0305

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trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

,Ofaus;r_twm;tqD;ESihf tcGit hf vrf;rsm; &Jjrifah usmf urBmt}uD;tus,fqkH; orkdif;0if,Ofaus;r_ tpOftvmrsm;[m trsKd;rsKd; tzkHzkHuGJjym; ajymif;vJvsuf&Sdygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_eJ@ ¶kd;&mtpOftvmawG&JŒ tjrif oabmxm;/ ,kH=unfcsuf/ wefzkd;/ tðytrl/ p¶kdufoGifjyifykHpHawGu 'Drkdua&pDzGH@òzd;a&;ukd trsm;}uD; tusKd;*,uf jzpfapygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD qef@usifa&;uJwJh ,Ofaus;r_wpfck[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; 'Drkd u&ufwpfE_ef;pHrsm; ysHŒESH@r_ukd ydwfyifumqD;xm;ygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif; awG w&m;0ifciG rhf &atmifvnf; jiif;qefxm;ygw,f? tifpwDusK;&Si;f awG vnfywfEidk Of ;D awmifrS ¶_yf¶_yfaxG;axG;jy\emawG wavS}uD;zefwD;ay;ygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_ukd ppfwrf;xkwf&if t"duykHpHESpfrsKd; xGufvmygr,f? uef@owfcsKyf wnf;xm;aomtjrif Restrictive version eJ@ uef@owfcsKyfwnf;r_av#mhcsxm;aom tjrif Less restrictive version &,fvkd@ ESpfykdif;cGJ=unfhvkd@&ygw,f? yxrtcsufudk t&if=unfh=unfhygr,f? uef@owfcsKyfwnf;xm;wJhtjrif,lqcsuftvkdt& taemufwkdif;,Ofaus;r_ uomv#if 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusK;&Sif;awG zGH+zdK;zkd@ oifhavsmfwJhtajccHawGay;w,f? 'Drkdua&pDu taemufr[kwfwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tHr0if pHr0ifEkdifygbl;? 'Dt,l tq udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ tqkðd yoGm;wmu ppfat;acwf ‘0dik ;f &Hxed ;f csKyfa&; ay:vpD’ eJ@ emrnf}uD;cJhol a*smhcsfuefeef George Kennan yJjzpfygw,f? a*smhuefeefu ‘'Drdkua&pD[m taemufajrmufOa&myrSm q,fh&Spf&mpkeJ@ q,fhudk;&mpkawGrSm qifhuJwkd;wufay:xGef;vmwJh tpdk;&ykHpHjzpfw,f? t*Fvdyfa&vuf =um;eJ@ ajrmufyifv,ftay: e,fedrdwfpyfxm;wJhwkdif;jynfawGrSm t"duay:vmwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/ aemufawmh ajrmuftar&dutygt0if tjcm;urBm@tpdwftydkif;awG qD wpwp o,faqmifoGm;=uw,f? taemufajrmufOa&myu vlawG[m rlv 'Drdku &ufwpfvlom;awGjzpfvm+yD; udkvkdeDðy&if; +rdK@jyt&yfom;tpkd;&ykHpHawG usifhokH;vm =uw,f’vkd@qkdygw,f? 42

