200405 Newsletter

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QUEENSLAND BUSHWALKERS CLUB Inc. Newsletter

74 Kallista Rd. Rochedale South QLD 4123 Email [email protected] Phone No (07) 3341 7509 www.geocities.com/qldbwc

May 2004

Bewitched At Witches Falls

Club News Membership Fees

Car Pooling

When the Club incorporated, one of the changes was that the end of the financial year is now June 30, instead of January 31.

The onus is on the walker wishing to participate on a walk to get to the meeting place. The leader will try to facilitate this as much as possible by car pooling but walkers must realise that this may not be possible in all cases.

Any person who joins the Club before 30 June 2004 will be a financial member till 31 January 2005. All members as at June 30, 2004 will only be required to pay an extra $10.00 (due 1st February, 2005) to take their membership till June 30, 2005. Any person joining the Club for the first time on or after the 1st of July will be a member till 30 June 2005. Please note that if you were a member last year and have not yet paid your membership fee which was due by 30 April, then your membership has expired.

Club Gear The committee is considering purchasing some equipment for the use of Club members. One of the first items the Club will purchase is an EPIRB. See the article about EPIRB’s and their use on the back page. We need some feedback from members on what other gear would be most suitable to buy that could be used by all members. This could be gear for day walks or through walks. If you have any suggestions please let a member of the committee know so that the Club’s money can be spent wisely.

You can help the leader by nominating early for a walk and filling out the Nomination Form clearly with your phone number and suburb you live in so that car pooling can be done in a timely manner. Ringing up just a day or two before a walk may mean that last minute car pooling might not be possible for you. Also if no one else lives close to you, then you are out of luck unless you can make it to the meeting place by yourself.

Change in the Newsletter The Newsletter is now available as a Microsoft Word document. Previously the Newsletter was available only as a pdf document but the photos were becoming pixilated and blocky after transforming the original Word document to pdf. The Newsletter as a Word document is password protected from changes but can be opened without a password. The photos in the Word document look much better on a computer monitor. For members who are unable to open Word 2000 documents the pdf format of the Newsletter will still be available.

Page 1 of 6

General Information

The Management Committee

Membership

President

Trevor Cox

3273 3484 (H)

Membership is still only $20. Please note that the financial year of the Club has changed. The present Club financial year finishes on the 30th of June 2004. However members who have paid st their $20 for 2004 will be financial till 31 January 2005.

Vice President

Bob Gur

3345 3971 (H)

Secretary

Patricia Kolarski

3341 7509 (H)

Treasurer

Gary Woodward

3245 2695 (H)

Before a visitor can go on a walk, he/she must become a Probationary or Ordinary Member or be a member of an affiliated club. Members of another bushwalking club affiliated with the Queensland Federation of Bushwalking Clubs or another State Federation are covered for Insurance.

Outings Secretary

David Kenrick

3349 8238 (H)

Membership Officer

Nadeen Larkin

3841 6614 (H)

Editor

Richard Kolarski

3341 7509 (H)

Other Voluntary Positions

Probationary Membership To become a Probationary Member, a person pays $10.00 to a member of the committee or to a walk leader. Walk leaders are authorized to collect the $10.00. The committee member or walk leader will note the name of the person on the Walk Sheet and that he/she has paid the $10.00.

Social Secretary

Evelyn Campbell

3809 2354 (H)

Training Officer

Nadeen Larkin

3841 6614 (H)

Equipment Officer

Steve Moyle

3800 3963 (H)

Supper Convenor

Danuta Gur

3345 3971 (H)

A Probationary Member must become an Ordinary Member by their second walk.

Federation Rep

Richard Kolarski

3341 7509 (H)

Federation Rep

Trevor Cox

3273 3484 (H)

A Probationary Member can become an Ordinary Member by filling out a membership form and handing it to a committee member or walk leader and paying a further $10.00.

FMR Rep

Richard Kolarski

3341 7509 (H)

FMR Rep

Trevor Smith

0407 062 381

Ordinary Membership

Campsite Monitors

A person who is not a member may become an Ordinary Member straight away by filling out a membership form and handing the form to a committee member or walk leader and paying $20.00.

