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trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
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xdik ;f Edik if . H Edik if aH &; tvSnt hf ajymif;rsm; tm%mydkifbk&ifpepfrS pnf;rsnf;cHbk&ifpepfodk@ 1932 rSm taemufuvmwJh tawG;tac:eJ@ pnf;rsnf;cHbk&ifpepfukd ajymif; vJ+yD; aemufyikd ;f xdik ;f Edik if rH mS Edik if aH &; tvSnt hf ajymif;awG trsm;}uD;óuHawGŒcJ&h ygw,f? tm%m&dSvlwef;pm;&JŒ twufeJŒtus[mvnf; pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;vSygw,f? 'Dh t&ifu bk&ifeŒJ rSL;}uD;rwf&m/ ajrydik &f iS o f al X;awGom tm%m&dt S odik ;f t0dik ;f rSm aumif; pm;aeayr,fh omrefjynfolvlxkuawmh eif;jym;b0uae rwufygbl;? &mr 5 vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh csLvmavmifuGef;bk&ifvufxufrSm ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awG trsm;tjym; vkyfcJhygw,f? ðyjyifjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&wJh t"duta=umif;uawmh EdkifiH&JŒ ta&SŒeJ@ taemufrmS uyfaewJh jyifopfeŒJ t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ ESpEf ikd if &H ŒJ &efukd a=umufvŒkd ygy?J 'ga=umifh bk&ifh&JŒvufatmufrSm AsL&dkua&pD,E W,m;wpf&yfwnfaqmuf+yD; taemufyHkpHtwdkif; 0ef}uD;XmeawG xlaxmifcJhygw,f? yxrqHk;0ef}uD;Xmeu jynfxJa&;Xmejzpf+yD;/ tJ'D aemufrSm EdkifiHjcm;a&;/ umuG,fa&; ponfhjzifh qufvufxlaxmifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJh'D 0ef}uD;XmeawGrSm toHk;ðyzdk@ ynmwwfAsL¶dku&ufawG arG;xkwf&ygw,f? 'Dht&ifu ausmif;wd@k / aumvdyw f @kd qw kd m bk&ifrh sKd ;EG,pf 0k ifawGeŒJ rSL;rwf olaX;olºuG,af wG&ŒJ om; orD;rsm;om wufzdk@jzpfayr,fh 'Dhaemufydkif;rSm omrefjynfolxJu ynmawmfolawG wufciG &hf cJyh gw,f? 'gawmif tJ'0D ef}uD;XmeawGrmS t"dutm;jzifh bk&ifeŒJ rif;nDrif;om; awG&JŒ aqGrsdK;awGom 0ifvkyfcGifh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh atmufajctqifhawGrSmawmh t&yf om;awG p+yD; yg0ifaeyg+yD? 1932 awmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmifcJholawG[m w&m;a&;0ef}uD;XmeeJŒ umuG,f a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu jyifopfudk ynmawmfoifv$wfxm;wJh ausmif;awmfom;wpfpkygyJ? olw@kd [m olw@kd &ŒJ 0ef}uD;XmetoD;oD;rSm bk&if&h ŒJ aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfawG cs,v f , S af ewm 62
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
aemufydkif;rSm bk&if[m aq;ukocHzdk@ta=umif;jycsufeJŒ Oa&myrSmyJaexdkifcJh+yD; tpdk;& udk twkduftcHvkyfaecJhw,f? 1935 rSm Oa&mya&mufaewJh bk&ifu eef;pGef@+yD; ol@&J@ wlawmfol q,fEpS o f m;t¶G,f tmeENmrif;om;av;udk xD;eef;v$aJ y;zd@k qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ jynfol@ygwDtwGif;rSmvnf; tkyfpkESpfpk uGJjym;vmcJhw,f? t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh t&yfom;tkyfpkeJŒ ppfwyftkyfpkjzpfygw,f? t&yfom;tkyfpkudk y&D'D u OD;aqmif+yD; ppfwyftyk pf u k akd wmh yvwfzb d eG q f eG u f &rfu OD;aqmifygw,f? y&D't D yk pf k [m jyifopfawmfveS af &;taiG@toufjzpfwhJ vpfb&,f0g'udk ESpo f uf+yD; Oa&my qd&k , S f vpfbufukd ,drf;ygw,f? yvwf wdkŒuawmh EdkifiHawmf&JŒtcef;u¾udk