Lecture 10 Rocky intertidal zone
I. Conditions
A. Wave action
Effects of wave energy on shoreline grade and material
Heavy wave action = steep grade
but shallow rocky grades can also exist
I. Conditions • A. Wave action • B. Exposure to air
I. Conditions • A. Wave action • B. Exposure to air
I. Conditions • A. Wave action • B. Desiccation • C. Firm substrate
II . Stress in rocky intertidal habitats • A. Desiccation
II . Stress • A. Desiccation – 1. Ways to reduce problems of desiccation
II . Stress • A. Desiccation – 1. Ways to reduce problems of desiccation – 2. Oxygen depletion
Oxygen depletion in Fucus
II . Stress • A. Desiccation • B. High temperatures – 1. Metabolism
SUPER invertebrates!
II . Stress • A. Desiccation • B. High temperatures – 1. Metabolism – 2. Avoiding high summer temperatures
Surface temps without algal canopy
Surface temps with algal canopy
II . Stress • A. Desiccation • B. High temperatures – 1. Metabolism – 2. Avoiding high summer temperatures – 3. Thermal limits
II . Stress • A. Desiccation • B. High temperatures – 4. Thermal stress and rocks – 5. Thermal stress can alter zonation patterns
impact of thermal stress on ‘predetermined’ zonation
II . Stress • A. Desiccation • B. High temperatures • C. Low temperatures – 1. Intertidal zones may be encased in ice (brrrrr)
2. Freezing tolerance
II . Stress • A. Desiccation • B. High temperatures • C. Low temperatures – 1. Intertidal zones may be encased in ice. – 2. Freezing tolerance – 3. Ice scour
II . Stress • D. Wave stresses – 1. Limitations placed on organisms
II . Stress • D. Wave stresses – 1. Limitations placed on organisms – 2. Group effects
Tight packing = habitat amelioration reduces chance of disturbance, but clustering has the opposite effect.
II . Stress • D. Wave stresses – 1. Limitations placed on organisms – 2. Group effects – 3. Algal flexibility
II . Stress • D. Wave stresses – 4. Impact on algal morphology/species
5. Splash zone
II . Stress • D. Wave stresses – 1. Limitations placed on organisms – 2. Group effects – 3. Algal flexibility – 4. Impact on algal morphology/species – 5. Splash zone
III. Biotic factors shaping vertical zonation
III. Biotic factors • A. Low consumer density – 1. Wave exposed
III. Biotic factors • A. Low consumer density – 2. Protected
III. Biotic factors • B. Larval recruitment
III. Biotic factors • A. Low consumer density • B. Larval recruitment • C. Facilitation during succession
IV. Vertical zonation
Atlantic rocky intertidal zone Fig. 11.17
Pacific rocky intertidal zone Fig. 11.17
III. Vertical zonation • A. Upper intertidal zone
III. Vertical zonation • A. Upper intertidal zone – 1. Upper region
2. Lower region of the Upper intertidal zone Littorina zone
2. Lower region of the Upper intertidal zone limpets
III. Vertical zonation • A. Upper intertidal zone • B. Middle intertidal zone
III. Vertical zonation
• B. Middle intertidal zone – 1. Upper region
III. Vertical zonation • B. Middle intertidal zone – 1. Upper region – 2. Middle region
III. Vertical zonation
• B. Middle intertidal zone – 3. Lower region
III. Vertical zonation • A. Upper intertidal zone • B. Middle intertidal zone • C. Subtidal zone
III. Vertical zonation • A. Upper intertidal zone • B. Middle intertidal zone • C. Subtidal zone – 1. Great diversity
III. Vertical zonation • A. Upper intertidal zone • B. Middle intertidal zone • C. Subtidal zone – 1. Great diversity – 2. Algae
Lower intertidal zone rich with algae, provides protective cover
III. Vertical zonation • A. Upper intertidal zone • B. Middle intertidal zone • C. Subtidal zone – 1. Great diversity – 2. Algae – 3. Echinoderms
4. Zonation
IV. Tide pools • A. Conditions – 1. Temperature – 2. Salinity – 3. Dissolved oxygen
IV. Tide pools • A. Conditions – 1. Temperature – 2. Salinity – 3. Dissolved oxygen
• B. Size, depth, location
Small tide pool
Large tide pool
Tide pool position
IV. Tide pools • A. Conditions • B. Size, depth, location • C. Organisms – 1. Diversity – 2. Steno – 3. Eury
IV. Tide pools • A. Conditions • B. Size, depth, location • C. Organisms • D. Trophic interactions
1. Keystone grazer/diversity
2. Intermediate disturbance/diversity
3. Predator/refuge