Sif;ygw,f/ 3/ vkdif;eHygwf (18) (19)rSmuawmh Line_Space csefxm; wmygyJ/ jyD;awmh vdkif;eHygwf (20)rSm a&;om;xm;wmu awmh comment ygyJ/ Double BackSlash // cH a&;xm; wmrkdYygyJ/ pmzwfol xnhfra&;vnf; &ygw,f/ vkdif; eHygwf (22)rSmawmh getString ( ) method udk a&;om; xm;ygw,f/ 'D method xJrSmawmh bmrS taxGtxl; ryg0ifygbl;/ Dialog Box rSm yg0ifvmwJh file udk return jyefay;zdkYtwGufygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ 'D program &JU main ( )function udkawmh vkdif;eHygwf (25)rSm a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( )function xJrSmawmh bmrQtaxGtxl; ryg0ifygbl;/ vkdif;eHygwf (26)rSm a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvmvkduf&ifAWT FileDialog awtfd = new AWTFileDialog ( );
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Figure 6.23 Write the program code_line in the Notepad, AWTFileDialog.java
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Figure 6.25 Running the Open Dialog Box and Frame
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Figure 6.24 Compile & Run of the AWTFileDialog.java
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qkw d hJ Code_Line aMumifh yGiv hf mwJhJ Dialog Box rSm Select awmhrS Title_Text taeeJY yg0ifaewmudk awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ uJ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY qufvufjyD; awmhrS FileDialog Box awGudk awGUjrif&mrSm tjcm;aom method awGeYJ zefw;D vdYk &Edi kw f ,fqw dk mudk odapEdik zf YkdtwGuf Java &JU Swing Package File awGukd trSjD yKjyD;awmhrS apmapm u a&;jyay;cJhovdkygyJ/ Dialog Box awG ac:wif&if r&Edkif bl;vm;/ [kwfjyDaemf/ 'Dawmh Sub_Index 6.6.2 taeeJY a&; om; ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfvdkufyg/ KYAW ZAYAR LAY [ IT ENGINEERING ]
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