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

“'ga=umifyh J 'Dru dk a&pD[m tcsed u f mva&m ae&mrSmyg ESpcf pk vk;H usO;f ajrmif; wJh tajccHoabmaqmifw,f? taemuf&JŒ jyifycg;qufjywfusefwJhae&mawGrSm vlxk twGuf vlxkua&G;cs,fwJhykHpH wmpm;zkd@ tawmfcufygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwD usK;&Sif;awG zGHòzd;zkd@eJ@ tokH;ðyzkd@u ae&ma'owkdif;twGuf rvG,fwJhudpPyg?” vkd@ quf ajymygw,f? &Sif;atmifajym&&if 'Drkdua&pD[m taemufajrmufeJ@ A[kdOa&mywkdif;jynf awG/ olwkd@u ukdvkdeDðycJhwJha'o tcsKdŒawGrSmom tvkyfjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; taemufurS ,Ofaus;w,fvkd@ tpGJtvrf;}uD;olrsm;u atmufygtwkdif; aumufcsuf qGJygw,f? (1) acwfopf 'Drkdua&pDu taemufrSmyJ tajcwnfw,f? (2) q,fhukd;&mpk tapmykdif; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynfrsm;[m taemufEkdifiH rsm;yJ jzpf=uw,f? (3)ajrmuftwWvefwdwfa'o tjyifuqkd&if ,cif+Adwdo#ukdvkdeDrsm;/ tar&duef=oZmv$rf;rkd;cH wkdif;jynfrsm;eJ@ vufwiftar&durSm tkdufbm&D,ef ukdvkdeDjzpfcJholrsm;yJ 'Drkdua&pD &Sd=uygw,f? (4) 'Drkdua&pD ‘tD’ aewJh 1973 ckESpfavmufukd=unfh&if 'Drkdu&ufwpf wkdif;jynf ESpfq,fhukd;ck&SdwJhteuf ESpfq,fu taemufOa&myeJ@ vufwiftar&du wkdif;jynfrsm;/ &Spfcku ,cif+Adwdo#ukdvkdeDrsm;eJ@ usefwpfcku *syefjzpfw,f? (5) 1990 ckESpfrSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynf ig;q,fh&Spfck &Sdygw,f? okH;q,fh ESpfcku taemufOa&myeJ@ vufwiftar&duwkdif;jynfrsm;/ ajcmufcku ta&SŒOa&my wkdif;jynfrsm;/ ukd;cku +Adwdo#ukdvkdeD tar&dueJ@ =opa=wvs ukdvkdeDwkdif;jynfrsm;/ useaf jcmufcu k *syef/ wl&uD/ awmifu&dk ;D ,m;/ erD;bD;,m;eJ@ qDeaD *gvw f @dk jzpf=uygw,f? wwd,v_dif;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpfjzpfvmwJh wkdif;jynf okH;q,fteuf ESpfq,fhajcmufcku taemufujzpfovkd taemuf=oZmtrsm;}uD; v$rf;rkd;cH&zl;wJha'ou wkdif;jynfrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh taemuf,Ofaus;r_[m abmfvuefa'oeJ@ ,cif qkdAD,uf a[mif;twGuf olpdrf;w&Hqefygw,f? orkdif;a=umif;t&qkd&if tJh'Da'orsm;[m Zmbk&ife@J atmfwrdk eftifyg,mwk@d &ŒJ tpdwt f ykid ;f awGjzpfygw,f? olw@dk uv dk r$ ;f rk;d xm;wJh bmoma&;u taemufwidk ;f c&pf,mefr[kwb f /J a&S;¶k;d pGJ atmfoadk 'geh @J tpPvmrfbmom wkd@ygyJ?

