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pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_eJ@ 'Drkdua&pD[m qufEG,fywfoufr_awG &Sdygw,f? zGH@òzd;r_ qkdif&m tcsuftvufzufwmawGu 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOftay: trsm;}uD; =oZmv$rf;rkd;ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mzufwmrsm;u wwd,v_dif;'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; jzpfpOfrsm;tay: enf;vrf;okH;ckeJ@ tusKd;oufa&mufapcJhygw,f? yxrtcsufu uGefjrLepf0g'usifhokH;wJh EkdifiHawGeJ@ tcsKdŒEkdifiHawGrSm a&eHaps; tqrwefjrifhwufr_uae pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;awG jzpfvm+yD; tm%m&Siftpkd;& awGukd tm;enf;,kdifeJ@oGm;apcJhw,f? 'kwd,tcsufu 1970 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;up+yD; EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_awG t&Sdeft[kef &vmcJhw,f? tJ'Duae 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf tajccHvrf;pawG yGifhvm+yD;/ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftwGuf taxmuftyHhjzpfapcJhw,f? wwd,tcsuftaeeJ@u tcsKdŒEkdifiHtenf;pkrSmawmh pD;yGm;a&; tvGeftu|H wkd;wufr_awGu tm%m&Sifpepfukd rwnfr+idrfjzpfap+yD; wHcg;zGifh vpfb&,fvkdufZf usifhokH;zkd@ tpkd;&awGukd zdtm;ay;EkdifcJhygw,f? &Si;f &Si;f ajym&&if pD;yGm;a&;zG@H òzd;r_[m 'Dru dk a&pDtajccH&atmif wnfay;w,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_a=umifhjzpfvmwJh tusyftwnf;/ pD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfusqif; r_a=umifh jzpfvmwJh tusyftwnf; ESpfckpvkH;u tm%m&SifpepfawGukd csdeJ@apcJhygw,f? ajymcJhwJhtcsufokH;ck[m EkdifiHwkdif;rSmjzpfcJhwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? okd@aomf wwd,v_dif; jzpfpOfrSmygcJhwJh EkdifiHawGrSmawmh 'DokH;csufeJ@ vGwfuif;wm&,fvkd@ r&Sdygbl;? 1970 jynfh vGefeJ@ 1980 jynfhvGefrsm;rSm tJ'Dh pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mzufwmrsm;u 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; vrf;a=umif;awGukd OD;wnfapcJhygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;ZkH q,f&h pS &f mpkEidk if aH &;ynm&Siaf wGajymcJw h mu olw@dk acwfrmS OpPm"eºuG,0f wJh EkdifiHawG[m oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfawGyJ jzpf=uw,f? qif;&JwJhwkdif;EkdifiHawGuawmh &DywfAvpfac:wJh orwpepf (okd@) 'Drkdua&pDyJ usifhokH;=uw,fwJh? tJ'Dhtqkd[m pkdufysKd; a&; vl@tzGJtpnf;awGtwGuf rSefcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh pufr_acwfusawmh pkdufysKd;a&;acwfeJ@ ajymif;jyef jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 21