Meeting Place Club Meetings are held on the first Tuesday of each month at the East Brisbane State School, corner of Stanley Street and Wellington Road, starting at 7:30pm. There is parking within the school grounds off Wellington Road. Consult a street directory, as there are a number of one-way streets in the area. There is also parking in Wellington Road. Tea/Coffee and cake/biscuits provided after the meeting. A coin donation would be appreciated

Equipment for Hire The Club has a backpack (suitable for use as a day or through pack) for hire at $5.00 per week.

Bivy Bag/Pack Liners for Sale The Club has purchased a quantity of pack liners from VicWalk suitable for through packs. They are 2 metres by 0.9 metres in a bright orange colour. The packliners can double as an emergency bivy bag and have helpful information printed on them.

Ratatat Hut

Barbara Makepeace Ed Thistlethwaite

Running Creek Falls

Richard Kolarski Gary Woodward

Throakban

Kerry de Clauzel Trevor Smith

Mt Superbus & Spicers Peak

Christine Harrison & Cliff Harrison

Special Coming Events Misty Mountains Saturday June26 – Sunday July 11 2004 The Misty Mountains Trails are located in the Ingham hinterland, stretching from Townsville to Cooktown on the north-east coast of Queensland. They were officially opened in August 2003. Over 130 kilometres of tracks have been constructed. A variety of walks is being planned, from day walks to possible throughwalks. If interested, ring Patricia on 3341 7509 before the end of May.

Canberra Saturday 18 September – Sunday 3 October 2004 Day walks and/or 3-4 day throughwalks in the Brindabellas near Canberra. If interested, ring Patricia on 3341 7509.

They are available from the Club for $3.00 each or 2 for $5.00.

South Island New Zealand

Club Shirts

27 December 2004-16 January 2005

The club still has a number of Club polo shirts for sale. They are available in XL, L, M and S size. $20.00 each

Day walks in the Arthurs Pass area; a hut walk on the Kepler Track and a three-day throughwalk on Stewart Island are being planned. I need to know numbers by the end of May so that bookings can be made.

From the Editor

If interested, ring Richard on 3341 7509.

Sending Photos by Email Photos can be sent to [email protected]. Please do not send enormous sized photos, as the email storage is not large and I need to resize them anyway. As a guide: Do not send photos more than 1200 pixels wide. Crop or resize them first. Minimum size is 600 pixels wide. Do not send photos which are more than 500 KB in size. Convert them to a jpg format if initially a bmp photo and use compression. If unsure email me for more information.

Richard

New Members Rachel Bryan Michael Garton Paulina Lagos Jenny Park Keiko Tomiyo

Karen Chatfield Tina Keil Gerry Littee Catherine Railey Roslyn Vaughan

No of Ordinary Members

Thomas Clough Nina Komlenovic Bill McWhirter Wayne Rolls 98

This is the number of renewals and new members since 1/2/2004

Page 2 of 6

FMR Training Weekend

Past Walks

VENUE: CAMP CONSTABLE, Mt GLORIOUS, The camp is located at 1874Mount Glorious Road, Mount Glorious 40 kilometres west of Brisbane.

Maria Island Tasmania

January 2004

Cabins are accessed from Mount Glorious Road and situated between the Maiala Restaurant and the Maiala National Park. Tent sites and Permanent tents are accessed from Lindsay Road; turn right off Mount Glorious Road, UBD Street Directory Map 105 Ref D6. COST: $25.00 (Excludes camping fees, but includes supper, hall hire and equipment charge) CAMP FEES: Own Tents: $4.40 per person per day. Permanent Tents: $7.70 per person per day. Day visitors: $2.20 IMPORTANT! All participants must notify Peter Webster Phone - 07 33987272 between 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM or Mobile - 0413 842120 or Email - [email protected] by 14th MAY 2004! Bring your own chair, food, cutlery, tea towel, bedding, compass, pen and paper. FRIDAY 21ST May 8.30 PM

Optional arrival at Camp Constable Supper (Tea, coffee & biscuits)

FMR Forms Display (All weekend) SATURDAY 22ND May REGISTRATION 8.30-10.30 Introduction/housekeeping (Peter Webster) (15min) Introductory Maps and Navigation (Ted Wassenberg) (1hr) Radios & Practice (Simon Wood, Peter Webster) (30min) Dehydration and rehydration (Rhonda Eyles) (15min) 10.30-11.00 MORNING TEA - (Hand out Leaders Trip Sheets)