43

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tJh'Da'oawGukd taemufwkdif;,Ofaus;r_ rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rxkd;azgufEkdifygbl;? taemuf&ŒJ tawG@tóuHrsm;jzpfwhJ &Dae;qef;acwf/ &Dazmfar;&Si;f acwf/ ^m%ftvif;acwf/ jyifopfawmfvSefa&;eJ@ vpfb&,f0g'awGukd rjzwfoef;cJhzl;ygbl;? ynm&Sif0DvsHa0gavpfhajymwmu ppfat;acwftqkH;owfr_eJ@ ta&SŒtaemuf oHuefvef@umz,f&Sm;Ekdifr_u +idrf;at;roGm;bJ/ aemufxyf ,Ofaus;r_pnf;jcm;wJh jy\emawG ay:xGufapcJhygw,f? ppfat;t+yD;rSm a'oEkdifiHtkyfpktopfawG wòyH}uD; xyfxGufvm+yD; ,Ofaus;r_ta=umif;ðy wl&mwl&maoG;pum;ajym&if; ta&SŒtaemuf uGJtufvm=ujyefygw,f? 1500 ckESpfavmufu p}uD;pkd;wJh taemufc&pf,mefurBmeJ@ xdpyftv$r;f rk;d cHz;l wJah 'oeJ@ =oZmcHrjzpfz;l wJah 'ot=um; ta&;}uD;wJh Ekid if aH &;cGjJ cm;r_/ e,fedrdwfuef@owfr_ awG&Sdvmygw,f? zifvefeJ@¶k&Sm;t=um; ,Ofaus;r_ta=umif;ðy&if; e,fedrdwfpnf;jcm;r_/ abmvf w pf E k d i f i H r sm;&J Œ ta&S Œ buf j crf ; eJ @ taemuf b uf j crf ; rwl n D r _ / taemuf uufovpf ,lu&def;eJ@ ta&SŒatmfokda'gh ,lu&def;tuGJ/ awmifeJ@ajrmuf ¶kdar;eD;,m; t,ltqtuGJ/ ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m; c¶kdat;&Sm;/ qvkdaA;eD;,m;wkd@eJ@ tjcm;a'owGif; EkdifiHrsm;tuGJ? taemufc&pf,mefxdxm;zl;wJh ae&mu 'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,f tan‡mifh aygufvG,f+yD;/ ta&SŒEG,fa'ouawmh r_ef0g;0g;&,fyg? 'kwd, tjrif,lqcsuf - ,Ofaus;r_t[ef@twm;qkdif&m uef@owfcsKyf wnf;r_ av#mhcsxm;aomtjrif zGifhqkdr_t&awmh ,Ofaus;r_wpfck[m 'Drkdua&pDukd xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rsufESmomay;wwfovkd/ &efvkdqGJcsxm;&ifvnf; tawmfvef@p&m aumif;w,f? ol@a'o,Ofaus;r_ukd quf&Sifoefzkd@twGufyJ 'Drkdu&ufwpftkdif'D,m awGukd tokH;cscsifw,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? t"du Oyrmay;wJh ,Ofaus;r_ESpfckuawmh uGefzsL;¶Syf0g'eJ@ tpPvmrfbmomwkd@ygyJ? 'Dru dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f twGuf tJ'h , D Ofaus;r_awGu ql;ajimifch vkwrf sm;vm;? olwkd@&JŒ tpOftvm,kH=unfcsufwefzkd;awGu b,favmuftwkdif;twmtxd &efvkd 'kuQay;EkdifovJ? tem*gwfrSaum b,favmuftxd quf[ef@wm;xm;OD;rSmvJ? uGefzsK;&Syf0g' tpOftvm uGefzsK;&Syf0g'[m 'Drkdua&pDqef@usifa&;jzpfw,fqkdwJh t,l tqtay: b,fynm&SifurS odyftxGef@ rwufygbl;? pHawmf0ifw¶kwftkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH rSm vlwef;pm;aemufcHrcGJjcm;bJ pmar;yGJpepfeJ@ xl;c|efola¶G;xkwf+yD; &mxl;cef@xm;yg w,f? okd@aomf pmar;yGJpepfeJ@ vlppfxkwfOD;awmifrS &mxl;ae&mtwGuf vl&nfc|ef 44

