2008 Aug

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21

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Mo*kwf? 2008

29

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30

uGefysLwm*sme,f

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32

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Mo*kwf? 2008

33

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36

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Mo*kwf? 2008

37

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38

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40

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43

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52

uGefysLwm*sme,f

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53

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Mo*kwf? 2008

55

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56

uGefysLwm*sme,f

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58

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68

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disk drive rsm;udk aps;uGufodkY ydkYaejyD jzpfonf/ 1980 jynfhESpfwGif Seagate Technology rS yxrqH;k rdu k u f ½dk uGef ysLwmoHk; ST506 trsKd;tpm; hard disk udk xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf

t&dSefjyif;pGm jzifh wdk;0ifvmaeonf/ SSD wdkY\ t½kPfwufcsdef[kvnf; qdkMuygonf/

5.25 vufr t&G,ftpm;jzpfjyD; odk avSmifpGrf;&nf 5MByte jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf uREfkyfwdkY oHk;aeonfh hard disk rsm;\ tpvnf; jzpfonf/ 1983 ckESpfwGif 3.5 vufr t&G,f hard disk drive rsm; urÇmwpf0ef; EdkifiHrsm;wGif oHk;aeMujyD jzpfonf/

wnf; jyKvkyx f m;onfh odak vSmifypön;f }} [lí t&Sif;qHk; t"dyÜm,f jyefqdkygrnf/ ¤if;wGif armfwmuJhodkY vnfywfvIyf&Sm; aeonfh puftpdwftydkif;rsm; ryg&dSyg/ Solid-state disk udk nonvolatile

Hard disk

rsm;wG i f od k avS m if E d k i f r I pGrf;&nfonf apmapmydkif; umvrsm;wGif tvG e f e nf ; cJ h onf/ 1991 ck E S p f wGif 100MB om &dScJh onf/ 1995 ckESpfwGif 2GB txd wd k ; vmcJ h j yD ; 1997 ckEpS w f iG f 10GB jzpfvm onf/ 2007 ckESpfwGif 80GB to 500GB txd odkavSmifEdkifrI pGrf;&nf jrifhrm;vmcJhonf/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif Hitachi GST (Global Storage Technologies) rS desktop uG e f y sLwmrsm; twGuf 4TB ESihf notebook uGeyf sLwm rsm;twGuf 1TB HD udk xkwv f yk rf nf [k aMunmcJhonf/ TB onf terabyte udk qdkvdkjyD; 1000 GB jzpfonf/ aps;EIe;f rsm;t& Hitachi 1TB HD onf a':vm 400 jzpfí LaCie External 1TB HD onf a':vm 280 jzpfonf/ Hard disk drive rsm;\ ae&modYk tpm;

xd;k 0ifrnfh enf;ynmonf tvG,w f ul ray:Edik [ f k xifxm;Muonf/ odYk &mwGif

solid-state drive rsm;u

Solid-state disk qdo k nfrmS Solid-state disk udk ]]wpfom;

computer memory data storage

[lívnf; oHk;EIef;Muonf/ wpfenf; tm;jzifh vQyfppf"mwftm; &do S nfjzpfap? r&dSawmhonfjzpfap txJü xnfhoGif; odkavSmifxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm; udk qufvuf wnf&dSapEdkifjcif; jzpf onf/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk zsufvdk vQif? xnfo h iG ;f vdv k Qif odYk r[kwf wpfpkH wpf&m jyKvkyv f v kd Qif vQyfppf odYk r[kwf tDvufx&Gefepfenf;ynmudk toHk;jyK aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ Solid-state disk (SSD) onf uGeyf sLwmoH;k [mh''f pfrsm;uJo h Ykd tvkyf vkyfEdkifMuí tqdkyg [mh'f'pfrsm; ae&m udk tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufaejyD jzpfonf/ SRAM odYk r[kwf DRAM udk toH;k jyK aom SSD udk RAM-drive rsm;[lí a&;om;Muonf/ SSD udk tMurf;zsif; tm;jzifh NAND flash nonvolatile memory ESifh DRAM volatile memory wdYk ukd aygif;pyfzUJG pnf;xm;jcif;[k qdEk ikd o f nf/ NAND onf tDvufx&Gef epf avmh*spf*dwfrsm;jzpfí avmh*spf 0 (false) ESihf 1 (true) tjzpf owfrw S Mf u onf/ rnfoYkd yifjzpfap solid-state disk wGif vIy&f mS ;aeaom odYkr[kwf wGe;f tm; ay;aeaom puftpdwftydkif;rsm; ryg &dSjcif;uyif tm;omcsuf wpfck jzpfae onf/ pufydkif;qdkif&m ysufpD;rIrsKd; r&dS awmhyg/

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG Solid-state drive

rsm;\ tm;omcsuEf iS hf tm;enf;csurf sm;

tm;enf;csuf

tm;omcsuf

- 2008 ckESpf apmapmydkif;rsm;wGif flash memory aps;EIef; onf hard drive rsm;xuf jrifhrm;aeqJjzpfonf/ aps;EIef; udk EdiI ;f ,SO&f mü per gigabyte jzifh wGuMf uygonf/ Flash memory onf 1GB wGif 15 a':vmjzpfjyD; HDD onf 0.20 a':vmom jzpfonf/ - tcsuftvuf odkavSmifpGrf;&nfwGif SSD onf HDD rsm;xuf tvGefenf;aeqJjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif jrefqef aom EIef;jzifh wdk;vmvdrfhrnf[k rSef;qMuonf/ prf;oyfrI rsm;wGif 1TB txd a&mufaejyD[k qdkonf/ - ½kwfw&uf rarQmfvifhaom yg0gqHk;½HI;rIrsm; &dSaeonf/ txl;ojzifh DRAM udk tajccH wnfaqmufxm;onfh SSD rsm;wGif jzpfonf/ - Write cycles EIef;wGif uefYowfcsuf &dSaeao;onf/ Flash storage wpfck\ write cycles onf oHk;odef;rS ig;ode;f txdom jzpfonf/ odYk &mwGif toH;k csrI vkyif ef;pOf rsm;tay: rlwnfjyD; write cycles onf wpfoef;rS ig; oef;txd &SnfMumEdkifonf/ xdkodkY oufwrf; &SnfMumap &ef firmware ponf tumtuG,pf epfrsm;ESihf tjcm; enf; ynmrsm;udk &&dSxm;jyD; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg acwfrD drives rsm;onf ESpf 20 ausmfonftxd oufwrf;&SnfvmMujyD jzpfonf/ - Write speeds aES;aeao;onf/ Flash tajccH SSD rsm; \ blocks rsm;udk zsuf&mwGif yHkrSef HDD rsm;xuf aES; onf/ DRAM tajccH SSD rsm;twGuf jyóem r&dSyg/ - SDD rsm;wGif vuf&dStm;jzifh odkavSmifEdkifrI pGrf;&nf enf; aeygonf/ Hard disk drive rsm;onf odkavSmifEdkifrI pGrf;&nf rnfrQwdk;vmonfhwdkif t&G,ftpm; ruGmjcm; yg/ vuf&dS HDD t&G,ftpm; xufMuD;&ef rvdkyg/