Maria Island

Maria Island lies about 10km off the east coast of Tasmania near Freycinet Peninsula. It was originally a convict settlement and was then used for farming and as a cement works. Today it is a national park with many of the old buildings restored and used as museums and displays. The old penitentiary is used as backpacker accommodation. We stayed on Maria Island for 5 nights and walked over most of the island. We did day walks to Bishop and Clerk, Mt Maria, the Painted Cliffs and the Fossil Cliffs on the northern end of the island. We then walked 11km down to Encampment Cove where we found a lovely campground by the beach. From here we did day walks down the Isthmus along the beaches and to Haunted Bay. After quite a bit of searching we found mussels (which made a great soup) and the largest oysters I have ever seen. Yum! Paul was keen to find abalone but without a facemask or fins it was a doomed attempt. On the rocky point at the end of the cove we found some fairly roundish rocks which made for a good game of Boche back at camp. Maria Island is a very special place and a great place to relax and enjoy some easy walking.

11.00-12.30 PRACTICAL WORKSHOPS Maps and Navigation Exercise (Richard Kolarski) (1hr) Walk Leaders Trip Sheets (Rhonda Eyles) (30 min) 12.30-1.30 LUNCH (Hand out scenarios) 1.30-3.30 MINI-SEARCH / FIRST AID / RADIOS /PHONES Practical Adventure (Phil Box, Ron Farmer, Peter Webster) Risk Management (Trevor Smith) (30min) 3.30-4.00 AFTERNOON TEA 4.00-5.15 Hypothermia & Hyperthermia (Frank Bowling) (45min) Planning and Preparation for an extended trip(Ron Farmer) 5.15-6.15 Knots & Ropes (Phil Box) Snakes and Spiders (??) 6-30-7.30 DINNER

Barb Makepeace

Girraween B/C

24-26 January 2004

A bit of rain and a few walkers with injuries changed this base camp from Goomburra to Girraween. A storm on Friday and Sunday nights ensured the creek was flowing well all weekend. Although the weather had been very hot in Brisbane it was milder at Girraween so the walking was pleasant and the creek was great for a swim after our walks.

7.30 ENTERTAINMENT Adam Donoghue from Silk Road Light-weight bushwalking gear SUPPER SUNDAY 23RD May 8.30-9.30 Ticks and Leeches (Cathy Duffy-Masters) (30 min) Sea Snakes (Ted Wassenberg) (30 min) 9.30-10.15 Advanced Navigation/Emergency Communications EPIRB, GPS, Mobile Phone (Richard Kolarski) (45 min) 10.15-10.45 MORNING TEA 10.45-12.30 First Aid Kits (Ron Farmer) (30 min) Equipment and Ropes display (Phil Box) (45min) Where to from here? (Feedback Forms) (Everyone) (30min) 12.30 13.00

LUNCH (Ethics sheet handout) CLEAN UP

AFTERNOON FREE for a social walk This is open to all members of all bushwalking clubs. On the way to Mt Norman

FMR Sales all weekend. Page 3 of 6

On Saturday some of the group walked to the first pyramid but most of the day was spent by the creek. We drove around to the Mt Norman picnic area on Sunday and most of the group walked to Mt Norman for an explore and then back to camp. Ev, Wayne and Jasmine came as far as Mt Norman and then walked back to their car and drove back to camp. Paul was busy with the camp oven cooking up a feast of roast chicken and vegetables for Saturday evening’s dinner and then scones with jam and cream on Sunday. Ev also cooked Jasmine’s birthday cake in the camp oven as it was Jasmin's 1st birthday on Australia Day. Jasmine celebrated her birthday with lots of chocolate cake and standing up by herself for the first time. On Monday some of the group walked around the second pyramid and 2 even made it to the top. You definitely needed a head for heights and good rock scrambling skills to negotiate the 2 chimneys and steep rock slopes of the second pyramid. Thanks to everyone who came for the relaxing, fun time at Girraween. Barb Makepeace

