0209

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tar&duef&ŒJ usqk;H r+ z&efppfzu l , l m;rm; ( a0wifh bmomjyefonf ) tar&duef&ŒJ &if;ES;D ðryfErHS b _ %f}uD;trsm;pk u|u H sòydqif;oGm;? wpf&uftwGi;f pawmhaps;uGufrSm wpfx&DvD,H a':vmausmf aysmufxGufoGm;? b%f}uD;awG oabFm arSmufr_twGuf tar&dueftcGefxrf;jynfolawGu a':vm 700 bDvD,H ay;&rSmwJh vm;? a0gvfpx&dòydvJr_yrm%[m 'Dvkd {&mh{&m {&mr}uD;rsKd; jzpfcJvSygw,f? òydqif;aewJhpD;yGm;a&;ukd umuG,fzkd@ 'Davmufrsm;wJh aiGpkdifaiGcJukd olwkd@ bma=umifh pGe@f ypfcw hJ mvJv@dk tar&duefvx l u k ar;=uw,f? wcsKŒd uvnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk rSm a&SŒquf r±SLEkdifru,fEkdif qkH;±_H;OD;r,fh tvm;tvmawGukd wGufqae=uw,f? tckaiGa=u;t&nfaysmfqif;r_[m tar&duqkdwJh ‘trSwfwHqdyf’ (Brand) ukd vkH;0 xdckdufapr,fh udpPjzpfaeygw,f? tdkif'D,m ykd@ukefESpfrsKd; usaemfwkd@tar&du&JŒ ta&;}uD;qkH;ykd@ukefrsm;xJu wpfrsKd;uawmh tkdif'D,m awGyJ jzpfygw,f? a&mfe,fa&*if orwtjzpf a¶G;cs,fcH&+yD; 1980 ESpfrsm;uwnf;u tar&dueftdkif'D,mESpfck[m *vkdb,fawG;ac:r_tay: tajccHtm;jzifh v$rf;rkd;xm;yg w,f? yxrwpfckuawmh EkdifiHawG zGHŒòzd;wkd;wufapzkd@ aocsmwJh ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’ qkdwJh tdkif'D,myJ? t&if;&Sifpepfa[mxm;wmu tcGefukd ESdrfhaumuf/ csnfaESmifxm;wJh vkyfxkH;pnf;urf;awGav#mhcs/ aps;uGufukd tpkd;&u 0ifrpGufeJ@? 'g[m wkdif;jynf pD;yGm; a&; wk;d wufapr,fh tif*siyf v J @dk qkx d m;cJw h ,f? 'ga=umifv h J a&*if0g'[m &mpkwpfc=k um tpOftvm}uD;rm;cJhwJh tpdk;&vufwH&Snfukd z,f&Sm;ðzwfcsypfcJhw,f? tpkd;&xdef;csKyf uef@owfr_av#mhcsjcif; (deregulation) [m acwfa&pD;&JŒ trdef@!$ef=um;csuftjzpf tar&duwGifru wurBmvkH;rSmyg wGifus,fvmcJhygw,f?

