01 Paragraf Grammar

The place where you grow up shapes your view of what the world is like. It is difficult to __(1)__ the advantages that are __(2)__ your own doorstep. If you are brought up in a small, provincial town, you are likely to find the idea of living in a major city __(3)__. You think of all the amenities that __(4)__ be around you, the leisure activities you could take part in and the opportunities you would have. You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate, the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__ higher cost of living. If you live in a small village in the countryside, you are surrounded by beautiful scenery but there is little for young people to do. There is a serious problem with __(10)__ of transport, particularly in the evenings, __(11)__ makes it difficult to have a good social life. In small communities, you know everyone and everyone knows you. People gossip about everything you do.

1. A) render B) appreciate C) issue D) drain E) yield 2. A) for B) to C) at D) on E) in 3. A) relentless B) repentant C) disloyal D) vivid E) Attractive 4. A) would B) will C) may D) have to E) must

The place where you grow up shapes your view of what the world is like. It is difficult to __(1)__ the advantages that are __(2)__ your own doorstep. If you are brought up in a small, provincial town, you are likely to find the idea of living in a major city __(3)__. You think of all the amenities that __(4)__ be around you, the leisure activities you could take part in and the opportunities you would have. You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate, the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__ higher cost of living. If you live in a small village in the countryside, you are surrounded by beautiful scenery but there is little for young people to do. There is a serious problem with __(10)__ of transport, particularly in the evenings, __(11)__ makes it difficult to have a good social life. In small communities, you know everyone and everyone knows you. People gossip about everything you do.

5. A) would have chosen B) might choose C) could have chosen D) had better choose E) will choose 6. A) unlike B) as C) such as D) even E) rather than 7. A) travelling B) travel C) to travel D) travelled E) to be travelled 8. A) from B) on C) to D) into E) onto

The place where you grow up shapes your view of what the world is like. It is difficult to __(1)__ the advantages that are __(2)__ your own doorstep. If you are brought up in a small, provincial town, you are likely to find the idea of living in a major city __(3)__. You think of all the amenities that __(4)__ be around you, the leisure activities you could take part in and the opportunities you would have. You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate, the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__ higher cost of living. If you live in a small village in the countryside, you are surrounded by beautiful scenery but there is little for young people to do. There is a serious problem with __(10)__ of transport, particularly in the evenings, __(11)__ makes it difficult to have a good social life. In small communities, you know everyone and everyone knows you. People gossip about everything you do.

9. A) fairly B) more C) quite D) pretty E) much 10. A) abundance B) plenty C) lack D) respect E) aspect 11. A) that B) which C) when D) where E) who

……You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate, the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__ higher cost of living. ……

Not: (soru 6): “Such as” yapısı değişik kullanımlara sahiptir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. •Cartoon characters such as/like Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular. •Some passages are contradictory such as/like the two versions of the flood in Genesis. •The program does not teach computation, but it does cover such concepts as shape and size. •Johnson won a number of awards in Life, Time, and Newsweek. Later on, he specialized in war photography for such magazines. (Bu cümlelerde such as örneklendirme yapmaktadır. Paragraflarda bu şekilde kullanılmaktadır.) •I have never encountered such impressive sentences as the ones having been written by James Joyce about his blind daughter Ulysses. (Bu cümlede such as kıyaslama görevindedir. Such as ifadesinin arasına sıfat tamlaması girdiğinde bu anlamı vermektedir.)

……You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate, the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__ higher cost of living. … …

Not (soru 7 – need to travel): İngilizcede 3 şekilde isim tamlaması yapabiliriz. 1) x of y tarzı; the chair of the class, the book of the library… Bu kalıbı kullanabileceğimiz yerler; the effect of accidents on different people / the impact of earthquakes on the environment / the visit of many tourists to Konya / the immigration of many people to South Carolina … etc. 2) “to” ifadesini kullanarak; gerund/infinitive gramer konusundaki belli başlı kelimelerle yapılan tamlamalar: “the need to travel, the capacity to understand, the attempt to rediscover new ideas, the desire to move to a city, the decision to raise petrol prices, the willingness to buy a new car …etc.” Bunlardan sonra have V3 kullanamayız. “the attempt to have controlled” 3) “that” ya da “the fact that” ifadelerini cümle başına getirerek ya da isimden sonra (‘s) getirerek. “Road maintenance disturbed all the students in the exam.” Bu bir cümledir. Bunu cümle formatından çıkarmak için fiiline müdahele etmemiz gerekir. “The fact that/that road maintenance disturbed all the students in the exam.” Şeklinde yazdığımızda isim tamlaması olabilir. “yol bakımının sınavdaki öğrencilerin hepsini rahatsız etmesi” olarak çevirebiliriz. “Road maintenance’s disturbing all the students in the exam” şeklinde de bu cümleyi isim tamlaması yapabiliriz.

You __(5)__ to ignore the drawbacks of life in a city __(6)__ the frightening crime rate, the need __(7)__ long distances __(8)__ one side of the city to the other, and the __(9)__ higher cost of living. If you live in a small village in the countryside, you are surrounded by beautiful scenery but there is little for young people to do.

