09-2

Today’s Lecture (Part 1) n

Understanding Domain Name and IP Address in Three Hours              Part 1: Domain Name

Part 1: Domain Name n

What is domain name?

n

Structure of domain name Types of domain name “JP” domain name and “ COM” domain name Is domain name “trademark”?

n n

n

Japan Network Information Center Masahiko Hakoda ([email protected])

14 Dec, 1999

Today’s Lecture (Part 2) n

Today’s Lecture (Part 3)

Part 2: IP Address n n n n n n n n

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

n

Why is IP address necessary? What is DNS？

Part 2: “DNS” n n

Domain name and IP address Functions of DNS

TCP/IP How to communicate in the Internet Routing Format (IPv4) Problems in address How to solve problems

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

“Name” to Identify a Person n

To communicate with a particular person, we must be able to identify the person.

What is Domain Name?

“I want to speak to Jiro” Taro ？

14 Dec, 1999

Jiro ？

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Saburo ？

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1

Communication Method Other Than the Internet Postal mail

n

Home page address (URL) (URL)

n

Telephone

Postal address and name

n

“Name” Used in the Internet

Phone number

Example:http://www.abc.co.jp/

nMail

address

Example:[email protected]

郵便はがき

平成12年 お年玉

14 Dec, 1999

東京都千代田区神田小川町一ー二 風雲堂ビル

B3484組

山田 太郎 様

50 年賀

090-1234-5678

nIP address Example:「210.138.91.144 」

298284

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Usage of Domain Name n

Home page addres http://www.abc.co.jp/

n

14 Dec, 1999

Features of Domain Name

Mail address taro@ abc.co.jp

n n n

“Domain Name”

n

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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「abc.co.jp」「abc.com」 Consists of alphanumerical character and hyphen Case-insensitive Easier to understand than IP Separated by dots

14 Dec, 1999

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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Example of Domain Name Segment (in Japan)

How to Identify The third level domain

Under what criteria is domain name specified?

The second level domain (SLD) The fourth level domain The top level domain (TLD) ）

The third level domain

www.abc.co.jp n n n

The second level domain (SLD) The fourth level domain The top level domain (TLD)

Higher level segment to lower level segment Segments are separated by dots The segment at the right end is the highest level.

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

www.abc.co.jp Japan Company Orgamization registerd as “abc” Computer called “www” 11

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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2

Structure of Domain Name (Conceptual Diagram)

Hierarchical Structure jp

Entire Internet

jp

Top level

co ne

abc

??

co

Second level

www abc

?? xyz

Third level

www Fourth level

www.abc.co.jp

www.abc.co.jp 14 Dec, 1999

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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n n

n

.us .uk .de .cn .fr .hk .tw .si .fm

gTLD (generic TLD) General top level domain n

“.com”, “.net”, “.org”, etc. “.com” is the most popular. Any organization can register “.com” in the world.

ccTLD (country code TLD) Top level domain per country n n n

n

“JP” domain name is ccTLD Complies with ISO3166, in principle Some of countries in the world, for example, UK, do not comply with ISO3166. (UK is “.gb” in ISO3166.) ccTLD of America is “.us”

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

n

14

United States United Kingdom Germany China France Hong Kong Taiwan Slovenia Micronesia

Reference: http://www.uninett.no/navn/domreg.html 15

Why Do We Need to Register Domain Name? n

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Other TLDs

Types of Top Level Domain (TLD) n

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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If Two Organizations Use the Same Domain Name・ ・ ・ Home page of ABC Electric Company

To send an e-mail To access a home page

www.abc.co.jp

Target must be identified without fail

Home page of ABC Trading Company www.abc.co.jp

？？ Neither can be identified.

Control to prevent the same domain names from being registered “I want to access www.abc.co.jp” 14 Dec, 1999

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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3

Domain Name Registration Control Agency

Prevent Same Domain Names from being Registered One TLD is controlled by one organization

n “.JP”

com

co xyz

abc

Registration control policy varies depending TLD Registration contact also changes per TLD “JP” domain name is controlled by

n

abc

n

xyz

???

n

xyz

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

14 Dec, 1999

Types of Japanese Domain Names

Japanese Domain Name

n n

n n n

on a type of organization on an area of organization

“JP” domain name is registered in the third level mainly

AC domain name (University, technical school, school juridical person, etc.) CO domain name (Joint-stock company, limited private company, etc.) GO domain name (Government agency, special corporation, etc.)

n

OR domain name (Foundation, corporate juridical person, etc.) AD domain name (JPNIC member network, etc.) NE domain name (Network service)

n

GR domain name (Private organization)

n

ED domain name (Elementary school, junior high school, high school, etc.)

n

Regional domains n Depends

n

n

Attribute domains (Eight types) n Depends

Attribute domains (depends on a type of organization)

Example: ○○○.CHIYODA.TOKYO.JP n Regional

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

120000

Registration of JP Domain Name

100000

Application by agent

Applicant

ＪＰＮＩＣ

Agent

80000 60000

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

September 28, 1999, the number of registered domains exceeded 100,000.

