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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf



vlwpfO;D csi;f pD&@J yk*Kd~ vfa&;vGwv f yfciG ehf @J ywfoufv@kd aum? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ EdkifiHom;rsm;.tajccH&ydkifcGifhrsm;qdkif&mjyXmef; csuf (Bill of Rights)/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) rsm;uJo h @kd Edik if rH sm;tvdu k f 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHwumqdkif&m yÉdnmOfrsm; uGefAifh&Sif;rsm;rSm tmrcHxm;wJh vlyk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;pD&J@ vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;eJ@ roufqdkifbl;vm;? • tu,fI Edik if o H m;rsm;taeeJ@ tajccHjynfo@l vw G v f yfciG ahf wGjzpfwhJ ajymqdk cGifh/ a&;om;xkwfa0cGifh/ toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ pka0;cGifh pwmawG vkyfcGifh r&Sdbl;qdk&if uef@owfydwfyifcHxm;&&if tJh'Dwdkif;jynf[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH jzpfEdkifyghrvm;? • 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckjzpfw,fqdk&if a&G;aumufyGJwpfckeJ@ wpfck =um;umv awGrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;taeeJ@ olwdk@&J@ vdkvm;csufawG &&Sdzdk@/ epfemr_awGudk ajz&Sif;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkr_awG qENjyr_awGuaewqifh aqmif&GufcGifh tcGifh ta&; r&Sdoifhbl;vm;? • 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwpfckrSm rdrdwpfOD;csif; udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_udk (rudk;uG,fr_udk) vufcu H sio hf ;kH ydik cf iG /hf rdrad evdw k t hJ &yfa'orSm aexdik yf ikd cf iG /hf vGwv f w G f vyf vyf c&D;oGm;ydik cf iG /hf yk*v ~ u d ypPn;f ydik q f ikd cf iG hf v$aJ jymif;cGihf a&mif;csciG /hf ul;oef; a&mif;0,fcGifh pwJh vGwfvyfcGifhawGaum r&Sdoifhbl;vm;? • EdkifiHwpfckrSm vlrsdK;pkt&/ vlrsdK;t&/ bmoma&;t& vlenf;pkawGudk zdESdyf csKyfcs,af ew,f/ olw@kd &@J tcGit hf a&;awGukd uef@owfyw d yf ifxm;w,fq&kd if 'Drdkua&pDpepfvdk@ ajymEdkifyghrvm;? • EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m Oya'&J@ a&S@arSmufrSm wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdr,f/ Oya'&J@ txufrSm b,folrS r&Sdbl;/ Oya'awGudk EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u od&SdEdkifr,f/ bufrvdkufwJh w&m;a&;pepf&Sdr,fqdk&if w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; &Sdw,fvdk@ qdk Edik w f ,f? tJ'h v D rkd sKd ; tcsut f vufawGe@J jynfph w kH hJ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;qdw k m r&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yfudk 'Drdkua&pDvdk@ owfrSwfEdkifyghrvm;? tp&SdwJh ar;cGef;awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudk zGifhqdkEdkifzdk@/ b,fvdk tajccHoGifjyif vuQ%mawG &SdoifhovJqdkwmawGudk wifjyxm;ygw,f? oluyJ qufvuf+yD; ‘EdkifiHwpfckrSm vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;xkwfa0cGifh r&Sb d ;l qd&k if/ vGwv f yfpmG toif;tyif;zG@J pnf; v_y&f mS ;pnf;&H;k ydik cf iG hf r&Sb d ;l qd&k if/ w&m; Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ r&Sb d ;l qd&k if tJ'h w D ikd ;f jynf[m 'Dru kd a&pDrjzpfEikd af wmhb;l ? tJ'h gbma=umifh vnf;? tJh'Dvdk tajctaeatmufrSm usif;ywJh a&G;aumufyGJawG[m b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'ghtjyif EdkifiHwpfck 'Drdkua&pDjzpfzdk@qdkwm vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJawG &Sd&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufygbl;?’qdk+yD; “'Drdkua&pD 2