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

EkdifiH&JŒ csrf;omºuG,f0r_eJ@ tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr_ykHpHt=um; qufpyfr_awG &SdcJhygw,f? 19 &mpk rSm ay:xGufcJhwJh 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ EkdifiH&JŒcsrf;omºuG,f0r_[m tðyoaomaqmif qufEG,fr_ awG &Sdaew,f? 'Dtcsuf[m taotcsm tckdiftrmukd jzpfaeygw,f? "eºuG,f0 csrf;omwJh EkdifiHtrsm;pk[m 'Drkdu&ufwpfawGjzpfae+yD;/ 'Drkdu&ufwpfwkdif;jynfawG uvnf; csrf;om=uw,f? (tdENd,yJ xl;jcm;wJh c|if;csufvkd@qkd&r,f?) 1959 ckESpfrSm ynm&Sifrmwifvpfyfqwf (Martin lipset) u tJ'D "eeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDt=um; qufpyfr_ukd rD;armif;xkd;jycJh+yD;aemufykdif; ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;u avhvmr_awG vkyf=uygw,f? 1960 jynfhvGefESpfawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_tqifh[m 'Drkd ua&pDEkdifiHa&;tay: xl;xl;jcm;jcm;tusKd;oufa&mufap+yD;/ pkpkaygif; trsKd;om;tom; wifxw k u f ek f (GNP) [m t"duv$rf;rkd;EkdifwJhudef;&Sif (variable) jzpfvmygw,f? 1989 ckESpfrSm urBmhb%fu wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGtvkduf EkdifiHawGukd cGJjcm;owf rSwfr_awG vkyfygw,f? wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGa':vm 6010 &SdwJh pydefuae a':vm 21330 &SdwJh qGpfqveftxd ESpfq,fhav;EkdifiHukd ‘0ifaiGjrifh’ EkdifiHrsm;vdk@ owfrSwfygw,f? tJ'Dh ESpfq,fhav;EkdifiHxJrSm aqmf'Dtma&AD;,m;/ ul0dwfeJ@ tm&yfapmfbGm;rsm;EkdifiHwkd@[m a&eHwifykd@+yD; 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfwJh EkdifiHrsm;jzpfygw,f? usefESpfq,fhwpfEkdifiHrSm puFmyl uvGJvkd@ tmvkH;'Drkdu&ufwpfawG jzpf=uygw,f? tjcm;wbufrSm wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGa':vm 130 om&SdwJh tDoD,kd;yD;,m;uae a':vm 450 &SdwJh vkdufab;&D;,m;txd EkdifiHav;q,fhESpfEkdifiHukd ‘qif;&JwJh’ EkdifiHrsm; tjzpf urBmhb%fu owfrSwfygw,f? tJ'DhEkdifiHawGxJrSm tdENd,eJ@ oD&dvuFmESpfEkdifiHyJ 'Drkdua&pDtawG@tóuH &Sdygw,f? ‘0ifaiGtv,ftvwf’ EkdifiHrsm;tjzpf wpfOD;csif;0ifaiG a':vm 520 &SdwJh qDeDa*guae a':vm 5810 &SdwJh tkdreftxd ig;q,fhokH;EkdifiH owfrSwfygw,f? tJ'Dh txJrSm ESpfq,fhokH;EkdifiHu 'Drkdua&pDjzpf+yD;/ ESpfq,fhig;EkdifiHu 'Drkdua&pD r[kwfygbl;? usefig;EkdifiHuawmh 1989 ckESpfrSm 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;cJh=uygw,f? 'Dawmh "eeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDt=um; qufEG,fr_udk azmfjyaewmu 'Drkdua&pD ul;ajymif;r_awG (transitions to democracy) [m pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_tv,ftvwf&Sd EkdifiHawGrSmyJ jzpfay:wwf=uw,f? qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawGrSm 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; jzpfzG,f r&Sdovkd/ wcg csrf;omwJhEkdifiHawGusawmhvnf; 'Drkdua&pDu jzpfxGef;+yD; &Sd+yD; jzpfaejyef w,f? csrf;omr_eJ@qif;&Jr_t=um; tv,ftvwfZkHrSmyJ tJ'Dh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_eJ@ 0ifaiG tv,ftvwf&SdwJh ul;ajymif;a&;tv$mZkHukd a&mufvmEkdifavav/ 'Drkdua&pDjzpfzkd@ tvm;tvm ykdaumif;vmavavygyJ? tcGefr,l bmrSrvkyf pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;vmr_eJ@ 0ifaiGtv,ftvwfjrifhwufvmjcif;[m EkdifiHawGukd bma=umifh 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfzkd@ wGef;tm;ay;wmvJ? wu,fawmh csrf;omr_ 22