Not (soru 9 – the much higher): Comparative yapılarda sıfatların önünde kullanılması gereken yapılar: far / a lot / much heavier -- far / a lot / much longer -- far / a lot / much more beautiful “more”, “quite”, “fairly” “pretty” gibi ifadeler, bu comparative halindeki sıfatların önünde kullanılmaz Diğer kullanılabilen ifadeler: “rather”, “any”, “no”, “even”, “hardly”, “scarcely”, “almost”, “nearly” If Martin feels any better, he will come to the meeting. (If Martin feels a bit/ a little better, ....) Yesterday, maths lesson was rather drowsier and for that reason I couldn’t help sleeping. The next 36 hours will be even colder with snow showers becoming rather more widespread. Those trousers don't look any more different than the others. (Those trousers look no more different than the others.) Susan is hardly cleverer than any other students contrary to what everyone thinks. Diğer sayılabilen ve sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılan comparative yapılar: one more chance / four more days / a few more problems / a little more money much more knowledge / many more people / a bit more cake

Getting a job is not an easy business. First there is the difficulty __(1)__ deciding what you want to do and getting the right __(2)__ and training. Then you have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and apply for a particular post. Some people look at advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__ use an employment agency. There is usually an application form __(5)__ with all the details about your previous experience. The company selects the applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them to attend an interview. This is often a stressful experience, not least __(7)__ most people have to find something __(8)__ to wear, and then get very anxious about what sort of questions they should ask and what kind of image they should present. You are more likely to make a good impression __(9)__ the interview if you have found out something about the organization you want to work __(10)__. Most applicants for jobs want to know about the working conditions, the prospects of promotion and the salary. Unsuccessful applicants are usually notified by post and then their search for a job starts all over again.

1. A) -B) for C) in D) at E) on 2. A) traits B) characteristics C) notifications D) qualifications E) İnvitations 3. A) where B) the fact that C) which D) in which E) Whose 4. A) the others B) another C) each other D) one other E) others

Getting a job is not an easy business. First there is the difficulty __(1)__ deciding what you want to do and getting the right __(2)__ and training. Then you have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and apply for a particular post. Some people look at advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__ use an employment agency. There is usually an application form __(5)__ with all the details about your previous experience. The company selects the applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them to attend an interview. This is often a stressful experience, not least __(7)__ most people have to find something __(8)__ to wear, and then get very anxious about what sort of questions they should ask and what kind of image they should present. You are more likely to make a good impression __(9)__ the interview if you have found out something about the organization you want to work __(10)__. Most applicants for jobs want to know about the working conditions, the prospects of promotion and the salary. Unsuccessful applicants are usually notified by post and then their search for a job starts all over again.

5. A) completing B) to have completed C) to complete D) completes E) having been completed 6. A) at B) for C) in D) from E) upon 7. A) therefore B) thus C) thanks to D) because E) due to 8. A) suitable B) suit C) suitability D) suiting E) suited

Getting a job is not an easy business. First there is the difficulty __(1)__ deciding what you want to do and getting the right __(2)__ and training. Then you have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and apply for a particular post. Some people look at advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__ use an employment agency. There is usually an application form __(5)__ with all the details about your previous experience. The company selects the applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them to attend an interview. This is often a stressful experience, not least __(7)__ most people have to find something __(8)__ to wear, and then get very anxious about what sort of questions they should ask and what kind of image they should present. You are more likely to make a good impression __(9)__ the interview if you have found out something about the organization you want to work __(10)__. Most applicants for jobs want to know about the working conditions, the prospects of promotion and the salary. Unsuccessful applicants are usually notified by post and then their search for a job starts all over again.

9. A) on B) at C) for D) with E) In 10. A) from B) about C) above D) for E) beneath

Getting a job is not an easy business. First there is the difficulty __(1)__ deciding what you want to do and getting the right __(2)__ and training. Then you have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and apply for a particular post.

Not (soru 1 – have/has difficulty (in) deciding) : difficulty ve trouble ifadeleri arkasından “Ving” almaktadır ve “in” preposition’ı kullanılması gerekmeyebilir. Genellikle have/has ile beraber kullanılır. “Many a student has difficulty/trouble (in) concentrating on the questions in the first ten minutes of an exam.” Bu cümlede “in” kullanılmasa da cümlede bir sorun olmaz. Bu kalıpla ilgili bir diğer önemli uyarı da “Ving” ifadesini kesinlikle “having V3” olarak kullanamayacağımızdır. “In the aftermath of the devaluation in Turkey, many company-owners had difficulty/trouble (in) having managed managing their financial affairs.”

Then you have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and apply for a particular post. Some people look at advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__ use an employment agency. There is usually an application form __(5)__ with all the details about your previous experience. The company selects the applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them to attend an interview.

Not (soru 4 – others) : Özellikle cloze test ve paragraf tamamlama bölümünde çok kullanacağımız bu yapının özellikleri şu şekillerde karşımıza çıkar. “Many” ya da “some” ile başlayan bir parçada daha sonraki cümlede genelde “others” ifadesine rastlayabiliriz. “Many scientists claim that human beings learned how to smile and laugh from mouse. Others (other scientists) find this argument very funny.” Other (the other) / others / the others / another / one another = each other Bir cümlede, eğer iki şeyden bahsediliyorsa “other”ın önüne “the” getirilebilir. “I have found one of the earrings, but I cannot find the other (one).” “Hold the racquet in one hand and the ball in the other (hand).” Örneklerde görüldüğü gibi “other”dan sonra birşey yazmamıza gerek olmayabilir. Bir cümlede eğer iki şey unsuru yoksa “other”ın önünde “the” kullanılmaz. “The plan has been opposed by schools, businesses and other local organizations.”

Then you have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and apply for a particular post. Some people look at advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__ use an employment agency. There is usually an application form __(5)__ with all the details about your previous experience. The company selects the applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them to attend an interview.