- pufrIydkif; ryg&dSí tpjyKEIef; jrefonf/ - Read/write head ryg&dSí zwftm; ydkrdkjrefqefonf/ - Seek times aESmifhaES;rI tvGefenf;onf/ SSD \ seek times onf taumif;qH;k qdo k nfh hard disk drive xufyif enf;ygonf/ - Boot vkyjf cif;ESihf application rsm;tm; zGi&hf mwGif jrefonf/ HDD rsm;wGif pufrIydkif;qdkif&mrsm;udk tpysKd;ae&í jzpf onf/ - toHqlnHrI uif;onf/ pufydkif;qdkif&m ypönf;rsm; ryg&dSí jzpfonf/ tcsKdU tat;cHyefumwyfxm;onfh SSD rsm; wGifom toHtenf;i,f xGufEdkifygonf/ - yg0goHk;pGJrI tvGefenf;jyD; tyl xkwfvTifhrIvnf; enf;yg; onf/ tcsKdU SSD tMuD;pm;rsm;wGif yg0gvdktyfcsuf jrifh ygrnf/ - pufydkif;qdkif&m ypönf;rsm; ryg&dSí pufydkif;qdkif&m ysufpD;rI? usKd;ysufrIrsm; r&dSyg/ - SSD rsm;onf HDD xuf ydkrdk rmausmcdkifcHhygonf/ wkecf grI? tylcsdeEf iS hf jyif;xefaom vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk cHEikd &f nf &dSonf/ ¤if; SSD rsm;udk c&D;aqmif rD'D,mypönf;rsm;? laptop ponfwdkYwGif oHk;&ef ydkrdk oifhavsmfonf/ - vkyif ef;aqmif&u G rf I wnfjidro f nf/ Seek time onf hard disk rsm;ESifh rwlbJ yHkao odkYr[kwf udef;ao jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí defrag vkyf& oufomapygonf/ - SSD wdkY\ t&G,ftpm;i,fjyD; tav; csdefonf ayghyg;onf/ odkavSmifrI MuD;rm;vmonfw h ikd f t&G,f tpm;udk wdk;&ef rvdk yg/ HDD rsm;ud k tvGefao;i,fatmif jyK vkyMf uaomfvnf; odak vSmif EdkifrIudk wdk;í r&Edkifawmhyg/ CompactFlash wpfc\ k t&G,f tpm;onf 2.8×36.4×5 mm (1.7_1.4_ 0.2 vufr) jzpfaomf vnf; odkavSmifEdkifrIudk 256GB txd wdk;Edkifonf/

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG Solid-state disk ed'ge;f Solid-state enf;ynm odkYr[kwf solid-state drive udk 1978 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHtajcpdkuf StorageTek (Storage Technology Corp.) ukrP Ü D

rS yxrqHk; wDxGifcJhonf/ 1980 jynfh ESpfrsm;twGif; Santa Clara Systems onf DIP RAM Chips udk xkwv f yk cf hJ um uwfrsm;wGif toHk;jyKMuonf/ 1983 ckEpS w f iG f Sharp PC-5000 notebook udk rdwfquf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 128 kilobyte solid-state storage cartridges udk oHk;xm;onf/ 1980 jynfhESpfrsm;rS pwifum RAM disks rsm; acwfpm;vmcJhonf/ tqdkyg tcsdefumvrsm;twGif; hard disk drive rsm;onf tvGef aps;MuD;ae jyD; floppy drives u tvGef aES;Mu onf/ odkYjzpfí c&D;aqmif uGefysLwm rsm;wGif oHk;Edkif&ef MudK;pm;cJhMuaomf vnf; rwGifus,fcJhyg/ 1984 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiH tajc pdkuf wdk&DSbmukrÜPDrS Dr. Fujio Masuoka onf flash memory enf;ynm udk wDxGifazmfxkwfcJhonf/ ol\ vkyf azmfudkifzufjzpfol Shoji Ariizumi u flash [k trnf ay;vdkufonf/ Flash onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefzsufEdkif aomaMumifh uifr&moHk; vQyfwpfysuf rD;a&mifESifh EdIif;,SOfay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg enf;ynmudk 1984 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk qefz&efppöudk jrdKUü usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonfh Interna-

tcsuftvufrsm; zsufjcif;ESifh a&;jcif; wGif ydkí jrefonf/ xkwfvkyfrIukefus p&dwf oufomjyD; tvGef tMurf;cH onf/ txl;ojzifh SmartMedia tjzpf xkwfvkyfMuonf/ ¤if;rSqufvufjyD; SMMC, Secure Digital, Memory Stick, xD-Picture Card rsm;tjzpf aps;

uGuo f Ykd a&mufvmcJo h nf/ odak vSmifEikd f rIpGrf;tifvnf; 1MB txd a&mufvm onf/ xdktcsdefrsm;u flash \ wefzdk; onf tvGef jrifrh m;aeonf/ ppfzufEiS hf tmumo c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;wGifom oHk;EdkifMuonf/ odkavSmifEdkifrI pGrf;&nf wlvQif hard disk drive rsm;u ydkí aps;oufomonf/

r&djS cif; ponf tcsufrsm;onf wpfcsdef wG i f hard disk drive rsm;xuf omvGerf nfuo kd v d mMuonf/ odYk&mwGif tcsuf tvuf odak vSmifEikd rf w I iG f hard disk rsm;tm; rrDEdkif jzpfaeygonf/ wefzdk; vnf; jrifhrm;aeonf/ odkYjzpfí hard disk drive xk w f v k y f o nf h ukrP Ü rD sm;u odak vSmifEikd rf I pGr;f &nfwiG f ,SOfEdkifvdrfh rnfr[kwf[k wpfcsdefu xifrSwfcJhMuyg onf/ ,aeY tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif flash wdkY\ wefzdk;u ESpfpOf 50 &mcdkifEIef; txd usqif;vmaeonf/ 4GB flash memory onf 120GB hard drive ESihf wefzdk;csif; wlvmonf/

tional Electron Devices Meeting wGif jyocJh&m Intel ukrÜPDrS ¤if; enf;

Flash rsm;\ wd;k wufrI c&D; Flash drive rsm;udk t&G,ftpm;