40000 20000

Direct application 14 Dec, 1999

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

The Number of Registered Domain Names

Flow of Domain Name Registration n

domains (depends on an area of organization)

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

99 99

n

n

98 98

n

Example:ABC.○○.JP

Last segment of Japanese domain name is “JP” Controlled by JPNIC SLD presents a type of domain name

97 97

n

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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InterNIC controls the registration.

95 95

JPNIC controls the registration.

94 94

ne

Domain name is controlled per TLD independently

93 93

jp

“.COM”

92 92

n

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4

Percentage of Each Attribute of JP Domain CO 78.9%

Difference Between TLDs n

As of November 1, 1999

Registration control policy may vary depending TLD n n n n n

AC 1.7%

AD 0.2%

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GR GEO ED 2.3% 0.9% 3.9%

GO NE OR 0.4% 5.7% 6.0%

n

→More details 25

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

“JP” Domain Name and “COM” Domain Name (gTLD) “JP” Domain Name

How to specify priority Location of applicant Registration level of domain name Registration requirements Number of domain names available for the registration Purchase, sale and assignment

14 Dec, 1999

“JP” Domain Name and “COM” Domain Name (2)

“COM” Domain Name (gTLD)

“JP” Domain Name

Third level domain (Attribute domain)

In order of receipt of application

○○○.CO.JP

Anywhere in the world

“JP” Domain Name and “COM” Domain Name (3) “JP” Domain Name

“COM” Domain Name (gTLD)

14 Dec, 1999

Unlimited

Purchase, sale and assignment

Prohibited

Free

•Many organizations want to register the “J P” domain name •Effective for prevention of cybersquatting 14 Dec, 1999

•One organization can register many domain names without limitation •Problem of cybersquatting became serious JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda 29

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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CYBERSQUATTING n

Number of domain names available for the registration One domain per organization

No requirement

The domain structure can be utilized effectively in the “JP” domain name by specifying the attribute in SLD. 27

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

○○○.COM

Changer per attribute (SLD) (Depends on a type of organization)

“JP” domain name is a country code top level domain (ccTLD) and is for the registration of Japanese domestic organizations 14 Dec, 1999

Second level domain

Registration requirements

Location of applicant Within Japan (Local presence)

“COM” Domain Name (gTLD)

Registration level of domain name

How to specify priority

In order of receipt of application

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

n

Registering a domain name identical with or extraordinarily similar to a certain trademark with “malicious” motives Registering a domain name with “ malicious” motives by an organization that has no legitimate trademark right of such domain name

What is the definition of “malicious” registration or use? 14 Dec, 1999

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5

Value of Domain Name (the first half of the ‘90s)

Registration or Use of Domain Name with “Malicious” Motives How is “maliciousness” judged? n

n n

n

Selling the registered domain name to a trademark owner or to a competitor of the trademark owner Trying to obtain a profit by misleading Internet users intentionally Registration of a domain name for the purpose of interfering an operation of trademark owner

n

The Internet was “invisible” There was almost no particular commercial value in the Internet.

Although there were problems related to trademark, the influence was not so considerable.

Reference：Final Report of the WIPO Internet Domain Name Process (http://wipo2.wipo.int/process/eng/final_report.html) 14 Dec, 1999

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n

n

Internet browsers appeared The Internet became popular

blooms.com n

n

Rise in commercial value of the Internet

n

n

Is Domain Name “Trademark”? n n n

[Wired News 1999/3/2]

Less than 5,000,000 dollars (less than 550,000,000 yen)

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n n

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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Cybersquatting Reverse domain name hijacking n

JPNIC treats the “JP” domain name as just a character string (Refer to Article 2 of Regulations for Domain Name Registration.)

n

To dispossess a bona fide party of its domain name with malicious motives

The only one way of settling the dispute is lawsuit. Many problems regarding intellectual property (trademark) are coming up