“These two books will be especially useful for editors, journalists and other professional users of the language.” Bu cümlelerde “other”dan sonra gelen kelimeler öncesinde bahsedilen ifadelerin ne olduğunu bize söylemektedir. “Other”dan sonra yazacağımız kelime eğer çoğulsa bunu “the others” şeklinde kısaltabiliriz. “She gave me one book last week and promised to bring the others (the other books) on Wednesday.” “Another”dan sonra gelen kelimeler tekil olmak zorundadır. Üç yer hariç. “I need another three dollars.” Para ifadelerinde… “We have prolonged our holiday for another three days.” (zaman ifadelerinde) “We have to go another thirty miles to reach our destination.” (mesafelerde) “One another” ve “each other” birbirleriyle anlamını vermektedir ve arkasından herhangi bir isim almaz. “During rock formation, many lands were separated from one another (each other).”

Then you have to find out __(3)__ there is a vacancy, and apply for a particular post. Some people look at advertisements in a newspaper whereas __(4)__ use an employment agency. There is usually an application form __(5)__ with all the details about your previous experience. The company selects the applicants it is interested __(6)__ and invites them to attend an interview.

Not (soru 5 – to complete) : İngilizcede “to do” ifadesi “yapacak olan” anlamını verebilir ve modalların kısaltması şeklinde kullanılır. “There is little for young people to do in a small town = There is little that young people can do in a small town.” “I have a lot of homework to finish by tomorrow morning = I have a lot of work that I have to finish by tomorrow morning.” “For any work of Shakespeare to be understood correctly = for any work of Shakespeare which can be understood correctly, a dictionary including old English words should be used.” Yukarıda verdiğimiz örnek cümlelerde “to do” ifadesi relative clause ile beraber açılımı yazılabilir.

Swimming: The dream of swimming must be interpreted by using all the aspects of your dream to judge the ___(1)___ of the good or bad signified by swimming. If you dream you are swimming in the ocean coming toward shore, you will have good fortune in business and financial ___(2)___ through your hard work. To be swimming in a pool shows that you will be unlucky in love and if you see females swimming in the pool you will have luck with love, to see males you will have luck in business, and if you see ___(3)___ you will experience both types of luck. If you are teaching someone ____(4)___ you will soon have an increase ___(5)___ good fortune.

1. A) extent B) number C) quantity D) amount E) deal 2. A) tasks B) affections C) affairs D) effects E) affinities 3. A) every B) a lot C) any D) much E) both

Swimming: The dream of swimming must be interpreted by using all the aspects of your dream to judge the ___(1)___ of the good or bad signified by swimming. If you dream you are swimming in the ocean coming toward shore, you will have good fortune in business and financial ___(2)___ through your hard work. To be swimming in a pool shows that you will be unlucky in love and if you see females swimming in the pool you will have luck with love, to see males you will have luck in business, and if you see ___(3)___ you will experience both types of luck. If you are teaching someone ____(4)___ you will soon have an increase ___(5)___ good fortune.

4. A) swimming B) to be swum C) being swimming D) to swim E) having swum 5. A) due to B) in order to C) in addition to D) so as to E) therefore

The dream of swimming must be interpreted by using all the aspects of your dream to judge the ___(1)___ of the good or bad signified by swimming. If you dream you are swimming in the ocean coming toward shore, you will have good fortune in business and financial ___(2)___ through your hard work.

Not (soru 1 – extent) : Bu kelime İngilizce gramerinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Aşağıdaki örneklere bir bakalım. Some people hold their beliefs very strongly, even to the extent of being prepared to go to prison for them. (Bazı insanlar inanışlarına çok bağlıdır, hatta onlar için hapse girecek kadar hazır olabilecek derecede.) Sales have fallen badly this year to the extent that we will have to close some of our shops. (Satışlar, dükkânlarımızdan bazılarını kapatmak zorunda kalacağımız derecede bu sene çok düşmüştür.) The rich will not benefit from the proposed changes to the tax system to the same extent as the lower paid. (Zenginler, vergi sistemine önerilen değişikliklerden az maaşlılar kadar faydalanmayacaklar.)

The dream of swimming must be interpreted by using all the aspects of your dream to judge the ___(1)___ of the good or bad signified by swimming. If you dream you are swimming in the ocean coming toward shore, you will have good fortune in business and financial ___(2)___ through your hard work.

To some extent, she was responsible for the accident. (Bir dereceye kadar o kazadan sorumlu idi. O kısmen kazadan sorumlu idi.) The car was damaged to such an extent that it couldn't be repaired. (Araba tamir edilemiyecek derecede hasar görmüştü.) To what extent will we have to modify the budget? (Ne derecede bütçeyi şekillendirmek zorunda kalacağız?) Yukarıdaki örnek cümlelerde İngilizce gramerinde “extent=degree=grade” kelimelerinin görevini görmekteyiz.

…….If you are teaching someone ____(4)___ you will soon have an increase ___(5)___ good fortune…..

Not (soru 5 – in addition to) : Bu ifade “-nın yanı sıra anlamını vermektedir ve arkasından isim ya da Ving alması gerekir. Bunun yerine “besides, as well as” de kullanılabilir. “In addition, besides, what’s more, moreover, furthermore) ifadeleri “bunun yanı sıra anlamını taşır ve iki cümle arasında kullanılır. “New energy resources will be used to heat our homes in addition to the usage of fossil fuels.” “Every day, one should drink freshwater to stay healthy before breakfast. In addition, he shouldn’t eat a lot during breakfast.”