Flash odr Yk [kwf Solid-state drive

ynmudk &,lcJhonf/ 1988 ckESpfwGif NOR type flash chip tjzpf pwif xkwv f yk cf o hJ nf/ 1989 ckEpS w f iG f Samsung ESihf Toshiba ukrP Ü w D YkdrS NAND flash trsKd;tpm;udk xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf NOR flash trsKd;tpm;xuf

ao;i,fonfxuf i,fatmif jyKvkyf Edik jf cif;? tav;csdef ayghyg;jcif;? vQyfppf yg0goHk;pGJrI enf;jcif;? pufydkif; qdkif&m ysufpD;rIrsKd; r&dSjcif;? toH qlnHrI rjzpf ay:jcif;? hard disk rsm;uJhodkY armfwm vnfywfEeI ;f ESihf seek time ac: &SmazGrI

uGefysLwm e,fy,fwGifomru rD', D me,fy,fwiG v f nf; enf;ynmrsm; ajymif;vJ jzpfay:aeonf/ zvifoHk; uifr&mrsm;tpm; 'pf*spfw,fuifr&m rsm; tvHk;t&if;ESifh 0ifa&muf ae&m ,laeonf/ t&G,ftpm; ao;i,faom

rsm;twGuf tvSnt hf ajymif;

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh hard disk drive wdkY txGwftxdyf odkYr[kwf rGef; wnfhcsdefodkY a&mufaecsdef jzpfonf/ Solid-state drive ESihf laptop rsm; Solid-state drive rsm;udk notebook odkYr[kwf laptop rsm;wGif toHk;

vufudkifzkef;? c&D;aqmifzkef;? MP3, MP4 player ponfwdkYuvnf; ra& rwGuEf ikd af vmufatmif xkwv f yk af &mif; csaeMu&onf/ ¤if;wdkYtwGuf t"du ypönf;jzpfonfh flash memory rsm;\ tcef;u@onf ydkrdk jrifhrm;vmyg onf/

tvGef ao;i,faom hard disk rsm; 'pf*spfw,fuifr&m? aw;zGifhpuf? *drf;puf? yD'Dat? notebook uJhodkY ao;i,faom rD'D,mypönf;rsm;twGuf od k a vS m if y pö n f ; tjzpf hard disk

rsm;udk t&G,ftpm; tvGef i,fatmif tjydKif wDxGifMuonf/ 2004 ckESpfwGif Toshiba rS 0.85 vufrt&G,f HDD udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ odkavSmifpGrf;&nfonf 2GB ESifh 4GB tMum; jzpf o nf / od k Y &mwG i f od k avSmifpGrf;&nfonf wajz;ajz; wdk;vm cJh&m 1.8 vufrt&G,f HDD onf 40GB txd 0ifqv Hh mcJo h nf/ xdkuJhodkY hard disk dirve rsm;udk rD', D mypön;f i,frsm;wGif oH;k Edik &f ef MudK; pm;MuouJhodkY okdavSmifEdkifrI pGrf;&nf MuD;rm;atmifvnf; jyKvkyfaeMuqJ jzpf drives

jyKEdkif&ef pwif MudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ yHkrSef hard disk drive rsm;onf 3.5 vufr t&G,f &dSMujyD; ¤if;xuf i,fatmif jyK vkyEf ikd Mf uaomfvnf; pufyikd ;f qdik &f m vdk tyfcsufrsm; &dSvmonf/ odkYjzpfí HD rsm;udk ao;i,fatmif jyKvkyf&onf xuf solid-state drive rsm;udk wyfqif &onfu ydkrdk tqifajyaMumif; awGU& onf/ Notebook odkYr[kwf laptop rsm;wGif solid-state drive 2.5 vufr odkYr[kwf 1.8 vufr t&G,ftpm;udk aumif;pGm toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ Samsung NT-Q30 notebook

wGif 32GB SSD udk oH;k xm;onf/ 12.1 inch LCD, Intel Celeron 1.2GHz,

Solid-state drive rsm;udk xkwv f yk af eonfh ukrP Ü v D yk if ef;rsm; - BitMICRO onf 1.6 TB 0ifqo Hh nfh 3.5 vufr t&G,f SSD rsm;udk xkwf vkyaf ejyDjzpfonf/ odYk &mwGif ppfzuf qdkif&mrsm;twGufom oHk;onf/ - tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tajcpdkuf Trident Space & Defense rS tvGef tMurf;cHonfh Triton Series Drives rsm;udk xkwv f yk af eonf/ ppf zufESifh pufrIvkyfief;oHk;twGufom jzpfonf/ - SMART rS SMART Modular Technologies enf;ynmudk toHk; jyKum XceedLite SATA SSD drive rsm;udk xkwfvkyfonf/ ¤if;wdkY onf serial ATA (SATA) oHk;

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yxrqHk; SSD rsm; jzpfjyD; read 100MB/sec ES i f h write speeds 60MB/sec wdkY jzpfMuonf/ - SanDisk onf 64 GB SSD udk rdwfquf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 1.8 UATA 5000 ESifh 2.5 SATA 5000 wdkY jzpfMuonf/ SSD SATA 5000 \ wefzdk;onf 350 a':vm jzpfonf/ - Real Ram Disk Inc. onf Hybrid Ram Disk plug in card udk rdwf quf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf yHkrSef hard disk udk multiple GB DDR2 hybrid Disk tjzpf o d k Y ajymif;vJay;onfhuwf jzpfonf/

- Texas Memory Systems rS RamSan-500 flash storage udk xkwf vkyv f u kd o f nf/ urÇmt h jrefq;kH drive [k aMunmcJhonf/ - Fusion-io onf ioDrive 640 GB 100,000 IOPS 800 MB/s NAND Flash PCI Card ud k xk w f v k y f

aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ - STEC Inc. rS 64 GB SSD udk xkwf vkyfonf/ ¤if;onf 9.5 rDvDrDwm txljzpfjyD; tjcm; SSD rsm;xuf xuf0ufyg;vTmonf[k qdkonf/ qufvufí 256GB ESihf 512GB 0if qhaH om SSD drive rsm;udk xkwv f yk f aeonf/

uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG yg0ifonf/ wefzdk; a':vm 3ç700 jzpfonf/ HP \ desktop Compaq DC 7800 uGey f sLwmwGif yHrk eS f 80GB hard disk tjyif 16GB SSD udk tm;jznfh oHk;xm;onf/ qufvufí 32GB, 64 GB ponf ajymif;vJ wyfqifoGm;rnf [k qdkonf/ SSD wyfqifxm;aomf vnf; vuf&dS tm;enf;csufrSm aps;MuD; aejcif;jzpfonf/ 16GB SDD onf a':vm 300 jzpfí 80GB HDD onf a':vm 120 om usoifhonf/ odkYjzpf í 2010 jynfhESpfwdkif desktop uGefysL wmrsm;wGif solid-state drive rsm;udk DDR2 512MB

EdIif;,SOfcsuf

Solid-State Drive

Hard Disk Drive

trsKd;tpm; aqmif&GufEdkifcsuf tav;csdef cHEdkif&nf vQyfppfckcHEdkifpGrf; vkyfief;oHk;tylcsdef yg0g oHk;pGJrI (0yf) toH qlnHrI t&dSefEIef;