ydkrdkjr‡ifhwifcsif+yD; vlx&k ŒJ ynma&;/ vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;awGrmS Edik if aH wmfu OD;aqmifapcsiyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@ESpfbuf&JŒ yÉdyuQ[m bHk&efolbk&ifh*dk%fom;awGa=umifh avsmhyg;aeoa,mif &dSae ygw,f? tJh'DumvawGrSm ppfwyf[m wdkif;jynfb¾maiG&JŒ 26 &mcdkif;E_ef;ausmfudk &,l oHk;pGJae+yD; ppfwyfwGif;u t&m&dSi,frsm;&JŒ tm%m[mvnf; wpxufwp ydk+yD;xGm; vmaeygw,f? ppftkyfpk&JŒacgif;aqmif zdbGefu 1934 rSm xdkif;EdkifiH&JŒ t"duEdkifiHa&; taqmufttHkawGtjzpf bk&if/ v$wfawmf/ AsL&dkua&pD,E W,m;eJŒ ppfwyfom jzpfw,f vdk@ xkwfaz:a=unmcJh+yD; ppfwyfudk r,drf;r,dkif+rJ+rHwJh wpfckwnf;aomr¾dKiftjzpf !$ef;qdkcJhygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm zdbGef[m *syefEdkifiHu ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ wefcdk;xGm; vmwmudk=unfh+yD; xdkif;EdkifiHrSmvnf; yHkwlul;zdk@óud;pm;cJhygw,f? jynfwGif;u bk&ifh tm%mjyefvnf&,la&;óud;yrf;csufawGudkvJ &uf&ufpufpufEdSrfESif;cJhw,f? bk&if Oa&myrSm&dSaewkef; bk&ifheef;awmfudkodrf;ydkuf+yD; bk&ifhyHkawGukdvnf; trsm;jynfol a&SŒuae z,f&Sm;ypfcJhygw,f? zdbGefvufxufrSm ppfwyf&JŒtoHk;p&dwf[mvnf; 33 &mcdkifE_ef;txd wdk;wufcJh+yD; tpdk;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;awG tm;vHk;eD;yg;[mvnf; ppfwyf xJu vlawGyJjzpfaeygw,f? zdbGeftpdk;&udk v$wfawmfuqef@usifwJhtcg v$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;+yD; a¶G;aumufyGJvkyfcJhygw,f? v$wfawmfopfrSmvnf; twdkuftcHawG&JŒ qef@usifr_udkóuH&wJhtcg bwf*sufudpPtygt0if Oya'trsm;tjym;tm; v$wfawmfudk rjzwfoef;bJ trde@f 'u D &Djzifh jyXmef;tkycf sKyfcyhJ gw,f? aemufyikd ;f Oya'jyifqifcsuv f yk +f yD; ol@udk,fol EdkifiHhacgif;aqmiftjzpf ig;ESpfwm cef@tyfcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppftapmydkif;rSm zdbGef[m *syefeJŒyl;aygif;+yD; tar&duefeJŒ r[m rdwfwdk@udk ppfa=unmcJhayr,fh aemufydkif; *syef&JŒtajctaervSrSef;odvmwJhtcg r[mrdwfwdk@udk wdwfwqdwfqufoG,fcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; jynfol@ygwDxJ r‡m =oZmusqif;aewJh y&D'D&JŒ ajymufusm;tkyfpkawGeJŒ tar&duefa&muf xdkif;oHtrwf qDeyD &mrkww f @kd &ŒJ qD&x D ikd ;f vd@k vo l rd sm;wJh xdik ;f vGwaf jrmufa&; *syefqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ; r_ ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;rSm y&D'D&JŒtkyfpk[m zdbGefudk &mxl;uae 64
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
ðzwfcs+yD; taemufeJŒjyefvnfajyvnfatmifaqmif¶GufwJhtaeeJŒ tar&duefa&muf xdkif;oHtrwf qDeDudk 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? zdbGefeJŒ ppfwyftodkif;t0dkif;u &mxl;pGef@v$wf&+yD;aemufydkif;rSm y&D'D[m EkdifiHa&;rsufESmpmrSm jyefvnfta&;ygvmygw,f? zdbGefeJŒ ppfwyftodkif;t0dkif;udk wefjyefwt hJ aeeJŒ y&D'[ D m bk&ifro d m;pkeŒJ qufqaH &; jyefvnfxal xmif+yD; Oa&mybuf wdr;f a&SmifaewJh tmeENmbk&ifav;tygt0if bk&ifb h ufawmfom; trsm;tjym;udk vGwf +idrf;csrf;omcGifheJŒ jyefac:cJhygw,f? bk&ifh*dk%fom;awG tpdk;&xJ jyefa&mufvm+yD; bk&ifeJŒ aqGrsdK;eD;pyfawmfwJh qDeDy&mrkwf 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhw,f? 1945 rSm qDeD[m olŒnD uku&pf y&mrkwf eJŒaygif;+yD; bk&ifvdkvm;wJh 'Drdku&ufygwDudk pwifxlaxmifcJhygw,f? 