1 Gsm-introduction-72.pdf

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Overview • • • • • • •

Introduction Evolution of Mobile communication Multiple Access Technologies Features of GSM GSM System Architecture Wireless coverage area structure Protocol Structure of GSM

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OBJECTIVES • To be aware of the developments of cellular mobile technology • To understand the entities that made up GSM Mobile System • To know the principles and services that make up GSM

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EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Mobile Communications:-

• One of the fastest growing and most demanding of all telecommunications technologies. •Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it was in the 1980’s that it was really developed. • The main goal of mobile communication is to realize communication among any objects at any time, and in any place.

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Stages of Evolution of PLMN

GENERATION

STAGE

First Second Third

Analog Mobile Telephone System Digital Mobile Communication System International Mobile Telephony 2000

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Major Radio Standards in North America • AMPS-1983-824-894 MHz FDMA FM 30 Khz • USDC- 1991-824-894 MHz TDMA II/4-DQPSK 30 Khz • IS95- 1993 – 824-894 MHz CDMA QPSK/BPSK-1.25 MHz • 1.8-2.00 GHz Major Mobile Radio Standards in Europe • ETACS -1985 -900 MHz FM 25KHZ FDMA • NMT-450 1981- 450-470 MHz FM 25 KHz FDMA • GSM – 1990- 890-960 MHz GMSK 200 KHzTDMA Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan • JTACS- 1988 FDMA 860-925 MHz 25 KHz • PDC -1993 - TDMA 810-1501 MHz II/4-DQPSK 25KHz ZTE University

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FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEMS

Analog Mobile Telephone System (1G):-

• NMT 450 – Nordic Mobile Telephony: used in 450 MHz, started in 1981

• AMPS – Advance Mobile Phone System: used in 800 MHz, started in 1983

• TACS – Total Access Communication System: used in 900 MHz started in 1985

• NMT 900 - A variant of NMT 450 at 900 MHz. Started in 1986 ZTE University

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Limitations of 1G • No public air interface between various systems • Problem in inter-operability with digital networks • Low frequency availability thus reducing network capacity • Low degree of subscriber security and safety

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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEMS

Digital Mobile Communication System (2G) 1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) - D-AMPS, PDC, GSM

2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA) - IS-95A, IS-95B, CDMA 2000

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Digital Mobile Communication System (TDMA):• D-AMPS - Digital – AMPS: used in either 800 or 1900 MHz, started in 1991 • PDC - Personal Digital Cellular: used in 1900 MHz, started in 1994 • GSM - Global Systems for Mobile Communications: used in 900 MHz, started in 1991 ZTE University

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Digital Mobile Communication System (N-CDMA):• A mobile communication system developed mainly by companies leaded by the Quacomm Co. on basis of IS–95. •

The specifications of North American digital cellular systems are drawn up by the American Telecom Industry Association(TIA).

• This system has been adopted by China Unicom in 2001

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THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELEPHONY 2000 (IMT 2000):-

• The future of mobile network that will allow the multi-media support of high flow of services and mobility, with performances higher than those currently offered by the GSM/ GPRS •

Designation of frequency bands is harmonized universally in the vicinity of 2 GHz

• Ideal transmission speed is 2 Mbps

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3G Contd..

2 Mb/s

Bit rate

384 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 64 Kb/s 9.6 Kb/s Technology CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbits/s HSCSD GPRS EDGE IMT 2000 1997 ZTE University

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003 www.univ.zte.com.cn

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EVOLUTION OF GSM (Short History)

1982 - CEPT initiated a new cellular system. Reserve frequencies in 900 MHz band for GSM

1985 - CEPT time schedule and action plan 1986 - CEPT tested 8 experimental systems in Paris 1987 - Allocation of frequencies for uplink and downlink 1988 - ETSI created. Members fr. admin, industry & user groups 1989 - Final recommendations for GSM Phase I 1990 - Validation sys. Implemented. 1st GSM World congress in Rome with 650 participants 1991 - First official call in the world with GSM on July 1 1992 - World’s first GSM network in Finland. By December 13 networks in 7 areas. Australian operators first non-European signatories of GSM MoU. New frequency allocation for uplink and downlink for GSM 1800

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EVOLUTION OF GSM (Contd..)

1993 - GSM demonstrated in Africa.