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

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'kwd,}uD;rm;wJh tkdif'D,muawmh tar&du[m wurBmvkH;&JŒ vpfb&,f 'Drkdua&pD jr‡ifhwifol/ wifykd@ol jzpfaejcif;ygyJ? ykdrkdºuG,f0+yD; yGifhvif;r_&Sdr,fh EkdifiHwum a&;&m tpDtpOfawGtwGuf taumif;qkH;vrf;a=umif;vkd@ jrifcJh=uygw,f? rSefygw,f? tar&du&JŒ yg0geJ@ =oZm[m usaemfwkd@&JŒ wifhum;eJ@ a':vmawG ay:rSmwif wnfwm r[kwfygbl;? vltrsm;pku tar&dueftpkd;&ykHpH[m pGJaqmifr_ &Sdw,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tvm;wlykHpH vkyfcsif=uw,fqkdwJh tcsut f ay:rSm wnfygw,f? Ekid if aH &;odyyH` nm&Sif *sK;d ZufEidk ;f uawmh 'gawGuydk J usaemf wkd@ EkdifiHa&; ‘yg0gtaysmh’ (soft power) vkd@ trnfay;ygw,f? tckawmh tJh'Dtar&du&JŒ ukd,fykdiftrSwfwHqdyf wefzkd;0daooawG b,f avmufawmif qkd;qkd;¶Gm;¶Gm; oduQmusqif;ae+yDvJqkdwm em;vnfzkd@awmh cufygw,f? 2002 eJ@ 2007 ckESpft=um; urBm}uD;rSm wkd;wufr_udk róuHpzl; cHpm;ae&csdefrSm Oa&my qkd&S,fvpfawGeJ@ vufwiftar&duom;awGu tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;ukd ‘aumif;bGdKif t&if;&Sifpepf’ armfvf',fqkd+yD; ESmacgif;±_H@wkef;u usaemfwkd@awG vG,fvG,fyJ vspfvsL±_ ypfcJhw,f? ok@d ayr,fh tckawmh tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;ukd aqmifusO;f ay;cJw h hJ tJ'h D wk;d wuf r_ tif*sifarmfvf',f[m vrf;acsmfxGufoGm;+yD;/ usefurBmukdvnf; oleJ@twl ajrmif;xJ qGJcszkd@ ajcmufvSef@aew,f? ykdqkd;wmu w&m;cHvufonfu b,folrS r[kwfbl;/ tar&duefarmfvf',fukd,fwkdif jzpfaew,f? tpkd;& 0ifa&mufrpGufa&; *gxmrE W&m; atmufrSm 0g&Sifweftpkd;&[m bÀma&;eJ@ aiGa=u;u¾ xdxda&mufa&mufxdef;csKyfzkd@ ysufuGuf+yD;/ usefa'ovl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGukdvnf; r[m'kuQvSvSay;zkd@ cGifhðycJhygw,f? ajym&&if 'Drkdua&pD[m tapm}uD;uwnf;u oduQmpGef;ax;cJhyg+yD? tpk vkduftòyHvkdufzsuftm;jrifh vufeufawG quf'rfrSm r&Sdbl;qkdwm odayr,fh/ bk&Sf tpkd;&[m ‘us,fjyef@wJh vGwfvyfr_tpDtpOf’ qkdwmeJ@ csdwfqufta=umif;jy+yD; tD&wfppfyGJukd qufaqmif¶GufcJhw,f? 'Dacgif;pOfeJ@yJ 'Drkdua&pDwkd;jr‡ifha&;ukd t=urf;zuf 0g' qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ&JŒ t"duvufeufwpfcktjzpf tokH;cscJhw,f? 'gayr,fh urBmh jynfolrsm;tzkd@awmh tar&du&JŒavvkH;[m aemufxyf tar&dueftifyg,mcsJŒxGifa&; ta=umif;jycsufyJvkd@ jrifae=uygw,f? tck usaemfwkd@&ifqkdifae&wmu aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;rS u,fxkwfzkd@ okd@r[kwf orwopfa¶G;zkd@udpPawGxufukd ausmfvGefoGm;yg+yD? tjcm;armfvf',fawG udkif+yD; pcef;oGm;aewJh w±kwfeJ@ &S&Sm;wkd@u olwkd@[mukd ykd+yD;pGJaqmifr_&Sdatmif óud;yrf; aecsdefrSm usaemfwkd@ tar&duefarmfvf',ftrSwfwHqdyfu aumif;aumif;}uD; rSwf ausmufwif ppfaq;cHae&+yD? usaemfwkd@&J@emrnfaumif; jyefxdef;zkd@eJ@ usaemfwkd@trSwf wHqdyf&JŒ pGJaqmifEkdiftm;awG jyeftouf0ifzkd@u aiGa=u;u¾wnf+idrfatmif vkyf&rSm jzpfovkd/ tjcm;pdefac:r_awG &ifqkdifzkd@yg trsm;}uD;&Sdaeygw,f? 73

