1260 Days In Revelation

The 1260 Days in the Book of Revelation Jon Paulien Andrews University Presented to the Biblical Research Institute Committee at Loma Linda University September 29-30, 2003

Introduction From the beginning of the movement on, Seventh-day Adventists have grounded their identity in the apocalyptic prophecies of Daniel and Revelation. Central to their interpretation has been the year-day principle in which the unusual time periods of Daniel and Revelation1 are treated in terms of a day for a year.2 One of those unusual time periods in Daniel and Revelation is the “1260 days,” a concept that occurs seven times in three different forms.3 1

1260 days; 42 months; time, times and half a time; 2300 evenings and mornings; and 70 weeks are all atypical ways of expressing the passage of time, signaling a symbolic usage of some sort. The typical way in which one would express such periods can be found in the “three and a half years” of Luke 4:25 and James 5:17 (both references to the length of the drought in Elijah’s day). 2

A summary of the year-day principle with significant arguments in its favor can be found in William H. Shea, Selected Studies on Prophetic Interpretation, Daniel & Revelation Committee Series, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1982), 56-93. 3

The phrase “1260 days” appears in Rev 11:3 and 12:6. The parallel phrase “42 months” occurs in Rev 11:2 and 13:5. “Time, times and half a time” (generally thought of as three and a half years– roughly equivalent to the first two periods) is found in Dan 7:25; 12:7, and Rev 12:14. 1

In recent years significant objections to the traditional Adventist understanding of apocalyptic time prophecies in general and the 1260-day texts in particular have been raised.4 The purpose of this paper is to explore the exegetical significance of the 1260-day texts in Revelation. My exegesis of the five Revelation texts will be exploratory rather than definitive or apologetic. I hope that this paper can stimulate discussions that will strengthen the base of evidence for Adventist identity and belief.

The 1260 Days and the Foreknowledge of God The Traditional Position The traditional Adventist position on the 1260-day time prophecies of Daniel and Revelation is expressed in works by Uriah Smith and C. Mervyn Maxwell.5 According to Smith, the seven 1260-day passages in the Bible all refer to the same period and should be calculated 4

While Desmond Ford did not focus on the 1260-day texts, he hinted in his Glacier View manuscript that there were problems with the traditional view, citing at length discussions among church leaders at the 1919 Bible Conference (Desmond Ford, Daniel 8:14, The Day of Atonement, and the Investigative Judgment (Casselberry, FL: Euangelion Press, 1980), 209-215). More recently Samuele Bacchiocchi has raised issues with the 1260-day texts in more detail. See Samuele Bacchiocchi,, “ENDTIME ISSUES No. 86: Islam and the Papacy in Prophecy,” an enewsletter originating at [email protected]; idem, “ENDTIME ISSUES No. 87: A Reply to Criticism: Part I,” and ENDTIME ISSUES No. 90: “September 11 and God’s Mysterious Mercy.” He also shared with me and at least seven others a piece he chose not to publish widely. 5

Uriah Smith, The Prophecies of Daniel and the Revelation, revised and newly illustrated (Nashville: Southern Publishing Association, 1944); C. Mervyn Maxwell, God Cares: The Message of Revelation for You and Your Family, vol. 2 (Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1985). Some might question the absence of Ellen White’s writings here. It seems to me her work falls into a separate category and should be explored as a central issue in this discussion. My sense is that her work on the 1260-day texts is not original, but is largely based on the work of Smith and John Nevins Andrews.

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symbolically in terms of a year for a day.6 That period began in the year 538 AD when the Arian Ostrogoths were driven away from Rome, allowing the bishop of Rome to assert control of Christian churches according to the decree of Justinian in 533. The period ended in 1798 AD when the French general Berthier entered Rome, proclaimed a republic and took the pope prisoner.7 The interpretation is largely asserted. He offers little in the way of exegetical argument and the accuracy of his historical account is assumed rather than argued. Maxwell sought to strengthen the traditional position on both counts. He noted that the 1260-day period began to be seen as years around 1200 AD.8 While a variety of dates were suggested for this period by prominent writers from Martin Luther to Jonathan Edwards, a consensus regarding the dates 538 and 1798 began to develop in the wake of the French Revolution in the 1790s.9 Maxwell argued that the massive importance of the French Revolution in European history made it the fitting conclusion to the period.10 In his Daniel commentary Maxwell further notes that the 1260 days do not represent a period of total papal dominance in Europe. Instead the period from 538-1798 AD is characterized by a “rising and then declining influence of Roman Catholicism over the minds of men.”11 It was a 6

Ibid, 533, 144-145.

7

Ibid., 145.

8

Maxwell, 276 (Joachim of Floris).

9

Ibid., 277.

10

Ibid., 281-292.

11

C. Mervyn Maxwell, God Cares: The Message of Daniel for You and Your Family, vol. 1 (Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1981), 124.

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period of great persecution for the people of God.12 In spite of the great size of Smith’s and Maxwell’s works, the history is more asserted than argued and the exegetical base in Daniel and Revelation is hardly touched at all. The work of the Daniel and Revelation Committee was intended to remedy the perceived defects in the Adventist prophetic positions. I will limit myself to a brief survey of the work on the five 1260-day texts in Revelation 11-13. The Committee was disbanded for financial reasons before it could examine Revelation 11 in any detail. Thus, there is no exegetical or historical insight on the references in Rev 11:2-3 to be found in the Committee’s published works.13 Several chapters in the Daniel and Revelation Committee Series do address Revelation, chapters 12 and 13.14 William Shea asserts that the time periods of Rev 12:6, 14 are the same as that of Dan 12:7, offering the language of Rev 12:14 as evidence.15 Literarily, Shea divides chapter 12 into three consecutive periods, with the two 1260-day texts both fitting into the middle 12

Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2, 304.

13

In 1988, in a meeting at Newbold College, the Committee heard a paper on Revelation 11 but concluded that it was not a helpful starting point on the subject. The Committee was disbanded before another paper on the subject could be presented. 14

William H. Shea, “Time Prophecies of Daniel 12 and Revelation 12-13,” in Symposium on Revelation– Book I, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, vol. 6, edited by Frank B. Holbrook (Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute, 1992), 329-360; William G. Johnsson, “The Saints’ End-Time Victory Over the Forces of Evil,” in Symposium on Revelation– Book II, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, vol. 7, edited by Frank B. Holbrook (Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute, 1992), 4-40; and C. Mervyn Maxwell, “The Mark of the Beast,” in Symposium on Revelation– Book II, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, vol. 7, edited by Frank B. Holbrook (Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute, 1992), 42-132. 15

Shea, “Time Prophecies,” 342-343, 345.

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period, which favors a historicist interpretation over the preterist or futurist options.16 For chapter 13 Shea argues that the 42 months of verse five is the same period as Rev 12:6, 14 on account of their identical length.17 Since the beast from the sea is the successor of the dragon, the 42 months must come after the first period of Revelation 12.18 Thus the time periods of Revelation 12 and 13 refer to the same period of history. In the next volume of the DARCOM series William Johnsson notes that Rev 12:6, 14 describe the 1260 days from the perspective of the people of God, portrayed as a woman in the wilderness. Rev 13:5, on the other hand, portrays the same period from the perspective of the sea beast, who embodies the dragon’s persecution of the church.19 He also notes that the double usage of Rev 12:6, 14 makes clear that three and a half times are the same as 1260 days.20 Maxwell’s chapter in the DARCOM volumes expands on the history behind the dates for 538 and 1798 as the commencement and the termination of the 1260-day prophecies.21 He also addresses a number of popular objections to the traditional interpretation.22 The best attempt to provide an exegetical approach to the five 1260 texts in Revelation 16

Ibid, 347-350.

17

Ibid., 351.

18

Ibid., 352-353.

19

Johnsson, “The Saints’ End-Time Victory,” 12.

20

Ibid., 18.

21

Maxwell, “The Mark of the Beast,” 72-77.

22

Ibid., 121-132.

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came more recently from Hans LaRondelle.23 He argues that the three and half times of Daniel and Revelation all refer to the same period and are to be understood in terms of years, not literal days. In contrast to Maxwell and Smith, however, he suggests that it would be unwise to be overly dogmatic regarding the beginning and ending points of the period.24

Objections to the Traditional Position Objections to the traditional position were recently raised by Samuele Bacchiocchi.25 He began with a study of Islam in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks. Coming to the conclusion that Islam bears many of the marks of the Antichrist, he discovered that there was great resistance to that possibility among Adventists for two reasons, 1) the difficulty of fitting Islam into the interpretation of the 1260 days, and 2) explicit identifications of the papacy as the Antichrist by Ellen White. In response, Bacchiocchi sought to demonstrate that the papacy fits the traditional dates of the 1260 days no better than Islam does. And while Ellen White does explicitly follow the traditional interpretation, he noted that she was quite willing to update and correct her historical statements during her lifetime (and, in his opinion, wasn’t able to finish the job) and that she is not, in any case, to be the church’s final word on biblical issues. Although raising questions about 23

Hans LaRondelle, How to Understand The End-Time Prophecies of the Bible: The Biblical-Contextual Approach (Sarasota, FL: First Impressions, 1997), 262. 24

Ibid., 258.

25

See the sources listed in note 4. Recognizing the traumatic nature of his observations, Bacchiocchi has chosen to suspend his efforts to explore these texts and hopes that our deliberations here will be open and rigorous.

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the traditional position, Bacchiocchi remains committed to seeking the most biblical approach to the exegesis of the 1260 texts and an appropriate use of history in relation to the period.26 Bacchiocchi is not alone in his concerns. Many Adventist scholars note that the historicist approach to apocalyptic has been increasingly marginalized in the scholarly world.27 I have tried to address the larger situation in a forthcoming scholarly article.28 In response to the dominance of preterism in secular scholarship, many Adventist scholars have either avoided the study of Revelation or taken up literary or sociological approaches to the book.29 Such approaches either ignore the 1260-day texts or treat them as somehow symbolic of the gospel and its opponents.30 A more widespread alternative to the traditional position sees most of Revelation as concerned primarily with a short period of time still future from our own day. While rejecting the dispensational form of futurism popularized by the Left Behind series, such SDA Bible students 26

Personal conversation on July 17, 2003 in Berrien Springs, MI.

27

Well documented by Kai Arasola, The End of Historicism: Millerite Hermeneutic of Time Prophecies in the Old Testament, University of Uppsala Faculty of Theology (Sigtuna, Sweden: Datem Publishing, 1990). 28

“The End of Historicism? Reflections on the Adventist Approach to Biblical Apocalyptic– Part One,” Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 33 (2, 2003). 29

Some examples from one Adventist source: Kendra Haloviak, “Singing New Songs: Traditions in Conflict,” Spectrum 31 (Winter 2003: 5-12); Douglas Morgan, “Fear Not: Apocalypse Now Means Something Very Different,” Spectrum 28 (Winter 2000): 24-27; Charles Scriven, “Freedom Songs: The Apocalypse of John the Revelator and the Atonement of Christ,” Spectrum 28 (Winter 2000): 28-33. 30

A scholarly example of such an interpretation is that of Adela Yarbro Collins. She argues that “The problems which arise when one tries to coordinate these periods of time and to relate them to an absolute chronology show that they were not intended to be interpreted in a literal, chronological way. They do not indicate an interest in precise calculation on the part of the author of Revelation.” Cf. her piece in Aufstief und Niedergang, 1233.