'Dru kd &ufygw[ D m v$waf wmfxrJ m‡ y&D'&D ŒJ tkypf ek ŒJ tm;òydirf a_ wG&v Sd m+yD; tpd;k &udk pdeaf c: cJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; xdkfif;EdkifiHa&;[m &_yfaxG;aecJhw,f? ppfwyf/ bk&ifh *d% k ;f om;awGeŒJ y&D'&D ŒJ vpfb&,f*% kd ;f om;wd@k tm;òydiaf ecJ&h mu 1946 *|ev f 6 &ufae@ tmeENmbk&if tdyf&mxJvufonfray:bJ aoqHk;&wJhtcsdefrSm tm;jydKifr_ txGÉftxdyf udk a&mufcJhygw,f? tJh'DaoqHk;r_[m tcktcsdeftxd tajz&Smr&ayr,fh qDeDeJŒ bk&ifh bufawmfom;awGuawmh y&D'Dudk pGyfpGJcJhygw,f? tmeENmbk&ifaoqHk;+yD;aemuf ol@nD awmf ,ckvuf&dS bk&ifblrdabmudk xD;eef;tyfcJhygw,f? 1947 rSm ppfwyfu tm%m jyefodrf;+yD; y&D'D&JŒvlawGudk z,f&Sm;cJhygw,f? y&D'Dvnf; vufrwifav; vGwfajrmuf oGm;+yD;/ 1949 rSmjyefvmcJhygw,f? tJh'Daemuf qD&Dxdkif;tzGJ@0ifawGeJŒ ppfwyfxJu ol@udk vdkvm;olawG&JŒtultnDeJŒ tm%mjyef&zdk@óudpm;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh y&D'Dbufawmf om; a&wyfu tm%modrf;zdk@}uHpnfwmtygt0if tJh'Dvdk óud;yrf;r_awGtm;vHk; t¶H_; eJ@ &ifqkdif&+yD; y&D'Dvnf; yxr w&kwfEdkifiH/ aemuf+yD; t*FvefrSm jynfajy;tjzpf ouf qHk;wdkif aexdkifoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 1947 ppfwyftm%modrf;r_rSm zdbGefu ¶kyfjytjzpf yg0if vmayr,fh bk&ifeJŒ bk&ifhbufawmfom;awGbufu yl;aygif;}uHpnfw,fvdk@ oHo, &dSaeolawGvnf; &dSygw,f? 'Daemufydkif;rSm ppfwyfu bk&ifhbufawmfom;awGeJŒ eD;uyfvmcJh+yD; tpdk;& xJr‡m 'Drdku&ufawGtrsm;pk ae&m&vmygw,f? ppfwyfuawmh uef@vef@um aemuf uG,fu xdef;csKyfaecJhygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm tpdk;&tzGJŒ &mxl;tay;t,ludpPtygt0if bk&ifhtm%mudk wdk;jr‡ifhay;zdk@ 'Drdku&ufwdk@uóud;pm;vmvkd@ ppfwyfeJŒrajyrvnfjzpf+yD; 1951 rSm pwkxˆt}udrftjzpf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;jyefygw,f? tJh'Dvdk tm%modrf;r_ [m qGpfZmvefuae bk&ifblrdabmjyefrvmcif wpf&uftvkdrSmjzpfcJhwmyg? tJ'Dwpf }udrf tm%modrf;r_aemufydkif; ppfwyftm%m[m ESpfaygif; 20 =umatmifwnf+rJcJh+yD; ppfacgif;aqmif wpfa,muf+yD;wpfa,muf ajymif;vJtkyfcsKyfvmcJhwm 1970 ausmfwJh 65
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
txdygyJ? 1963 rSm ppfacgif;aqmif q&pf oefem&yf aoqHk;+yD;aemuf oEGef uDwDcc|ef wufvmygw,f? oEGef&JŒtkyfcsKyfr_[m 1973 rSm xdkif;wuUodkvfausmif;om;awG&JŒ qENjyyGJay:aygufvmwhJtxd 10 ESpf =umjrifhcJhygw,f? bk&ifESifh bk&ifhbufawmfom;wdk@ ae&m&vmjcif; 'Drdku&ufwdk@u bk&ifhtm%mudk wdk;jr‡ifhay;vmwmudk rauseyfvdk@ ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJhw,fqdkayr,fh bk&ifomv#if EdkifiHudkwnf+idrfatmif wnfhrwfay;Edkifr,f qdkwmudk ppfacgif;aqmif q&pf u odjrifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; bk&ifudk jynfolvlxk a&SŒrSm yGJxkwfcJhw,f? bk&ifuvnf; wdkif;jynftESHŒ wdkif;cef;vSnfhvnfjcif;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxk&JŒ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_udk&,lcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif bk&ifheJŒ awmf0ifrdom;pk&JŒ qif;&Jom;yaysmufa&;pDrHudef;awGa=umifh befaumufòrdŒeJŒ a0;oDacgifzsm;wJht&yf a'ou jynfolvlxktzdk@ bk&iftay: =unfndKpdwfawG ykd+yD;wkd;yGm;vmcJhygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm bk&ifeJŒ tm%m&tpdk;& qufqHa&;[mvnf; wdk;wufjzpf xGef;vm+yD; 1973 rSm ausmif;om;eJŒ jynfolvlxku ppftm%m&SifpepftqHk;owfa&; awmif;qdkvmwJhtcg bk&ifu =um;0ifjzefajzay;+yD; ppfacgif;aqmif oEGefeJŒ taygif;tyg wdk@udk jynfyodk@ xGufoGm;apcJhygw,f? 