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

orwopfu rwljcm;em;wJhcGeftm;opfawG o,fvmygvdrfhr,f? odk@aomf v_dif;xefavqef+yD; ukef;wufjzpfvkd@ ESpfumv&Snf ±kef;uef&r_awG a&SŒrSm &Sdaeygw,f? bmrSm;oGm;cJhovJqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;em;rvnfao;&if usaemfwkd@ jyefpEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tar&duefarmfvf',frSm b,foGifjyifvuQ%m&yfawGuawmh oefpGrf;w,f/ b,ft&m awGukdawmh nhHzsif;pGm taumiftxnfazmfcJhw,f/ b,f[mawGawmhjzifh vkH;0pGef@y,f ypfzkd@ vkdtyf+yDqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;odzkd@vkdyg+yD? a&*ifacwf&JŒed*kH; a0zefoal wGuawmh a0gvpf x&dpawmhaps;uGuf xk;d pku d q f if;r_om a&*ifacwf ed*kH;csKyfjcif;&JŒ trSwftom;yJvkd@ aumufcsufcsygw,f? oHo,r&Sdatmif rSefygw,f? }uD;rm;wJh tkdif'D,mawG[m xl;jcm;wJhorkdif;umvawGrSm arG;zGm;ygw,f? odk@aomf cyfqef;qef; tajymif;tvJawG&Sdvmjyef&if tJh'Dtkdif'D,m}uD;awG quf&Sifoefzkd@ cufcJoGm;ygw,f? bma=umifhvJqkdawmh EkdifiHa&;[m vuf0JrSvuf,m a¶$Œajymif;oGm; wwf+yD;/ wcg vuf,mrSvuf0Jbuf jyef+yD; rsKd;qufcsD&Snfvsm;wJh puf0ef;oHo&m jzpfwwfygw,f? a&*if0g' (+Adwdo#tac: oufcsm0g') [m ol@tcsdef ol@tcgtwGuf rSefcJhyg w,f? 1930 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rSm orw z&efuvif±kpAJh&JŒ New Deal ac: ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;tpDtpOfopf pvkyfuwnf;u urBmtESH@tpkd;&rsm;[m vufwH&Snf oxuf &Snfvm+yD; aps;uGufukd zdtkyfxm;cJh=uygw,f? 1970 jynfhvGefrsm;rSmawmh 0JvfzJ,m;pepf/ bkHpepfusifhokH;wJhEkdifiHawGeJ@ óud;eDpepf vnfyif;n‡pfcHxm;&wJh pD;yGm;a&; awG[m ,dk,Gif;ykHysufpðyvmcJhygw,f? tJh'DumvawGukd jyef=unhf&if w,fvDzkef;awGu aps;}uD;+yD; &zkd@cuf/ av a=umif;c&D;u vlcsrf;omwkd@&JŒ ZdrfcHjzpf/ vltrsm;pku twkd;E_ef;enf;wJhb%fawGrSm pkaqmif;ae&wkef;yJ? qif;&JwJhrdom;pkawGtwGuf tpDtpOfu bmrSr&Sdatmif nhHzsif;+yD; tdrfaxmifuGm&Sif;r_awGuvnf; rsm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ a&*if-oufcsmawmfvSefa&;u tvkyform;iSm;wm ðzwfwm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfaqmifEkdifatmif zefwD;ay;cJhw,f? tpOftvmxJydwf+yD; "m;r aemufydwfacG;jzpfaewJh puf±kHtvkyf±kHawGukd trsm;}uD;&Sif;vif;ypfcJhw,f? aemuf q,fpkESpf okH;ckeD;yg;twGuf zGH@òzd;a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfcsay;+yD; tkdifwDeJ@ ZD0enf;ynm u¾topfawG ay:xGef;vmapygw,f? EkdifiHwumtaeeJ@qkd&if a&*ifawmfvSefa&;[m ‘0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsuf’ (Washington Consensus) ukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhwm jzpfw,f? 'Doabmwl nDcsufu 0g&Sifwef tajcpkdufEkdifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (IMF) eJ@ urBmhb%fvkd 74