North Stradbroke Island

31/1/2004

Thinking up a walk destination for late January wasn’t easy. Either an easy rainforest walk in the Border Ranges, which meant a long drive and probably high humidity, or an island walk which included a swim and at least one pub? I opted for the latter. I was beginning to question the choice when I had no starters two weeks before, though I naturally blamed this on the school holidays. Then all of a sudden I had nine starters, which dwindled to four on the day due in part no doubt to forecast temps of up to 38 degrees (over 100 in the old money). All the participants were experienced and the route wasn’t too hard so we went ahead, carrying plenty of excess water, (some of it frozen) and lots of sun protection. After a short walk along the shore line and a brief road bash we headed off onto the sand tracks which lace North Stradbroke Island. The 140 odd vertical metres to the summit of Capembah Hill (which given the conditions might well have been renamed Mount Capembah) were up a very steep sand track, but this was the only difficult part of the walk. From the morning tea stop at the top there were incredible views over Morton Bay, up to Morton Island and out to Peel Island.

Brown Lake

Mother Nature turned out to be fickle though and within fifteen minutes of us leaving the lake, the rain and hail stopped, the sun came out and temperatures and humidity soared. Even so it was a pleasant walk back to the road and we completed our circuit without event. Well almost without event, after a tour of the old cemetery, we managed to miss our ferry and discovered that there was a gap of an hour until the next one, forcing us to spend an extra hour in the rather idyllic surrounds of the Small Ships Club’s water front beer garden; for my money one of the best such venues on the coast. Sitting, sipping gin and tonics, was probably an apt conclusion to an excellent day which featured weather that was nothing if not tropical. Trevor Smith

Stairway Falls

7 February 2004

Stairway Falls

North Stradbroke Island

From here it was an easy, if sandy, downhill stroll to Brown Lake, which is one of the jewels in North Stradbroke’s crown. Heading straight for the water and a well-earned swim was the logical and inevitable priority on arrival. So it was a little annoying when, after only fifteen minutes or so in the water, the cobalt blue skies disappeared in a shroud of pitch-black cloud. One thing I haven’t mentioned is that the island had obviously been very hard hit by the recent storms; there were large trees down everywhere and a lot of damage. The low tree cover we had been walking through wasn’t in danger of toppling on us but if that sort of ferocity was repeated I didn’t fancy having horizontal missiles hurtling around us. So when the temperature started to plummet, and huge raindrops and hail were pelting us, we packed and headed off.

This was down as an M33 but by the end of the walk the leader finally conceded that the rating was a little misleading. Unfortunately, the track beyond Blue Pool is no longer maintained by the National Parks staff and it has degraded badly since I was last there about a year ago. The main problem seems to be fallen trees and no new paths have been worn around the track blockage. A few of us had falls into the creek as the water was up a bit after recent rain and the rocks were slippery, always a good excuse. The water over the falls was impressive though and some of us had a splash around in the creek below the pool at the base of the falls. Once again the slog uphill back to the car park seemed to take forever. A visit to the coffee shop revived us enough to make the trip home. Thanks to all who came, especially the drivers.

Page 4 of 6

Patricia

Full Kobble Creek

8 February 2004

After plenty of rain in warmer weather, it is hard to beat a destination like the creeks of Brisbane Forest Park. They have a unique character with plenty of waterfalls, swimming holes and scrambling challenges that surpass the majority of other places. The catch is that they are only this good after lots of rain in summer when you don't mind getting wet. If there is a drought on or the weather is a little chilly they lose their appeal a bit. Of Northbrook, South, Mid, North Kobble, England North branch, England South Branch, Branch, Cabbage Tree and Enoggera Creeks, Kobble South is the only rain forested creek in the park with an amazing tributary (that some call Bailey and Muscat though some indigenous or local fauna name would suit it better than this BBC name as it has nothing in resemblance to these two high societal drinks). This tributary includes a plunge pool and a gorge swim with very narrow walls that in my opinion beats Northbrook hands down - the problem being that you need lots of water to make it worthwhile. Kobble South can also be followed up almost to the cars, which reduces the hard uphill routes in dry hot conditions that people associate with the park. Eight walkers had an excellent day, first descending to what BFP ranger Martin calls "D'Aguilar Falls" for a descent rest. Heading downstream we engaged the gorge system although a few went around this. Towards the confluence with South Kobble proper we took a short cut using old logging tracks to get onto South Kobble. Heading upstream we followed what appeared to be a mysterious trail of blood that was still sticky. We speculated upon its source but never resolved it. A lovely swim in a water hole for morning tea was later followed by a lunch stop under another waterfall. We were impressed with the amount of Christmas Orchids (Calanthe triplicata) in flower. Many waterfalls and several tributaries later we made the last ascent along a ridge at a tributary branch. This was a bit nasty due to the large amount of barbed wire vine (Smilax australis) encountered before we got back to the road.

