1) Introduction To Inter Tidal Ecosystem

BAT 213: SCHEDULE OF LECTURES Date

Lecture

Date

Lecture

26 Feb

1

19 Mar

10

27 Feb

2

20 Mar

Test

28 Feb

3

21 Mar

11

5 Mar

4

26 Mar

12

6 Mar

5

27 Mar

13

7 Mar

6

28 Mar

14

12 Mar

7

13 Mar

8

14 Mar

9

SCHEDULE OF LABORATORIES FIELD WORK

Date

Lab/Field Work

1 Mar

Lab 1

11 or 12 March

Field Work

15 Mar

Lab 2

Activities Introduction and preparation for Field Work Field Work at Teluk Aling Analysis of samples collected during Field Work

LECTURES TO BE CONDUCTED • • • • • • • • •

Intertidal Ecosystem Rocky Shore Communities Soft Bottom Intertidal Communities Mud Flats Estuarine Environment Subtidal Ecosystem Soft Bottom Subtidal Communities Hard Bottom Subtidal Communities Impacts of Natural and Human Factors on Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

INTERTIDAL ECOSYSTEM: Intertidal Zone • also known as the littoral zone • exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide • the area between tide marks

EXTERNAL PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CONDITIONS IN A TIDAL ZONE • • • • •

Tide Wave Wind/Current Rainfall Exposure to Sunlight

TIDE FLUCTUATIONS

WHAT CAUSES TIDE? • MAINLY FORCES OF GRAVITY FROM THE MOON AND SUN AS WELL AS CENTRIFUGAL FORCE OF EARTH ROTATION

Example of tidal fluctuation in Penang

TIDAL STATISTICS AT KEDAH PIER, PENANG

• • • • • • •

Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) Mean High Water Neap (MHWN) Mean Sea Level (MSL) Mean Low Water Neap (MLWN) Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT)

= = = = = = =

3.20m ACD 2.54m ACD 1.81m ACD 1.55m ACD 1.30m ACD 0.56m ACD 0.00m ACD

WAVE ACTION

Impact of Waves on Intertidal Zone • Main factor that determines whether we have a rocky shore, sandy shore, or mud flats

Behavior of Waves • Can be reflected and refracted • Other behaviour:

WAVE REFRACTION

Results of Offshore Wave Climate for the Annual, Southwest Monsoon and North east Monsoon Periods (1949 to 1988) Source : JPS Malaysia

EXPOSURE OF VARIOUS LOCATION IN PENANG TO WAVE ACTION

7

6

1

5

2

4

8

9

3 10

Ten Reaches of the Coastal Area of Penang

Wave Energy Factor

Sea Condition

< 0.05

Calm

0.05 – 0.1

Medium wave

0.1 – 0.2

Strong wave

> 0.2

Very strong wave Wave Energy

0.35

Wave Energy

0.3

0.25

0.2 W ave Energy 0.15

0.1

0.05

0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Reach

Wave Energy Factor for the 10 Reaches

7

6

1

5

2

4

8

9

3 10

Ten Reaches of the Coastal Area of Penang Showing Locations Where Strong Waves are Expected

Kawasan-kawasan Sensitif Ekologi Pulau Pinang

Pulau Pinang Seberang Perai

Hutan Paya Bakau Kawasan Persinggahan Burung Kawasan Ternakan Kerang Datar Lumpur Kawasan Pendaratan Penyu Kawasan Terumbu Karang Pulau Pinang

N W

E S

SANDY BEACH: PANTAI CENANG, LANGKAWI

ROCKY SHORE: TIOMAN ISLAND

ROCKY SHORE: TANJUNG MAK CANTIK, P. REDANG

MUDDY SHORE IDEAL FOR MANGROVE FOUND ALONG ‘PROTECTED’ COASTLINE

WIND AND CURRENT

Annual Wind Rose for Pulau Burung, Penang

RAINFALL

400 350

Mean Rainfall (mm)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

Month 5303053 (1970-1990)

5403042 (1955-1990)

Figure 5 .6 Mean Monthly Rainfall for Project Area and Its Vicinity

October

November

December

SUNLIGHT