Learning
2008-10-16
Learning – A Relatively permanent change in behavior through experience
Classical Conditioning 2008-10-16
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A Stimulus produces a response
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Pavlov and his dogs
Learning
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2008-10-16
Reinforcement – increases likelihood of a response ○ Positive – create a favorable outcome with a reward ○ Negative – create a favorable outcome by removing something bad
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Processing it: 1. Is it increasing or decreasing the behavior? 2. How? Is it giving or taking away?
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Problems with Punishment ○ Behavior may only be temporarily inhibited or hidden ○ Doesn’t teach a more acceptable response ○ Can be reinforcing (negative attention is better than no attention) ○ Can cause fear, anger, retaliation, etc.
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Rewards Problems ○ Lepper Study Looked at effects of reward on coloring behavior 3 groups of kids
Learning
2008-10-16
1. Draw pics – no reward 2. Draw pics – get reward 3. Draw pics – get a surprise reward later Kids who got rewards colored less later because they expected a reward •
Principles in Operant Conditioning ○ Shaping – Rewarding successive approximations of behavior ○ Chaining – Teach last thing 1st so it is always associated w/ reward ○ Instinctive Drift – Animals forget behavior and go back to primitiveness.
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Schedules of Reinforcement ○ Better to reward sometimes instead of everytime so behavior doesn’t go away without reward ○ Based on # Fixed ratio – 1/20 times Variable ratio – roughly 1/20 times ○ Based on Time Fixed interval – every 2 min Variable interval – random time
Learning
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2008-10-16
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ○ Takes longer for a partially reinforced behavior to stop
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Types of Reinforcers ○ Primary Reinforcer – Is naturally good, water, food, etc ○ Secondary Reinforcer – learned to be good, money, etc.
Observational Learning2008-10-16
Bandura •
Learn by watching others (models)
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Did Bobo doll experiment