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

"eoufoufuom tajymif;tvJjzpfzkd@ t"duuswJh zufwmawmh r[kwfjyefbl;? tD&efeJ@ tD&wf[m 0ifaiGtv,ftvwftqifhrSm tjrifhqkH;&Sd+yD; ul;ajymif;a&;ZkHrSm &SdcJh ayr,fh 'Drkdua&pD rul;ajymif;EkdifcJhygbl;? vlOD;a&enf;+yD; a&eHxkwfwJh aqmf'Dtma&; AD;,m;/ vpfAsm;eJ@ ul0dwfEkdifiHi,fav;okH;EkdifiH[m 1976 ckESpf wpfOD;csif;trsKd;om; 0ifaiGt& a':vm 4000 ausmf&Sdayr,hf 'Drkdua&pD jzpfrvm=uygbl;? tajzu pufr_vkyfief;jzpfxGef;r_tygt0if us,fjyef@wJh tajccHpD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd; wkd;wufvmr_[m 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfay:apw,f? okd@aomf a&eHeJ@ tjcm;obm0 oH,HZmwu a&mif;csvkd@&wJh "euawmh tJ'DhEkdifiHawGukd 'Drkdua&pD ray:xGef;apygbl;? a&eHu&wJh tcGeb f ¾m[m Ekid if aH wmf&ŒJ "eudk wk;d yGm;apygw,f? tcGeb f ¾m wkd;yGm;r_[m EkdifiH&J@ AsL¶kdua&pDtm%m,E W&m;ukd csJŒum;&m a&mufygw,f? rjzpfrae aumuf,l&r,fhtcGefpepfukd z,f&Sm;av#mhcsypfvkduf=uygw,f? tpkd;&wkdif;[m jynfol vlxkxHu tcGef&&dSzkd@ azsmif;jzem;cs qGJaqmif=u&wJhxkH;pHukd tvkyf¶_yfrcHbJ z,f&Sm; vkduf=uw,f? tcGefaumufcHr_ r&Sdavav/ jynfolvlxktwGuf jyefvnfaqmif¶Guf ay;r_/ wm0ef,lr_/ vkdtifqENjznfhay;Ekdifr_ avsmhyg;oGm;avavygyJ? tpkd;&uae vlxktwGuf xdxda&mufa&muf jyefvnftokH;csr_rvkyf&if tcGefraqmifEkdifbl; (No taxation without representation) vkd@ EkdifiHwkdif;rSm&SdwJh jynfolawGu EkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsuftjzpf awmif;qkd=uw,f? a&eHxkwfwJh tm&yfEkdifiH awGrSmusawmh tcGefaumuf,lr_ r&SdwJhtwGuf tpkd;&ubmrSjyefvkyfray;Ekdifbl; (No representation without taxation) qkdwmu vufawG@EkdifiHa&; jzpfaeygw,f? vlvwfwef;pm;OD;aqmifwJh'Drkdua&pD a&eHa=umifhcsrf;omvmwm r[kwfbJ/ pufr_jzpfxGef;r_eJ@twl pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd; wkd;wufr_jzpfpOfawGuvmwJh EkdifiHrsm;uawmh ykdrkdaxGjym;¶_yfaxG;/ tjyeftvSefwnfrSD wJh pD;yGm;a&;topfawGjzpfvm+yD; tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsm;tzkd@ tukdiftwG,f& cufvm ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_u tpkd;&,E W&m;tjyifbufrSm "eeJ@ yg0g&if;jrpf topf awG ykdrkdzefqif;ay;+yD;/ vkdtyfwJh qkH;jzwfcsufawGudk atmufykdif;rSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfaqmifvmEkdifygw,f? ykd+yD; wkduf¶kdufuswmu/ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_[m vlr_taqmufttkHeJ@ wefzkd;awG (social structure and value) ukd tajymif;tvJawGeJ@ wkd;jr‡ifhay;+yD;/ 'Drkdu&ufwkduf aZ;&Sif;ukd wGef;tm;ay;vmygw,f? (1) vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ csr;f omr_tqifh jrifv h mjcif;u Ekid if o H m; awG&JŒ pHwefzkd;eJ@tawG;tjrifukd ykHazmfvmygw,f? 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwDusK;&Sif;awGrSm tckid t f rmwnf&&dS r,hf wpfO;D ukw d pfO;D tjyeftvSe, f =Hk unfr/_ b0tay:auseyfr/_ w&m; r#wpGmòydifqkdifr_/ rwlwJhtjriftay:onf;cHEkdifr_ pwmawG tm;aumif;jzpfxGef;vm ygw,f? 23