Sulawesi is in/of great scientific interest as it forms/is formed part of a zoogeographical zone known as Wallacea. The region marks the boundary between Oriental fauna and distinctive Australasian animals such as marsupials. The new find is thought to belong to a group of small, mainly insectivorous birds called white eyes, which are related to warblers. As well as/in addition the characteristic white ring around the eye, they usually have green plumage with white, yellow or greyish under-parts. The mystery bird was first spotted in scrubland along to/with lemon-bellied white eyes. Marples says the species it most closely resembles is the palebellied white eye, though/despite there are some striking differences.

The underlined word “marks” in the passage is closest in meaning to ____. A) explains B) denotes C) signifies D) identifies E) judges The underlined word “spotted” in the passage is closest in meaning to ___. A) reworded B) vanished C) strived D) appointed E) noticed The underlined word “striking” in the passage is closest in meaning to ___. A) instinctive B) impressive C) spacious D) cautious E) meticulous

Sulawesi is in/of great scientific interest as it forms/is formed part of a zoogeographical zone known as Wallacea. The region marks the boundary between Oriental fauna and distinctive Australasian animals such as marsupials. The new find is thought to belong to a group of small, mainly insectivorous birds called white eyes, which are related to warblers. As well as/in addition the characteristic white ring around the eye, they usually have green plumage with white, yellow or greyish under-parts. The mystery bird was first spotted in scrubland along to/with lemon-bellied white eyes. Marples says the species it most closely resembles is the palebellied white eye, though/despite there are some striking differences.

Not (of great scientific interest): Aşağıda verilen yapılar Türkçeye çevirildiğinde önemlidir olarak değil de önem taşımaktadır diye çevirilmelidr. be of importance (önem taşımaktadır) Something we have known for many years is of deep importance in comprehending the world of the dying person. The strategies to be held against enemies are of great importance to/for every leader of any country. be of significance (önem taşımaktadır) Clarification of issues such as financial deficits should be of great significance to/for both business strategy and government policy. Of greater significance are differences that occur in the difficulties and constraints in the utilisation of the basic resources

Sulawesi is in/of great scientific interest as it forms/is formed part of a zoogeographical zone known as Wallacea. The region marks the boundary between Oriental fauna and distinctive Australasian animals such as marsupials. The new find is thought to belong to a group of small, mainly insectivorous birds called white eyes, which are related to warblers. As well as/in addition the characteristic white ring around the eye, they usually have green plumage with white, yellow or greyish underparts. The mystery bird was first spotted in scrubland along to/with lemon-bellied white eyes. Marples says the species it most closely resembles is the pale-bellied white eye, though/despite there are some striking differences.

be of interest (ilgi taşımaktadır) Antique jewellery at the Paris Biennale is of interest for its design rather than for its intrinsic value. Novels can be of interest to sociology. be of value (değer taşımaktadır) Bacteriological tests are of little value as the results may not be available for some days. I think in that situation the home crowd's support was of great value to/for the team. be of use (kullanışlı olmaktadır) It is of no use to put forward a partial plan for the revitalization of our education. She knew that it was no use offering to make it: it would only make Bella angry. Take this – it is of no use to/for me any more.

Sulawesi is in/of great scientific interest as it forms/is formed part of a zoogeographical zone known as Wallacea. The region marks the boundary between Oriental fauna and distinctive Australasian animals such as marsupials. The new find is thought to belong to a group of small, mainly insectivorous birds called white eyes, which are related to warblers. As well as/in addition the characteristic white ring around the eye, they usually have green plumage with white, yellow or greyish underparts. The mystery bird was first spotted in scrubland along to/with lemon-bellied white eyes. Marples says the species it most closely resembles is the pale-bellied white eye, though/despite there are some striking differences.

be of concern (endişe taşımaktadır) Are there no instances where the elite truly losses on a policy decision are of concern to/for its members? That issue is of concern to/for all members, not just Council.

Non-fiction novel is the story of __(1)__ people and actual events told with the dramatic techniques of a novel. The American writer Truman Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre with his book In ColdBlood. A true story of the brutal murder of a Kansas farm family, the book __(3)__ on six years of exacting research and interviews with neighbours and friends of the victims and the two captured murderers. The story is told from the points of view of different “characters,” and the author attempts __(4)__ his own comments or distort fact. Critics pointed out earlier precedents for this type of journalistic novel, such as John Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the World War II atomic bombing of the Japanese city told through the histories of six survivors.

1. A) factual B) imaginary C) imaginative D) inventive E) Mandatory 2. A) inventing B) to invent C) invented D) invents E) to have invented 3. A) based B) basing C) was based D) has based E) had based

Non-fiction novel is the story of __(1)__ people and actual events told with the dramatic techniques of a novel. The American writer Truman Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre with his book In ColdBlood. A true story of the brutal murder of a Kansas farm family, the book __(3)__ on six years of exacting research and interviews with neighbours and friends of the victims and the two captured murderers. The story is told from the points of view of different “characters,” and the author attempts __(4)__ his own comments or distort fact. Critics pointed out earlier precedents for this type of journalistic novel, such as John Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the World War II atomic bombing of the Japanese city told through the histories of six survivors.

4. A) to intrude B) not to intrude C) to have intruded D) not to have intruded E) İntruding 5. A) comprehension B) account C) heralding D) dedication E) Disturbance 6. The underlined word in the passage is closest in meaning to ____. A) spoiling B) obtaining C) drawing D) rising E) arising

Non-fiction novel is the story of __(1)__ people and actual events told with the dramatic techniques of a novel. The American writer Truman Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre with his book In ColdBlood. A true story of the brutal murder of a Kansas farm family, the book __(3)__ on six years of exacting research and interviews with neighbours and friends of the victims and the two captured murderers. The story is told from the points of view of different “characters,” and the author attempts __(4)__ his own comments or distort fact. Critics pointed out earlier precedents for this type of journalistic novel, such as John Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the World War II atomic bombing of the Japanese city told through the histories of six survivors.