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

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tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;u zGŒH òzd;qJEidk if aH wGrmS aps;uGuw f cH g; ykzd iG v hf matmif wGe;f tm;ay;jcif; jzpfygw,f? 0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsuf[m 1980 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rSm tm*sifwD;em; eJ@ b&mZD;vkd tvGeftu|HaiGazmif;yGr_ (hyperinflation) '%fudk xGef@xGef@vl; cHae&wJh vufwiftar&du&JŒ aºuG;+rDjy\emukd oufomatmif ukpm;EkdifcJhwmawG &Sdygw,f? tvm;wlyJ aps;uGufzGifha&;ay:vpD wGef;tm;ay;r_uae w±kwfeJ@tdENd,ukd pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;}uD;awG jzpfvmapygw,f? okd@aomf AifeDZGJvm;u [l*kdcsmAwfvkd vlxktusKd;=unfh0g'DqkdolawGu 0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsufukd ‘zGwf=um;’ oabm wlnDcsufvkd@ qJaewmawGvnf; vufiif;óuHawG@ae&jyefygw,f? jyef=unfhr,fqkd&if ,cifqkdAD,uf,leD,HeJ@ tjcm; uGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfawG&JŒ A[kdcsKyfukdifwJh pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&; tpkd;&vufwH&SnfvGef;wmukd awG@Ekdifygw,f? 1970 vGefESpfrsm;rSmawmh tJh'Dwkdif;jynfawG[m olwkd@òydifbuf t&if;&SifawG&JŒaemufrSm bufaygif;pkH trsm;}uD; jywfusefcJhygw,f? bmvifwHwkdif;òydust+yD;rSmawmh tJh'D wkdif;jynfrsm;&JŒ 0JvfzJ,m;pepfawG ajrmif;xJa&mufoGm;cJhygw,f? okd@aomf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm jzpfwwfwJhtwkdif; a&*if awmfvSefa&;[m [kwfawmhrvkdvkdeJ@ vrf;aysmufoGm;cJh&w,f? t"du ta=umif;u awmh ol@vrf;a=umif;aemuf aumufaumufygatmif aqmif¶u G o f rl sm;u a&*if0g' om ajcmufypfuif;oJvJpif0g'vkd@ aoG;em;xifa&mufvm+yD;/ 0JvfzJ,m;pepf tvGeftu|H jzpfwmawGusawmh vufawG@usus aqmif¶Gufzkd@ rpGrf;omcJhygbl;? a&*if0g'ukd=unfh&if t,ltqESpfck[m txdrcHEkdifatmifukd tuJygvGef; aew,f? yxrtcsuf tcGefaumuf,lr_ av#mhcsjcif;[m tpkd;&twGuf rdrdbmom aiG a=u;yHhykd;r_ (self-financing) jzpfvmapr,f qdkwmeJ@/ 'kwd,tcsuf aiGa=u;upm; uGuaf wG[m tpd;k &uom 0ifr±_yef @J ol@bmom vnfywfomG ;r,f (self-regulating) qkdwJh tcsufwdk@ygyJ? vkdaiGjywmudpPr&Sd 1980 jynfhvGef rwkdifrDawGrSm uGefqmaA;wpfawG[m aiGa=u;eJ@ b¾ma&; udprP mS odyu f dk uGeq f maA;wpf jzpfveG ;f ygw,f? qkv d w dk mu olw@dk [m aumuf,x l m;wJh tcGefxuf ykdokH;vkdpdwf r&Sdbl;? okd@aomf aemufykdif; a&*ifacwf&JŒ a&*ifabm*aA'u tdkif'D,mwpfck o,fvmw,f? tcGefaumufr_ jzwfawmufav#mhcsypfjcif;u pD;yGm;a&; wk;d wufatmif E_;d qGay;wmyJ? tpk;d &twGuv f nf; aemufq;Hk rSm tcGeb f ¾m 0ifvmrSmyJ qkw d hJ t,ltq? tpOftvmtjrift&qkd&if rSefygw,f? tcGefaumuf,lr_awmh av#mhcsypf w,f/ tokH;p&dwfawmh rav#mhcsbl;qkd&if tqkH;rSm qkd;¶Gm;wJh vkdaiGjyr_eJ@ óuH&rSmu &Sif;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1980 jynfhvGef a&*if&JŒtcGefav#mhcsr_[m }uD;rm;wJh ‘vkdaiG’ 75