Solid NAND flash R-100MB/s,W-80MB/w 73g MTBF>2M hours 1,500G/0.5ms -25°C to 85°C 1W 0 dB 0 mins 36 sec

magnetic platters vnfywf R-59MB/s, W-60MB/s 365g MTBF<0.7M hour 300G/2.0ms 5°C to 55°C 3.86W 0.3dB system boot 1 min 03 sec

2.5inch SATA-II trsK;d tpm; SSD ESihf HDD wdu Yk kd EdiI ;f ,SOx f m;jcif; jzpfygonf/ EdiI ;f ,SOcf surf sm;t& solid-state drive u ydrk kd omvGeo f nfukd awG&U rnf/ R-W onf Read-Write udk qdv k ko d nf/ MTBF onf Meantime between failure udk qdv k ykd gonf/ SSD wdo Yk nf cHEikd &f nftm; aumif;rGejf y;D vQypf pfyg0go;kH pG&J rI enf;onf/

oD;jcm; wyfqifEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k qdo k nf/ 'One Laptop Per Child' tpD tpOfjzifh xkwfvkyfaom XO Laptop wGif SSD udk oHk;xm;onf/ ¤if;udk ta&twGuf rsm;jym;pGm xkwfvkyfrnf jzpfonf/

- w½kwfwdkifay ukrÜPDwpfckjzpfonfh A-DATA onf CES 2007 SSD drives rsm;udx k w k v f yk o f nf/ 32GB, 64GB (1.8") ESifh 128 GB (2.5") rsm;jzpfjyD; aps;uGufodkY tajrmuf trsm; ydkYaqmifcJhonf[k qdkonf/ - Power Quotient International (PQI) onf 256GB SSD udk xkwf vkyfcJhonf/ - PNY onf 1.8" ESifh 2.5" PATA, SATA oHk; 128GB SSD udk xkwf vkyfaMumif;udk aMunmcJhonf/ - Lexar \ Lexar ExpressCard SSD rsm;udk aps;uGufodkY jzefYcsdcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 4GB, 8GB, 16GB capa-

cities yg0ifonf/ - Super Talent Technology onf 3.5-inch 128 GB solid-state drive

udk aMunmcJhonf/ - ROMEDIA rS 3.5-inch 128 GB solid-state drive ud k xk w f v k y f aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ - Mtron onf 100 MB/s Read, 80 MB/s Write, 72,000 Max IOPS

&dSaom solid-state drive udk xkwf vkyfa&mif;cscJhonf/ - Memoright rS 120 MB/s read ESifh 120 MB/s write &daS om SSD drive rsm;udk xkwfvkyfcJhaMumif; aMunm cJhonf/

Dell onf SanDisk SSDs xnfh xm;onfh laptop trsKd;tpm;udk 2007

ckESpf {jyDvwGif aps;uGufodkY jzefYcsdcJh onf/ 2008 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dvukeyf ikd ;f wGif Apple Inc rS MacBook Air trsKd; tpm; laptop udk aps;uGufodkY jzefYcsdcJh onf/ ¤if;wGif 64GB SSD yg0ifjyD; wefzdk; a':vm 1ç299 jzpfonf/ 2008 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif tdkif bD t rf u k r Ü P D r S IBM Lenovo ThinkPad X300 udk xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;wGif 64Gbyte SSD yg0ifonf/ ASUS ESihf solid-state drive ASUS ukrÜPDrS 2007 ckESpf

ZGef vwGif t&G,ftpm; ao;i,fjyD; aps; oufomonfh laptop trsKd;tpm;opf udk xkwfvkyfvdkufaMumif; aMunmcJh onf/ ¤if;udk Eee PC [k trnfay; xm;jyD; 7 vufr t&G,f display ESifh jzpfonf/ PDA xuf MuD;jyD; omref yDpDwpfvHk;tjzpf oHk;EdkifjyD; xl;jcm;onf rSm hard disk tpm; solid-state disk (SSD) udk oH;k xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ 4GB

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98

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Mo*kwf? 2008

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG [Q] SSD udk a&G;cs,foHk;wJh tcg 1.8 inch eJY 2.5 inch

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100

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Mo*kwf? 2008 103

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104

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Mo*kwf? 2008 105

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WEBSITE INDEX

r&Sdrjzpf 0ufbfqkduf q,fck 1. http://www.wikipedia.org

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2. yahoo finance (http://finance. yahoo.com)

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106

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3. Craigslist.com

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Yelp uawmh MSN local, Yahoo locakl wdkYvdk USA wpfvTm;rSm&SdwJh &Sd&Sd

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4. ESPN (http://www.espn.com)

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6. http://Facebook.com

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7. http://www.digg.com

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8. http://www.google.com

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108

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9. http://www.TMZ.com

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qdkjyD; enf;vrf; oHk;ck&Sdw,f/ 'DcsOf;uyfenf; oH;k rsKd;vH;k &JU t"du oGifjyif vu©Pm&yfawGeJY aemufcH orkdif;aMumif;tenf;i,f ajymjyoGm; r,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Daqmif;yg;tprSm ajymcJhovdkyJ yxrcsOf;uyfenf;ESpfcku aemufqHk; csOf;uyfenf;&JU tqifajy aumif;rGefrIudk wefzdk;xm;jzpfapzdkY EdIif; ,SOf Munfhp&mvdkYyJ oabmxm;yg/ acwftrDq;kH ? tqift h jrifq h ;kH tjzpf a&SU c&D;vrf;twGuf object-oriented approach ukdom zufwG,f tm½Hkpkdufyg av/

wpf c gwavawmh v nf ; xd k z G J Y pnf ; wnfaqmufyu kH s enf;pepf technique awG pkaygif;jcHKiHkjyD; structured analysis and design techniques (SADT)

vdkYvnf; ac:Muw,f/ 1960 jynfhESpf awGrSm azmfxkwfcJhwJh structured programming enf;pepfawG[m uGefysL wm y½dk*&rfawG&JU t&nftaoG; jr§ifh wifzdkY vrf;nTefcsuf guidelines ay;zdkY &m yxrqHk; MudK;yrf;rI jzpfw,f/ Structured programming eJY tcsKdU ed,mrawGukd oif&h UJ yxrqH;k aom programming course rSm avhvmoif,c l hJ &rSm taotcsmygyJ/ Goto roHk;zdkY? oyf&yf &Sif;vif;pGmjzifh zGJYpnf; wnf aqmufyHkuszdkY ponfjzifh Structured design technique udak wmh oDjcm; wpf ykdif;pDjzpfaewJh y½dk*&rfawG aygif;pyfjyD; ydkí ½IyfaxG;aom information systems jzpfEkdifapzdkY&m 1970 jynfhESpf rsm; rSm azmfxkwfcJhw,f/