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nevertheless see the 1260-day texts as referring to literal periods of time in the last few years of earth’s history. Perhaps of even graver concern for those who hold to the traditional view of the 1260-day texts is the philosophical shift in our younger generation of Adventists toward post-modernism.31 Post-modern youth question both the exegetical certainties and the historical confidence of their elders. The apocalyptic idea that there could be a detailed and orderly sweep to history seems hard to grasp and even more difficult to believe. While post-modernists are more likely to believe in God than their baby boomer elders, they tend to view God, and therefore prophecy, as openended with regard to the future.32 The confidence Adventist pioneers had about their place in history seems to them out of step with the times. In response to these challenges I will attempt to do the following in this paper: 1) Examine the way fulfilled prophecy works within Scripture as a model for prophecies that extend beyond the New Testament era. 2) In light of that examination, explore the open- and closed-endedness of biblical prophecy. 3) Do an exegesis of the five 1260-day texts in Revelation with an eye to various objections. 4) Review the arguments for the year-day principle in light of its widespread rejection among both preterists and futurists. Further issues which will not be addressed in this paper include exegesis of the relevant texts in Daniel and a careful examination 31

Some outstanding analyses of post-modernism from a Christian perspective include Bruce McLaren, The Church on the Other Side: Doing Ministry in the Postmodern Matrix (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 2000); idem, A New Kind of Christian: A Tale of Two Friends on a Spiritual Journey (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001); and J. Richard Middleton, and Brian J. Walsh, Truth Is Stranger Than It Used to Be: Biblical Faith in a Postmodern Age (Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1995). 32

Aspects of this issue are addressed below on pages 15-20.

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of the history of the papacy with particular attention to the events surrounding its rise and apparent fall during the Christian era.

Hermeneutical Explorations Adventist evangelists today are the strongest advocates of a traditional position on the 1260-days of Revelation.33 They base their outlines of Scripture and history to a large degree on the writings of Ellen White. While confidence in Ellen White is not an issue in this committee, it is recognized that Adventist use of Scripture and history may need some serious updating. The approaches of the past have tended to be theological and homiletic rather than exegetical. Some have even questioned whether an exegetical approach is appropriate to Bible prophecy.34 For this reason I would like to begin with a brief justification of an exegetical approach to the 1260-day texts of Revelation.

God Meets People Where They Are Foundational to an exegetical approach to Scripture is the concept that God meets people where they are. In other words, Scripture was given in the time, place, language, and culture of 33

The strength of the traditional position lies in the way it provides order and meaning to history under the overarching watchcare of God. According to Adela Yarbro Collins, ordering history along numerical lines satisfies a basic human need for security. Cf. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Numerical Symbolism in Jewish and Early Christian Apocalyptic Literature,” in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, edited by Hildegaard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, division 2 (Principat), vol. 21 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984), 1224. The same article is also published in Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996), 55-138. 34

Based on my experience in camp meetings, workers meetings and gatherings of SDA

scholars. 9

specific human beings.35 This point is powerfully illustrated by the discovery of Koine Greek about a century ago. In the nineteenth century, New Testament Greek was thought to be unique. It was quite different from both the classical Greek of Plato and Aristotle and the Greek spoken today. Then papyrus remains of everyday life in the first century were found to exhibit the same language and style as the books of the New Testament!36 The New Testament was not written in some heavenly language, nor in the cultured language of the traditional elite, but in the everyday language of everyday people. God meets people where they are! The Sacred Word was expressed through the cultural frailty of human beings. This principle is clearly articulated in Selected Messages, Volume 1, 19-22: The writers of the Bible had to express their ideas in human language. It was written by human men. These men were inspired of the Holy Spirit. . . . The Scriptures were given to men, not in a continuous chain of unbroken utterances, but piece by piece through successive generations, as God in His providence saw a fitting opportunity (emphasis supplied) to impress man at sundry times and divers places. . . . The Bible, perfect as it is in its simplicity, does not answer to the great ideas of God; for infinite ideas cannot be perfectly embodied in finite vehicles of thought. Affirming this principle does not imply that the Bible contains merely exalted human conceptions of God. The richness of the human elements in the Bible are not a liability, they are part of God’s intentional design for His Word. God has chosen to reveal Himself in this way for our sakes. At some points in the Bible the human elements of expression reflect the personality and style of the human author, seeking to express God’s revelation in the best possible human 35

No Author, Problems in Bible Translation, Committee on Problems in Bible Translation, General Conference of SDAs (Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1954), 95-96. 36

W. White, Jr., “Greek Language,” Zondervan Pictorial Bible Encyclopedia, 5 vols., edited by Merrill C. Tenney and Steven Barabas (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975), 2:827-828; Problems in Bible Translation, 19. 10

language. But at many points in the Scriptural narrative, it is God Himself who bends down and takes onto His own lips the limitations of human language and cultural patterns for our sakes.37 While this principle is true for the Bible in general, does it also apply to the sweeping historical sequences of apocalyptic? Did God consider the language, time and place of Daniel and John when He provided the visions they record in their books? Indeed He did. The book of Revelation is firmly grounded in the experience of seven churches in Asia Minor (Rev 1:11,19; 22:16). It was intended to make sense to those who hear (Rev 1:3).38 The vision of Christ utilized the language of John’s past, the Old Testament, as the primary source for its symbolism. God meets people where they are in Daniel as well. To Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel 2 God portrays the future world empires by means of an idol.39 This makes sense in that time and place, because to the heathen king the nations of the world were bright and shining counterparts of the gods they worshiped. For Daniel the Hebrew prophet, on the other hand, the nations of the world were like vicious, ravenous beasts who were hurting his people. So in the vision of Daniel 7 God 37

There is, perhaps, no clearer illustration of this than the ten commandments, which come directly from the mouth and hand of God (Exod 20:1-19; 32:15-16), yet include significant elements of the cultural milieu within which they were received (including slavery, idolatry, and neighbors who possess oxen and donkeys). 38

In Rev 1:3 the Greek behind the phrase “blessed are those who hear the words of this prophecy” (my translation) supports an immediate purpose for the prophecies in the book. In Greek the main verb for hearing (akouw), when combined with an object in the accusative case, means to “hear with understanding” (cf. A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research, [Nashville: Broadman Press, 1934], 448-449, 506). In other words, the book of Revelation is not “sealed up” like the book of Daniel, it is open to the understanding of its original readers and hearers. 39

I call the image an “idol” in part because of how the OT uses the term elsewhere: 2 Kings 11:18; 2 Chron 23:17; Amos 5:26, etc. But Nebuchnezzar’s own reaction is instructive. In chapter 3 he knows exactly what to do with the “image,” set it up so people can worship it!

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again draws on the prophet’s knowledge and setting. This time, instead of symbolism drawn from the Babylonian world, He shapes the vision in terms of the creation story of Genesis chapters 1 and 2.40 God describes Daniel’s future in terms of a new creation. The sequence of history in both visions is roughly the same (Dan 2:45; 7:17). The primary message of both visions is the same, God is in control of history (Dan 2:37-38; 7:26-27). But in his choice of imagery, God meets apocalyptic writers where they are! The principle “God meets people where they are” means that in our study of apocalyptic literature, it is imperative that we seek to understand it in terms of the original time, place, language, and circumstances, as well as in relation to the whole of Scripture. God’s meaning for today will not contradict the message that He placed in the vision in the first place. The applications we make from our standpoint in history will be a natural extension of what the text meant.

Vision and Interpretation If God meets people where they are in Scripture, exegetical distinction must be made between how time is used in apocalyptic visions and how it is used in the interpretation of those visions. In a vision, the prophet can travel anyplace and anytime (from earth to heaven and from time past to the end of time). While the vision is mediated to the prophet in familiar forms, the vision is not limited to the time and place of the prophet. But when the vision is explained to the prophet afterward, the explanation is always given in terms of the time, place and circumstances 40

In both Genesis and Daniel things begin with a stormy sea (Gen 1:2; Dan 7:2). In both cases a “son of man” is given dominion over the animals.

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of the visionary. We can clearly see this principle in Daniel 2. While the vision of the statue carries Nebuchadnezzar to end of earth’s history, the explanation of the vision by Daniel is firmly grounded in the time and place of Nebuchadnezzar. In the vision the whole chain of history appears before Nebuchadnezzar’s eyes, as if he were present, including the end of history. But when Daniel brings the interpretation, Nebuchadnezzar is firmly rooted in the reality of the living moment. Daniel begins with the assertion (Dan 2:38), “You are that head of gold” (Not “you were the head of gold”). Nebuchadnezzar is then told that the series of kingdoms that follow are “after you” (2:39) in point of time. In other words, the explanation is grounded in Nebuchadnezzar’s location in time and place. Present things are described as present, and future things are described as future. As was the case with Daniel 2, the apocalyptic prophecy of Dan 7 is divided into two parts; the vision, in which the prophet is transported through time and space (Dan 7:2-14), and an explanation of the vision, given in the language, time and place of the prophet (Dan 7:15-27).41 The explanation comes for the benefit of Daniel and, therefore, naturally comes in the context of his location in the world and history, in terms he can understand.42 The same pattern can be seen 41

Susan Niditch suggests a four-part pattern to Daniel 7; “indication of vision” (7:1-2), “description” (7:2-14), “request for interpretation” (7:16, 19-22), and “interpretation” (7:17-18, 23-27). Susan Niditch, The Symbolic Vision in Biblical Tradition (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983), 184. For our purposes here, her first category is irrelevant; the third and fourth categories are both part of what I am calling the interpretation or explanation part of the chapter. 42

It could be argued that in the midst of the explanation of Dan 7:15-27 comes an addition to the vision. Dan 7:21-22 affirms, “As I watched, this horn was waging war against the saints and defeating them, until the Ancient of Days came and pronounced judgment in favor of the saints of the Most High, and the time came when they possessed the kingdom.” This seems to be a visionary extension of verse 8 and of the judgment interlude in Dan 7:9-14. Daniel goes on to 13

in Daniel 8.43 Another Old Testament example of vision followed by interpretation is found in Zechariah 4, which has a similar general pattern to Daniel 7.44 In Zechariah 4, however, the vision is extremely brief (Zech 4:2b-3), and is introduced by the interpreting angel (Zech 4:1-2a). The interpretation of the vision involves a lengthy back and forth dialogue between the prophet and the angel (Zech 4:1-2a, 4-14).45 A common pattern among all these examples is that prophets don’t usually seem to understand the revelation from visions alone. The explanation is necessary for the revelation to be understood.46 Sometimes the visionary asks for further clarification, at other times the clarification comes without request. Since the visionary’s need for understanding is at stake, it makes sense that the interpretation would come to the prophet in his or her time and place, as is clearly the case with the interpretations of Daniel 2 and 7. record the answer to his request for further information on the fourth beast and the Little Horn. “He gave me this explanation: ‘The fourth beast is a fourth kingdom that will appear on earth. It will be different. . . .” Thus vision and interpretation are not rigidly separated, but the two subgenres can be intermingled. This seems also to be the case in Revelation 17, where the chapter begins with a short explanatory introduction (following up on the vision of the bowl-plagues– Rev 17:1-2), followed by a short vision (17:3-6a), followed by a lengthy explanation of elements of the vision (17:6b-18). 43

Klaus Koch divides Daniel 8 into “vision” (Schauung– 2-14) and “meaning” (Deutung– 15-26). Klaus Koch, “Vom Prophetischen zum apocalyptischen Visionsbericht,” in Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East, Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Apocalypticism, Uppsala, August 12-17, 1979, David Hellholm, editor, (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1983), 415-421. 44

Niditch, 97, 184.