Not (soru 2 – to have invented) : “claim” ifadesi gerund/infinitive konusunda “to” almaktadır. Eğer cümlede “claim” yani iddia eylemi ile “claim”den sonra gelen eylem arasında bir zaman farkı varsa bu eylem “to have V3 “ olarak yazılır. “He claims to have met the President, but I don't believe him = He claimed that he had met the president, but I don’t believe him.”

Non-fiction novel is the story of __(1)__ people and actual events told with the dramatic techniques of a novel. The American writer Truman Capote claimed __(2)__ this genre with his book In ColdBlood. A true story of the brutal murder of a Kansas farm family, the book __(3)__ on six years of exacting research and interviews with neighbours and friends of the victims and the two captured murderers. The story is told from the points of view of different “characters,” and the author attempts __(4)__ his own comments or distort fact. Critics pointed out earlier precedents for this type of journalistic novel, such as John Hersey's Hiroshima, an __(5)__ of the World War II atomic bombing of the Japanese city told through the histories of six survivors.

Not (soru 3 – was based) : Bu kalıp birçok cümlede öğrencilere sorun yaşatmaktadır özellikle “cloze test” sorularında. Çok iyi bir gramer bilgisine sahip olsanız bile sorun yaşayabileceğiniz bir kalıptır “base” ifadesi. Aşağıdaki örnek cümleleri inceleyiniz. “Any film (that is) based on a true story strongly affects the audiences.” (Base sth on/upon sth: Bir şeyi bir şeye dayandırmak anlamına gelir. Edilgen yapıldığında “be based on/upon” şeklinde olur ve anlamı “bir şeye dayanmak” olur. “The theory recently presented by a scientist called Wegener was not based on a logical notion.” “Luc Jucquet based his documentary film “the march of the emperor” on the way the penguins lead their lives in Antarctica.”

Marilyn Monroe was born in Los Angeles in 1926. Her real name was Norma Jean Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__ was spent largely in foster homes, she became a model and started to get small parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are “Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb blonde”. __(8)__ at the height of her fame, she married the playwright, Arthur Miller in 1956, but this, __(9)__ her two previous marriages, ended in divorce. She died in mysterious circumstances in 1961.

1. A) which B) that C) where D) when E) for which 2. A) Realised B) Having been realised C) Realising D) To have realised E) To be realised 3. A) where B) when C) for which D) in that E) ----

Marilyn Monroe was born in Los Angeles in 1926. Her real name was Norma Jean Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__ was spent largely in foster homes, she became a model and started to get small parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are “Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb blonde”. __(8)__ at the height of her fame, she married the playwright, Arthur Miller in 1956, but this, __(9)__ her two previous marriages, ended in divorce. She died in mysterious circumstances in 1961.

4. A) for which B) at which C) where D) of which E) When 5. A) At B) Among C) With D) About E) For 6. A) she were taking B) taking C) to be taken D) taken E) to have taken

Marilyn Monroe was born in Los Angeles in 1926. Her real name was Norma Jean Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__ was spent largely in foster homes, she became a model and started to get small parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are “Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb blonde”. __(8)__ at the height of her fame, she married the playwright, Arthur Miller in 1956, but this, __(9)__ her two previous marriages, ended in divorce. She died in mysterious circumstances in 1961.

7. A) claimed B) drained C) remained D) Maintained E) sustained 8. A) During B) For C) If D) While E) Whereas 9. A) such B) as C) even D) like E) as if

Her real name was Norma Jean Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__ was spent largely in foster homes, she became a model and started to get small parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she got better parts.

Not (soru 2 – realising) : Özneler ortak olduğunda bağlaçlı cümleleri kısaltabiliriz. Ortak öznenin durumuna gore cümleye V3 ya da Ving ile başlayabiliriz. Bazı cümlelerde ise cümlenin sonunda yer alan (, Ving) ifadesi (ve yaptı) gibi anlamlar verebilmektedir. Aşağıdaki örnek cümlelere ve çevirilerine dikkat ediniz. Robert Louis Stevenson became a qualified lawyer but did not pursue the profession, choosing instead to become a full-time writer. Robert Louis Stevenson became a qualified lawyer but did not pursue the profession and chose instead to become a full-time writer Vasıflı bir avukat oldu fakat mesleğine devam etmedi ve bunun yerine sadece yazar olmayı seçti. Choosing to become a full-time writer, Robert Louis Stevenson was in fact a qualified lawyer but did not pursue the profession. Robert Louis Stevenson, choosing to become a fulltime writer, was in fact a qualified lawyer but did not pursue the profession. Sadece yazar olmayı seçen Robert Louis Stevenson aslında vasıflı bir avukattı fakat bu mesleği devam ettirmedi.

Her real name was Norma Jean Parker. After an unhappy childhood, __(1)__ was spent largely in foster homes, she became a model and started to get small parts in films. __(2)__ her potential, the film studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she got better parts. …..

Not (soru 3) : Bu soruda cevabımız “----“ olmaktadır. Relative Clause yani sıfat cümleciklerinde “which” ifadesinin önüne getirdiğimiz “preposition” cümle içerisinde kalırsa “that, which ya da boşluk” kullanabiliriz. “The environment upon which that the radiation leak has had a disastrous effect needs urgent measures.” “The environment which / that / ---- the radiation leak has had a disastrous effect upon needs urgent measures.”