Structured Programming: t&nf

taoG;jrifh y½dk*&rfqdkwm ¤if;udk vnf ywf vkyfaqmifapwJhtcgwkdif; rSefuef wJhtwGuf &v'fxkwfay;½Hkru tjcm; y½dk*&rfrmawGtaeeJYvnf; aemufydkif; zwf½I em;vnfrGrf;rH& vG,fap&r,f/ y½dk*&rfawGu tjrJwrf;tm;jzifh jyifqif rGrf;rHaezdkY vdktyfw,fav/ Structured program qdkwm tp jyKrI wpfck? tqHk;owfwpfckwdkY&SdjyD; y½dk*&rf vkyaf qmif&mtqifw h pfcpk rD mS atmufyg programming wnfaqmufa&; tkwf csyfrsm;rS wpfckyJ yg0if&r,f/ - a&SUaemuftpDtpOfus wpfqifhpD oGm;wJh y½dk*&rfazmfjycsuf statements sequence

- azmfjycsuftpkrsm;rS b,fazmfjycsuf tpk u d k vk y f a qmif a prvJ ? vrf;aMumif; ukdif;cGJjcif; - decision - azmf j ycsuf t pk u d k xyf a usmh j yef aqmif&Gufjcif; repitition Structured analysis technique 'Dpnf;rsOf;awG ray:cifu y½d*k &rf The Structured Approach: pepf uawmh developers rsm;taeeJY y½d* k &rf rmawG[m vkyf&if;ukdif&if;eJYyJ proazmfxkwfa&;twGuf structured pro- 'DZkdif;rqGJcif uGefysLwmpepftwGuf vdk gramming technique awG jyKvkyo f mG ; gramming, structured analysis eJY tyfcsuaf wG ydr k kd &Si;f vif;pGm odEidk af tmif Muw,f/ &v'fuawmh tvGef½IyfaxG; structured design enf;pepfwdkYjzifh 1980 jynfhESpfrsm; tapmydkif;rSm ay: aom y½d* k &rfawG xGuv f mwmygyJ/ y½dk zGJYpnf; wnfaqmufxm;aom enf;udk xGufvmw,f/ *&rfrm trsm;pk[m olwdkY y½dk*&rf run structured approach vdkY ac:ygw,f/ &ifudk aysmaf eMujyD/ y½d*k &rfu rSeu f efwhJ txGuf output xkwfay;&if ydkaysmfMu txufrSatmufoYkd top- down odrYk [kwf tykid ;f vku d f modular programming OD;r,f/ 'gayr,fh txufuqdkcJhaom ½dk;pif;wJh pnf;rsOf; rules awGaemuf vdu k &f ifukd y½d*k &rf bmvkyw f ,fqw kd m zwf½IjyefqdkzdkY trsm;MuD; ydkvG,fapvdrfh r,f/ Structured programming eJ Y qufET,f&m tjcm; oabmw&m; wpf cku txufrS atmufodkY top-down programming jzpf w ,f / ¤if ; &J U oabmu ydí k ½Iyaf xG;aom y½d*k &rfawG udk xufatmuf edrjhf rifq h ifu h u J idk ;f cGJ hierarchy yHkpHjzpfaom y½dk*&rftykdif;

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cGJcsvkdufwmygyJ/ qifu h u J idk ;f cG&J UJ xdyrf mS &Sw d hJ control y½dk *&rf module wpfcu k tqifeh rd hf modules awG vdktyfovdk ac:,lapckdif; w,f/ tcgrsm;pGmrSm modules tykdif; rsm;pGm[m wlnDaom y½dk*&rfwpfck&JU tpdwftykdif; jzpfaew,f/ Pascal rSm qd&k if procedure wpfcu k tjcm; function eJY procedure awG ac:oHk;Ekdif w,f/ Visual Basic rSmqdk&if event procedure statement wpf c k u (cvkwf ESdyfvkdufjyDqdkwmrsKd;) subroutine taxGaxG procedure udk ac:,l vkyaf qmifapEkid w f ,f/ Program module wpfckqDudk structured programming pnf;rsOf;rsm;eJYyJ udkufnDatmif a&;&ygw,f/ (beginning wpfck? end wpfck? sequence, decision, repitition wnfaqmufa&;ypönf;rsm;) wpfcgwpf&HrSm oD;jcm; y½dk*&rf awGudk ]pepf} wpfckwnf;tjzpf twl wuG vkyfaqmifapzdkY&m jyKvkyfMu& w,f/ 'Dy½dk*&rfwpfckpDrSm top-down programming eJY structured programming rules awG oH k ; &w,f / 'ghtjyif xdyk ½d*k &rfav;rsm; ud, k Ef u Id u f kd vnf; qifhuJ udkif;cGJyHkpH zGJYpnf;pk½Hk;,l w,f/ y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fu tjcm;y½dk*&rf wpfyk'fudk ac:oHk;w,f/ qifhuJukdif;cGJ hierarchy rSm y½dk*&rfrsm;pGmyg&if xdk pk½Hk;rIudk modular programming vdkY ac:Muw,f/ Structured Design: 1970 jynfhESpf rsm;rSm information systems u a&SU

qufí ½Iyaf xG;rI ydrk sm;vmcJw h ,f/ pepf wpfckpDrSm rwluGJjym;aom vkyfief; aqmifwm rsm;pGmygMuw,f/ pepfu vkyfaqmifay;&r,fh function wpfckqD udk oD;jcm;y½dk*&rf 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmeJY jyKvkyfxm;Ekdifw,f/ Structured de-

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structured design

enf;pepfoHk;jy;D wnfaqmufxm;aom structrue chart

enf;pepfqdkwm b,fvdky½dk*&rf tpkawG ygoifhovJ/ y½dk*&rfwpfyk'fpD bmudk jyD;pD;atmif vkyfay;oifhovJ/ b,fvdkxufatmufedrfhjrifh hierarchy yHkpH zGJYpnf;pk½Hk;oifhovJ qHk;jzwfzdkY&m vrf;nTefcsufawGjzpfw,f/ Modules eJY ¤if;wdkY pDrHxm;&Sd yHkudk structure chart vdkYac: wJh ykHjyum;csyf yHkpHi,feJY jyw,f/ Structured design &JU t"du ed,mr oabmw&m;ESpfcku program modules rsm;onf (1) avsmh&J&J uif; vGwfrSDcdkrI enf;atmif (loosely couple) eJY (2)twGi;f yki d ;f rSmawmh wpfom; wnf; uspfxkwfatmif (highly cohesive) 'DZkdif;jyK&r,f[líygyJ/ Loosely coupled qdkwm module wpfckpD[m tjcm; modules awGeJY wwfEkdiforQ trSDtcdk uif;ap&r,fvdkY qdkvdkw,f/ sign