45

The format of Zechariah 4 is strikingly similar to Revelation 17. See note 39.

46

Niditch, 185. 14

So whenever vision moves to interpretation, the interpretation is given for the benefit of the visionary and, therefore, comes to him or her in the time, place and circumstances in which the seer lives. Present, past and future are not to be seen in terms of visionary time, but in terms of the prophet’s actual physical location in time. This principle has profound implications for the interpretation of difficult apocalyptic texts like Revelation 10-11 and 17:7-11.

The Open-Endedness of Divine Prediction A basic assumption of the Adventist pioneers and current evangelists is that God knows the end from the beginning (Isa 46:9-10; John 16:13). He is capable of specifying, therefore, the exact day or year when certain events will take place, hundreds and even thousands of years in advance. From my humble standpoint in the universe I have no interest in questioning what God can and cannot do. But I do not believe we have adequately explored the way in which God actually fulfills His own predictions. Is it in fact “Biblical” to expect point by point correspondence between prediction and fulfillment in the actions of God? If predictive prophecies were given in the language, time, place and circumstances of the prophet’s day, it may be reasonable to expect some flexibility with regard to fulfillment. To demand absolute precision in prophetic fulfillment is to become a futurist, since the fulfillments of the past are rarely so precise.47 The best way to test any assumption with regard to unfulfilled prophecies (or prophecies like the 1260 days, whose fulfillment lies beyond the time frame of Scripture) is to study carefully 47

This is why Adventist “futurists” see the seals, the trumpets and the bulk of Daniel 8-12 as focused on the final events only, rather than on the sweep of history from Daniel’s day on.

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the fulfillments that are already validated within Scripture itself. In other words, the key to interpreting unfulfilled prophecy is to observe the way God fulfilled prophecies already within Scripture. Fulfilled prophecy provides a solid foundation for understanding the prophetic ways of God. In fulfilled prophecy there is often considerable flexibility in the way God carries out the prediction. A good example of such imprecision in fulfillment can be found in Isa 11:10-16. The prophecy states that Israel would be delivered from Assyria when God uses a scorching wind to break up the Euphrates River so the remnant of God’s people could escape across it in sandals (Isa 11:15). The basis for this language is clearly the Exodus experience in Israel’s past.48 But did Israel actually return from Assyria? No. By the time of the Exile, only Judah was left and Babylon had replaced Assyria as the superpower that took the people of God captive. Did the remnant of God’s people actually pass through the Euphrates River in sandals? No, they crossed the river on the bridges right in the city of Babylon itself. Did a scorching wind dry up the river? No, Cyrus used engineers to divert the water. In the fulfillment the river did not dry up in order for the people of God to walk across, but in order for Persian soldiers to enter the city and free the people of God by official decree. I believe it is ridiculous to demand that since this prophecy was not fulfilled in detail, the real fulfillment is in some future Middle-Eastern war. The prophecy was given in the context of the time, place and circumstances of Isaiah’s day, and was therefore open-ended. At the time 48

In Isa 11:11 God speaks about gathering the exiles of Israel “a second time.” Verse 16 asserts that the language of the “second time” is grounded in the original Exodus, when Israel came up out of Egypt. For a detailed study of how the Exodus set the pattern for the Exile and Return see Jon Paulien, Meet God Again for the First Time (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2003), 45-54. 16

Isaiah was written, Israel had not yet been destroyed and Assyria still ruled the territory of Babylon. The prophecy was not, therefore, fulfilled in detail, but in principle. Cyrus conquered Babylon by drying up the River Euphrates and allowing God’s people to return to Jerusalem. When the fulfillment came, circumstances altered the details of the case. This example makes it clear that Biblical predictions are often open-ended enough to allow God freedom of action in the fulfillment. The interesting result of this “imprecision” on God’s part was considerable disappointment on the part of the returning exiles themselves.49 Haggai 2:1-9 is a clear expression of this disappointment. A similar “imprecision” can be observed in the fulfillment of the messianic prophecies.50 The outline of the Messiah’s career was difficult to discern in advance, but the reality of the fulfillment became plain after the fact (John 13:19; 14:29). There are at least two reasons I can discern for the open-endedness of predictive prophecy. 1) The prophetic future is predicted in the language of the past.51 For example, as already mentioned, throughout the Old Testament prophets the future exile to Babylon is addressed in the language of the Exodus, God’s mighty act at the founding of the Israelite nation.52 2) Aspects of most predictions include conditional elements.53 The classic statement of 49

Ibid., 52-54.

50

Ibid., 55-75.

51

This statement summarizes an extensive study in ibid., 22-36.

52

Ibid., 45-54.

53

An excellent overview of this issue and its implications can be found in William G. Johnsson, “Conditionality in Biblical Prophecy with Particular Reference to Apocalyptic,” in 70 Weeks, Leviticus, Nature of Prophecy, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, vol. 3, edited by 17

this biblical principle is found in Jer 18:7-10. The classic illustration is the book of Jonah. There is, then, considerable evidence in the Bible that predictive prophecy is more openended than the typical evangelistic presentation would let on. This open-endedness is not necessarily due to any limitations of knowledge on God’s part (such as are asserted in process philosophy); rather it may well reflect the limitations of the prophetic recipient, who can only understand the future in terms of what God has already done in the past. God couches the language of prediction in the time, place and circumstances of the prophet.

The Closed-Endedness of Biblical Prophecy The open-endedness of fulfilled prophecy raises legitimate questions regarding whether or not prophecies like the 1260 days ought to be fulfilled with dated precision. Is looking for exact dates like 538 and 1798 AD appropriate to what we know of God’s ways when it comes to prediction? Should we think more in terms of a general period with a fluid beginning and ending as LaRondelle seems to suggest?54 Are there any examples of biblical predictions where the timing of the fulfillment was exact? There are a number of biblical possibilities that should be explored further in the future.55 The first that comes to mind is the 400 (or 430) years of Israel’s sojourn in Egypt (Gen 15:13: Frank B. Holbrook (Washington, DC: Biblical Research Institute, 1986), 259-287. 54

LaRondelle, 262.

55

While Gerhard Hasel’s DARCOM article on fulfillments of prophecy addresses the closed-endedness of predictive prophecy, but he does not address the time prophecies directly, thus, further work is necessary. See Gerhard F. Hasel, “Fulfillments of Prophecy,” in 70 Weeks, Leviticus, Nature of Prophecy, edited by Frank B. Holbrook, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, volume 3 (Washington, DC: Biblical Research Institute, 1986), 288-322. 18

Exod 12:40-41; Gal 4:17). Exodus 12 clearly states that the Israelites left Egypt 430 years “to the very day” (Exod 12:41 NIV) after they entered it. So this seems like a promising indication of closed-endedness in Bible prophecy. There are clearly some problems with this period, however.56 The prophecy to Abraham speaks of 400 years rather than 430 (Gen 15:13), as in Exodus and Galatians. And neither the Exodus text nor the one in Galatians specifically indicates that the period was a fulfillment of the prophecy to Abraham, although the similarity in numbers and events is striking. A better example may be the seventy years of Israel’s captivity in Babylon. The period was specifically predicted by Jeremiah in 25:11-12 and 29:10. Although Daniel does not announce the fulfillment of that period in Dan 9:2, he clearly believes in the prophecy and is unclear as to why it is not in the process of fulfillment. A clear statement of fulfillment is found in 1 Chr 36:21 (NIV): “The land enjoyed its sabbath rests; all the time of its desolation it rested, until the seventy years were completed in fulfillment of the word of the LORD spoken by Jeremiah.” Not only does this text indicate that the period was fulfilled to the year, it even cites the original prophecy of Jeremiah in connection with the fulfillment. So while predictive prophecy often leaves room for God’s creativity in fulfillment, the prophecy of Jeremiah indicates that there are times when God determines a period of time in advance and carries it out to the year. Unfortunately for our purpose, scholars do not seem completely unified on just how to calculate the seventy years. Some point calculate the period from 605-536 BC, the time when at least a portion of the people were in exile to Babylon. Other prefer to calculate the period from 56

Francis D. Nichol, editor, The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, 7 vols. (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1953-1960), 1: 314, 557.

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586-516 BC, when the temple was in ruins. Daniel would appear to be calculating on the basis of the former in chapter 9, the period when he personally was in exile. The best analogy to the 1260 days prophecy, however, would be the seventy-weeks prophecy of Daniel 9.57 As Adventists understand this text, it offers a prediction, not only of the year, but of the exact time of year when the Messiah would be “cut off” (Dan 9:25-27). Is there a scriptural confirmation that this prophecy was fulfilled so exactly? Not that I am aware of. A number of New Testament texts indicate that Jesus and the apostles believed that the onset of the Christ event occurred at a specified time. (Mark 1:15; Gal 4:2-4, cf. Acts 17:26; Rom 5:6) Not one of these passages, however, seems to make a direct allusion to Daniel 9, although Daniel 9 was clearly familiar to Jesus (Matt 18:21-23; 24:15).58 Further work on Daniel 9 and its potential NT fulfillment texts is indicated. Is the idea that God specifies long and exact periods of time in advance ruled out by the increasingly popular view sometimes called the “openness of God?”59 I don’t think so. I would argue that the time periods of the Bible come under the rubric of “limited determinism.” God 57

Adela Yarbro Collins argues that this passage is the only place in ancient apocalyptic that attempts a precise and accurate time calculation, she feels that the time periods of Revelation are “less precise than Daniel’s.” Cf. Aufstieg und Niedergang, 1230. 58

According to a major index of OT passages that are quoted or alluded to in the NT (Eberhard Nestle et al, Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th revised edition [Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2000], 797), other possible allusions to Dan 9:24-27 include Matt 4:5; 11:3; Mark 13:14 and Heb 9:12. A superficial reading of these did not seem promising to me. 59

I distinguish between the “openness of God” as an ontological question and the openendedness of predictive prophecy as a more-practical question. Even if God proves to be timeless, He might still choose to leave the predictive future somewhat open because of conditionality and the limitations of the human beings receiving the predictions. In the end, God will be God, and we have to do our best to respect that.

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allows much of the future to be opaque to human awareness ahead of time (John 13:19; 14:29), but there are times when He makes clear what He intends to do and when He intends to do it. At such times prophecy is much more closed-ended than at others. In an open view of God, exactness would reflect limited determinism rather than detailed foreknowledge.