'Dhaemuf zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'topf a&;qGJ+yD; ppftm%m&Sipf epfut dk qk;H owfr,fh t&yfom;tkycf sKyfa&;acwfukd toufoiG ;f cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fhJ 1973-76 umvrSm xdkif;uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ ppfa&;t&+cdrf;ajcmufr_awG }uD;}uD; rm;rm; &dv S mwma=umifh ppfwyftwGi;f rSm uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &;pdw"f gwv f nf; }uD;xGm; cJhygw,f? 1973 qENjyyGJr‡myg0ifcJhwJh ausmif;om;wpfcsKdŒ uGefjrLepfygwDeJŒyl;aygif;+yD; vuf eufudkifqefŒusifwma=umifh wuUokdvf0ef;usifw0dkufrSm r,HkouFmeJŒ apmifh=unfhr_awG &dScJhygw,f? tm%m& t&yfom;EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudkvnf; uGefjrLepf odk@r[kwf uGefjrL epf vdkvm;olawGtjzpf pGyfpGJcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk pGyfpGJcH&olawGxJrSm aemifwcsdef0ef}uD;csKyf awGjzpfvmr,hf c|efvdydkif eJŒ tmeefyefnm&mc|ef wdk@vnf; yg0ifygw,f? 'gayr,hf 1976 ckESpfrSm jynfyxGufajy;oGm;wJh oEGef uDwDcc|ef[m bkef;}uD; 0wfeJŒjyefa&mufvmwJhtwGuf ppfwyfudk rauseyfwJhausmif;om;eJŒ jynfolvlxk[m 'kwd,t}udrfvrf;ay:xGuf qENjyvmcJhygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; ppfwyfeJŒ ppfwyf u ausmaxmufaemufcHay;xm;wJh vuf,mpGef;tkyfpkawGuEdSrfeif;vdk@ ausmif;om;eJŒ jynfolvlxkawG aoqHk;cJhygw,f? 'DjzpfpOfrSm ppfwyftjyif bk&ifhrdom;pkyg ywfouf qufEG,faew,fvdk@vnf; pGyfpGJr_awG &dScJhygw,f? 'DvdkaoG;xGufoH,dkr_awGjzpfaewkef; rSmyJ ppfwyfu aemufwpf}udrf tm%modrf;vdkufjyefygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; aemuf xyf q,fpkESpfwpfckausmf =umjrifhcJh+yD;/ ppfwyfwGif;u aemufxyf tm%modrf;r_awG 66
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
vnf; xyfqifhjzpfay:cJhygw,f? 1977 eJŒ 1980 =um; oHk;ESpftwGif; tm%modrf;r_ oHk;}udrf jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; 2 }udrf atmifjrifcJhygw,f? atmifjrifcJhwJh ppfacgif;aqmifwdkif; wdkif;jynfudk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf tkyfcsKyfygw,f? aemufxyftm%modrf;r_udk róuH&rcsif; tm%m+rJaecJhygw,f? 1980 rSmawmh ppfwyftwGi;f u bk&ifvv kd m;ol y&ifwifqv l mEGef tm%m& vm+yD; ol@vufxufrSm EdkifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_eJŒtwl pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufr_vnf; t&dSef& vmcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@&JŒtm%moufwrf;tprSm ppfwyfwGif;u Young Turk vdk@ ac:wJh t&m&dSi,frsm;&JŒ ykefuefr_udk óuHcJh&w,f? tJ'DykefuefolawGxJu wpfOD;u awmh aemifwpfcsdef ppfOD;pD;csKyfeJŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvm+yD; uae@xufxd EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay: rSm &dSaeao;wJh csmAvpfa,mifcsm&k'f jzpfygw,f? Young Turk awG&JŒ ykefuefr_udk óuH&wJhtcg y&if[m bk&ifeJŒtwlwdkif;cef;vSnfhvnf&mrSm vdkufygoGm;+yD; bk&ifhtum tuG,fudk &,lcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwdk@&JŒ ykefuefr_ratmifjrifyJ y&rfomv#if tm%m +rJaecJhygw,f? y&if&JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfoufwrf;[m 1988 ckESpfxd &SpfESpfausmf=umjrifhcJh+yD; ol@vufxufrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;EDS;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; tvHk;t&if;eJŒ0ifa&mufvmcJhw,f? bk&ifeJŒ tpdk;&&JŒ cdkif+rJwJhqufqHa&;[mvnf; ydk+yD;odomxif&Sm;vmygw,f? azgufjyefaom tm%m& EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. acwf y&ifwifqv l mEGef +yD;wJah emuf 1988 ckEpS rf mS ppfwyfuae t+idr;f pm;,lxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm; cswfcsdKif; c|ef[mAef vufxufudk a&mufvmcJhw,f? ol@vufxufrSm ‘ppfajrjyifudk aps;uGuftjzpf ajymif;vJa&;’ qdkwJh emrnfausmf aºuG;a=umfoHudk us,fus,favmifavmif [pfaºuG;cJh+yD; jrefrmtygt0if tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGeJŒ pD;yGm;a&; t& qufqHr_xlaxmifygw,f? ol@vufxufrSm oltygt0if tpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif;u EdkifiHa&;orm;awG&JŒ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_eJŒ udk,fusdK;&Smr_}uD;xGm;vmwma=umifh 1991 rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;ygw,f? ppftm%modrf;AdkvfcsKyfawGu csufcsdKif;eJŒ ol@tpdk;&tzGJŒ&JŒtm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_awGudk ta=umif;jyayr,fh t"duta=umif; &if;rSm tm%m&t&yfom;tpdk;&u ppfwyf&JŒ toHk;p&dwfawGudk uef@owfzdk@ óud;pm; vmwma=umifh jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf; ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu National Peace-keeping Council trsdK;om;+idrf;csrf;a&;xdef;odrf;r_aumifpDudkzGJŒpnf;+yD; pDyGm;a&;avmuu av;pm;&wJh tmeefyefnm&mc|ef udk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfwifajr‡mufcJhygw,f? tm%modrf;ppfaumifpD&JŒ }uD;=uyfr_atmufrSm zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyefvnfa&;qGJ+yD; ppfwyfu ausmaxmufaemufcHay;xm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk a¶G; aumufyGJ 0ifzdk@jyifqifapcJhw,f? 'ghtjyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;eJŒ yvJeHyoifhwJh pD;yGm;a&; 67
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
vkyfief;&SifawGudkvnf; w,fvDzkef;vdkif;eJŒ +*dKvfwkv$wfwifcGifhvdkifpif csay;cJhygw,f? w,fvDzkef;vdkif;twGuf CP ukr`%DeJŒ +*dKvfwkv$wfwifcGifhudkawmh tJ'Dwkef;u pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sif vuf&dSjynfya&mufaewJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; wyfcfqif&DSem0yf wkd@udk csay;cJhyg w,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf tmeefu 'Dvdk vufoifh&mpm;awmfac:wJh udpP&yf awGudk qefŒusifvdk@ ppfaumifpDeJŒ tmeefwdk@t=um; rajyrvnfjzpfcJhygw,f? 1992 a¶G;aumufyGJusif;ywJhtcg ppfwyfu ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wJh prwfcpfoefygwD tEdik &f ayr,fh ygwaD cgi;f aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk rf ,fyh *k Kd~ vf[m &mZ0wfr_ ndpGef;aewma=umifh tm%modrf;ppfacgif;aqmif qlcsif'g u,my&m&rf udk,fwdkif tm%m,lzdk@ jyifqifvmcJhw,f? 