'grS tjcm; module awG&UJ vkyaf qmifrI udk Mum;jzwfaESmif, h u S cf si;f r&Sb d J module wpfckjcif; 'DZkdif;jyKEkdifr,f/ aemuf ykdif; rGrf;rH jyifqifEkdifr,f/ Highly cohesive qdw k musawmh module wpfcpk D [m &Si;f vif;aom vkyif ef;wm0ef wpfck udkom jyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay; &r,f/ 'Denf;tm;jzifh module wpfckpD bmvkyfw,fqdkwm em;vnfzdkY ydkvG,f apjyD; b,fwpfcrk S tjcm;vkyif ef;wm0ef udk rawmfwq pGuzf uf oufa&mufap jcif; r&SdrSm/ Structured design technique

rS m coupling eJ Y cohesion wd k Y &J U twkdif;twm 'D*&DtrsKd;rsKd; owfrSwf azmfxkwfw,f/ y½dk*&rfawG wu,f cs ra&;cif 'DZkdif;&JU t&nftaoG;udk wGuf q tajzxkwfzdkY&m enf;vrf; axmufyHh w,f / Structured programming

uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG uJhodkYyJ t&nftaoG;udk qHk;jzwf&mrSm 'DZidk ;f udk b,favmufxd vG,u f pl mG em; vnfEkdifovJ/ aemufykdif; vdktyfvdkY rGrf;rH&if b,favmuf vG,frvJqdkwJh tcsufawGtay: rlwnf pOf;pm;w,f/ Structured design rSm system bmvkyzf Ykd vdo k vJ/ t"du system vkyf ief; aqmifwmu bmawGv/J vdt k yfwhJ data u bmawGvJ/ b,fvdk txGuf output awG vdkovJqdkwJhtcsufawGudk 'DZkdifemu odjyD;jzpfw,fvdkY ,lqyg w,f/ 1980 jynfhESpfrsm;rSm structured design eJY twl wGJoHk;zdkY file and database design technique awG y g wGJoHk;vmMuw,f/ ydkopfwJh structured design rSm pepftwGif; database management system oHk;jyD; y½dk*&rf module awGu database eJY wHkYjyef qufoG,fMuw,fvdkY ,lqxm;w,f/ 'ghtjyifvnf; enf;ynmeJY roufqkdif aom vlawGvnf; information systems rSm ydr k ykd g0ifvmMuwJt h wGuf user interface design techniques awG

structured analysis tqifrh mS zefw;D cJo h nfh entity relationship diagram (ERD)

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odzdkYvkdtyfwmaMumifh pepfvdktyfcsuf owfrSwfazmfxkwfa&; enf;pepfawG vnf; azmfxkwfvmMuw,f/ System requirements rSm system bmvkyf& r,fqw kd m tawmfMuD; tao;pdwu f sus owfrSwf azmfxkwf&r,f/ oD;oD;oefY

Structured analysis enf;pepf okH;xm;onfh data flow diagram (DFD)

oefY enf;ynmwpfckqDodkY OD;wnfrI rjyK&bl;/ enf;ynmeJYywfoufjyD; a&TU qkdif;xm;jcif;jzifh developers awG[m vdkwJh t&mtay:yJ tm;oGef cGefpkdufEkdif r,f/ b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwm tm½HkjyK p&m rvdkbl;/ Requirements awG aocsmusepGm rod&ifawmh 'DZkdifemrS bmudk 'DZidk ;f qif&r,f odrnfr[kwyf g/ Structured analysis enf;pepf awG u system bmvk y f z d k Y v d k w ,f / (processing requirements) system ub,f data awG odkavSmifoHk;pGJzdkY vdkw,f/ (data requirements) b,f toGif;txkwf input,output awGvdk

w,f/ vkyfief;wm0ef jyD;ajrmufzdkY&m b,f functions awG twlwuGvkyf aqmifzdkYvdkw,fqdkwm owfrSwf azmf xkwfay;w,f/ system requirements twGuf t"duusaom yHjk y rd'k ,f wpfck udk data flow diagram (DFD) vdYk ac: w,f/ Inputs toGif;? process vkyf aqmifrI? storage odrf;qnf;rI? output twGufeJY ¤if;wdkY twlwuG vkyf aqmifyHkawG jyoay;w,f/ Structured analysis &JU aemuf qH;k ay:tjzpfq;kH toGiu f w JG pfcrk mS system rS wpfenf;enf;eJY wHkYjyefrIjzpfap aom events jzpf&yftm;vHk; azmfxkwf jcif;tm;jzifh pepfrS vkyfaqmif&rnfh vdk tyfcsufrsm; azmfxkwf owfrSwfay; w,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh trSmpm vufcH toGif;pepfrSm azmufonfu ypönf; wpfckrSm&if order-entry system u trSmtopfudk vufcHaqmif&Guf&r,f/

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG [m analysis and design vkyfief;aqmifwm tm;vHk; r[kwfbJ tcsKdUudkom ukdifwG,f vkyfaqmifwJh tm;enf;aomenf;pepfvYkd owfrw S Mf u w,f/ a0zefolawGu system development udk tEkynmqefaom art u@enf;apí tif*sifeD,m bmom e,fy,fuo hJ Ykd vTr;f jcHKodjrifEidk jf yD; ckid rf m wif;usyfaomenf;pepftpk ydkí jzpfap vdkw,f/ 'ghtjyif vlrsm;pGmu DFD (structured analysis) uae structured chart (structured design) odkY ul;ajymif;rIrSm vufawGYü aumif; aumif; tvkyfrjzpfbl;vdkY awG;xifMu w,f/ Data modeling eJY ERD u DFD jzif h process rd k ' ,f x k w f w m xuf trsm;MuD; ydkí ta&;MuD;w,fvdkY xifwJholawG rsm;w,f/ Structured approach rSm data modeling eJY database design yg0if a yr,f h v nf ; data xuf process u pepfA[dkjyK tm½Hkpkduf&mjzpfaeao;w,f/ aemuf q H k ; taeeJ Y jcH K iH k od j rif em;vnfjyD; yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&; twGuf tzGJYtpnf;\ tvHk;pHkaom r[mAsL[mpepf tpDtrHtm;xkwfrI jyD ; pD ; onf h t cgrS pepf a zmf x k w f r I poifhaMumif; trsm;u awG;xifMuyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh olwdkYu strategic system planning technique ud k azmfxw k af &; csO;f uyfenf;twGi;f xnfh proach