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

(2) pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u vl@tzGJtpnf;&JŒynma&;tqifhukd wkd;jrifhvmapw,f? 1960 eJ@ 1981 ckESpft=um; zGHòzd;qJEkdifiHawGrSm tv,fwef;ynmtqifhtxd wuf a&mufvmwJh ta&twGuu f xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jrifw h ufcyhJ gw,f? rsm;jym;vmwJh tqifjh rifh ynmwwfawGrSm 'Drkdua&pDeJ@pcef;oGm;&r,fh ,kH=unfr_/ auseyfr_/ òydifqkdifr_ aqG;aEG;r_ =ueftift*F g&yfawG zGH@òzd;wkd;wufvmygw,f? (3) pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u t&yfbuftkyfpk/ vlr_tkyfpkawGt=um; tjyef@us,f apzkd@ }uD;rm;wJh &if;jrpfawG &&Sdapw,f? tpGef;a&muf pdwftcHawG av#mhyg;oGm;+yD; vk d u f a vsmnD a xG & S d r _ (accommodation) eJ @ tay;t,l v k y f n ‡ d E _ d i f ; wwf r _ (compromise) wkd@twGuf taxmuftyHhjzpf vmapygw,f? (4) 1960 eJ@ 1978 jynfhvGefESpfckpvkH;rSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u vl@tzGJ@tpnf; awGukd EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_/ enf;ynm/ urBmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;/ owif;qufoG,fa&;pwJh wHcg;zGifhr_ukd ¹r‡ifhwifay;cJhw,f? urBmhpD;yGm;a&;xJ wkdif;jynf wpfjynf yg0ifvmr_[m tpkd;&jyifyuaeeJ@ =oZm&if;jrpfawG trsm;}uD;zefwD;ay;+yD;/ pufr_urBmtwGuf tkdif'D,mtopfawG trsm;}uD; oGef;avmif;ay;ygw,f? (5) pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u vlvwfwef;pm;tv$mukd tjyef@us,fvmapygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;orm;/ qkdif&mtwwfu|rf;usifynm&Sif/ pGef@OD;wDwGifol/ ausmif;q&m/ t&yfbuf0efxrf;/ refae*sm/ enf;ynm&Sif/ pma&;pmcsD/ ta&mif;0efxrf;pwmawG[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm ta&twGuf tcsKd;tpm;u rsm;onfxufrsm; vmygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD[m tajccHtm;jzifhvltrsm;pkd;rkd;r_ (majority rule) tay: tajc wnf&ygw,f? vltrsm;pk}uD;u qif;&JrGJawae+yD;/ vufwpfqkyfuae tm%mukd csKyfukdifwJh vl@r¾dKifawG jzpfae=u&if rnDr#r_ tajctaea=umifh 'Drkdua&pDukd oGm;zkd@ tcuftcJ&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf vkdtyfwJh qkyfqkyfukdifukdif vlvwf wef;pm; tv$mtm;}uD;zkd@ukd pufr_jzpfxGef;r_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u xkwfvkyfay; ygw,f? acwfrSDr_ armf'efjzpfpOf qufjzpfvmwmeJ@tr# aus;vuf vlwef;pm;tv$m&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_awG avsmhyg;usqif;oGm;+yD; òrdŒjyvlvwfwef;pm;tv$mu wkd;wufrsm;jym; vmygw,f? wwd,v_dif; 'Drkdu&ufwkdifaZ;&Sif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd OD;aqmifcJhwm ajr&SifawG vnf;r[kwo f vkd awmifov l ,form;awGvnf; r[kwyf gb;l ? ajymif;vJcw hJ hJ Ekid if w H idk ;f rSm t"du wufwufºuGºuG OD;aqmifyg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhwmu òrdŒjyvlvwfwef;pm;yJjzpfygw,f? tm*sifwD;em;/ b&mZD;/ pydef/ yD¶l;/ tDauGa':/ zDvDykdif/ awmifukd&D;,m;/ xkdif0rf pwJh EkdifiHrsm;[m òrdŒjyvlvwfwef;tv$m tm;aumif;vm+yD; ynmwwfawGu 'Drkdua&pD ul;ajymif;r_udk OD;aqmifr_ ay;Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? 'ge@J qef@usib f uf jrefrm/ ql'ef/ bla*;&D;,m;eJ@ ¶kdar;eD;,mwkd@rSm òrdŒjyynmwwfvlvwfwef;pm; tm;enf;usKHvSDwma=umifh olwkd@&J@ 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;[m ratmifjrifcJhovkd wnf+idrfr_vnf; r&Sdygbl;? 24