Roaming agreement between several operators 32 GSM networks operating in 18 areas by December

1994 - First GSM network in South Africa

GSM phase 2 data/fax bearer services 69 GSM networks in operation by December GSM MoU with 156 members from 86 areas GSM World Congress in Madrid with 1400 participants 1995 - 117 GSM Networks in operation around the world Fax, data and SMS roaming were implemented. GSM phase 2 standardization completed including adaptation for GSM 1900. 1st GSM 1900 network in US 1996 - 120 Networks in operation. 8K SIM launched and Pre-Paid GSM SIM Cards 1998 - Over 2 million GSM 1900 users in US and a total of 120 million GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide. ZTE University

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EVOLUTION OF GSM DATA SERVICES 2M

384K

171.2K

57.6K 9.6K ZTE University

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Summary

1G Analog cellular Voice

2G

3G

Digital cellular

Digital cellular

Voice /data

Vioce / high speed data

AMPS

CDMA

1XRtt

CDMA2000

TACS

GSM

GPRS

W_CDMA

1992

1999

80’

20 01

2003

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communication System GPRS: General Packet Radio Services ZTE University

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MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

Transmission

Medium

Multiplexing（Multiplex Access Technology）：Transmit two or more voice signals through one pair of cables without mutual interference at the same time. ZTE University

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FDMA---Different user use different frequency

FDMA

TACS、AMPS

Power

TDMA---Different user use different time slot of one frequency GSM、DAMPS

TDMA Power

CDMA---Different user use same frequency at the same time,but with different spreading code Large capacity: 8 -10 times than AMPS and 4-6 times than GSM ZTE University

CDMA Power

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INTRODUCTION TO GSM What is GSM? Problem: Beginning of 1980s - European countries were using many and different incompatible mobile phone systems. Increased needs for telecommunication services Action by CEPT: founded a group to specify a common mobile system for WESTERN EUROPE Name of the Group and System: GSM “Groupe Speciale Mobile” Global System for Mobile Communications ZTE University

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Why was there a need to develop a cellular standard? • Incompatibility among existing cellular systems which were mostly analog • Spectrum Efficiency • International roaming capability • Low mobile and Station Cost • Good subjective voice quality • Ability to support new services

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FEATURES OF GSM 1. Spectrum Efficiency 2. Capacity 3. Voice Quality 4. Open Interfaces 5. Security 6. Interconnection with other Networks 7. Roaming ZTE University

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(1) Spectrum efficiency: due to the adoption of high-efficiency modulator, channel coding, interleaving, equalization and voice coding technologies, the system has a high spectrum efficiency. (2) Capacity: due to the increase of the transmission bandwidth of each channel, the requirement of co-channel reuse carrier-tointerference ratio is lowered to 9dB, So,the cofrequency reuse mode of the GSM system can be narrowed down to 4/12 or 3/9 or even less (for a analog system, it is 7/21). GSM system capacity is 3~5 times higher than that of a TACS system.

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(3) Voice quality: due to digital transmission technology, GSM system has a strong antiinterference capability compared with analog system, thus the voice quality is guaranteed. (4) Interfaces openness: the open interfaces provided by GSM standards refer not only to air interface (Um), but also A interface.

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(5) Security: security is guaranteed with authentification, encryption and TMSI. (6) Interconnection with ISDN, PSTN, etc.: interconnections with other networks normally use the existing standard interfaces, such as ISUP or TUP. (7) Roaming: roaming is realized on basis of SIM cards.

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GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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NETWORK DIAGRAM MS

(Mobile Station)

MS

BTS

BSS (Base Station System) BSC PSTN, ISDN...