Class diagrma erlemwpfck

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Structured Approach &JU

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG oGi;f apvdw k ,f/ b,f system udk wnf aqmuf oifh w,f qdk wm eJY system tm;vHk; tHus qDavsmfapzdkY&m pOD; requirements axmufyHhzdkY&m ESpfrsKd;pvHk; qH;k jzwf&efjzpfw,f/ 'D OD;wnf &nfreS ;f csufawGaMumifh developers tcsKdU[m pepfazmfxw k af &; tjcm;csO;f uyfenf;odYk ajcOD; vSnfhvmygw,f/ Information engineering vdkY ac:ygw,f/ Information Engineering approach: csOf;uyfenf;rSm tzGYJ tpnf;rS

aeí vkyfief; aqmif&GufzdkY vdktyfwJh information systems tm;vHk; owf rSwaf zmfxw k zf Ykd tvH;k pHak om r[mAsL[m tpDtrHeJY pwif&ygw,f/ (Application architecture plan) tpDtrHrSm business vkyi f ef;aqmifwmawG? pepfrS axmufyahH y;zdYk &mvdw k hJ vkyaf qmifraI wG? pepfrS owif; tcsuftvuf odrf; qnf;zdkY&m data entities awG? information systems udk axmufyHhzdkY&m enf;ynm tajccH technological infrastructure awG owfrw S f azmfxw k zf Ykd &mawG yg0ifw,f/ System project topfwpfcp k[ D m strategic systems planning twGif; owfrw S cf w hJ hJ activities eJY zefw;D cJah om data entities awG oHk;pGJjcif;jzifh pwif w,f/ aemuf project a&SUqufjzpfxeG ;f vmwJh tck activities eJY data awG tEk pdwf azmfxkwfw,f/ tqifh wpfqifhpD rSm processe eJY data awG&JU rdk',fawG xkwfw,f/ olwdkY aygif;pyf pkpnf;a&; enf;vrf;awGvnf; azmfxkwf&w,f/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; vnfywf vkyf aqmifzdkY&mvdkwJh data trsKd;tpm;u tcsdefumvwpfavQmuf tajymif;tvJ r&SdvSbl;/ 'gayr,fh data pkaqmif;yHk processes enf;vrf;awGu rMumcP ajymif;w,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY information

Object-oriented csO;f uyfenf; engineering csOf;uyfenf;u structured csOf;uyfenf;rSmxuf data tay:

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tool ukd oHk;í ydkí jynfhpHkaom life cycle support ud k axmuf y H h w mygyJ / CASE tool u tvkyfrsm;pGmudk wwf

Ekdifoavmuf tvdktavsmuf aqmif &Gufay;w,f/ Analyst awGtaejzifh information engineering csOf;uyf enf;udk wdus opöm&Spd mG vdu k v f H aqmif &Guaf pzdYk wGe;f tm;ay;w,f/ Flexi bility jzpfraI wmh paw;&wmaygh/ udprö sm;pGmrSm tjyD;owf y½dk*&rf code udk CASE tool u tvdt k avsmuf xkwaf y;w,f/ Structured approach twGufvnf; CASE tool awG &&SdEkdifwmygyJ/ 'gay r,fh olwdkYu Mudrfzefrsm;pGmrSm wrif oufoufudk flexible jzpfatmif vkyf xm;vdkY wif;usyf yDjyifrI enf;ygw,f/ 1980 jynfhESpf aESmif;ydkif;wGif information engineering onf MuD;rm;

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG onfh mainframe systems rsm;twGuf tvGef a&yef;pm;vmonf/ odkYaomf jyifv, G f ajymif;vG,jf zpfrI uif;rJo h jzifh ydkao;aom desktop applications ESifh client-server applications wd k Y twGuf toHk;rusvSacs/ 1990 jynfh ESpfrsm;wGif information engineering udk oD;oefYo;kH onfh ukrP Ü rD sm; enf;yg; vmonf/ Planning udk csOf;uyfzdkYESifh data modeling udk tav;ay;zdkY&m awmh ¤if;\ concepts ESifh data modeling udk qufí oHk;pGJaeMuqJ jzpf onf/ Information Engineering [m structured approach &JU oabmt,l rsm;pGmudk,ljyD; ydkí wif;usyf yDjyifí vTrf;jcHK odjrifvG,faom methodology odkY tEkpdwfapcJhw,f/ csOf;uyf enf;ESpfckpvHk;[m information systems &JU requirements owfrSwf azmf xkwf design jyKjyD; processes data eJY ¤if;wdYkEpS cf Mk um; wHYkjyefraI wG Munf½h í I wnf a qmuf , l y gw,f / 'D c sOf ; uyf enf;ESpfckudk orm;½dk;us tpOftvm traditional approach vdkY &nfnTef;Mu w,f/ Traditional approach &JU version wpfckr[kwf wpfckudk oHk;pGJaeMu qJ jzpfayr,fh information systems projects rsm;pGm[m vHk;0 jcm;em;aom approach jzpfwJh object-oriented technology uk d o m oH k ; pG J v mMuyg w,f/ The Object-Oriented Approach: [m information systems odkY vHk;0udk

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uGefysLwm*sme,f

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Mo*kwf? 2008 151

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Mo*kw?f 2008 157

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k j c if ; rS a&S m if j c if ; rnf / omref e nf ; hyphen j z if h atmif v nf ; Word u 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 Hyphen rsm;udk rvdk - Hyphen ta&twG u f xnfjh cif; aqmif & G u f a y;xm;onf / 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 tyf b J tyd k oH k ; jcif ; jzif h oif rsm;pGmudk cGifhjyKay;ygu hyManual hyphena- ¤if; manual hyphenation 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 21234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121 \ document onf Munh & f phenation zone ud k usOf ; 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Mo*kw?f 2008 161

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162

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Mo*kw?f 2008 163

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TIPS (1)

TIPS (6)

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TIPS (9)

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TIPS (10)

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TIPS (11)

TIPS (13)

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TIPS (12)

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Mo*kwf? 2008 165

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Photoshop Tutorial rnf/ aemufwpfcsuf xyfESdyfygu yHkrSef windows yHkpH jyef& rnf/ TIPS (18)

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TIPS (19)

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TRICKS (2)

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Java Developer Guide

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25.

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24.

Mo*kwf? 2008 181

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm eHygwf (11) rSm vmydwfxm;wmuawmh Constructor method &JU Close brace} yJ jzpfygw,f/ 2/ vdkif;eHygwf (12) (13) wkdYudk Line space jcm;ay;jyD; awmhrS tay:u constructor method &JU vkdif;eHygwf (10)rSm a&;om;azmfjyxm;wJh CreateFileDialog ( ) qkw d hJ method udk tus,fcsJUjyD;awmhrS a&;om; azmfjyxm;wm ygyJ/ avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/ vkdif;eHygwf (15) rSm a&;om;xm;whJ Code_Line [m tay:u primary_class &JU vkid ;f eHygwf(5)rSm zefw;D cJw h hJ FileDialog udk jyefvnfac:,ltoHk;csvdkufwmygyJ/ tay:u &Sif;jycJhwJhtaMumif;t&mrSm ygovdkygyJ/ FileDialog ( ) constructor. method udk ac:,ljyD;awmhrS olY&JU 1stparameter ae&mrSm parent_frame 2ndparameter ae&mrSm Dialog Title rSm yg0ifap csifwJh pmom; tp&SdwmawGudk xnhfoGif; a&;om;vkduf wmygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ 'gaMumifh fd= new FileDialog (this," vdkY a&;om;xm;wmyJaygh/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh show( ) method udk toH;k csjyD;awmhrS FileDialog Box udk ac:,l vdkufwmygyJ/ 'gaMumifhfd.show( );