The Year-Day Principle One other hermeneutical issue that needs to be addressed is the year-day principle. While this principle has been articulated by biblical interpreters for many centuries, the best current treatment of the topic can be found in the writings of William Shea.60 When unusual time periods, such as 1260 days, 1335 days, and a time, times and half a time, occur in biblical apocalyptic, how are these periods to be interpreted, as literal days or as symbolic of an equal number of years? While in the book of Revelation it is not explicit that an interpreter should reckon a year for a day,61 there is a strong exegetical basis for doing so in Daniel. Within the seventy weeks of Daniel 9 Jerusalem and the temple would be rebuilt,62 the Messiah would come, and he would be cut off or killed. All of these events could not have been expected to occur in a year and a half.63 60

William H. Shea, Selected Studies on Prophetic Interpretation, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: General Conference of SDAs, 1982), 56-93; idem, Daniel 7-12, The Abundant Life Bible Amplifier, edited by George R. Knight (Boise, ID: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1996), 40-44. 61

The book’s use of Daniel in Revelation 11-13 is evidence for the possibility.

62

The total construction time for Herod’s temple (in the time of Jesus) was 82 years. See John 2:20 for biblical verification of the beginning date (around 19/18 B.C.). Historical records indicate that construction was completed in 63 A. D. 63

Shea, Daniel 7-12, 42-43.

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The possibility of year for day symbolism in Daniel is grounded in two aspects of the interpretation of Daniel. 1) Belief in divine predictive prophecy of a fairly closed-ended nature. No uninspired human being has ever succeeded in accurately predicting events hundreds of years into the future. 2) A sixth century dating for the book. If Daniel was written in the sixth century B.C. and the little horn is identified with Rome rather than Antiochus Epiphanes, the prophetic time periods of Daniel must last several centuries at least. Taken in terms of literal time, the prophetic periods of Daniel would not span even a small portion of that history. Within the text, as Shea points out, the first feature of these time periods which points to their symbolic nature is their symbolic context. For example, the 2300 evenings and mornings of Daniel 8 are found in a setting containing various other symbols, such as a ram, a goat, four horns and a little horn (cf. Dan 7:21,25). A second special feature of these time periods is the symbolic nature of the units in which they are given, “evenings and mornings” instead of days, “a time, times and half a time” rather than three and a half years. Third, the time periods are expressed in quantities not normally used to date some event in the future, unusual numbers such as 1260 days, 70 weeks, and 42 months. Are there any clear examples of a relationship between days and years in ancient times? Biblically speaking the year-day principle is given explicit statement in the classical prophecies of Num 14:34 and Ezek 4:6. In Num 14:34 the Lord tells Moses that the 40 days when the spies explored the promised land would be prophetic of the 40 years Israel was to wander in the wilderness. In Ezek 4:4-8, the prophet is to lie down for a total of 430 days to represent the 430 years that Israel and Judah have been disobedient to the will of God (the monarchy period). In each case a day clearly represents a year. This principle of reckoning can be traced all the way 22

back to the Babylonian king Hammurabi, in the time of the patriarchs.64 Hammurabi proclaimed a jubilee (a full cancellation of all debts) in 1762 BC to celebrate the thirtieth year of his rule, his completion of a “month of years.” The Hebrew concept of a year for a day is grounded in the sabbatical year concept.65 The weekly Sabbath became the basis for a seven-year agricultural cycle (Exod 23:10-12). The seventh year the land was to lie fallow, so as “to have a Sabbath of rest” (Lev 25:4-5). The sabbatical year is clearly modeled on the weekly Sabbath, a year for a day in principle.66 So in apocalyptic sequences, the presence of an unusual form of numbering (like “2300 evenings and mornings” or “time, times and the dividing of time”) should normally be understood in light of the year-day principle.

The Possibility of a Traditional Reading It seems to me that recent challenges to Adventist belief about the 1260 days of Daniel and Revelation have enough substance to warrant a fresh exegetical approach to the issue. Each of the seven 1260-day texts needs to be carefully assessed in its context and the traditional 64

Michael Hudson, “Proclaim Liberty Throughout the Land: The Economic Roots of the Jubilee,” Bible Review, February, 1999: 31. There is also an interesting reference to this principle in ancient Chinese thought, referred to me by Florin Laiu of the Romanian Adventist Seminary. In The West Journey of Wu Cheng there is a reply of The Monkey, saying: “A heavenly day is as worth as an earthly year.” Victor Kernbach, Dicþionar de mitologie generalã: Editura ºtiinþificã ºi enciclopedicã (Bucureºti, 1989), page 589. 65

George Wesley Buchanan, The Consequences of the Covenant, Supplements to Novum Testamentum, edited by W. C. Van Unnik, vol. 20 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970), 9-18. 66

LaRondelle makes a similar point on page 256 of his book The End-Time Prophecies of the Bible.

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referents in history need critical re-assessment. I am glad that BRICOM has initiated such a study. We need to recognize, however, that elements of mainstream biblical scholarship operate within a worldview that is diametrically opposed to the way Adventists have traditionally read Daniel and Revelation. We should not expect to encounter evidence that will convince all comers. Having said this, there is much in recent scholarship that can be helpful to us. And our arguments should be grounded in sufficient evidence so as to have reasonable credibility with those who are not hostile to an Adventist view of the world. I believe that neither the critics of the Adventist position nor its proponents have yet done comprehensive and serious exegesis on the 1260-day texts. Neither has the history been fully and critically re-assessed in the light of today’s explosion of knowledge in all fields. My initial assessment is that the Adventist position has not been ruled out in scholarly terms, but new directions are necessary to develop a line of argument that can carry weight in today’s world. I offer suggestions toward one of those new directions in the material that follows.

Exegesis of the Five 1260-day Texts in Revelation As mentioned earlier, there are five 1260-day texts in the book of Revelation. Two of them utilize the phrase “1260 days,” Rev 11:3 and 12:6. Two utilized the phrase “42 months,” Rev 11:2 and 13:5. One takes up the enigmatic “time, times and half a time” of Daniel, Rev 12:14. Both of the “1260-day” passages occur in contexts where positive images of God’s people are found, the two witnesses of 11:3-6 and the woman in the desert in 12:6. Conversely, both of the “42 months” passages occur in the context of powers in opposition to the work of God, the Gentiles who trample the outer court of God’s temple (11:2) and the sea beast who looks like the 24

dragon, blasphemes God and makes war against the saints (13:5). The “time, times and half a time” allusion to Daniel (12:14) comes in the context of a series of OT allusions, including references to the Exodus67 and the Garden of Eden.68 Since there are strong allusions to Daniel 7 in both Rev 12:14 and 13:5, it seems clear the origin of the time period in Revelation is Dan 7:25 and 12:7 rather than Elijah’s drought69 or the length of Jesus’ ministry.70 The extremely strong allusions to Daniel 12 in Revelation 10 also provide a context for understanding John’s intention for the time period.71 The Adventist tendency, therefore, to lump the 1260-day periods of Daniel and Revelation together has a strong foundation in the exegesis of Revelation.72 67

Escape in to the desert on wings of eagles. Exod 19:4.

68

“The mouth of the serpent.” Gen 3:1-7.

69

There is a strong allusion to Elijah’s drought in Rev 11:6, but this single allusion cannot be as central to the author’s purpose as the three major allusions to Daniel 7 and 12 referenced in the main text. A drought of three and half years is not found in the OT context anyway, it is a NT concept (cf. Luke 4:25; James 5:17). In any case, the book of Daniel is much more central for the whole book of Revelation than is 1 Kings. Cf. G. K. Beale, The Use of Daniel in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature and in the Revelation of St. John (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984); idem, The Book of Revelation, 76-99, 152-161. 70

LaRondelle, 239. Other possibilities for the origin of the time period include the 42 encampments of Israel’s wandering in the wilderness (Num 33:5-49) and the possible reading of the Exodus as 42 years (2 years of progress toward Canaan before the 40-year punishment for disobedience). Cf. G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation, New International Greek Testament Commentary, edited by I. Howard Marshall and Donald A. Hagner (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 565. Beale suggests that the 1260-day periods recall the Exodus and Elijah backgrounds of Revelation, seen through the lens of Daniel. 71

Compare Rev 10:5-6 with Dan 12:4-7.

72

Adela Yarbro Collins considers all five 1260-day texts in Revelation “variants of Daniel’s time, times and half a time.” Cf. Aufstieg und Niedergang, 1232.

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Revelation 11 The first two occurrences of the 1260 days are found in Revelation 11. Along with chapter 10, Revelation 11:1-14 is part of an “interlude” between the sixth and seventh trumpets. The association of the sixth trumpet with the second woe makes it clear that this “interlude” is an integral part of the sixth trumpet (Rev 9:12; 11:14). My understanding of the trumpets73 is that they portray a series of judgments against the enemies of God’s people running from the time of John74 to the second coming of Jesus.75 Rev 10:1 - 11:14, however, focuses in on the people of God, although the actions of the wicked are also in view (11:2, 7-13). The sixth trumpet is the period of earth’s history that comes just before the close of human probation, as a careful study of Rev 10:7 indicates.76 Since the vision of Rev 10:1-7 focuses on the time of the sixth trumpet, some might be inclined to locate the 1260-day periods of 11:2-3 in the last stages of Christian history (futurist 73

A paper on the trumpets delivered to the Daniel and Revelation Committee in Berrien Springs, MI in 1986 argues and details a view of the trumpets that I still hold in essence. This paper can be viewed on my web site, http://www.andrews.edu/~jonp/inter7t.htm. 74

The first trumpet (Rev 8:7) is widely understood by Adventist scholars as a reference to the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. See Edwin R. Thiele, Outline Studies in Revelation, syllabus (Angwin, CA: Pacific Union College, no date), 163-165; C. Mervyn Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2 (Boise, ID: Pacific Press, 1985), 237-238; Jon Paulien, “Interpreting the Seven Trumpets,” http://www.andrews.edu/~jonp/inter7t.htm. 75

The seventh trumpet (Rev 11:15-18) encapsulates events after the close of probation (Rev 10:7), including the seven bowls of Revelation 16. 76

In Rev 10:7 the blowing of the seventh trumpet immediately follows the completion of God’s mystery (o[tan me,llh| salpi,zein( kai. evtele,sqh to. musth,rion tou/ qeou/), which is defined as the preaching of the gospel through God’s servants the prophets (euvhgge,lisen tou.j e`autou/ dou,louj tou.j profh,taj). So the event on earth that signals the opening of the seventh trumpet is the close of human probation just before the end of history.

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view). These periods, however occur in the immediate context of Rev 10:8-11. A voice out of heaven and the angel of the previous vision (Rev 10:1-7) engage John in an interactive explanation (Rev 10:8 - 11:13ff.).77 As we have seen previously, explanations come to the prophet in terms of his own time and place. While John’s actions are mentioned in Rev 10:10 and 11:1, the bulk of the passage is the scroll angel’s direct explanation of certain events in John’s future, building on the vision of 10:1-7 (Rev 10:9,11; 11:1-13). The entire two witnesses passage seems to be an elaboration of the angel’s prediction, “You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, languages and kings” (Rev 10:11).78 Since John continues to be engaged (Rev 11:1-2) and addressed (11:3ff.) in Revelation 11, the standpoint from which John experiences chapter 11 is his own.79 Since the 42 months and 1260 days are expressed in the future tense,80 these periods of time were future from the 77

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 556.