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. tajccHtESpfom&” (The Spirit of Democracy) qdkwJhpmtkyfxJu 'Drdkua&pD. wefbdk; (democratic value) udk aqG;aEG;&mrSm wifjyxm;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;twGuf 'Drdk ua&pDavhvma&;vkyfwJhtcg tajccHtm;jzifh txufygtcsufawGudk avhvm&rSm jzpfygw,f? ordkif;aemufcHeJ@ vlr_pD;yGm;tajccHrwlnDwJh EdkifiHwdkif;twGuf wpfckwnf; aom tajzudk ar#mfvifhvdk@&rSm r[kwfovdk/ olrsm;awG&J@ tawG@t}uHKawGudk rdrdwdk@&J@ vufawG@rSm wpfxyfwnf; yHkwlul;vdk@awmh&rSm r[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh &Sdoifh&SdxdkufwJh wefbdk;awG/ oGifjyifvuQ%mawGuawmh tajccHtm;jzifh uGJvGJr_r&Sdygbl;? rdrdwdk@ vlr_ vufawG@eJ@ udkufnDwJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;twGuf oifcef;pm,lp&mawGudk avhvm+yD; toHk;csEdkifygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ ywf ouf+yD; ynm&Sifrsm;&J@ avhvmqef;ppfr_awG/ aqG;aEG;r_awGudk wqifhjyefvnfwifjy &jcif; jzpfygw,f? acwfopfordkif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDv_dif; okH;ckjzpfcJh&mrSm yxrv_dif;eJ@ 'kwd,v_dif; ESpfv_dif;ukd=unfh&if wpfckpDrSm aemufjyefv_dif; (reverse wave) awG uyfvkdufaeyg w,f? 'Dru dk a&pDu;l ajymif;xm;+yD;om;Ekid if t H csKd @rmS tm%m&Siaf wGay:vm+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD zGH@ðzd;vm&rJhtpm; aemufjyefqkwfoGm;wmrsdK;awG&SdcJhw,f? 'ga=umifh “zGH+zdK;qJEkdifiHrsm; taeeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;r_ukd taotcsmavhvmoifhovkd 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;&Sif; v_dif;eJ@ ol@&JŒ aemufjyefv_dif;wkd@&JŒumvjzpf&yfawGukd twdtus ykdif;jcm;=unfhzkd@vnf; vkdtyfygvdrfhr,f?” qdk+yD; 'Drdkua&pDyxrv_dif;eJ@ ol@&J@ aemufjyefv_dif;umv/ 'kwd, v_dif;eJ@ ol@&J@aemufjyefv_dif;umvwdk@udk ydkif;jcm;pdwfjzm &Sif;vif;wifjywmudk ‘wwd, v_dif; 'Drkdu&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif;’ rSm awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f? qufvuf+yD; tJh'DpmpkrSmyJ 'Dru dk a&pDvid_ ;f eJ@ywfouf+yD; tcsu(f 4)csuu f kd axmufjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'h gawGuawmh (1) 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vlwpfO;D csi;f vGwv f yfciG t hf cGit hf a&; qufpyfr/_ (2) Edik if aH &;wnf+idrrf e_ @J tpd;k &yHpk /H (3) 'Dru dk a&pDjyef@E@HS re_ @J Ekid if w H umqufqaH &;/ (4) tar&du&JŒtrSwt f om; vuQ%m (identity) eJ@ vpfb&,f'Drkdu&ufwpfwefzkd; qufpyfr_ qdkwJhtcsufawG jzpfygw,f? tqH;k rSmawmh pma&;olu vuf&rdS mS 'Dru kd a&pDwwd,v_id ;f [m armoGm;+yD vm; qdkwJhar;cGef;xkwfxm;cJhygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDv_dif;awG bma=umifhjzpfay:cJhovJ? b,fvkdqifhuJjzpfxGef;cJh=u ovJ? 'Dru dk a&pDvid_ ;f awGay:ayguaf tmif wGe;f yk@d ay;wJh aemufct H a=umif;t&if;awGu bmawGv?J 'gukd tajz&Smzd@k ‘v_id ;f awG bma=umifh b,fvkd jzpfco hJ vJ’ rSm pma&;olu ygarmuQ[efwifwef&J@ wwd,v_dif; (Third Wave) xJu zGiq hf &dk iS ;f vif;csuaf v;ckukd wifjycJh+yD; tJh'D tcsufawG[m tcsdefra&G; a¶GŒvsm;aewwf+yD;/ EkdifiHa&;v_dif;awGukd ajz&Sif;jyzkd@ óud;pm;tm;xkwfwJhtcgwkdif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;&r,fh armf',fawG 3

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trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf

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