MSC

NSS

Voicemail Server SM-SC

VLR

HLR AuC

OMC

OMC

NMC

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(Network Switching Subsystem)

EIR

OMM(Operations & Maintenance GSM interfaces Management) X.25 links www.univ.zte.com.cn

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Block Diagram of GSM System OMC

Um interface Abis interface

ISDN

B T S

PLMN

MSC/VLR

PSTN

MS

PSPDN

B T S

BSC BSS(1)

SC

HLR/AUC

EIR

…… A interface BSS（n） Fig.1-1 GSM Mobile Communication Network Structure

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LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION Um

Abis

BSC BTS

MSC/VLR/GMSC A

HLR/AUC

TRAU

BTS

Qx

EIR

SMC

PSTN / PLMN / PSPDN / ISDN

OMC BTS NSMU

FSMU

TRAU

BSC BTS

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MSC/VLR/GMSC Ater

A

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WIRELESS COVERAGE STRUCTURE

GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area

• CELL

MSC Service Area Location Area

Cell

• LOCATION AREA

• MSC SERVICE AREA • PLMN SERVICE AREA • GSM SERVICE AREA

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE MS

BTS

BSC

CM

CM

MM

MM

RR RR

BSSAP

BSSAP

SCCP

SCCP

MTP3

MTP3

MTP2

MTP2

RR BTSM

LAPDm

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MSC

LAPDm

BTSM

LAPD

LAPD

Radio Carrier

E1/ T1

E1/ T1

Um

Abis

A

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3) FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPD FLA G

ADD R

SAPI ZTE University

CON TL

TEI

MESSAGE

N(S)

FCS

FLA G

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3) FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPDm 1 1 21 ADD R

SAPI

CON TL

MESSAGE

N(S)

N(R)

SAPI 0 : Signaling Application ZTE University

SAPI 3: Short Message

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PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE TWO KINDS OF BSSAP SIGNALING DTAP MS

BTS/ BSC

BSSMAP

MSC

• DTAP: transfer transparently through BSS (MM +CM) • BSSMAP:BSS management message

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Um Interface

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Overview • • • • • • •

GSM Wireless Operating Band Channel Types Types of Burst TDMA Frame structure in GSM Channel combination Traffic Voice Transform Process

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GSM WIRELESS OPERATING BANDS

SYSTEM Frequencies - Uplink - Downlink Wavelength Bandwidth Duplex Distance Carrier Separation Radio Channels

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P-GSM 900

E-GSM 900

GSM 1800

GSM 1900

890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960 MHz

880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHz

1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz

1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz

~33 cm 25 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 125

~33 cm 35 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 175

~17 cm 75 MHz 95 MHz 200 kHz 375

~16 cm 60 MHz 80 MHz 200 kHz 300

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GSM Channel Numbering GSM900 GSM900：

FU(n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz，1  n  124 E-GSM900： FU(n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024)，974  n  1023 FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz n is called Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number.

GSM1800 Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz FD(n) = Fu(n) + 95 MHz， 512  n  885 374 channels

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CHANNEL TYPES TIME SLOT IN TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCYDOMAIN Frequency

200 kHz

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Timeslot

BP

15/26 ms

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Interval

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GSM Channel Classification Channels are divided into physical and logical channels: 1. Physical Channels – the path used to carry information between an MS and a BTS 2.Logical Channels – different information carried on the physical channels a. Control Channels b. Traffic Channels ZTE University

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Classification of Logical Channels Logical Channels

Control Channels

Broadcast Channels

Common Control Channels

Traffic Channels

Dedicated Control Channels

FCCH

RACH

SDCCH

SCH

AGCH

SACCH

BCCH

PCH

FACCH

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Full Rate Traffic Channels

Half Rate Traffic Channels

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BROADCAST CHANNELS Hey. I’m a GSM xmitter!

all downlink!

GSM?

FCCH

GSM!!! SCH TDMA#…BSIC...

BCCH LA…neigbors…cell info…max power... Hey! Don’t shout at me, lower your power... ZTE University

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COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS Hello! You have a call.

PCH downlink only

Hello! I have to set up a call. I need SDCCH.

RACH uplink only

AGCH downlink only

Ok. Use SDCCH.

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DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS uplink and downlink

SDCCH

SACCH timing advance MS power

On SDCCH: -call set up signaling -location updating -periodic registration -IMSI attach/detach -SMS -facsimile etc….. On SACCH -mobile transmits signal strength on ncell quality

FACCH handover

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GSM Frame Structure TDMA FRAME 1 TDMA frame

fi

TDMA1

TDMA25 or 50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Multiframe

Channel 0 Channel 1

Channel 7

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Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel

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Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel 51 Ö¡ BCCH+CCCH F S £¨ÏÂÐУ©

B

C

F S

C

C

F S

C

C

F S

C

C

F S

C

C

I

BCCH+CCCH R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R £¨ÉÏÐУ© (a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH 8 SDCCH/8 £¨ÏÂÐУ©

