trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
t,f'Dwmhwifjycsuf
'Drdkua&pDavhvma&;vkyfief;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;wm0ef ESpq f ,f&mpktqH;k ydik ;f umv[m ordik ;f rSm xl;jcm;wJjh zpfay:wd;k wufra_ wGe@J }uHKawG@cJh&w,f? tJh'Dvdk ordkif;wGif&pfavmufwJh jzpfxGef;r_awGuawmh urBmhae&m tESH@tjym;rSm 'Drdkua&pDay:xGef;vmjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? ordkif;udk jyef=unfh&if 1900 ckESpfwkef;u 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH (10)EdkifiHom &SdcJhw,f? &mpkESpftv,fta&mufrSm ta& twGufu oHk;q,ftxdwdk;vm+yD; 1970vGefESpfrsm;txd tJh'Dtwdkif;yJ &SdaecJhw,f? 2005 ckESpf pm&if;t& urBmhEdkifiHaygif; (190)teuf (119)EdkifiH[m a,bl,stm;jzifh ajym&&if 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvdk urBmhtwdkif;twmeJ@ 'Drdk ua&pDjzpfay:wd;k wufru _ kd +yD;cJw h &hJ mpkEpS t f wGi;f wpfcw k nf;aom ta&;ygq;kH Edik if aH &; jzpfxGef;r_vdk@ ynm&Sifrsm;u owfrSwfajymqdk=uygw,f? 'gq&kd if Edik if w H pfcu k kd ‘'Dru kd a&pD’Edik if v H @kd owfrw S Ef ikd zf @kd bmawGvt kd yfovJ/ tajccHtm;jzifh b,fvkd oGijf yifvuQ%mawG &S&d rSmvJ qdw k mawGukd pOf;pm;&ef jzpfvmyg w,f? 'Drdkua&pDavhvma&;qdkif&mbmom&yfrSm xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sif ygarmuQ vm&D'dkif;rGef; u æ • 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckrSm jynfolvlxku olwdk@udk tkyfcsKyfr,fh acgif;aqmif awGudk yHkrSefusif;ywJh vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyGJrsm;uwqifh a&G;cs,fcGifh&Sd=uw,f? 'gayrJh jynfolvlxkqdkwmrSm vlOD;a&b,favmufudk ajymwmvJ/ b,fEpS &f mcdik Ef KS ef;udak jymwmvJ? Edik if o H m;tcsKd @ukd rJay;cGirhf jyK wJ/h a&G;aumufy0JG ifciG rhf jyKwJh wdik ;f jynf&@J Edik if aH &;pepfukd 'Dru kd a&pDv@kd qdEk ikd f yghrvm;? EdkifiHom;trsm;tjym;u a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmudk *&krpdkuf/ yg0ifr_ vnf; r&Sdbl;qdk&ifaum? • a&G;aumufyaJG wGqw kd m vGwv f yfpmG 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifEikd cf iG hf &S&d r,f? qdv k kd wmu ygwDpHkudk 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcGifhjyK&rSm jzpfw,f? 'gqdk&if b,fvdk tawG;tac:rsdK;rqdk/ b,fvdk pHE_ef;wefbdk;rqdk udkifpGJwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDwdkif;/ tzGJ@tpnf;wdkif;/ tkyfpkwdkif;udk cGifhjyKrSmvm;? 1
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
•
vlwpfO;D csi;f pD&@J yk*Kd~ vfa&;vGwv f yfciG ehf @J ywfoufv@kd aum? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ EdkifiHom;rsm;.tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;qdkif&mjyXmef; csuf (Bill of Rights)/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) rsm;uJo h @kd Edik if rH sm;tvdu k f 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHwumqdkif&m yÉdnmOfrsm; uGefAifh&Sif;rsm;rSm tmrcHxm;wJh vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;pD&J@ vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;eJ@ roufqdkifbl;vm;? • tu,fI Edik if o H m;rsm;taeeJ@ tajccHjynfo@l vw G v f yfciG ahf wGjzpfwhJ ajymqdk cGifh/ a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh pwmawG vkyfcGifh