Many people consider domain name as trademark

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

[Wired News 1999/4/23]

1,030,000 dollars. (around 113,300,000 yen)

Various Problems

Domain name is just an identifier, originally. No particular meaning in domain name

14 Dec, 1999

[ZD Network News 1999/8/26]

500,000 dollars or more (around 55,000,000 yen)

linux.com n

33

[ZD Network News 1999/8/26]

wallstreet.com n

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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2,000 dollars or less (around 220,000 yen)

ad.com n

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Value of Domain Name (Today)

Value of Domain Name (the latter half of the ‘90s) n

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How to Settle Dispute (1)

How to Settle Dispute (2)

Worldwide movement n Establishment and application of DRP (Dispute Resolution Policy) for gTLD n Accumulation of judicial precedents

Efforts in Japan n JPNIC n

n

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Discussing the establishment of DRP for the “JP” domain name

Taking legal actions

14 Dec, 1999

Part 3: DNS

End of “Domain Name”

Continued to “IP Address”

Domain Name and IP Address

Browsing a home page in the Internet

Calling with Cellular Phone n

A user doesn’t need to know a phone number if the number is registered in a phonebook

Taro Yamada

090

34 -12

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

n

8 567

You don’t need to know the IP address if the domain name is registered

www.abc.co.jp

www.abc.co.jp

78 56. 34. 2 . 123

123.234.56.78

090-1234-5678 Taro Yamada Taro Yamada 090-1234-5678

090-1234-5678 A user specifies a called party with the name 14 Dec, 1999

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Specifies an access target with the IP address

A user specifies an access target with the domain name

Specifies a called party with the phone number 41

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7

Mechanism of Conversion (DNS)

Domain Name into IP Address Cellular phone

Mechanism to convert a domain name into IP address  →Domain Name System (DNS) n

nic.ad.jp

?

The Internet Realized by the Domain Name System (DNS) There are many data in many places

www.abc.co.jp 123.234.56.78

202.12.30.4 JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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How to Find n

All the data stored in a cellular phone

090-1234-5678

DNS

14 Dec, 1999

Realized by the phonebook function of cellular phone

Taro Yamata

14 Dec, 1999

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Terms of DNS

Domain name has a hierarchical structure

n

Name Server n

jp jp

n

n

co co

Route Server n n

abc abc n

www www

Controls information at a certain level Makes an inquiry to the name server to obtain the IP address of the domain name. A name server to control TLD Located at the top of the hierarchical structure (above TLD)

Resolver n

www.abc.co.jp

Makes an inquiry to a name server instead of application software such as a WWW browser

→Trace the domains from the top level 45

Hierarchical Structure of DNS

14 Dec, 1999

Function of DNS www.abc.co.jp

Route Server

Route name serve

210.123.234.56

jp

com

ＸＹＺ company

.j p”? b c.co is “a way That

Where is “www.abc.co.jp”?

“xyz.co.jp” name server

abc abc

“.jp” name server

re Whe

Cache Cache

co co

This way

www www

www.abc.co.jp Browser 14 Dec, 1999

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

W Over there he re is “.c Ov o. er j p” the ? re

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Where is “.jp”?

14 Dec, 1999

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14 Dec, 1999

Resolver JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

“.co.jp” name server

ＡＢＣ company “abc.co.jp” name server www.abc.co.jp (210.123.234.56) 48

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Notation of Domain Name

Is It Hard to Understand Domain Name?

nExpressed

in alphanumerical character and hyphen nHierarchical structure

What is required for communication is IP address

n

n

n

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

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Is Domain Name Unnecessary!? (2)

14 Dec, 1999

It is hard to find a target home page n n

n

n

Many people knows and understands more or less alphabetical character

n

Distributed administration system with hierarchical structure allows to control many types of information efficiently and many people can understand it easily more or less

Portal site Collection of Web links

50

Therefore

Graduate from net surfing n

JPNIC Masahiko Hakoda

Domain Name and DNS

We seldom type a domain name in these days n

Anything other than alphanumerical character can be used for domain name

For example, a domain name of Tokyo University may be expressed as “東京.学.日本”.

If conversion into the IP address is available, any format of domain name is acceptable

14 Dec, 1999

We would like to use Japanese domain name iDNS

“Bookmark” “Favorites”

DNS is used

Is domain name unnecessary? Really? 14 Dec, 1999

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Q&A n

Inquiry about domain name

[email protected] n

Inquiry about IP address

[email protected]

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9