'gudk rauseyfwJh vlxktajcðytzGJŒtpnf;awGeJŒ ausmif;om;xk/ tvkyform;xkawGu 1992 ck arvrSm vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; qENjyyGJawG qifEGJcJhygw,f? tJ'DqENjyyGJawGudk +rdKŒaeynmwwfvlvwfwef;pm;awGu axmufcHchJ +yD; acgif;aqmifuawmh tJ'Dwkef;u befaumufòrdŒawmf0ef vuf&dS PAD tzGJŒ&JŒ acgif; aqmif csrf;avmif;qD&darmifyJ jzpfygw,f? ppfwyfu qENjyyGJawGudk t=urf;zufòzdcGif; cJh+yD; csrfavmif;udkvnf; zrf;qD;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh vlxkaxmufcHr_[m avsmhroGm;yJ qENjyolawG wd;k vmwma=umifh arv(20)&ufae@rmS awmh bk&ifu csr;f avmif;eJŒ qlcsi'f g udk eef;awmfudkac:,l+yD; =um;0ifnd‡Ed_if;ay;cJhygw,f? &v'fuawmh qlcsif'gtygt0if tm%modr;f ppfacgi;f aqmifawG &mxl;u E_wx f u G af y;vdu k &f +yD; tmeefukd ,m,D0ef}uD; csKyf jyefvnfcef@tyfcJhygw,f? tmeefu a¶G;aumufyGJudk tm;csif;jyefusif;y+yD; tEdkif&wJh 'Drdku&ufygwDu c|rfvdydkifacgif;aqmifwJh tpdk;&tzGJŒudk tm%mtyfESif;cJhygw,f? c|rfvdydkif&JŒ 'Drdku&ufOD;aqmifwJhtpdk;&tzGJŒ[m ol@ygwDwGif;u EdkifiHa&; orm;awG&JŒ tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_a=umifh v$wfawmfxJr‡m ¶_H;edrfhcJh&+yD; 1995 rSm aemufxyf EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfwJh cswfxdkif;ygwDu b%f[efqDvfygtmcsm 0ef}uD; csKyfjzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol@vufxufrSmvnf; tpdk;&tzGJŒ[m a&&SnfrcHbJ v$wfawmfwGif; wdkufyGJawGrSm ¶_H;edrfhcJh&wma=umifh 1996 rSm csmAvpfa,mifcsm&k'f tm%m&vmcJhyg w,f? b%f[efeJŒ csmAvpfwdk@vufxufrSm wdkif;jynf&JŒpD;yGm;a&; uarmufur jzpfae cJh+yD; tajctaetm;vHk;[m 1997 aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;qDudk OD;wnfaecJhw,f? tpdk;&tzGJŒtwGif;u pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m0ef}uD;awG wpfa,muf+yD;wpfa,muf E_wfxGuf ay;cJh+yD; A[kdb%ft}uD;tuJawGvnf; E_wfxGufay;cJh&w,f? tajctaeawG xdef;rEdkif odrf;r&jzpfaeum tm&SaiGa=u;tusyftwnf; qdkufa&mufwJhtcg csmAvpfvnf; E_wf xGufay;vdkuf&+yD; twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif c|efvdydkif tm%mjyef&vmcJhw,f? 1997 ck aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;&JŒ &v'ftjzpf 1997 rSm vlxk&JŒ EdkifiHa&; ylaygif;yg0ifr_udk tm;ay;wJh zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'wpfckudk a&;qGJEdkifcJhw,f? tJ'DzGJŒpnf;yHk u EdkifiHa&;rSm vlxkyg0ifr_tcef;u¾udk jr‡ifhwifay;+yD; vlxktajcðytzGJŒtpnf;awGudk 68
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tm;ay;cJw h ,f? c|ev f yd ikd v f ufxufrmS urBmb h %feŒJ Edik if w H umaiGa=u;tzGŒJ tpnf;awG&ŒJ tultnDeJŒ pD;yGm;a&;jyefwnf+idrfatmif aqmif¶GufEdkifcJhvdk@ 1998 taxGaxG a¶G; aumufyGJr‡m c|efvdydkif&JŒ 'Drdku&ufygwDuyJ jyefEdkifygw,f? 1998 rSm w,fvDzkef;eJŒ +*dKvfwkqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;&Sif olaX;}uD; wyfcfqif&Sifemm0yfu xdkif;&wfxdkif;ygwDudk zGJŒpnf;+yD; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJ jyef0ifzdk@ ajcvSrf;awGjyifqifvmcJhygw,f? 2001 ck a¶G;aumufyGJumvrSm vlxku EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfOD;armhvma&;tpDtpOfawGudk cg;oD;vm+yD; c|rfvdydkif&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; ay:vpDawGudkvnf; vufrcHEdkifjzpfvmw,f? 