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

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pD;yG;a&;zGòH zd;r_jzpfpOfuae 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;r_xw k v f yk af y;wmukd teD;pyfq;Hk atmufygtwkdif;a&;qGJ=unfhEkdifygw,f? rsm;jym;vmaom tqifjh rifyh nmwwf jynfol

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pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxkd; wdk;wufr_ Rapid Growth

EkdifiHawG&JŒ0ifaiGtv,ftvwf tqifhjrifhrm;vm+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ul;ajymif;r_ZkH ukd a¶GŒvsm;vmr_[m 'Drkdua&pDukday:xGufapr,fh vlr_taqmufttkH/ ,kH=unfr_/ ,Ofaus;r_ pwJh tajymif;tvJawGukd OD;wnfapygw,f? wcg tcsKdŒwkdif;jynfawGrSm tvGet f u|H wk;d wufvmwJh pD;yGm;a&;E_e;f &Sad ewJh tm%m&Sit f pd;k &awGtay: rauseyfr_ eJ@ tm;r&r_awG arG;zGm;ay;ygw,f? 1970 jynfhvGeftv,favmufrSm pydef/ ay:wl*DeJ@ *&dwkd@rSm pD;yGm;a&; tvGef tu|H pef;yGifhr_awG óuHcJh&ygw,f? 'Dht&if 1913 eJ@1950 ckESpfawG=um;rSm tJh'D okH;EkdifiH&JŒ ESpfpOf wpfOD;csif;xkwfvkyfr_E_ef;u wpf&mckdif;E_ef;atmufrSmom &SdcJhygw,f? 1950 eJ@ 1973 ckESpfawGt=um;rSmawmh pydefu 5³2/ ay:wl*Du 5³3 eJ@ *&du 6³2 &mckdifE_ef; txd axmifwufcyhJ gw,f? 1960 eJ@ 1973 ckEpS t f =um; tJ'o hD ;Hk Ekid if &H ŒJ pkpak ygi;f trsK;d om; tom;wifxkwfukef (GNP) wkd;wufr_E_ef;u (6 - 8) &mckdifE_ef;=um; &Sdae+yD;/ tjcm; taemufOa&mywkid ;f jynfawG&ŒJ wk;d wufrE_ e_ ;f (4 - 5) &mckid Ef e_ ;f xuf omvGeaf eygw,f? pD;yGm;a&; ¶kwfcsnf;wkd;wufr_u 'Drkdua&pDtwGuftajccHuGif;jyifukd zefwD; ay;Ekdif+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ aES;auG;aemufusr_u 'Drkdua&pDukd aESmifhaES;apygw,f? okd@aomf pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u oleJ@twl ar#mfvifhcsuf}uD;vmr_/ &nfrSef;csuf rsm;jym; vmr_/ vlwef;pm;rnDr#r_/ òydifqkdifr_zdtm;awG rsm;vmr_/ EkdifiHa&;Ekd;=um;yg0ifr_/ EkdifiHawmif;qkdr_ pwmawG o,faqmifvmygw,f? Oyrm/ 1950 eJ@ 1960 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif; *&dEkdifiH&JŒ vsifjref+yD; rnDr#wJh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u EkdifiHa&;Ekd;=um;r_/ ppftpkd;&tay:pdwfysufr_eJ@ rauseyfr_awG 25

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trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