r&Sdbl;qdk&if uef@owfydwfyifcHxm;&&if tJh'Dwdkif;jynf[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH jzpfEdkifyghrvm;? • 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckjzpfw,fqdk&if a&G;aumufyGJwpfckeJ@ wpfck =um;umv awGrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;taeeJ@ olwdk@&J@ vdkvm;csufawG &&Sdzdk@/ epfemr_awGudk ajz&Sif;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkr_awG qENjyr_awGuaewqifh aqmif&GufcGifh tcGifh ta&; r&Sdoifhbl;vm;? • 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckrSm rdrdwpfOD;csif; udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udk (rudk;uG,fr_udk) vufcu H sio hf ;kH ydik cf iG /hf rdrad evdw k t hJ &yfa'orSm aexdik yf ikd cf iG /hf vGwv f w G f vyf vyf c&D;oGm;ydik cf iG /hf yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f ydik q f ikd cf iG hf v$aJ jymif;cGihf a&mif;csciG /hf ul;oef; a&mif;0,fcGifh pwJh vGwfvyfcGifhawGaum r&Sdoifhbl;vm;? • EdkifiHwpfckrSm vlrsdK;pkt&/ vlrsdK;t&/ bmoma&;t& vlenf;pkawGudk zdESdyf csKyfcs,af ew,f/ olw@kd &@J tcGit hf a&;awGukd uef@owfyw d yf ifxm;w,fq&kd if 'Drdkua&pDpepfvdk@ ajymEdkifyghrvm;? • EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m Oya'&J@ a&S@arSmufrSm wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdr,f/ Oya'&J@ txufrSm b,folrS r&Sdbl;/ Oya'awGudk EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u od&SdEdkifr,f/ bufrvdkufwJh w&m;a&;pepf&Sdr,fqdk&if w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; &Sdw,fvdk@ qdk Edik w f ,f? tJ'h v D rkd sKd ; tcsut f vufawGe@J jynfph w kH hJ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;qdw k m r&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yfudk 'Drdkua&pDvdk@ owfrSwfEdkifyghrvm;? tp&SdwJh ar;cGef;awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudk zGifhqdkEdkifzdk@/ b,fvdk tajccHoGifjyif vuQ%mawG &SdoifhovJqdkwmawGudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? oluyJ qufvuf+yD; ‘EdkifiHwpfckrSm vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;xkwfa0cGifh r&Sb d ;l qd&k if/ vGwv f yfpmG toif;tyif;zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;pnf;&H;k ydik cf iG hf r&Sb d ;l qd&k if/ w&m; Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ r&Sb d ;l qd&k if tJ'h w D ikd ;f jynf[m 'Dru kd a&pDrjzpfEikd af wmhb;l ? tJ'h gbma=umifh vnf;? tJh'Dvdk tajctaeatmufrSm usif;ywJh a&G;aumufyGJawG[m b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'ghtjyif EdkifiHwpfck 'Drdkua&pDjzpfzdk@qdkwm vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJawG &Sd&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufygbl;?’qdk+yD; “'Drdkua&pD 2
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