78

dei/ se pa,lin profhteu/sai evpi. laoi/j kai. e;qnesin kai. glw,ssaij kai. basileu/sin polloi/jÅ The present tense of dei indicates a standpoint in John’s day looking forward to a time when John (or his writings) would “prophesy again.” The aorist infinite profhteu/sai suggests a point in time when John, presumably through his writings, will fulfill the purpose of the revelations he had received. The infinitive is often used to express purpose or result, something not yet carried out. So John’s sour stomach in Rev 10:10 may well illustrate his personal disappointment at not seeing the end of all that has been revealed to him. Like Daniel, the final conclusion of all things lay in John’s future, as expressed in chapter 11. Cf. Beale, The Book of Revelation, 556-557. 79

It should be noted that in one place Aune treats the Rev 10 and 11 as if they were distinct and separate visions with little or no relationship with each other. But in another place he suggests that the abrupt beginning of 11:1 implies a connection to 10:8-11. Cf. David Aune, Revelation 6-16, Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 52B (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998), 585, 603. 80

Rev 11:2-- th.n po,lin th.n a`gi,an path,sousin mh/naj tessera,konta Îkai.Ð du,o; Rev 11:3-dw,sw toi/j dusi.n ma,rtusi,n mou kai. profhteu,sousin h`me,raj cili,aj diakosi,aj e`xh,konta.

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perspective of John. The two witnesses themselves are introduced with a description of their appearance and an overall description of their characteristics and their actions in the present (11:4-6)81 and in the future tense (11:3). The description of the two witnesses (Rev 11:3-6) is based on the lampstand passage of Zechariah (Zech 4:2-3,11-14), and also the exploits of Moses and Elijah in the Old Testament (cf. Exod 7:17-21; 1 Kings 17:1; 2 Kings 1:10-12).82 The present and future tenses of the passage are to be understood from the perspective of an explanation to John in terms of his own time and place. Whatever interpretation we place on the two witnesses, they had some role already in the first century context. At some later point in history, they would “prophesy” for 1260 days, clothed in sackcloth. But that would not be the end of their experience. The entire character introduction passage (11:3-6), the elements in future tense (3) as well as those in present tense (4-6), occurs prior to the visionary description of their death, resurrection and ascension that follows (11:7-13).83 The following time sequence, therefore, is evident in Rev 10:8-11:12. John is addressed by 81

Note the present indicative tenses in Rev 11:4-6: 4 ou-toi, eivsin ai` du,o evlai/ai kai. ai` du,o lucni,ai ai` evnw,pion tou/ kuri,ou th/j gh/j e`stw/tejÅ 5 kai. ei; tij auvtou.j qe,lei avdikh/sai pu/r evkporeu,etai evk tou/ sto,matoj auvtw/n kai. katesqi,ei tou.j evcqrou.j auvtw/n\ kai. ei; tij qelh,sh| auvtou.j avdikh/sai( ou[twj dei/ auvto.n avpoktanqh/naiÅ 6 ou-toi e;cousin th.n evxousi,an klei/sai to.n ouvrano,n( i[na mh. u`eto.j bre,ch| ta.j h`me,raj th/j profhtei,aj auvtw/n( kai. evxousi,an e;cousin evpi. tw/n u`da,twn stre,fein auvta. eivj ai-ma kai. pata,xai th.n gh/n evn pa,sh| plhgh/| o`sa,kij evan. qelh,swsinÅ 82

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 572, 577; Aune, Revelation 6-16, 585.

83

This is clear from Rev 11:7: kai. o[tan tele,swsin th.n marturi,an auvtw/n. The testimony of the two witnesses (cf. verse 3-- also referred to as prophesying or prophecy in verses 3 and 6) is to occur for a period of 1260 days in John’s future. That is all part of the introduction to the actions in verses 7-12. When the two witnesses have finished their testimony (the 1260 days are closed), the actions of verses 7ff. begin; cf. Aune, Revelation 6-16, 616.

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a voice from heaven and a visionary angel in his time and place. He then measures the temple, which is to be trampled for 42 months in John’s future, presumably the same period as the 1260 days of 11:3.84 Then the two witnesses are introduced. Whoever they are, they clearly exist in John’s day (present tenses) and have an ongoing existence. At some future point from John’s perspective, the two witnesses pass through a 1260-day period of testimony. It is only after that period of testimony that the martyrdom of these witnesses and their resurrection is to occur.85 So the three step time sequence of this passage is as follows: 1) The Time of John (Rev 10:8-11) John looks forward to a second “prophesying” (10:11) John measures the temple (11:1-2) Witnesses have ongoing existence (11:4-6) 2) The 1260 Days (11:2-3) The Gentiles trample the temple (11:2) The Two Witnesses prophesy (11:3) 3) The Death, Resurrection and Ascension of the Two Witnesses (11:7-12) At the same time an earthquake destroys a tenth of “The City” (11:13) As a result of both events a remnant glorifies God (11:13; cf. 14:7)

The two 1260-day passages in Revelation 11, therefore, occur sandwiched between descriptions related to John’s day and descriptions more appropriate to the last days of earth’s history. The time periods seem, therefore, to be part of a great central period in the events running from the time of John to the End. This conclusion is compatible with the traditional perspective of 84

David E. Aune, Revelation 6-16, Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 52b (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1998), 586; Adela Yarbro Collins, Aufstieg und Niedergang, 1232. Collins believes that if one takes the position that John intended the two witnesses as literal future individuals, the two time periods would probably be different. 85

Both the period of testimony and the ascension of these two witnesses seem to carry out the statement of the angel in 10:11 that John is to “prophesy again.” 29

the Adventist pioneers.

Revelation 12 Adventists have traditionally understood Revelation 12 to offer an apocalyptic prophecy of three sequential stages of Christian history. The first stage is the Christ-event back in the first century (Rev 12:1-5). The third is the final battle between the dragon and the Remnant (12:17). The second is the vast middle period of 1260 years (Rev 12:6, 14) of papal supremacy in the Middle Ages and beyond (Rev 12:6, 13-16).86 A major structural parallel in chapter 12 involves repeated reference to Daniel 7. The cryptic phrase “a time, times, and half a time” (Rev 12:14) occurs only once in the entire New Testament and is unquestionably based on a couple of the apocalyptic prophecies of Daniel (Dan 7:25; 12:7).87 The dragon of Rev 12:3-4 has a number of the characteristics of the beasts of Daniel 7 (Dan 7:7,24).88 The war in heaven (Rev 12:7-9) makes several allusions to Daniel in general (Dan 2:35; 10:13,20-21; 12:1). This broad utilization of Daniel’s apocalyptic prophecies suggests that Rev 12 should be interpreted along similar lines. But the strongest evidence for an apocalyptic reading of Revelation 12 lies in the way various characters in the narrative go through successive experiences over time. First of all, a 86

See, for example, Anderson, Unfolding the Revelation, 118-120; Mark A. Finley, Predictions for a New Millennium (Fallbrook, CA: HART Books, 2000), 398-400; Haskell, The Story of the Seer of Patmos, 221-222; Naden, 190; Uriah Smith, 517-519. 87

Aune, Revelation 6-16, 706; Beale, The Book of Revelation, 669.

88

Among other things, if you total up the initial number of heads and horns among the four beasts of Dan 7 you get seven heads and ten horns. This suggests that the heads of the dragon represent civil powers that Satan has used to oppress God’s people throughout history. 30

woman appears in heaven, clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head (12:1). The woman of Rev 12 has a “pedigree” that carries back well into Old Testament prophecy.89 But in verse 5 she acts in the context of the vision, giving birth to a male child who is generally recognized to be a symbol of Jesus.90 After she gives birth to the child (12:5) she is seen fleeing into the desert for “1260 days” (12:6). So the experience of the woman in Rev 12:1-6 is actually depicted in three stages; 1) the time of her appearance and pregnancy, 2) the time of giving birth, and 3) the time of fleeing into the desert. The second character to be introduced in this chapter is the dragon (Rev 12:3-4), who represents the devil, or Satan (Rev 12:9). Scholars widely recognize that the dragon’s attack on the male child in Rev 12:5 represents Herod’s attempt to destroy the Christ child by killing all the babies in Bethlehem (Matt 2:1-18).91 And prior to his attack on the woman, his tail swept92 a third 89

Rev 12:1-2 is based on the Old Testament image of a virtuous woman as a symbol of faithful Israel (Isa 26:16-27; 54:5; 66:7-14; Hos 2:14-20), anticipating the arrival of the messianic age. See Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, Revelation: Vision of a Just World, Proclamation Commentaries (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991), 80-81; Aune, Revelation 6-16, 682, 687; Beale, The Book of Revelation, 640-641. 90

Fiorenza (Revelation: Vision of a Just World, 81) considers this identification “without question. See also Aune, Revelation 6-16, 687-689; Beale, The Book of Revelation, 639. 91

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 639; J. Ramsey Michaels, Revelation, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series, edited by Grant R. Osborne (Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1997), 147; James Moffat, The Revelation of St. John the Divine, The Expositor’s Greek Testament, 5 vols. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956), 5:425; J. P. M. Sweet, Revelation, Westminster Pelican Commentaries (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1979), 196-197. 92

The word for “swept” (su,rei) is, shockingly, in the present tense, which makes the casting down prior to the sweeping if one takes the tenses at face value. Since this is part of the dragon’s introduction, “sweeps” is most likely a historical present, as Aune (2: 652) suggests.

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of the stars out of the sky and flung them to earth (Rev 12:4).93 But the dragon isn’t finished when the male child gets away in verse 5. The dragon pursues the woman into the desert (12:13-16) and eventually makes war with the remnant of her seed. So the dragon in chapter 12 is actually described in terms of four successive stages,94 1) his attack on a third of the stars (12:4), 2) his attack on the male child (12:4-5, 7-9), 3) his attack against the woman herself (12:13-16), and finally 4) his war against the remnant. The Dragon’s Wars in Revelation 12 1) Attack on stars before the birth of male child (Rev 12:3-4) 2) Attack on male child and war in heaven (Rev 12:5, 7-10) 3) Attack on woman in desert (Rev 12:6, 13-16) 4) Attack on remnant (Rev 12:17)

The third character to be introduced in this chapter is the male child, the woman’s son. After his birth the male child is described as the one who “will rule (me,llei poimai,nein) all the nations with an iron scepter” (Rev 12:5). This allusion to Psalm 2:9 describes Jesus’ judgment role at the end of time.95 The very next phrase reverts to the visionary past, “her child was 93

An allusion to Dan 8:10, according to Beale, The Book of Revelation, 635-636. In an interesting anomaly, the dragon actually “sweeps” (present tense) and “flung” (aorist) them to earth. The shift in tense makes no sense in Greek, but appears in all manuscripts. In terms of Greek, the obvious explanation is that “sweeping” is a historical present and should be read as “swept,” but see idem, 639, 608. It is also likely that this is an example of Revelation’s Semitisms. In Hebrew there is no grammatical tense, as we understand it, but two aspects indicating whether the action is finished or not. As a result John often seems to confuse present, imperfect and future in many places in Revelation. It may be that the present tense here represents the imperfect (continuous action in the past), while he uses the aorist for more punctiliar action in the past. To “sweep” the stars is a longer action, needing diplomacy and time, while “flung” is a momentary, violent act. 94

Aune, Revelation 6-16, 603-604.

95

See Aune, Revelation 6-16, 688. 32

snatched up to God and to his throne.” In 12:5 reference is made, then, to the birth, the ascension, and the ultimate victory of Jesus Christ. The death of Christ on the cross is only brought into play in verses 10-12.