8 SDCCH/8 £¨ÉÏÐУ©

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A0

A1

A2

A3

I I I

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A4

A5

A6

A7

I I I

A1

A2

A3

I I I

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A0

A5

A6

A7

I I I

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A4

(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7) BCCH+CCCH F S +4SDCCH/4 £¨ÏÂÐУ© F S BCCH+CCCH +4SDCCH/4 £¨ÉÏÐУ©

B

C

F S

C

C

F S

D0

D1

F S

D2

D3

F S

A0

A1

I

B

C

F S

C

C

F S

D0

D1

F S

D2

D3

F S

A2

A3

I

D3

R R

A2

A3

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

D0

D1

F S

D2

D3

R R

A0

A1

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

D0

D1

F S

D2

(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)

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F£º FCCH B£ºBCCH R£ºRACH A£ºSACCH/C

S£ºSCH C£ºCCCH£¨CCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH£© D£ºSDCCH I£º idle

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CHANNEL COMBINATION

Item

Configuration

Combination

1 2 3 4

TCHFull TCHHalf TCHHalf2 MainBCCH

TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+ SACCH/C4 BCCH + CCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8 FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+ SACCH/C4 + CBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH

5 6 7 8 9

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BCCHCombined BCH SDCCH BCCHwithCBCH SDCCHwithCBCH

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Channel Assignment inside Cells • Small capacity cell with only 1 TRX TN0:FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4(0,_,3)+ SACCH/C4(0,_,3); TN1_7: TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

• The medium-size cell with 4 TRXs 1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH; 2 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7); 29 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

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•

Large-size cell with 12 TRXs

1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH; 1 TN2 group, 1 TN4 group and 1 TN6 group: BCCH+CCCH; 5 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7); 87 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

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Traffic • Traffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network can support and is usually described as follows: A=n×T/3600 where, n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour； T- average duration of each call(in seconds) A - Traffic, in Erlang If one call is made by a subscriber within an hour and last 120 seconds, the traffic is calculated as: A=1×120/3600=33mErl。 For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic is usually defined as 25mErl per subscriber. ZTE University

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GOS • Grade of Service（GOS）：GOS refers to the degree of network congestion or call loss rate. GOS=2% means that 98% of subscribers can make calls successfully and 2% of subscribers will end up with unsuccessfulness. For network operators, 2-5% of GoS is adopted.

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Erlang-B Traffic Tables Abbreviated - For P.02 Grade of Service Only #TrunksErlangs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

0.0204 0.223 0.602 1.09 1.66 2.28 2.94 3.63 4.34 5.08 5.84 6.61 7.4 8.2 9.01 9.83 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.2 14 14.9 15.8 16.6 17.5

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#TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

18.4 19.3 20.2 21 21.9 22.8 23.7 24.6 25.5 26.4 27.3 28.3 29.2 30.1 31 31.9 32.8 33.8 34.7 35.6 36.5 37.5 38.4 39.3 40.3

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

41.2 42.1 43.1 44 44.9 45.9 46.8 47.8 48.7 49.6 50.6 51.5 52.5 53.4 54.4 55.3 56.3 57.2 58.2 59.1 60.1 61 62 62.9 63.9

#TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

64.9 65.8 66.8 67.7 68.7 69.6 70.6 71.6 72.5 73.5 74.5 75.4 76.4 77.3 78.3 79.3 80.2 81.2 82.2 83.1 84.1 85.1 86 87 88

100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148

88 89.9 91.9 93.8 95.7 97.7 99.6 101.6 103.5 105.5 107.4 109.4 111.3 113.3 115.2 117.2 119.1 121.1 123.1 125 127 128.9 130.9 132.9 134.8

#TrunksErlangs 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198

136.8 138.8 140.7 142.7 144.7 146.6 148.6 150.6 152.6 154.5 156.5 158.5 160.4 162.4 164.4 166.4 168.3 170.3 172.4 174.3 176.3 178.2 180.2 182.2 184.2

#TrunksErlangs 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248

186.2 188.1 190.1 192.1 194.1 196.1 198.1 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 213.9 215.9 217.9 219.9 221.9 223.9 225.9 227.9 229.9 231.8 233.8

