1. Learning

Learning

2008-10-16

Learning – A Relatively permanent change in behavior through experience

Classical Conditioning 2008-10-16

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A Stimulus produces a response

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Pavlov and his dogs

Learning

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2008-10-16

Reinforcement – increases likelihood of a response ○ Positive – create a favorable outcome with a reward ○ Negative – create a favorable outcome by removing something bad

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Processing it: 1. Is it increasing or decreasing the behavior? 2. How? Is it giving or taking away?

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Problems with Punishment ○ Behavior may only be temporarily inhibited or hidden ○ Doesn’t teach a more acceptable response ○ Can be reinforcing (negative attention is better than no attention) ○ Can cause fear, anger, retaliation, etc.

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Rewards Problems ○ Lepper Study  Looked at effects of reward on coloring behavior  3 groups of kids

Learning

2008-10-16

1. Draw pics – no reward 2. Draw pics – get reward 3. Draw pics – get a surprise reward later  Kids who got rewards colored less later because they expected a reward •

Principles in Operant Conditioning ○ Shaping – Rewarding successive approximations of behavior ○ Chaining – Teach last thing 1st so it is always associated w/ reward ○ Instinctive Drift – Animals forget behavior and go back to primitiveness.

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Schedules of Reinforcement ○ Better to reward sometimes instead of everytime so behavior doesn’t go away without reward ○ Based on #  Fixed ratio – 1/20 times  Variable ratio – roughly 1/20 times ○ Based on Time  Fixed interval – every 2 min  Variable interval – random time

Learning

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2008-10-16

Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ○ Takes longer for a partially reinforced behavior to stop

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Types of Reinforcers ○ Primary Reinforcer – Is naturally good, water, food, etc ○ Secondary Reinforcer – learned to be good, money, etc.

Observational Learning2008-10-16

Bandura •

Learn by watching others (models)

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Did Bobo doll experiment