The Time of the First Advent The first phase of the visionary sequence of Revelation 12 focuses on the dragon’s attack against the male child in verse 5. When the male child reaches heaven war breaks out there, with the result that the dragon and his angels lose their place in heaven and are hurled down (evblh,qh) to earth (12:7-9). When did this casting out take place? Verse 10 clearly addresses the same point in time as the war of 7-9.96 So the first phase of the visionary sequence runs from the incarnation of Jesus through the expulsion of Satan’s influence in heaven.97

The Broad Sweep of Christian History Revelation 12, verses 6 and 12, both seem to mark a transition between the experience of Jesus, on earth in verse 5 and in heaven in verse 10, and the woman’s exile into the desert. At first glance, one might get the impression that the parallels texts in verses 6 (1260 days) and 14 (time, 96

Aune, Revelation 6-16, 699-700; Rodriguez, 95.

97

The time of the war in heaven is the time when the kingdom of God and the authority of Christ were clearly established (12:10). In the book of Revelation, this took place at the enthronement of the Lamb as a result of His overcoming at the cross (Rev 5:5-6, cf. 3:21– see Johnsson, “The Saints’ End-Time Victory,” 19; Rodriguez, 95. ). Throughout the New Testament the Kingdom of God was seen as a present reality in the person of Jesus (Matt 12:28; Luke 17:2021, etc.) and was established in force at His ascension when He joined His Father on the heavenly throne (cf. Heb 8:1-2, etc., see my elaboration on these issues with regard to Rev 5 in “The Seven Seals,” 200-221.).

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times, and half a time) are two different time periods. But if the events of verse 5 are closely related to the events of verses 7 through 10, the two time periods both follow the description of Jesus’ earthly ministry and ascension to heaven. So it is likely that they refer to the same period in history. The language of 12:13-16 is reminiscent of several accounts in the Old Testament, the vision of Daniel 7, the Exodus from Egypt, and the temptation and fall in the Garden of Eden. The language of “a time, times and half a time” recalls Dan 7:25,98 as do the seven heads and the ten horns of the dragon who pursues the woman. In Daniel 7 the breakup of Rome into ten parts was followed by a little horn power, which was to persecute and “oppress God’s saints for a time, times and half a time.” (Dan 7:25) “The mouth of the serpent” (Rev 12:15) reminds the reader of the deceptive words of the serpent in the Garden of Eden (Gen 3). The flooding waters that attack the woman in the desert, therefore, imply deceptive and persuasive words as much as persecuting force. In Rev 12:16 the “earth” helped the woman. This is a further allusion to the Exodus and Israel’s experience in the desert.99 The desert protected Israel from the “flooding waters” of both the Red Sea and the Egyptian army. If “sea” also represents the settled populations of the earth,100 “earth” here may represent more desolate places where the true people of God obtained refuge from deceptive and 98

Aune, Revelation 6-16, 706.

99

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 675-6.

100

As Rev 17:15 may suggest.

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persecuting opponents.101 During that period of calm, the dragon prepares for his final attack (Rev 12:17).

The Final Attack on the Remnant Rev 12:17 is not only the conclusion to chapter 12, it serves as a summary introduction to Revelation’s portrayal of a great final crisis at the conclusion of earth’s history.102 It indicates that there are two sides in the final conflict, represented by the dragon, on the one hand, and the remnant on the other. Revelation 13 outlines in more detail the dragon’s final war against the remnant of the woman’s seed (Rev 12:17).103 In Revelation 12, therefore, one can detect three stages of Christian history running from the time of Jesus and John to the end of all things. When we note that at least two of the main characters in the chapter were active in the time before the birth of Jesus (which we will call Stage 101

I must honestly confess some discomfort with this traditional analysis. Turning sea into populated areas on the basis of Rev 17:15 seems to fall into the trap of the totalization fallacy, where the meaning in one place (which is questionable even there) automatically applies everywhere else. Symbols can change in meaning from one context to another. There is perhaps another way to see this. In this text the earth helps the woman by opening its mouth and swallowing the dragon’s flooding river. The flood reminds us of the classic OT references to invaders of Israel (cf. Isa 8:5-8). It is further interesting that the earth opened its mouth to swallow rebels like Korah, Dathan and Abiram (Num 16:32; 26:10). The earth opens its mouth during earthquakes, so there may be a link to the earthquake of Rev 11:13, which is a foretaste of the last earthquake (Rev 11:19; 16:18). So the earth opening its mouth could represent the Revolutionary (French, American, Russian) forces that put an end to papal persecution at the end of the 1260 years and beyond. This obviously includes the American revolution, but does not focus on the uninhabited areas that took in refugees. 102

In chapters 13 and 14.

103

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 680.

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Zero below), there are a total of four successive stages of apocalyptic history.104 These can be summarized as follows:

1) Stage Zero: Before the Time of the Vision (12:1-4) The original war in heaven (4) The dragon embodies the kingdoms of the earth (3) The woman represents OT Israel (1-2) 2) Stage One: The Time of Jesus and John (12:5,7-12) The woman gives birth to the male child (5) He is snatched up to heaven (5) War in heaven (7-9) Enthronement and victory (10-11) Transition (12) 3) Stage Two: The Serpent Attacks the Woman (12:6,13-16) The dragon pursues the woman (13) She flees into the desert and is protected 1260 days (6,14) The serpent spews water to sweep her away (15) The earth helps the woman (16) 4) Stage Three: The Dragon and the Remnant, (Rev 12:17, etc.) The dragon is angry and goes away to make war (12:17) He calls up allies for the conflict (13:1-7,11) The unholy trinity deceives and persecutes (13:8-10,12-18) The remnant responds (14:1-13) The return of Jesus (14:14-20)

The two 1260-day texts of Revelation 12, then, both occur in Stage Two, the central period of Christian history. They characterize something important about the history between the time of Jesus and His disciples at the beginning and the final battle at the End. This median location in time after the writing of Revelation parallels the situation of the two occurrences in 104

It is most interesting that Aune has also identified four total stages in this chapter, with the first being an “introduction of the dramatis personae (Rev 12:1-4a).” After the introduction, stage one is the birth and escape of the child (4-6), stage two is the expulsion of the dragon from heaven (7-12) and stage three is the pursuit of the woman and her offspring (13-17). See Aune, Revelation 6-16, 603-604. 36

chapter 11. This makes it exegetically likely that all four occurrences of “1260 days” examined so far are a reference to the same period of history.

Revelation 13 We noticed in the earlier section that Rev 12:17 summarizes the final stage of earth’s history in a nutshell. Revelation 13 then outlines in more detail the dragon’s final war against the remnant of the woman’s seed (Rev 12:17). Revelation 13, therefore, expands on the final battle and fleshes out the opposition to God that will occur then. Does this mean that the reference to “42 months” in Rev 13:5 belongs to the final battle and is, therefore, not to be equated with the earlier references? Could the historical 1260 day periods of Revelation 11 and/or 12 be types of an End-time period in literal days? Let’s look more carefully at the evidence of chapter 13. A little noticed feature of chapter 13 is the way the tenses of the main verbs shift at significant points throughout the chapter.105 These tenses need to be read in the context of the final attack of Rev 12:17. The setting of chapter 13 is the final battle of earth’s history, in which the dragon utilizes a pair of allies. In the context of that final battle, two beasts (from the sea and the earth) are each given “character introductions” in the aorist tense (Rev 13:1-7; 13:11).106 These aorist portions begin with a visual description of each character that precedes an account of that character’s subsequent actions. Being in the aorist tense, these actions are understood to have 105

I have already elaborated on this in some detail in Jon Paulien, Lutherans and Adventists in Conversation, edited by B. B. Beach and Sven G. Oppegaard (Silver Spring, MD and Geneva: General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and the Lutheran World Federation, 2000), 243248. 106

The account of the beast coming up out of the sea involves a creative reworking of Daniel 7; see Beale, The Book of Revelation, 683. 37

occurred prior to the dragon’s final war against the remnant (Rev 12:17; 13:8-10, 12-18). In each of the two scenes (Rev 13:1-10 and 11-18) the Greek of Rev 13 then moves from description in the aorist tense to a mixture of present and future tenses (Rev 13:8-10; 13:12-18), describing the actions of these two beasts in the context of the final attack of Rev 12:17. So two stages of history are clearly marked off by the Greek tenses signaling events prior to the dragon’s war (aorist tense) and an elaboration of the events of the war itself (present and future tenses).107 Beale has noted that Rev 13 is parallel in time with 12:13-17, which coheres with the Adventist position described here.108 Revelation 13 does not contain all four stages of the dragon’s war, as described in Revelation 12. It offers information related to the last two stages of his activity, listed as Stage Two and Stage Three in the chart for Revelation 12 (page 35). The aorist portions of Revelation 13 correspond to Stage Two, the events preceding the final battle. The present and future tenses of the main verbs in chapter 13 correspond to the final attack on the Remnant, first mentioned in Rev 12:17. Note the relationship between Rev 12 and 13 in the following chart: 107

108

Rev 13:1-7 = aorist tense Rev 13:8-10 = present and future tenses Rev 13:11 = aorist tense Rev 13:12-18 = present and future tenses Beale, The Book of Revelation, 680.

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Stage One

Stage Two

Stage Three

The 42-month period of Rev 13:5 is not part of the final battle (Stage Three) of Christian history. The beast from the sea “was given authority” to rule for 42 months. The beast’s activity does not move into the present or future tense until verse 8. As part of Stage Two, then, the 42 months of Rev 13:5 belong to the middle period of church history, between the events of the First Advent of Jesus and the events leading up to His Second Coming. Note a comparison of all three chapters in Revelation where 1260-day passages occur. They are firmly entrenched at the heart of the Christian era, not at its edges.109 109

Note this fascinating statement by Aune: “It is clear that the author intends the reader to understand that the period during which the first beast is active (Rev 13:5) coincides with the period during which the holy city will be trampled on by the nations (11:2) and the period during which the two witnesses will prophesy (11:3). Their death must therefore coincide with the end of this predestined period of time.” Aune, Revelation 6-16, 743.

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Rev 11

Rev 12

Rev 13

10:8 - 11:1 Time of John

12:1-5, 7-12 Time of Jesus

---

11:1-13 42 months 1260 days

12:6, 13-16 1260 days Time, times and half a time

13:1-7, 11 42 months Aorist

11:15-18 Final events: Wrath and judgment

12:17 Final events: Remnant

13:8-10, 12-18 Final events: Image and mark Present and future

A Theology of the 1260 Days Given the general overview of the previous section, a few remarks regarding the function of the 1260-day period within each of the five contexts may be helpful.