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

jyr_awG jzpfcJhw,f? 1990 jynfhvGef uvifwef&JŒ tcGefwkd;jr‡ifhaumufr_u ‘ykdaiG’ jycJhyg w,f? aemuf 21 &mpk bk&&fS ŒJ tcGeaf v#mch sru _ tvGerf sm;jym;wJh vkad iGawG jyvmygw,f? a&*ifESpfrsm;vkdyJ uvifwefESpfrsm;[mvnf; tar&duefpD;yGm;a&; tvsif tjref wkd;wufapcJhw,f qkdwJhtcsufukd rsufESmvGJcJypfvkyf+yD;/ a&*if0g'D uGefqm aA;wpfwkd@u tcGefav#mhzkd@yJ wrf;wrf;pGJ ,kH=unfaeav&JŒ? tcGefjzwfawmuf av#mhcs ay;jcif;[m pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufzkd@ aocsmwJh aomhcsufqkd+yD; ukdifxm;cJh=uygw,f? 'ghxuf ykdta&;}uD;wmu tJh'Da&*if0g'DawG&JŒ c|wfacsmfwdrf;rSm;aewJh t,l tqukd *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfu q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm zkH;uG,fay;xm;cJhw,f? tar&duef&JŒjyifyu tjcm;wkdif;jynfawGu tar&duefa':vmukd irf;irf;wuf ukdifxm; csi=f uw,f? 'g[m tar&dueftpk;d &rSm vkad iGtrsm;}uD; jzpfapcJo h vk/d jrifrh m;wJh wk;d wuf r_udkvnf; &&SdapcJhwm rSefygw,f? b,fzGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHurSvnf; tar&duef&JŒ wkd;wuf csrf;omr_ukd vk,lrajy;EkdifwJhtcsufvnf; jzpfcJhw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; 'kwd,orw 'pfacseDu orwbk&Sfukd tapm}uD;uwnf;u w&m;0ifajymcJhwmu 1980 jynfhvGef a&*ifESpfrsm;&JŒ oifcef;pmt& (Deficits don't matter) “vkdaiGjywm udpPr&Sdyg” wJh? tpkd;&uef@owfr_ vkH;0av#mh a&*ifacwf&JŒ 'kwd,,kH=unfcsufuawmh aiGa=u;u¾ukd txdef;tcsKyfr&Sd v$wx f m; (financial deregulation) qkw d t hJ jrifygy?J a0gvpf x&dvyk if ef;awGe@J aiGa=u; upm;olawGu 'Dtjrifudk tºuGi;f rJv h ufczH @dk wGe;f yk@d ay;w,f? 1990 jynfv h eG f uvifwef acwfawGrSmawmif 'Dt,ltqukd bk&m;a[mozG,f vufcHcJhao;w,f? 'Dt,ltqu ajymwmu aiGa=u;pepftay: a&&Snfxdef;csKyfjcif;[m qef;opfwDxGifr_e,fy,fukd t[ef@twm;jzpfapw,f? tar&duefb¾ma&;eJ@ aiGa=u;qkid &f m tifpwDusL;&Si;f awGudk csdeJ@apygw,f? aiGa=u;tay: txdef;tcsKyfr&SdbJ v$wfxm;jcif;[m qef;opfwJh xkwfukef topfawG ay:xGufvmr,fqkdwm rSefygw,f? tdrfaygif/ +cHaygif/ tmrcHvkyfief; topf awG '&a[m pD;qif;cJhw,f? Ekd@ayr,fh tckpD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;udpPrSm tJh'D taygif vkyfief;awGu t"dujy\em jzpfaew,f? tcsKdŒ &DywfAvpfuefygwD0ifawGqkd&if tckxd tJh'Dtcsufukd em;a0wdrfawmifeJ@ tlxkHxkHjzpfaewkef;yJ? 'ga=umifhyJ aiGa=u; tusyftwnf;rS qGJxkwfa&; (bailout) tpDtpOfukd tqkdðyae+yD;/ aiGupm;olawG twGuf tcGefav#mhzkd@ ajymaeao;w,f? a0gvfpx&dpawmhaps;uGufqkdwm qDvDuGefawmif=um; enf;ynmvkyfief; rsKd;eJ@ vkH;0 uGmjcm;ygw,f? qDvDuGef uGefjyLwmvkyfief;u tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_vufwH 76

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From Newsweek (October 13, 2008)

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