…. __(2)__ her potential, the film studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are “Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb blonde”…..

Not (soru 5- among): İngilizcede bazı prepositionların kullanımları soru olarak karşımıza çok çıkmaktadır. “With” sahiplik bildirebilir. A car that has got diesel engine: A car with diesel engine, A diesel-engined car With a bit of luck, we should be back in time for dinner. With less than 20 percentage covered by freshwater, the earth is at risk now. With many books having been sold worldwide, Michael Bolton is a most popular author. “Across” bir noktadan diğerine anlamını vermektedir. The boy is running across the street towards the policeman. She was looking across the sea towards the lighthouse. The man was swimming across the lake towards his daughter. The first flight across the Atlantic Across the street from where we're standing, you can see the old churchyard.

…. __(2)__ her potential, the film studio __(3)__ she worked for launched a big publicity campaign, as a result __(4)__ she got better parts. __(5)__ her best films are “Bus Stop” and “Some like it hot”. Although she wished __(6)__ seriously as an actress and studied at Lee Strasberg’s Actors’ Studio in New York, she __(7)__ famous as a “dumb blonde”…..

The woman sits across from me (=opposite me) on the train “About” ile “on” aynı görevde kullanılabilir. A book on / about child development A title on / about TV violence A comment on / about how to find a solution for homeless people An interview on / about when a new government will be founded “through” vasıtasıyla anlamını verebilir. Through: by means of I got my car through my brother who works in a garage. Anything can be sold through advertisements on the newspapers’ yellow pages. Through mass media, everybody can obtain all kinds of information.

The Babylonian civilization, which/where endured from the 18th until the 6th century BC, was, like the Sumerian that preceded it, urban in/for character, although based on agriculture other than/rather than industry. The country consisted of a dozen or so cities, surrounded by villages and hamlets. At/On the head of the political structure was the king, a more or less absolute monarch who exercised legislative and judicial as well as executive powers. Under him was a group of appointed governors and administrators. Mayors and councils of city elders were in charge of/with local administration. The Babylonians modified and transformed their Sumerian heritage in accordance for/with their own culture and ethos. The resulting way of life proved to be so/as effective that it underwent candidly/relatively little change for some 1200 years. It exerted influence on/at all the neighbouring countries, especially the kingdom of Assyria, which adopted Babylonian culture almost in its entirety/entirely. Fortunately, many written documents from this period have been excavated and made available to scholars. One of the most important is the remarkable collection of laws often designated as the Code of Hammurabi, which, together with other documents and letters belonging for/to different periods, provides a comprehensive picture of Babylonian social structure and economic organization.

1. Find the word that is closest in meaning to “or so” from the passage above _____ 2. The underlined word in the passage is closest in meaning to ________. A) hectic B) tedious C) refutable D) utter E) momentary

The Babylonian civilization, which/where endured from the 18th until the 6th century BC, was, like the Sumerian that preceded it, urban in/for character, although based on agriculture other than/rather than industry. The country consisted of a dozen or so cities, surrounded by villages and hamlets. At/On the head of the political structure was the king, a more or less absolute monarch who exercised legislative and judicial as well as executive powers. Under him was a group of appointed governors and administrators. Mayors and councils of city elders were in charge of/with local administration. The Babylonians modified and transformed their Sumerian heritage in accordance for/with their own culture and ethos. The resulting way of life proved to be so/as effective that it underwent candidly/relatively little change for some 1200 years. It exerted influence on/at all the neighbouring countries, especially the kingdom of Assyria, which adopted Babylonian culture almost in its entirety/entirely. Fortunately, many written documents from this period have been excavated and made available to scholars. One of the most important is the remarkable collection of laws often designated as the Code of Hammurabi, which, together with other documents and letters belonging for/to different periods, provides a comprehensive picture of Babylonian social structure and economic organization.

3) One can understand from the passage that the Sumerian civilization ____. A) was different from the Babylonian civilization in that it featured urban characteristics B) came after the Babylonian civilization into sovereignty C) succeeded the Babylonian civilization when it lost all its possession as the owner of all agriculture D) consists of approximately twelve cities E) shows similar features in terms of city with the Babylonian civilization and it was prior.

Not (at the head of..) İngilizcenin ilk başlarında öğretilen there is/there are kalıpları devrik şekle çevrilebilir. Normalde there is/there are ile başlayan cümle içerisinde bir preposition yapısı varsa there’in yerine bu preposition yapısı getirilir ve cümle fiil ile devam ettirilir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. Between the two adults was a small child. Veya There was a small child between the two adults. At the very peak of his career and possession was an athlete known to everybody in those days. Veya There was an athlete known to everybody in those days at the very peak of his career and possession. On the tops of many of the buildings was a flag symbolising the independence of the country. Veya There was a flag symbolising the independence of the country on the tops of many of the buildings. On the top of government administration is the prime minister. Veya There is the prime minister on the top of government administration.

After the __(1)__ of America, traders began to look for westward routes from Europe to Asia. Some people thought that it __(2)__ possible to sail around the top of North America. They believed that there was a sea route, __(3)__ they called the Northwest Passage. A brave attempt __(4)__ the Northwest Passage was made in 1610 by an English navigator, Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__ in failure.