Rev 11:2 After being told he must “prophesy again” in 10:11, John is given a measuring stick and told to “measure the temple of God, and the altar, and count the worshipers there. But exclude the outer court, do not measure it, because it has been given to the Gentiles. They will trample on the holy city for 42 months” (Rev 11:1-2). Stefanovic points out that measuring in a figurative sense has to do with evaluating or judging, often in the context of God’s final judgment at the end of the world (Matt 7:2; Mark 4:24; Luke 6:38).110 But in this context the measuring seems to also 110

Ranko Stefanovic, Revelation of Jesus Christ (Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press, 2002), 335; cf. Kurt Deissner, “mX tron, amX troH , metrX w,” Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Kittel, translated by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1967), 4:633. Beale agrees that the judgment is in view here 40

have a protecting or preserving feature, as in the measuring of the temple in Ezekiel 40.111 The parts of the temple that are not measured are trampled by the Gentiles for 42 months. There may also be overtones of the Day of Atonement in Leviticus 16, the only other place in the Bible where sanctuary, altar and people are mentioned together.112 John’s “prophesying again” (Rev 10:11), therefore, seems to have something to do with the “temple (nao.j) of God.” While scholars are divided on which temple is in view here, nao.j is clearly associated with the heavenly temple elsewhere in Revelation (Rev 11:19; 14:15, 17; 15:58; 16:1, 17).113 If that perspective is followed through here, the nao.j itself is the place where the people of God are protected, figuratively secure in heavenly places. As worshipers in the heavenly temple they are in “heavenly places in Christ Jesus” (Eph 2:6).114 The outer court, then, would represent the earth, where in the literal sense the people of God are in genuine peril from their and considers it part of the message that must be “prophesied again.” Cf. Beale, The Book of Revelation, 556. 111

Deissner, 634; Aune, Revelation 6-16, 604.

112

Kenneth Strand, “An Overlooked Old-Testament Background to Revelation 11:1,” Andrews University Seminary Studies 22 (1984), 317-325. Stefanovic (339) points out that the measuring of Ezekiel’s temple occurred on the Day of Atonement (Ezek 40:1-5, etc.). Aune, on the other hand (Revelation 6-16, 604) considers an allusion to Leviticus 16 “impossibly subtle.” 113

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 562. See discussion of this and other options in Aune, Revelation 6-16, 596-597. 114

On the concept that the people of God in Revelation are always depicted as being in heavenly places while the wicked are “those who live on the earth” (cf. 6:10; 8:13; 13:8, etc.) see Beatrice Neall, “Sealed Saints and the Tribulation,” in Symposium on Revelation– Book I, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, volume 6, edited by Frank B. Holbrook (Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute, 1992), 270-272.

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enemies. God is in full control of the situation of His people, even when they suffer.115 Does the outer court represent the faithful people of God or a professing but apostate church? Beale offers a strong case for both conclusions.116 1) Since Revelation acknowledges that apostate believers exist in the church (Rev 2:4, 14-16, 20-23; 3:1-3, 16), the “casting out” (e;kbale) of the outer court could represent exclusion from the true community of faith (cf. Matt 5:13; Luke 13:28; 14:35; John 6:37; 12:31; 15:6).117 2) But if the “casting out” refers to what happens to God’s true people as they are rejected and persecuted by the unbelieving world (Matt 21:39; Mark 12:8; Luke 4:29; 20:15; John 9:34-35; Acts 7:58), the “measuring” implies that God’s faithful people are spiritually secure, despite the physical harm that they suffer.118 Either view is compatible with traditional SDA understanding of the 1260 days. If the “holy city” of 11:2 (same as the “outer court”) is to be understood as God’s faithful people, then persecution is the theme of all five 1260-day texts.119 115

It is valuable to note that the earthly ministry of Jesus is symbolized by the furniture of the outer court, the altar of burnt offering representing his death on the cross, and the laver representing his baptism and, perhaps, resurrection. The heavenly ministry of Jesus is represented by the temple structure and its furnishings. 116

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 558-559.

117

Cf. R. H. Charles, Revelation, 1:274-278; William Hendriksen, More Than Conquerors (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1962), 155; J. Massyngberde Ford, 176-177, and numerous others listed in footnote 242 of Beale, The Book of Revelation, 558. 118

Cf. G. B. Caird, A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine (NY: Harper and Row, 1966), 131-132; J. P. M. Sweet, Revelation (London: SCM Press, 1979), 183-184; Pierre Prigent, L’Apocalypse de Saint Jean (Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé, 1981), 160-163, and numerous others listed in footnote 243 of Beale, The Book of Revelation, 558. Beale himself holds to this view, cf. Beale, The Book of Revelation, 560. 119

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 568-569.

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Uriah Smith understood John’s actions in Rev 10:8-11 to represent the remnant church after the Great Disappointment. John’s measuring of the temple (11:1-2) would then mean that the church was to give the subject of the heavenly sanctuary special examination in the Time of the End. For Smith the measuring rod was the special message about the sanctuary that would distinguish the last-day people of God.120 While these ideas may not all have been in John’s mind, they seem a reasonable extension of the exegetical meaning. The heavenly temple in Revelation is the center of all divine activities, the place where strategies and decisions regarding earth are made.121 God’s end-time people do well to understand its role in final events. The 42-month period had not yet begun in John’s time, but would begin at some time in the future, as indicated by the future tense of “will trample” (11:2). During this period the measuring divides the true worshipers of God from the “nations” that may profess allegiance to God yet are found in opposition to His true worshipers.122 The “trampling on the holy city for 42 months” (Rev 11:2) is paralleled by texts in Daniel and Luke that bear further investigation in relation to this verse.123 Commentators often suggest that the 42 months and related periods in Revelation are 120

Smith, (1944), 532.

121

Stefanovic, 339.

122

Stefanovic, 341.

123

Dan 7:7, 19, 23 portray the Roman Empire trampling underfoot conquered nations. In Dan 8:9-13 the Little Horn tramples the place of God’s sanctuary and the host of the saints, throwing truth to the ground in the process. Luke 21:24 speaks of Jerusalem being trampled until the “times of the Gentiles” are fulfilled.

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more qualitative than quantitative in their significance.124 They point to the three and a half years of the drought in Elijah’s day (1 Kings 17:1; Luke 4:25; James 5:17), when the “sky was shut” (Rev 11:6). This certainly lies in the background of Rev 11:1-6 (but not of Revelation 12 or 13). It is also associated with the presumed length of Jesus’ ministry. But since both of those periods refer to the measurement of time, it is not clear to me why a qualitative significance necessarily rules out any chronological meaning.

Revelation 11:3 Rev 11:3 continues the scene that began in Rev 10:8. It is, therefore, closely related to 11:2. Since both the “1260 days” of 11:3 and the “42 months” of 11:2 are in the future tense, and occur side by side in the text, they must refer to the same period of time. Unlike the 42 months, which represent a time of Gentile “trampling,” the 1260 days of Rev 11:3 portray the time when the “two witnesses” prophesy in sackcloth. They are given power to prophesy, presumably by God. Their prophesying is related to Rev 10:11, where John is told he must prophesy again.125 John does not do this personally, the two witnesses carry out this work in John’s behalf. The sackcloth with which they are dressed is related to the bitterness of 10:10 and the trampling of 124

Stefanovic, 338, 384. In saying this, Stefanovic is not ruling out a quantitative interpretation. “The most plausible interpretation understands these time designations (repeated in one way or another in chapters 11 and 12-13) not as a literal time period of forty-two months, but as referring to the prophetic period of more than twelve centuries, known as the Middle Ages, during which the church, like Israel at the Exodus, suffered the hardship of its ‘wilderness’ pilgrimage (cf. Rev 12:6, 14).” p. 338, cf. 411-412. 125

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 572.

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11:2.126 While dressed in sackcloth, however, the witnesses are not powerless. They can destroy enemies with fire (Rev 11:5, cf. 2 Kings 1:9-14) and manipulate the weather (11:6, cf. 1 Kings 17:1). There are three main views regarding the identity of the two witnesses.127 They are thought to be two eschatological individuals (modeled on Moses and Elijah) who function as divine agents,128 symbolic of the people of God,129 or symbolic of the Bible as Old and New Testaments.130 Stefanovic thinks the evidence warrants a double identification that is not mutually exclusive. “It is through the preaching and teaching of the church that the Word of God is manifested.”131 I would agree, but the exegetical evidence seems a bit stronger for the two 126

Stefanovic, 347-348.

127

The Greek word for “witness” is ma,rtuj, which can mean “one who testifies” or a “martyr.” Both meanings seem relevant to Revelation 11. 128

Joseph A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: A Series of Special Lectures on the Revelation of Jesus Christ, with Revised Text, 3 volumes (Philadelphia: Philadelphia School of the Bible, 1865), 2: 174-224; R. H. Charles, Revelation, The International Critical Commentary, 2 vols., edited by S. R. Driver, et al (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1920), 1:280-282; Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, reprint of 1919 edition Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1967), 585587. 129

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 573-575; George R. Beasley-Murray, The Book of Revelation, The New Century Bible, edited by Ronald E. Clements and Matthew Black (London: Oliphants, 1974), 183-184; Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation, The New International Commentary on the New Testament, edited by F. F. Bruce (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 223. 130

Strand, “The Two Witnesses of Rev. 11:3-12,” Andrews University Seminary Studies 19 (1981): 127-135; George Croly, The Apocalypse of St. John, (London: J., G. and F. Rivington, 1838), 164; Uriah Smith, The Prophecies of Daniel and the Revelation (1944 edition), 534ff. 131

Stefanovic, 345.

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witnesses representing God’s faithful, witnessing church.132

Rev 12:6, 14 In Revelation, chapter 12, verses 6 and 14 seem clearly parallel. In both cases “the” woman133 “flees” or “flies” into the desert for protection. In both cases there is a divine provision made for her safety.134 In both texts the time period is specifically designated as a time of “nourishment” (“taken care of,” NIV). While separated by the war in heaven passage (Rev 12:713), the two verses clearly refer to the same woman and the same event. The 1260 days of verse 6, therefore, make it clear that the “time, times and half a time” of verse 14 (and Daniel) are a symbolic way of referring to three and a half years. 132

For me the decisive point here is that crucial to the SDA position is the assumption that all five time periods (not to mention the two in Daniel) refer to the same period of time. In all other places persecution of the church is central to the theme and nowhere else is Scripture clearly in view. The two witnesses as Scripture needs to be read as completely out of character with the other 1260-day texts. Beale makes this point strongly in his commentary (574). 133

In Rev 12:1 the woman is introduced without an article, since she has not appeared in the book before this. All other uses of the term in the chapter (Rev 12:4, 6, 13-17) are with the article, referring back to verse 1 where the woman is introduced. So all references to “woman” in this chapter are to the same character. As Aune acknowledges (Revelation 6-16, 691), the woman is a personification of the Christian community after the ascension of Jesus. 134

The divine passive (“was given”) here is a very common usage in Revelation. The reference to eagles’ wings is one of several allusions to the Exodus in this chapter (cf. Exod 19:4; Deut 32:8-12).

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Rev 12:6

Rev 12:14

The woman fled into the desert to a place prepared for her by God, where she might be taken care of for 1,260 days.

The woman was given the two wings of a great eagle, so that she might fly to the place prepared for her in the desert, where she would be taken care of for a time, times and half a time, out of the serpent's reach.

As with the parallel time designations of Revelation 11, the time periods of chapter 12 reflect a period after the time of Jesus and before the final events at the End. There is no compelling reason to consider the time periods of Revelation 12 to be different from each other or from the parallel designations of Revelation 11. In these passages the author of Revelation takes up the New Exodus theme so common in the Old Testament prophets.135 The desert was the place to which the children of Israel escaped after leaving Egypt (Exod 13:18, 20; 14:11-12; 15:22; 16:1-3). They did not choose to go there; rather it was God who led them there (Exod 13:21-22; 14:15-18). In the desert God took care of Israel’s needs for food and water by miraculous means (Exod 16:4-36; 17:1-7). In the prophets the Exodus experience becomes the model for God’s future acts of deliverance.136 In Early Judaism, as well as in the OT prophets, the Exodus becomes the model for the messianic age.137 In the New Testament Jesus’ life, death and resurrection is also modeled on the Exodus (Matt 2:15; 135

Hos 2:8-15; Mic 7:15-20; Isa 4:2-6; 11:10-16; 43:16-19, etc.