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

olaumif;ðypepfu 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf tvkyfjzpfzkd@ cJ,Of;ygw,f? ppfbuft&m&SdawGukd olwkd@t&nftcsif;eJ@ óud;pm;r_a=umifh &mxl;wkd;jr‡ifhwm rSefayr,fh/ b,fawmhrS ppfwyf [m 'Drkdu&ufwpf rjzpfovkdygyJ? pHawmf0if w¶kwfuGefzsK;&Syf0g'eJ@ ol@vufcGJrsm;jzpfwJh ukd&D;,m;/ AD,uferf/ pifumyl/ xkid 0f rf/ *syefw@dk u qifyh mG ;t,l0g'awG[m wpfO;D csi;f xuf tkypf u k dk tav;ay; w,f/ vGwfvyfr_ vpfbmwDxuf tm%mykdifr_udk tav;tay;w,f/ tcGifhta&;xuf wm0ef0wW&m;ukd tav;uJygw,f? uGefzsK;&Syfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm EkdifiHawmfqkdwmukd usm;uefxm;Ekdifr,fh vl@tcGifhta&;awG csKdŒwJhygw,f? EkdifiHawmftwGuf/ trsm;tusKd; bkHtusKd;twGuf acgif;pOfatmufrSm wpfOD;csif;tcGifhta&;awG paw;ypf=uygw,f? tjrifoabmxm;uGJvGJr_eJ@ ,SOfòydifr_xuf o[Zmwjzpfa&;/ ajyvnfa&;eJ@ emcHr&_ adS &;wk@d yJ vkcd siyf gw,f? txufatmuftqifq h ifh trde@f ay;r_e@J ¶kad oukid ;f ¶_id ;f r_uydk J t"duwefzkd;rsm;tjzpf vufcHxm;ygw,f? tkdif'D,mjiif;ckefr_/ tkyfpkygwDrsm;&JŒ yËdyuQ awGukd tE W&m,f&Sd+yD; w&m;r0ifbl;vkd@ ¶_jrifygw,f? ykdta&;}uD;wmu uGefzsK;&Syf0g'rSm tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfolukd txdef;tuGyfay; Ekdifr,fh vlr_tifpwDusK;&Sif;rsm; r&Sdovkd/ w&m;0ifcGifhvnf; ay;rxm;ygbl;? tpOftvm w¶kwfjynfrSm avmuDudpPeJ@ emrf0d^mOfqkdif&m pnf;uef@r_ tm;enf;ygw,f? EkdifiHa&; w&m;0ifr_ Legitimacy u aumif;uifbkH&JŒ tyfESif;cGifhtay:rSm wnf&Sdygw,f? aumif;uifbkHuay;tyfwJh vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mqkdwm EkdifiHa&;rSm ukd,fusifhpm&dwW aumif;rGefr_ukd qkdvkdygw,f? pm&dwWaumif;olqkd&if vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m tvkdtavsmuf &&SdwJhoabmyg? tm%meJ@ ukd,fusifhw&m;u wxyfxJvkd@ ,lqwma=umifh tm%mukd xdef;csKyfuef@owfzkd@ w&m;0ifcGifh r&Sdygbl;? orm"d&Sdol vlolawmfawGom tm%m&ap vkd@ uGefzsK;&Syfu rdef@xm;ygw,f? tm%m,lxm;ol[m aomwmyefrkd@ oGm;rxdaveJ@? okd@aomfvnf; taemufwkdif;t,l ‘tm%m[m t&d,myk*~Kdvfukdvnf; ,pfrl;azgufjyef apw,f/ 'ga=umifh tifpwDusK;&Sif;qkdif&m uef@owfxdef;nd‡r_ check and balance vkdtyfw,f’ qkdwJh pum;eJ@us *GwD;*Gus jzpfukefygawmhw,f? w¶kwjf ynfr}uD;rSm 'Dru dk &ufwpftpk;d &tawG@tóuH vk;H 0r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? taemuf &JŒaxGjym;wJh 'Dru dk a&pDudk axmufc=H uwmu tpk;d &eJ@ oabmuGv J q JG ef@usiw f hJ vlenf;pk tkyfpkyg? olwkd@taetxm;uvnf; 'Drkdua&pDom atmfayr,fh uGefzsK;&SyftpOftvmeJ@ t"duaomhcsufwefzkd;awGukd ausmfvGefazgufxGuf&Jwm r[kwfygbl;? ynm&Sif vlpD,H ykdif&JŒ pum;eJ@ajym&&if acwfopfw¶kwfjynf xlaxmifolrsm;[m trsKd;om;a&; tajcwnfwJh uGefjrLepfygwD rsufESmzkH;pGyf ‘uGefzsK;&Syf vDeif0g'D’ awGygyJ? 45