1. A) invention C) process E) solitude 2. A) should be C) had been E) is 3. A) that C) where E) when 4. A) to have found C) finding E) to find 5. R) insulted C) deserved E) resulted

B) discovery D) maintenance B) will be D) will have been B) what D) which B) to be found D) to finding B) attained D) occurred

After the __(1)__ of America, traders began to look for westward routes from Europe to Asia. Some people thought that it __(2)__ possible to sail around the top of North America. They believed that there was a sea route, __(3)__ they called the Northwest Passage. A brave attempt __(4)__ the Northwest Passage was made in 1610 by an English navigator, Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__ in failure.

Not (soru 2 – should be) : Noun clause da yani isim cümleciklerinde temel cümle past olduğunda isim cümleciği içerisindeki geçmişte gelecek ifadesini vermek için “shall” in past hali olarak “should”, “will” in past hali olarak “would” kullanılmaktadır. Bu cümlelerdeki “should” ifadesini tavsiye anlamıyla karıştırmamalıyız. “Nobody in my family thought that I would/should decide to be an English teacher when I grew up.”

After the __(1)__ of America, traders began to look for westward routes from Europe to Asia. Some people thought that it __(2)__ possible to sail around the top of North America. They believed that there was a sea route, __(3)__ they called the Northwest Passage. A brave attempt __(4)__ the Northwest Passage was made in 1610 by an English navigator, Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__ in failure.

Not (soru 3 – which) : Relative Clause ya da sıfat cümleciklerinde nitelediğimiz isimden sonra “,” kullandığımızda “that” ifadesi kullanılmaz; bunun yerine “which” kullanırız. “1715-1789, which / that denotes the period between the death of French emperor Louis IV and the industrial revolution, is referred to as the 18th century by some historians.” Bu cümlede nitelediğimiz ifade zaman olmasına rağmen biz bu cümlede “which” ifadesinin yerine “when” kullanamayız. Çünkü buradaki zaman ifadeleri “which” den sonraki cümlede özne konumundadır. “1715-1789, when / in which the death of French emperor Louis IV and Industrial revolution happened, is referred to as the 18th century by some historians.” Bu cümlede 1715-1789 “when / in which” den sonra zaman zarfı konumunda yer almaktadır.

After the __(1)__ of America, traders began to look for westward routes from Europe to Asia. Some people thought that it __(2)__ possible to sail around the top of North America. They believed that there was a sea route, __(3)__ they called the Northwest Passage. A brave attempt __(4)__ the Northwest Passage was made in 1610 by an English navigator, Henry Hudson but this trial __(5)__ in failure.

Not (soru 5 – resulted in) Bu fiil iki şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Result from: -den kaynaklanmak /// result in: -ile sonuçlanmak anlamlarını vermektedir. “The earthquake resulted in the death of many casualties.” “The death of many casualties resulted from the earthquake.”

The suffix __(1)__ “please” is an “e”. Does that surprise you? It did me. But if you look at the word “pleas-ure”, it __(2)__ sense, since removing its suffix leaves the same root __(3)__ in “pleas-e”. Actually, John Hough, in Scientific Terminology, points out roots rarely exist alone. They __(4)__ precede suffixes. The same is true of Greek and Latin, even if, when borrowing, we sometimes drop the suffix. Thus, the word “cell” in English is really the Latin “cella”, from which we __(5)__ the “a” suffix.

1. A) on B) from C) along D) across E) throughout 2. A) takes B) sets C) makes D) does E) lives 3. A) like B) such C) once D) so E) as 4. A) scarcely B) seldom C) hardly D) always E) usually 5. A) have dropped B) had dropped C) were dropped D) has dropped E) have been dropped

The suffix __(1)__ “please” is an “e”. Does that surprise you? It did me. But if you look at the word “pleas-ure”, it __(2)__ sense, since removing its suffix leaves the same root __(3)__ in “pleas-e”. Actually, John Hough, in Scientific Terminology, points out roots rarely exist alone. They __(4)__ precede suffixes. The same is true of Greek and Latin, even if, when borrowing, we sometimes drop the suffix. Thus, the word “cell” in English is really the Latin “cella”, from which we __(5)__ the “a” suffix.

Not (soru 3 – as) : as ifadesi “dıkça, dikçe”, “gibi”, “için”, “-iken” anlamlarını verebilir. “As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.” “You can go first as you're the oldest.” (Bu cümlelerde “as” “için” anlamına gelmektedir.) “I saw him as I was coming into the building.” “He gets more attractive as he gets older.” (Bu cümlelerde “as” “-iken” anlamını vermektedir.) “As( it is) with his earlier movies, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant.” “As (it) is often the case with children, Amy was completely better by the time the doctor arrived.” (Bu cümlelerde “as” “gibi” anlamını vermektedir ve kısaltma yapılabilir.) “As sea level increases, more lands will be under water.” (Bu cümlelerde “as” “dıkça, dikçe” anlamında kullanılmaktadır.)

The suffix __(1)__ “please” is an “e”. Does that surprise you? It did me. But if you look at the word “pleas-ure”, it __(2)__ sense, since removing its suffix leaves the same root __(3)__ in “pleas-e”. Actually, John Hough, in Scientific Terminology, points out roots rarely exist alone. They __(4)__ precede suffixes. The same is true of Greek and Latin, even if, when borrowing, we sometimes drop the suffix. Thus, the word “cell” in English is really the Latin “cella”, from which we __(5)__ the “a” suffix.

Not (soru 5 – have dropped) : “Present perfect tense” sonuç bildirmek için kullanılan bir zamandır. Yardımcı fiil olarak kullanılan “have, has” den sonra “V3“ kullanılasının nedeni ise eylemin son halinin önemli olduğunu bize göstermektedir. “have got, has got” kalıbıda yine bu tense’in özelliğini taşımaktadır. “I have got a computer.” = “I have bought a computer” “Bir bilgisayara sahip olmam için onu almam gerekmektedir. “Look at your bleeding finger! You have cut it with a knife.” Bu ifade de “cut” eylemi gerçekleşirken görülmemiştir.