'ga=umifh a¶G;aumufyGJrSm wyfcfqif&JŒ xdkif;cspfwJhxdkif;vdk@ trnf&wJh xkdif;&wfxdkif;ygwDudk axmufcHcJh=uw,f? wyfcfqif tm%m&vmwJhtcg a¶G;aumufyGJuwdtwdkif; aus;¶Gmtkyfpk wpfpkudk bwfwpfoef; &efyakH iGxal xmif+yD; aus;vufxw k u f ek af wGjr‡iw f ifz@kd óud;pm;cJw h ,f? 'ga=umifh aus;vuf vlxku wyfcfqifudk ,Hk=unfaxmufcHcJh=uw,f? 'gayr,fh wyfcfqifu 1997 ckESpf tajccHOya'uay;vdkufwJh 0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ tm%mudk tjynfht0oHk;+yD; òrdŒay:u vlxk tajcðytzGJŒtpnf;eJŒ owif;rD'D,mavmuudk &ef&SmvmcJhw,f? 1992 ckESpfu xlaxmifcw hJ v hJ w G v f yfaomwDAo D wif;Xme tdik w f AD D &JŒ &S,, f mawG trsm;tjym; 0,f,l +yD; owif;vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdef;csKyfzdk@óud;pm;vmcJhw,f? tpdk;&&JŒ AsL¶dkua&pD,E W,m; udkvnf; pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fu pDrHcefŒcGJr_awGoGyfoGif;+yD; xdef;csKyfzdk@óud;pm;vmw,f? 'gt h jyif ppfwyfuykd g Edik if aH &;&JŒtoH;k cscH tjzpfpOf;pm;vm+yD; ppfwyf&ŒJ xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmif awGxJr‡m oleJ@ &if;ESD;qufEG,fwJht&m&dSrsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;vmwmrsdK;awG vkyfvmyg w,f? 2005 ckESpf a¶G;aumufyGJr‡m wyfcfqif&JŒ xdkif;&wfxdkif; ygwDyJ tEdkif&cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@rdom;pkydkif &Sif;aumfydka&;&Sif;udk pifumyltpdk;&&JŒ &if;EDS;jr‡KyfESHr_ukr`%D wDrm;qwfudka&mif;cs&mrSm tcGefa&Smifr_tygt0if tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_awGeJŒ vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_awGa=umifh vlxku vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; qENjyvmcJhw,f? tJ'D qENjyyGJawGudk OD;aqmifol PAD tzGJŒ&JŒacgif;aqmifawGuawmh 1992 ckESpfwkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; qlcsif'gudk tmcHcJhwJh AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; csrf;avmif; qD&darmifeJŒ t&ifu wyfcfqifeJŒ&if;EDS;cJhwJh rD'D,mvkyfief;&Sif}uD; qGef'D vif;axmifuGef; wdk@yJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk qENjyyGJawG jyif;xefaecsdefrSm bk&ifu=um;0if+yD; wyfcfqifudk &mxl;uaeqif;ay;zdk@ wdkufwGef;cJhayr,fh wyfcfqifu acgif;rmaecJhw,f? 2005 ck azaz:0g&D a¶G;aumufyGJrSm tEdkif&ayr,fh qef@usifolawGrsm;aewma=umifh azaz:0g&D(24)rSm v$wfawmfudk zsuf odrf;+yD; {+yD(2)&ufae@rSm a¶G;aumufyGJ jyefvkyfzdk@jyifqifygw,f? tJh'Da¶G;aumufyGJudk twdkuftcH'Drdku&ufeJ@ tjcm;ygwDi,fawGu oydwfarSmufcJhw,f? 'Drdku&ufa¶G; aumufyJG r0ifwhJ rJqENe,f (40)rSm rJxnfo h Ol ;D a& (20)&mE_e;f rjynfw h ma=umifh =um;jzwf 69
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