Wirerope Falls

This was a wonderful walk - thanks to those who came.

Lower Portals

Back to names - it seems that some bushwalking clubs have taken on the role of giving their names to various places such as "Muscat and Bailey" or "Heat-break ridge". Such names appear to be given in ignorance of the history or vegetation communities of such places. Bushwalkers are relatively new on the scene at these places and I don't believe it is our right to take the place of cartographers without giving credence to the history or natural features of a location. If I had a right (and I don't), Muscat would be named Carabeen and Bailey would be named Laurel after some common vegetation communities in these areas. Heartbreak could be renamed Sniggers ridge due to the abundance of Snigging tracks or Mahogany ridge as there appear to be a few in residence here. David

This walk happened to coincide with a heatwave going through South-East Queensland. Eleven hardy (?foolhardy) bushwalkers met at Beaudesert before driving down to the Lower Portals parking area.

Wirerope Falls

21 February 2004

15 February 2004

Persistence paid off with research of the Tamborine area, and negotiations with a property owner that finally allowed us to share the special qualities of the location. To start the day we visited Witches Falls. Apart from an easy and pleasant walk and lookout, the notable aspect was that this was the first national park established in Queensland. We then moved on to the private property and visited the homestead of the owner. From there we moved down a graded track through a variety of vegetation, to the site of the top of the water falls (Wirerope Falls). This presented an excellent swimming opportunity with a smaller pool at the top for a comfortable dip, and by shimmying down a rope to a larger pool containing the first impact point of the waterfall. Once all had swum, eaten or just relaxed at this wonderful spot, we packed up and moved on to more open country and then on to a stand of large timber where we had a further rest and relax. Once back at the homestead we said our goodbyes to the owner and had a pre-arranged afternoon tea at St Bernard's Hotel, which overlooked the area through which we had just travelled. Trevor Davern

Lower Portals Party

The walk is only 3 and a half kilometres one-way but it is exposed with little shade. We needed frequent drink stops on the way. Unfortunately even the red-tailed black cockatoos that have often been seen here did not make an appearance. The graded track went up and down a few creek beds and we were all glad when we finally reached Lower Portals. The pool was large, cool and a very welcome sight. We all enjoyed ourselves swimming, wading or li-loing in the pool. The more adventurous attempted to scale the waterfall but the force of the water was too great. We found a small colony of bats asleep under a rock ledge at one end of the pool. Hadley had a bit of a scare when he couldn’t find his car keys, but luckily some other walkers had seen the keys in his car door and left them in the vehicle After a leisurely lunch we made our way back to the cars. Thanks to all who came on such a hot day. Richard

Page 5 of 6

EPIRB's Bushwalkers in remote areas should be experienced walkers and always carry a map, compass and a first aid kit among other essentials. In an emergency situation, bushwalkers going off the beaten track would be able to summon aid by activating an EPIRB. An EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) is a radio distress beacon that can be activated in an emergency to transmit continuous radio signals. These signals can be detected by orbiting satellites or any commercial or RAAF aircraft within range and line of sight. In Australia EPIRB’s suitable for bushwalking transmit on 121.5 MHz. They are small and light and can easily fit into a pocket rather than be carried in a backpack which may become separated from the bushwalker. The cost is round the $300 mark. They will send a signal for a minimum of 24 hours. Some have an additional strobe light to aid in rescue at night.

When to activate an EPIRB An EPIRB must only be activated in an emergency situation such as: 

A medical emergency necessitating urgent evacuation.



Being lost with little hope of reaching outside assistance before food and water supplies are exhausted.



Any situation that could be life threatening.

Once activated, the EPIRB must be left on and the party should remain at the same location until rescue occurs. An EPIRB should not be activated if help can be summoned safely and more quickly by other means. Other means could include a mobile phone. Warm the phone with body heat if the temperature is low for best battery operation. If no signal, can you get to the top of a mountain to get a phone signal? Can someone walk out for help? Can a nearby group assist? The EPIRB must not be activated for minor injuries or being a day or two late returning if there is no danger to anybody. An EPIRB signal always triggers a search that is costly and can endanger the safety of personnel involved.