. tajccHtESpfom&” (The Spirit of Democracy) qdkwJhpmtkyfxJu 'Drdkua&pD. wefbdk; (democratic value) udk aqG;aEG;&mrSm wifjyxm;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;twGuf 'Drdk ua&pDavhvma&;vkyfwJhtcg tajccHtm;jzifh txufygtcsufawGudk avhvm&rSm jzpfygw,f? ordkif;aemufcHeJ@ vlr_pD;yGm;tajccHrwlnDwJh EdkifiHwdkif;twGuf wpfckwnf; aom tajzudk ar#mfvifhvdk@&rSm r[kwfovdk/ olrsm;awG&J@ tawG@t}uHKawGudk rdrdwdk@&J@ vufawG@rSm wpfxyfwnf; yHkwlul;vdk@awmh&rSm r[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh &Sdoifh&SdxdkufwJh wefbdk;awG/ oGifjyifvuQ%mawGuawmh tajccHtm;jzifh uGJvGJr_r&Sdygbl;? rdrdwdk@ vlr_ vufawG@eJ@ udkufnDwJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;twGuf oifcef;pm,lp&mawGudk avhvm+yD; toHk;csEdkifygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ ywf ouf+yD; ynm&Sifrsm;&J@ avhvmqef;ppfr_awG/ aqG;aEG;r_awGudk wqifhjyefvnfwifjy &jcif; jzpfygw,f? acwfopfordkif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDv_dif; okH;ckjzpfcJh&mrSm yxrv_dif;eJ@ 'kwd,v_dif; ESpfv_dif;ukd=unfh&if wpfckpDrSm aemufjyefv_dif; (reverse wave) awG uyfvkdufaeyg w,f? 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;xm;+yD;om;Ekid if t H csKd @rmS tm%m&Siaf wGay:vm+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD zGH@ðzd;vm&rJhtpm; aemufjyefqkwfoGm;wmrsdK;awG&SdcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh “zGH+zdK;qJEkdifiHrsm; taeeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_ukd taotcsmavhvmoifhovkd 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; v_dif;eJ@ ol@&JŒ aemufjyefv_dif;wkd@&JŒumvjzpf&yfawGukd twdtus ykdif;jcm;=unfhzkd@vnf; vkdtyfygvdrfhr,f?” qdk+yD; 'Drdkua&pDyxrv_dif;eJ@ ol@&J@ aemufjyefv_dif;umv/ 'kwd, v_dif;eJ@ ol@&J@aemufjyefv_dif;umvwdk@udk ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzm &Sif;vif;wifjywmudk ‘wwd, v_dif; 'Drkdu&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif;’ rSm awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f? qufvuf+yD; tJh'DpmpkrSmyJ 'Dru dk a&pDvid_ ;f eJ@ywfouf+yD; tcsu(f 4)csuu f kd axmufjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'h gawGuawmh (1) 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vlwpfO;D csi;f vGwv f yfciG t hf cGit hf a&; qufpyfr/_ (2) Edik if aH &;wnf+idrrf e_ @J tpd;k &yHpk /H (3) 'Dru dk a&pDjyef@E@HS re_ @J Ekid if w H umqufqaH &;/ (4) tar&du&JŒtrSwt f om; vuQ%m (identity) eJ@ vpfb&,f'Drkdu&ufwpfwefzkd; qufpyfr_ qdkwJhtcsufawG jzpfygw,f? tqH;k rSmawmh pma&;olu vuf&rdS mS 'Dru kd a&pDwwd,v_id ;f [m armoGm;+yD vm; qdkwJhar;cGef;xkwfxm;cJhygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDv_dif;awG bma=umifhjzpfay:cJhovJ? b,fvkdqifhuJjzpfxGef;cJh=u ovJ? 'Dru dk a&pDvid_ ;f awGay:ayguaf tmif wGe;f yk@d ay;wJh aemufct H a=umif;t&if;awGu bmawGv?J 'gukd tajz&Smzd@k ‘v_id ;f awG bma=umifh b,fvkd jzpfco hJ vJ’ rSm pma&;olu ygarmuQ[efwifwef&J@ wwd,v_dif; (Third Wave) xJu zGiq hf &dk iS ;f vif;csuaf v;ckukd wifjycJh+yD; tJh'D tcsufawG[m tcsdefra&G; a¶GŒvsm;aewwf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;v_dif;awGukd ajz&Sif;jyzkd@ óud;pm;tm;xkwfwJhtcgwkdif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;&r,fh armf',fawG 3