jzpfay:apygw,f? tJ'Dh zdtm;awGuae vlr_a&;r+idrfoufr_eJ@ EkdifiHa&;yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_awG qD OD;wnfvm+yD; 1967 ckESpf tm%modrf;r_jzpfatmif zdtm;ay;vmygw,f? okd@aomf pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufru _ ppftpk;d &vufatmufrmS 1973 ckEpS t f xd qufvufyrHk eS jf zpfxeG ;f aeygw,f? *&drSm ppftpkd;&u qef@usifbuf 0da&m"day:vpDESpfckukd wòydifwnf; ukdifpGJ xm;ygw,f? 'Dru dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f jzpfpOfudk ajymif;jyefveS f &yfwef@omG ;atmif vkyaf e+yD;/ wcsed x f rJ mS pD;yGm;a&; tvsit f jref wk;d wufz@dk e@J acwfrjDS zpfxeG ;f a&;ukd vkyaf qmifygw,f? aemufykdif; vlr_rajyvnfr_/ rcsifhr&Jjzpfr_eJ@ EkdifiHa&;rausvnfr_awG jrifhwufcJhygw,f? 1973 ckESpftukefrSmawmh a&eHaps;axmifwufr_u taxGaxGtusyftwnf;awG jzpf vm+yD;/ tm%m&Sifpepfukd ðzwfcsEkdifcJhygw,f? pydefrSmvnf; 1960 jynfhvGef róuHpzl;xl;uJwJh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u tvm;wl 0da&m"day:vpDrsKd; jzpfay:apcJhygw,f? z&efukd tpkd;&ar#mfvifhwmu tJ'Dh wkd;wufr_[m aysmf&$ifr_eJ@ a&mif&Jauseyfr_jzpfap+yD;/ jynfolawG EkdifiHa&;rSm pdwfr0ifpm; zkd@ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh vufawG@rSm jrefqefwJh pD;yGm;a&;tajymif;tvJu pydef vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm t"du yËdyuQawGukd OD;wnfvm+yD; tpkd;&ukd jyefcsnfaESmifwkyfr,fh ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&; tajymif;tvJawGukd wkd;jr‡ifhay;cJhygw,f? wpfOD;csif; trsKd;om;0ifaiG[m a':vm 2000 txd a&mufvm+yD;/ 1975 ckESpf tm%m&Sifz&efukd aoqkH;csdefeJ@ wkdufwkdufqkdifqkdif 'Drkdua&pD ul;ajymif;EkdifcJhygw,f? 1975 ckESpf pydefrSm 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfr,fh pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&;tajccHawGu &SdESifhxm;+yD; om; jzpfvm+yD;/ u|rf;usifwJh tajr‡mftjrif}uD;wJhacgif;aqmifr_u vsifjrefacsmarG@pGmeJ@ 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd o,faqmifay;EkdifcJhygw,f? 1960 jynfhvGefaemif;ykdif;eJ@ 1970 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rSm b&mZD;EkdifiH[m ‘pD;yGm;a&;yÌvuf’ wkd;wufr_umvukd óuHawG@&ygw,f? 1968 u ae 1973 ckESpftxd pkpkaygif;trsKd;om;xkwfvkyfr_u wpfESpfukd (10)&mE_ef;eD;yg;txd ysrf;r#wkd;wufcJhygw,f? tJ'Dh wkd;wufr_u 0ifaiGrnDr#r_awGeJ@ EkdifiHpkHaumfykda&;&Sif;awGeJ@ olwkd@&J@ ygwemrsm;udk òrd;òrd;jrufjruf yGoGm;ap+yD;/ a'ocHtvkyform;eJ@ v,form;wdk@rSmawmh/ vl;vl;vdrfh vdru hf kd cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? aemufyidk ;f orwESpq f uf[m wif;rmvmwJh vlra_ &; yËdyuQawGudk a&Smif&Sm;zkd@ óud;pm;&if; 'Drkdua&pDvrf;ukd av#mufvSrf;vmygw,f? 1960 jynfhvGefuae 1980 jynfhvGefrsm;txd awmifukd&D;,m;eJ@ xkdif0rfwdk@ &&SdcJhwJh wkd;wufr_E_ef;rsm;[mvnf; urBmhtjrifhqkH;xJrSm &Sdygw,f? tJ'Dh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESpfckukd pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlrla&;awGu ajymif;ypfcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; twGuf olwkd@jzpfpOf[m Oa&myeJ@ vufwiftar&du vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGxuf zGH@òzd;r_ aES;auG;ygw,f? t"duta=umif;&if;uawmh ta&SŒtm&SEkdifiHrsm;&JŒ tpOftvma=umifh jzpfygw,f? txufatmufqufqaH &;/ tm%mykid pf epf/ trde@f emcHr/_ opPm&Srd /_ bkt H usK;d 26