136

Paulien, Meet God Again, 45-54.

137

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 644-645.

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Luke 9:31; John 1:17-18; Acts 3:22-24; 1 Cor 5:7; 10:1-10, etc.).138 Likewise, in Revelation the experience of the church is modeled on the experiences of Israel. In Jewish writings, the desert would be the place where the Messiah would gather the eschatological people and God would miraculously “prepare a table for them” in the presence of their enemies.139 It would also, therefore, be the place of eschatological trial (cf. Deut 8:14-16). So the woman is also modeled on the saints of Daniel 7, who are persecuted by the Little Horn for a time, times and half a time (Rev 12:14, cf. Dan 7:25), and Eve in the Garden, threatened by what comes out of the mouth of the serpent (Rev 12:15, cf. Gen 3:1-7).140 John’s first readers would certainly have applied these texts to their own experience.

Revelation 13:5 In Revelation 13 the 42 months are associated with the beast from the sea who utters blasphemies against God, His dwelling place (th.n skhnh.n auvtou/– literally “God’s tabernacle”) and those who live in heaven, makes war against the saints and has authority over the whole earth (Rev 13:5-7). The war against the saints in the context of blasphemy against the heavenly tabernacle seems an equivalent of the trampling of the outer court in Rev 11:2, although the 138

Paulien, Meet God Again, 60-65.

139

Based on texts like Ps 23:5 and 78:19-20. See the literature cited in Beale, The Book of Revelation, 644. 140

Beale also sees sanctuary imagery in the wilderness texts of Revelation 12. Cf. Beale, The Book of Revelation, 648-650.

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persecuting nature of this activity is much clearer in chapter 13.141 Stefanovic points out that blasphemy in the New Testament refers to the act of claiming equality with God (John 10:33; Matt 26:63-66).142 The sea beast functions as part of the “demonic trinity” which seeks to counterfeit the work of God among the peoples of earth. The 42 months come in the part of Revelation 13 which sets the stage for the final battle; it is not part of the battle itself. Like the other four occurrences of the 1260 days, this too falls into the central period of Christian history, between the time of Jesus and His disciples and the final battle portrayed in Rev 13:8-10, 12-18. As is clearly the case with Rev 12:14, there is a strong allusion in Revelation 13 to the vision of Daniel 7. The activities of the sea beast mirror the activities of the Little Horn after the fall of the ten horns of the fourth beast. Although the “fatal wound” of Rev 13:3 is mentioned before the 42 months, it is more likely at the conclusion of the 42 months (13:5) than at the beginning. Verse 5 is actually an elaboration of verse 2, where the sea beast receives authority (evxousi,an) from the dragon. The length of the “authority” (evxousi,a) given by the dragon is 42 months, according to verse 5. Since the sea beast offers a parody of Jesus Christ, it stands to reason that the beast’s death and resurrection would follow rather than precede a “ministry” of three and a half years.143 The mixup in order is consistent with the character of this section (13:1-7) as an introduction in aorist tense, 141

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 566. Beale acknowledges that 11:2 and 13:5 refer to the same period. 142

Stefanovic, 403.

143

On the triple parody of dragon, beast and false prophet see Jon Paulien, What the Bible Says About the End-Time (Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1994), 109-119.

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giving a “pedigree” of the sea beast in preparation for its actions in the final crisis (Rev 13:8-10, 12-18). The events of the aorist introduction are clearly not in chronological order.144

Concluding Reflections This has been a most interesting process for me and I am grateful for the opportunity. For the benefit of the committee I would like to offer a few reflections on the big picture as I see it going into the committee’s deliberations. They are written from the perspective of preserving the best of our heritage in the context of a new generation. All of the following is subject to discussion and further refinement, it is designed to provoke and guide our discussion rather than to be prescriptive. 1) The traditional position seems exegetically defensible. In this paper are a number of elements that support the generally validity of our historic understanding. A) None of the five occurrences of the 1260-day period in Revelation is associated with either the time of Jesus and His disciples or the final events of earth’s history. All five texts seem to fall into the central part of the Christian age. B) All five occurrences seem to point to the same period of time, a period in which key opponents of God attack His people and His people are protected by God from total destruction, and this position is supported by the best non-SDA scholarship.145 144

For example, the “coming out of the sea” (Rev 13:1) is in the context of the dragon’s war of 12:17 and is, therefore, later than most of what follows. The leopard, bear and lion (13:2) are mentioned in reverse order to their chronological appearance in Daniel 7. 145

Aune considers all five 1260-texts to refer to the same period of time (Aune, Revelation 6-16, 609). Beale agrees that they are probably the same and reflect attacks on the community of faith in the course of the “church age.” Beale, The Book of Revelation, 566. Beale argues, 50

C) The fact that the various forms of this time period occur a total of five times in Revelation and two times in Daniel suggests that this period was of pivotal importance to the authors of Daniel and Revelation. Interpretation of this period is, therefore, not a minor matter in the exegesis of Revelation.146 So historic Adventist interest in this time period is not misplaced. D) Given the two thousand year length of the Christian era, understanding these periods in terms of the year-day principle seems reasonable from the perspective of a belief in predictive prophecy that includes either complete foreknowledge on God’s part or at least limited determinism. E) At least two of the 1260-day texts (Rev 12:14; 13:5) offer strong allusions to Daniel 7. So Adventist interpretations that rely heavily on Daniel 7 for indentifying the enemy actions of the 1260 days have a solid basis for doing so in the exegesis of Revelation.147 Daniel’s picture of four successive empires followed by a breakup into ten parts, the destruction of three of those parts and the rise of the Little Horn who oppresses the saints for a time, times and half a time is a relevant backdrop to the 1260-day texts of Revelation. 2) While exegetically defensible, the traditional position is not exegetically compelling however, (567) that the period covers the entire Christian age from the resurrection of Christ to the Second Coming. 146

LaRondelle, 238.

147

I have offered some exegetical reflections on Daniel 7 in upcoming publications based on a lengthy paper entitled “The Hermeneutics of Biblical Prophecy” and delivered to the Biblical Research Institute Committee in February of 2001 at Loma Linda University.

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and may never be. A) The closed-ended view of time prophecies in the Bible lacks compelling demonstration of exact fulfillment over hundreds and thousands of years. The best two candidates, the 400 years of Egyptian slavery and the 70 weeks of Daniel 9 are difficult to correlate with history and the latter lacks a clear assertion of fulfillment within Scripture. The 70 years of Jeremiah is a good example, but even there exact correlation with the events of history is debated. B) The exegesis itself leaves gaps between the text and the historical applications. If one worked purely with Revelation 12, for example, the most natural way of understanding this period is that it covers everything from the ascension of Jesus (Rev 12:5-6) right up to the final events (12:17), as Beale asserts.148 On what exegetical basis can we limit the 1260-days to only a portion of that period?149 C) While this is outside my area of specialty,150 it seems clear that we may never find a “slam dunk” historical support for the 538-1798 dating. A number of events running from 440 AD to the time of Charlemagne seem more important than anything that 148

Beale, The Book of Revelation, 646.

149

That would not seem possible on the basis of Revelation 12, but Daniel 7 is the place SDAs traditionally go to define the period as something that begins after the Roman Empire and ends before the judgment (Dan 7:19-26). In Revelation 11, considerable action takes place after the 1260 days are over (Rev 11:7-13), and Revelation 13 makes only tangential connection between the time period and the cross of Jesus (Rev 13:3, 8) or any other part of his first advent. So a comprehensive biblical approach lends some exegetical plausibility to the way SDAs read Revelation 12. 150

I have listened carefully to several SDA specialists in this area and heard the best arguments for and against the history.

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happened in 538. And can one really claim that the events of 1798 are more significant in papal history than either the Reformation or the establishment of the state of Italy in 1870? 3) Where shall we go from here? Obviously, the committee’s deliberations will cause ideas and directions to emerge that would not happen otherwise, but let me try my hand at some possibilities we may want to consider. A) An honest look at the historical evidence could cause us to de-emphasize specific dates and see the 1260 years as more of a round number. The beginning of the period would be a series of developments from around 440 AD through 800 AD, and the close of the period would be a series of developments from 1517 AD through 1870 AD. Anyway you cut the history there are a thousand plus years in which the papacy more or less dominated the affairs of Europe. B) The best approach to a traditional understanding will probably not come from exegesis, but rather from a broad-based systematic approach that sees all seven 1260-day texts as part of a system of understanding that transcends the exegesis of any one part. Gaps in one place are filled with information from other places. The appropriateness of such an approach may need to be demonstrated. C) We need to renew the understanding that the historic view of our pioneers was based less on exegesis than on an overarching philosophy of history, grounded in God’s foreknowledge, His workings and His predictive capability. That philosophy may need tweaking in light of study of the open-endedness of divine prediction and the limitations of listeners in a post-modern environment, but it should not be lightly discarded. D) We need to explore the popular conception (or at least so I was taught in 53

college and seminary) that prophets view the future in two dimensions rather than three. If that could be demonstrated, we would not need to be threatened by “gaps” in an outline, they would be expected. This would also explain some of the “open-endedness” we see in fulfilled prophecy. E) The most recent scholarship speaks more about “readings” of the text than it does about exegesis or theology. Can we conceive of a position in which we argue for divinely-guided readings of Scripture that functioned as present truth in the context of the 19th century, but were not necessarily exegetical readings? Such readings would be present truth for their time, and should be affirmed as the work of God, yet need not be accepted as exegetical readings with universal validity. Such a position would allow us to fully affirm where we have been while remaining open to where God wants us to go. F) Some have suggested that the persecutions of the 1260-day texts should not be limited to the papacy in the Middle Ages, but could also apply to Islam and pagan Rome. This is quite appealing on the face of it. Suffering is suffering. Yet I think the papal interpretation is of a different nature than the others. It is persecution from inside the house. As such it has a deceptive element that is lacking in external persecution. The persecutions of Revelation 12 and 13, in particular, highlight deception as much as they do force and intimidation. This suggests that a broadening of focus may not be helpful. G) For now the best argument for associating the 1260-day time period with specific events at specific times in history is the confirming support of Ellen White, particularly in the book Great Controversy. Further work should perhaps be done regarding the appropriateness of using Ellen White to settle matters of biblical and 54

historical interpretation. I believe this discussion is very important at this time and look forward to learning a great deal more from our deliberations here. If our work is to make a decisive difference, however, I believe we need to increase the ideological diversity of this group, if only for a session or two. Those in this room share a common desire to support and defend the historic teachings of the church. That shared vision can cause us to miss flaws in our own arguments as well as the strengths in the arguments of those who challenge those teachings. I, for one, would benefit greatly from the feedback that a few sincere critics could bring. The atmosphere of the recent creation conference just might help us bring fresh light on this subject as well.

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