a¶G;aumufyGJawGvkyfzdk@ pDpOfayr,fh twdkuftcH&JŒ yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_udk r&cJhygbl;? vrf;ay:rSmqENjyaewJh PAD tzGJŒuvnf; wyfcfqif&mxl;rS rqif;rcsif; qENjyyGJawGudk qufvufðyvkyfoGm;r,fvdk@ a=unmcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk EdkifiHa&;t& vdyfcJwnf;vJ jzpfae csed t f wGi;f 2006 ck pufwifbm (19)&ufae@rmS ppfwyfutm%modr;f vdu k +f yD; wyfcq f if udk ðzwfcscJhygw,f? bk&if/ ppfwyfESifh yDat'D tm%modr;f ppfacgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyf}uD; qGeo f D bGen f m&yfuvif u Council of Democratic Reform vdk@ac:wJh 'Drdkua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;aumifpDudk zGJŒpnf;cJh w,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm CDR udk Council of National Security qdw k hJ trsKd ;om; vHòk cHa&; aumifpDeJŒ tpm;xdk;cJh+yD; tJ'DtzGJŒ[m ,m,Doabmxuf t+rJwrf;tzGJŒtpnf;wpfck tjzpf &yfwnfvmcJhw,f? tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDu vltrsm;av;pm;wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; a[mif; ql&m¶Gwf csLvmEGHŒudk ,m,D0ef}uD;csKyfcef@+yD;/ tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;eJŒ tajccH Oya'opft& a¶G;aumufyGJawGudk usif;y&efjzpfygw,f? ql&m¶Gwf&JŒ ,m,Dtpdk;& oufwrf;[m wpfESpfom jzpfw,fvdk@qdkayr,fh wpfESpfeJŒoHk;vt=um 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm(23)&ufae@rS a¶G;aumufyGJopf usif;yEdkifchJw,f? ol@&JŒ ,m,Dtpdk;&oufwrf; rSm xdkif;&wfxdkif;ygwDudk w&m;¶Hk;u zsufodrf;cJhw,f? tajccHOya'opfu ppfwyfeJŒ AsL&dku&ufawGudk tm%mydkrdktyfESif;xm;w,f? 'ghtjyif txufv$wfawmf&JŒtzGJŒ0if wpf0ufausmfudk wdkuf&dkufcef@tyfzdk@jzpfw,f? ql&m¶Gwf tpdk;&tzGJŒrSm 0ef}uD;cef@xm; a&; tygt0if udpPawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk bk&ifh&JŒtrwfcsKyf}uD; y&ifwifqlvmEGefeJŒ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; qGefoDwdk@u teD;uyfyg0ifaqmif¶GufcJhw,fvdk@ qdk=uw,f? 'ga=umifh wyfcfqifudk qefŒusifwJh tm%modrf;r_udk bk&ifhtodkif;t0dkif;u aemufuG,fu yg0if ywfoufcJhw,fqdkwJh pGyfpGJr_awGvnf; &dScJhygw,f? 2007 ck 'DZifbma¶G;aumufyGJr‡m zsufodrf;cHvdkuf&wJh xdkif;&wfxdkif;udk trnfajymif;xm;wJh People Power Party (PPP) u tEdkif&&dScJh+yD; ygwDacgif;aqmif befaumufòrdŒawmf0efa[mif; prwfqeG x f &m0pf 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmw,f? t*FvefEikd if u H kd a&mufaewJh 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; wyfcfqif&JŒ taygif;ygawGu PPP tEdik &f atmif aemuf uG,u f óud;yrf;cJ=h uw,f? PPP tm%m&vmcsdefrSm wyfcfqif eJŒol@rdom;pk[m olwdk@ tay: pGypf cJG suaf wGukd w&m;¶H;k rSm ajz&Si;f r,fq+kd yD; xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif&muae jyefvmcJh w,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm tm%m& PPP ygwDu tajccHOya'udkjyifqif+yD; zsufodrf;cH&wJh xkdif;&wfxdkif;ygwDeJŒtwl ygwDacgif;aqmif 111 a,muf EdkifiHa&;vkyfcGifh ig;ESpf ydwfyifcH &wmudky,fzsufzdk@ óud;pm;vmygw,f? tJ'DzGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya't& ygwDacgif;aqmif 70
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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71
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f
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72