Once the origin of an alert is established as coming from a bushwalker, canyoner or skier, then the State or Territory police are handed coordination of the search and rescue. A land and air search is then planned and coordinated. An air search can pinpoint the location of the EPIRB more accurately. If the weather is unfavourable an air search/rescue may not be possible at that time and only a ground search may be undertaken. Where to place the beacon The EPIRB should be activated in an area with a clear, open view of the sky. Lay it down flat and do not obscure, hold or submerge the antenna or place the unit next to large objects such as rocks and trees. In densely forested areas, it should be operated only in a break in the canopy. Radio signals from an EPIRB are essentially line-of-sight. If there is not a clear path between it and the satellite then very little signal will reach the satellite and it won't be detected. Avoid placing an EPIRB at the base of a cliff, a deep valley or under heavy foliage. Thick cloud and heavy rain can also reduce signal levels. The radio signal from a 121.5 MHz EPIRB is very simple. It is transmitted continuously until the battery runs flat. A consequence of the continuous signal is that two EPIRB's will interfere with each other. This interference makes it possible that one of the signals won't be detected. The more signals, the worse the problem becomes. Emergencies tend to happen in poor weather so if you activate your EPIRB in south-west Tasmania then it is possible that some yachts may be in distress also and several EPIRB's could be activated at the same time. Assisting the Rescuers You can assist your rescuers by making yourself as visible as possible, eg. If possible light a fire, make markings on sand or snow in a clear area, use a signalling mirror or set out coloured clothing. During a trip leave notes of your progress in the logbook if you pass a hut. False Alerts If the beacon is accidentally activated, switch it off and please let AusSAR know immediately by ringing 1800 815 257. There is no penalty for accidental alerts. Some EPIRB’s have a two-minute delay so that it can be switched off before a signal is sent.

Preparation Essential Carrying an EPIRB is no substitute for bushwalker training and preparation for a walk in remote areas. If you have not prepared yourself in the following areas then you should not be undertaking a walk where an EPIRB might be used: 

Basic bushwalking skills, including fitness,



An ability to navigate in the bush, including recovering when lost,

You can guard against a false alert by: 

Storing the beacon where it can't be knocked and accidentally switched on.



Always make sure the switch is in the "safe" or "off" position.



Keep away from children.



Correctly dispose of your old beacon.



First aid training (at least for someone in the party),



Having at least four in the party,

Every year valuable search and rescue resources are diverted to locating distress beacons which have been activated accidentally or maliciously.



Planned the trip, including basic escape routes, etc,

Newer type of EPIRB,



Have basic knowledge of the limitations of the type of EPIRB you propose to use.

The 121.5 MHz EPIRBs use old analogue technology and will no longer be processed by satellites from February 2009.

What happens when the EPIRB is activated? The EPIRB sends a signal which is picked up by a satellite which then tells the tracking station and is then passed on to the Rescue Coordination Centre (AusSAR) in Canberra. AusSAR (Australian Search and Rescue) is part of the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) and is the national coordinator of search and rescue operations in Australia. It is the receiver of alert information from the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite system and is responsible for reacting to alerts from distress beacons received over the satellite system.

The newer EPIRB is digital and transmits at 406 MHz. Owners of the older type of EPIRB should consider upgrading at the next battery change. The advantages of the 406 MHz beacons are: 

More accurate, 5km as to 20 km for the 121.5 beacon.



Detected by the geostationary satellites that provide near instantaneous alerting for 85% of the globe.



Have a unique identification code which is part of its signal so false alerts can be resolved easily with a phone call if properly registered with the Rescue Coordination Centre, Australia. The unique code provides information about the person carrying the beacon. This includes the owner's emergency contact and country of registration. In contrast, every 121.5 MHz false alert must be tracked to the source using direction finding equipment.

COSPAS-SARSAT is the international organisation which runs the satellite system which detects and locates EPIRB's. The members of the organisation are Russia (which supplies the COSPAS satellites), the USA (which supplies the SARSAT satellites), Canada and France. COSPAS-SARSAT satellites circle the Earth in polar orbit about every 100 minutes. Page 6 of 6

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