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? “'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif;awG avhvmzkd@qkd&if oDtkd&Drsm;pGmeJ@ tcsuftvufaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdaeygvdrfhr,f? wpfa=umif;qGJeJ@r&bJ vGwfvyf+yD; rlao r[kwfwJh udef;&Sif (independent variables) aygif;rsm;pGm pOf;pm;&ygr,f?” 'ghtjyif “ok@d aomf 'Dru dk &ufwu dk af Z;&Si;f ta=umif;w&m;rsm;[m wpfae&meJ@ wpfae&m/ wpf csdefrSwpfcsdef trsKd;rsKd; uGmjcm;aewwfygw,f?” vdk@ aqG;aEG;&if; wqufwnf;rSm wwd,v_id ;f 'Dru kd a&pDEidk if aH wG&ŒJ tm%m&Siu f ae 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;r_ypHk (H 5)rsK;d (five patterns) eJ@ [efwifwef&J@ wwd,v_dif;u zGifhqdkwJh ta=umif;&if; (5)csufudk wifjy xm;ygw,f? tJ'h gawGuawmh (1) 'Dru kd a&pDwefz;kd jrifw h ufvmjcif;/ (2) urBmph ;D yGm;a&; wdk;wufr_eJ@ òrdŒjyvlvwfwef;pm; tjyef@us,fvmr_/ (3) uufovpfausmif;awmfrsm; &J@ jyKjyifajymif;vJr_/ (4) EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDtajymif;tvJ/ (5) ESif;abmvkH;jzpfpOf vdk@ qdkwJh EdkifiHwpfck&J@ vlxkqENjyyGJrsm;u tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_wdk@yJ jzpfygw,f? [efwifwef&J@ 'Dta=umif;w&m;rsm;[m 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm; twGuf vrf;!$efr_rsm; jzpfEdkifyghrvm;? urBmt h wdik ;f twmeJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfay:wd;k wufra_ wG jzpfaew,f/ Edik if aH ygi;f (119)EdkifiHrSm tenf;eJ@trsm;qdkovdk 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;ae+yDvdk@ qdkaeayr,fhvnf;/ wzufrSm 'Drdkua&pDul;ajymif;pEdkifiHrsm;rSm tcuftcJaygif;pkH &ifqdkifóuHawG@ae&yg w,f? vuf&SdrSm “'Drdkua&pDv_dif;aES;auG;ae+yD; urBm}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pDqkwf,kwf usqif;r_ (democratic recession) xJ av#musoGm;aeygw,f?” abm*aA'rSm pD;yGm;a&;&Dquf&Sif;vkd@okH;E_ef;ovdk 'Drdkua&pD&Dquf&Sif;vdk@qdk&r,fhumv jzpfaew,f vdk@ ygarmuQvm&D'dkif;rGef;&J@ ‘'Drdkua&pDxdkif;rd_if;r_ESifh o&Jr&JpD;EdkifiHrsm;’ rSm qdkxm;yg w,f? “'Dru kd a&pD[m aemufxyf qufrjzef@usuEf ikd af o;cif t&ifq;Hk &SEd iS +hf yD;om;Edik if H awGrSm eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; pGJ+rJtajcuszkd@ vdktyfaeygw,f?” 'DtwGuf r[mAsL[mopf awG vdkaeyg+yD? tkyfcsKyfa&;nHhzsif;r_eJ@ tifpwDusL;&Sif;vdktyfcsuf tajccHjy\emudk rudik w f , G &f if 'Dru kd a&pDysu, f iG ;f r_awG ydjk zpfvmEdik yf gw,f? 'gt h jyif “t*wdvu d_ pf m;r_ xdef;csKyfzkd@eJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefapzkd@ EdkifiHwum&JŒqkH;jzwfcsufeJ@ tm; oGefcGefpdkuf óud;yrf;r_awG r&Sdbl;qdk&if vuf&Sd 'Drdkua&pDusqif;r_ &Dquf&Sif; [m urBm vk;H qdik &f m 'Dru kd &ufwpf &Dquf&iS ;f qD OD;wnfomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f?” 'gq&kd if “vlom;awG&ŒJ vGwfvyfr_eJ@ vkHòcHr_”udk trsm;}uD; xdcdkufepfemapvdrfhr,fvdk@ pma&;olu owday; xm;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ‘'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESifh vlxk tcef;u¾’ qdkwJh pmpkrSm pma&;olu “a&&SnfwnfwHhrnfh 'Drdkua&pDpepf wdk;wuf jzpfxGef;a&;twGufrl jynfolwdk@u
[email protected];csufrsm; taumiftxnf ay:vm ap&ef acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: rnfr#xdxda&mufa&muf zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf; &Sd r&Sd [lonfh tay: wnfrSDv#uf&Sdonf? xdkuJhodk@ zdtm;ay;EdkifpGrf;qdkonfuvnf; jynfolwdk@u 4
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
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