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twGuf wpfOD;csif;vGwfvyfcGifhpaw;ypfr_ pwJhtcsufawGtay: tav;uJwJh uGefjzL;&Syf ,Ofaus;r_tpOftvmu vlrt _ yk pf t k oD;oD;&JŒ Ekid if aH &;awmif;qkv d y_ &f mS ;vdw k hJ tmoDo ukd uef@owfwm;jrpfaevkd@jzpfygw,f? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf 1980 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rSmawmh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_u EkdifiHa&;Ekd;=um;r_awGeJ@ tpkd;&awGukd zdtm;ay;vm+yD;/ ESpfEkdifiHpvkH; 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; jzpfpOfxJ a&mufoGm;cJhygw,f? tvGefvsifjrefpGmeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxkd;wkd;wufr_[m tm%m&SifawGukd pdefac:vmygw,f? 1960 eJ@ 1975t=um; b&mZD;&JŒESpfpOfwkd;wufr_E_ef;u (8)&mckdifE_ef; jzpfygw,f? tJh'DESpfawGrSmyJ tD&efEkdifiH&JŒESpfpOf (GNP) wkd;wufr_E_ef;u (10)&mckdifE_ef; &Syd gw,f? 1980 eJ@ 1987 t=um; w¶kw&f ŒJ ESppf Of (GNP) wk;d wufrE_ e_ ;f u (10)&mckid Ef e_ ;f &Sdygw,f? tJh'D wkd;wufr_E_ef;awGu olwkd@okH;EkdifiH&JŒ tm%m&SifpepfawGukd a=umifhus zdpD;r_awGeJ@ rwnfr+idrf jzpfapygw,f? rnDr#r_/ rausvnfr_awGeJ@ tpkd;&rsm;tay: wif;rmr_awG jrifhvmygw,f? tJh'D okH;EkdifiHu acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;uvnf; rwljcm;em;wJh enf;okH;enf;eJ@ wkef@jyefajz&Sif;cJhygw,f? b&mZD;acgif;aqmif a*q,fvfu wHcg;zGifh ay;vkdufw,f? wdef@a&Smifzdefu wifhum;eJ@ }udwfacsr_ef;ypfw,f? tD&ef&J@ &Sm;bk&ifu [kdvkdvkd 'Dvkdvkd a0hvnfa=umifywfvkyfw,f? tJh'Dacgif;aqmifokH;OD;&JŒ a¶G;cs,fr_ &vm'f toD;oD;tjzpf 'Drkdua&pD/ zdESdyfr_eJ@ awmfvSefa&;ykHpH okH;ck xGufvmygw,f? ed*kH; a&&SnfrSm pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_[m 'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&rsm;twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpf aumif;rsm; zefwD;ay;ygw,f? a&wkdrSm pD;yGm;a&; tvsiftjref wkd;wufr_eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;u tm%m&SifpepfawGukd ,kdifeJ@usqif;oGm;apygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; vkH;0r&SdbJ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ ykHrkefqufjzpfae&if 'Drkdua&pDay:xGef;r_ aES;auG;ygw,f? q,fhukd;&mpk Oa&myrSmjzpfcJhovkd ykHpHrsKd;ygyJ? ul;ajymif;Ekid rf ,fZh u Hk dk ra&muf&adS o;bJ rwnfr+idrw f ;dk wufre_ @J pD;yGm;a&; tusyt f wnf; jzpfaew,fq&dk if tm%m&Sipf epfawmh òydusEidk yf gw,f? ok@d aomf tpm;0ifr,fh 'Dru dk a&pD tpkd;&[m jy\emtrsm;}uD; óuHawG@&ygvdrfhr,f? wwd,v_dif;rSmawmh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@òzd;r_tqifhvnf; qkyfqkyfukdifukdif &Sdw,f? +yD;awmh a&wkdpD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; vwfwavm &ifqkdif&w,f? 'DESpfckaygif;pyfr_[m tm%m&Sifpepfuae 'Drkdu&uftpkd;&qD ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf trsm;}uD;rsufESmom ay;wJh pD;yGm;a&;azmfjrLvmvkd jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? ÐÐÐÐÐ &nf!Gef; The Third Wave by Samuel P. Huntington Development and Democracy by Martin Lipset

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