#TrunksErlangs 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

235.8 285.7 335.7 385.9 436.1 486.4 587.2 688.2 789.3 890.6 999.1 1093

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Suggested Channel Configuration

• Based on 2% GoS, Zhongxing adopts followed traffic model. TRXs 1 2 3 CCHs 1 2 2 TCHs 7 14 22 Traffic(Erl) 2.94 8.2 14.9

ZTE University

4 2 30 22

5 3 37 28

6 7 3 3 45 53 35.5 43

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Voice Transform Process

20ms 8KHz 13 bit

Voice

RPE-LTP 260Bit/20ms

13 kbit/s

Segment Voice Coding

A/D

Channel Coding

22.8 kbit/s

Interleaving Encryption

Transmit

Burst

Modulation 270.8 kbit/s

33.8 kbit/s

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Form the burst

156.25bit÷(120ms/26Frame）=33.8kbit

NB

ZTE University

TB 3

information bit 57

F

TSC

F

information bit

TB

GP

1

26

1

57

3

8.25

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Channel Coding Error Coding: Detect and correct error bits in the receiving end by adding redundant bits Message

Redundant

Transmit

0

000

0000

1

111

1111

Message: 1 0 0 1 1 0 After channel coding:1111,0000,0000,1111,1111,0000 Receiving: 1111,0010,1000,0110,1110,0000 Judgement: 1 0 0 X 1 0 ZTE University

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Channel Coding

+3 50bit

132bit

*2+4

Block coder

456bit

Excited coder

78bit

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An example of interleaving Suppose we will send a sentence below: “Shallweholdameetingthisevening”  is blank charactor,We will form 6 groups by 6 character per group， 1: S h a l l  2: w e  h o l 3: d  a  m e 4: e t i n g  5: t h i s  e 6: v e n i n g

1: S w 2: h e interleaving 3: a  4: l h 5: l o 6:  l

d e t v  t h e a i i n  n s i m g  n e  e g

Then we do interleaving by 6 letters,it becomes Swdetv hethe aaiin lh nsi lomgn leeg If one of the six groups losed,then it becomes： Sh llwe hold meet ngth seveni g Obviously,the sentence can be identified。 2019/3/23

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1

61

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Channel Interleaving

First Level Interleaving

Second Level Interleaving

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ZTE University

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GSM SYSTEM NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS) Network Switching Subsystem F C A

B

MSC

EIR VLR

D

BSC/ TRC E

G

B C

VLR

HLR/ AUC

D

MSC

F ZTE University

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MODULATION

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CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)  Cell Global Identity (CGI) • It is used for identifying individual cells within an LA

3 Digits

MCC

2-3 Digits

Max 16 Bits

Max 16 bits

MNC

LAC

CI

LAI Cell Global Identity

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Call Set-Up in a GSM Network: MSISDN = CC +NDC +SN CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber #

IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN ( fixed 15 digits ) MCC = Mobile Country Code MNC = Mobile Network Code MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identification # LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC = Mobile Country Code (of visiting country) MNC = Mobile Network Code(of serving PLMN) LAC = Location Area Code

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Characteristics of Mobile Communication • Mobility： – flexible and convenient，global personal communication • Poor environment and conditions ： – Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and time), power change and other noise • Multiple MS and channels： – Interference 、near and far effect • Limit of frequency resources • Reliability is important – registration, handoff, switching ZTE University

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Frequency Reuse Factor If Frequency reuse factor is 1; network design and expanding become much easier Ex: CDMA

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS 1

3

30

1 Users

2 3 7 1 6 4 5

Vulnerability: C/I @ 17 dB 10 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

30

GSM 8

Users

Vulnerability: C/I @ 12-14 dB

2 3

1 4

200 kHz Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 Vulnerability: Eb/No @ 6--7 dB

CDMA 20 Users

1 1

1250 kHz

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

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Evolution of Mobile Communication System 1G Analog cellular Voice

2G

3G

Digital cellular

Digital cellular

Voice /data

Vioce / high speed data

AMPS

CDMA

1XRtt

CDMA2000

TACS

GSM

GPRS

W_CDMA

1992

1999

80’

20 01

2003

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System TACS: Total Access Communication System GPRS: General Packet Radio Services ZTE University

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