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

1980 jynfhvGefaESmif;ykdifrSmawmh w¶kwfpD;yGm;a&; tvsiftjrefwkd;wufr_u EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGtxdvkyfzkd@ awmif;qkdr_awG wufvmygw,f? ausmif;om;/ ynmwwfawGeJ@ òrdŒjyvlvwfwef;pm; tkyfpkawGqDu 'Drkdua&pDaºuG;a=umfoHawG qufwkduf wufvmygw,f? 'gukd uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifykdif;u enf;vrf;ESpfckeJ@ wkef@jyef ygw,f? yxrenf;vrf;u xkdif0rf/ puFmyleJ@ ukd&D;,m;wkd@&JŒ tawG@tóuHtajccH,l+yD; ‘tm%m&Sif0g'opf’ oDtkd&Dukd vufukdifðyygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_ ZmwfckHay:a&muf aewJh w¶kwfvkdwkdif;jynftwGuf [efcsufnDnD qufwkd;wufzkd@eJ@ zGH@òzd;r_aemufquf rajz&Si;f Ekid w f hJ jy\emawG xde;f xm;zk@d tm%m&Sipf epfu vku d v dk t dk yfw,fv@dk ta=umif; jyygw,f? 'kwd,u aemufawmh acgif;aqmifykdif;u 1989 aEG&moDrSm 'Drkdua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_ukd =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; òzdcGif;ypfygw,f? w¶kwf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u 'Drkdua&pD qef@usifa&; ,Ofaus;r_ tm; aumif;atmif wGef;ykd@ovkd&Sd+yD;/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'eJ@ uGefzsK;&Syf0g' jyif;jyif;jyjy acgif; axmifvmygw,f? xkdif0rfeJ@ ukd&D;,m;wkd@&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_uawmh 1980 jynfh vGefaESmif;ykdif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDtajccHawGudk jzpfapcJhygw,f? pifumylukd=unfh&if a&eHwifykd@r_r&SdwJh ‘0ifaiGjrifh’ EkdifiHjzpf+yD;/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf Ekid if aH &;pepfvnf; t&ifu taiG@awmifroef;cJyh gb;l ? pifumylacgi;f aqmif}uD;uk, d w f idk u f uGefzsK;&Syfwefzkd;awGu taemuf'Drkdua&pDeJ@ qef@usifbufyJvkd@ a=unmzl;ygw,f? vDurG , f u l “tar&duefawG[m ygwpD /Hk oabmxm;usr/_ aqG;aEG;r_/ tajctwif jiif;ckef r_eJ@ yËdyuQawGukd óudufw,f? yËdyuQxJurS todynmxGufvmr,fvkd@ ,kH=unfvufcH xm;=uw,f? 'gayr,fh qDavsmfnD!GwfwJh todynmxkwfvkyfr,fhtpm;/ aps;uGuf tkdif'D,mawGu t"du¶k%f;eJ@ aoG;xGufoH,kdyGJawGqDyJ OD;wnfaew,f” vkd@ qkdygw,f? “EkdifiHa&;t}udwfte,f,SOfòydifr_u *syef/ w¶kwfeJ@ tm&S,Ofaus;r_wkd@&JŒ enf;vrf;r[kwfbl;/ 'gu tjiif;yGm;r_awGeJ@ ¶_yfaxG;r_awGyJ ay:vmr,f? &efvkdwJh EkdifiHa&;rsKd; pifumylvkd vlrsKd;pkH vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf ae&mr&Sdbl;? usKyfbmom qif;csifqif;oGm;r,f/ qGJcszkd@awmh b,fol@rSmrS tcGifhta&;r&Sdbl;” vkd@ vDukd,fwkdif ajymzl;ygw,f? 1980jynfv h eG rf sm;rSm vDu ol@òrdŒjyEkid if aH v;rSm uGezf sK;&Syw f efz;dk awGudk t"du OD;pm;ay; ykd@csjzef@csDygw,f? oabmxm;uGJol/ tpkd;&rl0g'a0zefolawGukd ta&;,l ESdyfuGyf/ rD'D,mawG ydwfyifygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ urBmhcsrf;omwJh wkdif;jynfrsm;t=um; pifumyl[m tm%m&Siq f efwhJ uGezf sK;&Sy0f g'eJ@ pcef;oGm;cJyh gw,f? ok@d aomf vDe@J ol@om;

46

trSw( f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep S f

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47

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51

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&Jjrifhausmf &nf!$ef; The Third Wave by Samuel P. Huntington

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