qkdjyD;awmhrS awGUjrif&wmayghaemf/ vdkif;eHygwf (17) u awmh createDialog ( ) method &JU close brace } ygyJ/ 'Dtxd &Sif;jyDaemf/ Code_Line awG[m ½dk;&Sif;ygw,f/ 3/ vkdif;eHygwf (18) (19)rSmuawmh Line_Space csefxm; wmygyJ/ jyD;awmh vdkif;eHygwf (20)rSm a&;om;xm;wmu awmh comment ygyJ/ Double BackSlash // cH a&;xm; wmrkdYygyJ/ pmzwfol xnhfra&;vnf; &ygw,f/ vkdif; eHygwf (22)rSmawmh getString ( ) method udk a&;om; xm;ygw,f/ 'D method xJrSmawmh bmrS taxGtxl; ryg0ifygbl;/ Dialog Box rSm yg0ifvmwJh file udk return jyefay;zdkYtwGufygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ 'D program &JU main ( )function udkawmh vkdif;eHygwf (25)rSm a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( )function xJrSmawmh bmrQtaxGtxl; ryg0ifygbl;/ vkdif;eHygwf (26)rSm a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvmvkduf&ifAWT FileDialog awtfd = new AWTFileDialog ( );

qkjd yD;rS a&;om;xm;wmudk awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/ 'g[m tay: rSm zefwD;xm;wJh primary class udk vSrf;jyD;awmhrS object wnfaqmufjyD;awmhrS zefw;D xm;wmygyJ/ 'Dawmh

182

uGefysLwm*sme,f

'D class &JU constructor method [m 0ifvmjyDayghaemf/ Constructor method xJrmS yg0ifvmjyD;om;jzpfwhJ ouf qkdif&m function toD;oD;[m qufET,fjyD;awmh 0if a&mufvmrSmyJayghaemf/ 'Dawmh tus,fcsJU r&Sif;jyawmh ygbl;/ qufvufjyD;awmhrS usefwJh method awGudk avh vmMu&atmif/ 4/ vdkif;eHygwf (29)rSmuawmhh WinClosing Class ukd a&; om;xm;ygw,f/ 'D Class xJrSmrS WindowClosing( ) method udk a&;om;xm;yJjzpfygw,f/ Code_Line tae eJYuawmh bmrQ taxGtxl; ryg0ifygbl;/ atmufyg Code_ Line av;udkyJ t"du awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/ System.exit(0);

[kwfjyDaemf/ 'g[m tckvuf&Sda&;om;xm;wJh Listing 6.8 u program code_line awGukd Analysis vkyjf yD;awmh &Si;f jyxm;wmygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh 'D code_line awGukd pmzwf oltaeeJY NotePad xJrSm oGm;jyD;awmhrS ½dkufoGif;vdkuf ygOD;/ [kwfjyDaemf/ tJ'D Code_Line awGudk Notepad xJrSm a&;om;xm;yHk awGudk Figure 6.23 rSm a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfvdkufygOD;/

Figure 6.23 Write the program code_line in the Notepad, AWTFileDialog.java

uJ tcka&;om;azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 6.23 uawmh AWT FileDialog.java qkdwJh code_file udk Notepad xJrSm a&; om;azmfjyxm;yHkyJ jzpfygw,f/ jyD;&if tJ'D code_line awG a&;om;xm;wJh file udk C:\j2sdk1.4.1._01\bin xJudk oGm; jyD;awmhrS save vkyfvkdufyg/ ay;&r,fh File_Name uawmh AWTFileDialog.java qkdwJh File_Name yJ jzpfygw,f/ uJ C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin> atmufrmS save vkyjf yD;&if

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm awmh program code_file udk Compiler & Run vkyfMu& atmiftwGuf Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt udk oGm;jyD;awmhrS vkyfvkdufyg vm;/ uJ atmufrSm azmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; command prompt yGiv hf mjyDq&dk if atmufyg command line udk ½du k o f iG ;f jyD;awmh rS DIR path udk ajymif;vkdufygvm;/ CD C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin



'DtcgrSmawmh DIR path [m C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin atmufukd a&mufoGm;jyDqkd&ifawmh atmufyg Command eJY Clear the Screen vkyfvdkufygOD;vm;/ CLS



uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh atmufyg command line awGudk toHk;jyKjyD;awmhrS Compile vkyfvkdufygvm;/ javac AWTFileDialog.java



'DtcgrSmawmh uReaf wmfwYdk zefw;D a&;om;cJMh uwJh AWTFileDialog.java program compile vkyfjyD;om; jzpfoGm;jyD ayghaemf/ 'Dawmh qufvufjyD;awmh atmufyg command udk toHk;jyKjyD;awmhrS Running vkyfvkdufygvm;/ [kwfjyDaemf/ java AWTFileDialog



uJ tcka&;jycJhwJh Command_Line awGudk toHk;jyKjyD; awmhrS Compile & Run vkyx f m;yHak wGukd Figure 6.24 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfvdkufygOD;/

Figure 6.25 Running the Open Dialog Box and Frame

'g[m pmzwfoludk uRefawmf Analysis vkyfjyD;awmhrS &Sif;jyay;cJhwJh Code_Line awGeJY tajccHjyD;awmhrS wnf aqmufxm;wJh program i,fav;ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (15)rSm a&;om;cJhwJhFileDialog(this."

Figure 6.24 Compile & Run of the AWTFileDialog.java

tck a&;om;azmfjycJhwm[m AWTFileDialog.java program udk Compile & Run vkyx f m;vku d w f mygyJ/ [kwjf yD aemf/ tJ'v D rdk sK;d Compile & Run vkyv f u dk jf yDqw dk meJY atmuf rSm azmfjyxm;wJh Output [m vmjyD;awmhrS azmfjyay;aerSm

qkw d hJ Code_Line aMumifh yGiv hf mwJhJ Dialog Box rSm Select awmhrS Title_Text taeeJY yg0ifaewmudk awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ uJ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY qufvufjyD; awmhrS FileDialog Box awGudk awGUjrif&mrSm tjcm;aom method awGeYJ zefw;D vdYk &Edi kw f ,fqw dk mudk odapEdik zf YkdtwGuf Java &JU Swing Package File awGukd trSjD yKjyD;awmhrS apmapm u a&;jyay;cJhovdkygyJ/ Dialog Box awG ac:wif&if r&Edkif bl;vm;/ [kwfjyDaemf/ 'Dawmh Sub_Index 6.6.2 taeeJY a&; om; ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfvdkufyg/ KYAW ZAYAR LAY [ IT ENGINEERING ]

ygyJ/ avhvmMunhfvdkufygOD;/

Mo*kwf? 2008 183

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