Fire-alarm systems came into ___(1)____ with the invention of the telegraph. Today many communities are served either with the telegraphalarm system ___(2)____ with telephone call boxes. Most fires, however, are reported from private telephones. Many large cities have removed all or many of their street alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems associated with maintenance and with false alarm transmissions. Some boxes have been replaced with telephones. All alarms are then transmitted to the fire stations. In large cities, alarms are received ___(4)____ a central dispatch office and then transmitted to fire stations, ___(5)____ with the use of computers.

1. A) account B) reality C) appearance D) existence E) form 2. A) nor B) also C) so D) or E) too 3. A) besides B) now that C) in that D) in order to E) because of 4. A) for B) at C) in D) on E) from 5. A) vaguely B) obscurely C) frequently D) miserably E) considerately

Fire-alarm systems came into ___(1)____ with the invention of the telegraph. Today many communities are served either with the telegraphalarm system ___(2)____ with telephone call boxes. Most fires, however, are reported from private telephones. Many large cities have removed all or many of their street alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems associated with maintenance and with false alarm transmissions. Some boxes have been replaced with telephones. All alarms are then transmitted to the fire stations. In large cities, alarms are received ___(4)____ a central dispatch office and then transmitted to fire stations, ___(5)____ with the use of computers.

Not (soru 1 existence) : Come into ifadesi arkasından “existence” veya “being” ile beraber kullanılabilir ve “var olmak” anlamını vermektedir. Aynı zamanda “be brought into existence/being” şeklinde kullanılabilir. Diğer alternatif kullanımlar arasında “come into view (görüntülenmek – ortaya çıkmak), “come into leaf/blossom/flower (ürün vermek – yield)”, “come into play (have an effect – etkisi olmak)” yer almaktadır.

Fire-alarm systems came into ___(1)____ with the invention of the telegraph. Today many communities are served either with the telegraphalarm system ___(2)____ with telephone call boxes. Most fires, however, are reported from private telephones. Many large cities have removed all or many of their street alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems associated with maintenance and with false alarm transmissions. Some boxes have been replaced with telephones. All alarms are then transmitted to the fire stations. In large cities, alarms are received ___(4)____ a central dispatch office and then transmitted to fire stations, ___(5)____ with the use of computers.

Not (soru 2 – or) : Either ….. or(ya o yada o / neither …… nor / both …. and …. / not only ….. but also ifadeleri ingilizce cümelerde kullanılan sık kalıplardır. Both …. and… kalıbı öznede kullanıldığında her zaman çoğul fiil almaktadır ancak either …. or…., neither…..nor…., not only…..but also…. kalıplarında özneye yakın olan kelimenin tekilliğine göre fiilin durumu belirlenir. Cümle içerisinde diğer öğeleri bağlayabilir. Örnekleri inceleyeniz. “Either you leave now or I call the police!” “Well, I think she's either Russian or Polish.” “I'm going to buy either a camera or a CD player with the money.” “She seemed neither surprised nor worried.” “Neither my mother nor my father went to university.” “Not only did he turn up late, he also forgot his books.” “If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole organization.”

Fire-alarm systems came into ___(1)____ with the invention of the telegraph. Today many communities are served either with the telegraphalarm system ___(2)____ with telephone call boxes. Most fires, however, are reported from private telephones. Many large cities have removed all or many of their street alarm boxes ___(3)____ problems associated with maintenance and with false alarm transmissions. Some boxes have been replaced with telephones. All alarms are then transmitted to the fire stations. In large cities, alarms are received ___(4)____ a central dispatch office and then transmitted to fire stations, ___(5)____ with the use of computers.

Not (soru 3 – because of) : Bağlaçlar konusunda önemli olan noktalardan bir tanesi de bu bağlaçlardan sonra kullanılan “cümle” ve “isim” kullanılması kurallarıdır. Cloze test soru tarzında mutlaka bize sorulan soruların başında bu yapılar gelmektedir. Gramer öğrenen her öğrenci bütün prepositions (ilgeçler) den sonra isim kullanılması gerektiğini bilir. Bu yüzden bu soruda cevabımız “because of” ifadesidir. Diğer kullanılan kalıplar bu bağlamda “due to, owing to, on the basis of, thanks to” ifadeleridir.

The 19th century ___(1)___ to as the "age of isms", characterizing the many different isms that ___(2)___ in this period. No other century could boast the massive social changes that took place in the 1800's. While the 20th century was the century of politics and science, the 19th was the century of society. For the first time, the rights of the workers and ___(3)___ man were being questioned. Rarely in previous times did such a massive movement across Europe, into the Americas, and even parts of Asia occur. 1848 alone felt the ___(4)___ of the new ideas as European cities from Paris to Vienna were in uprising. The 19th century was a ___(5)___ from old to new, the old monarchies and feudal systems to the new capitalist world.

1. A) has referred B) referred C) has been referred D) referring E) was referring 2. A) processed B) comforted C) reacted D) nourished E) developed 3. A) common B) literal C) Absolute D) entire E) tremendous 4. A) effects B) affects C) elections D) denials E) affinities 5. A) example B) instance C) contrast D) struggle E) issue

The 19th century ___(1)___ to as the "age of isms", characterizing the many different isms that ___(2)___ in this period. No other century could boast the massive social changes that took place in the 1800's. While the 20th century was the century of politics and science, the 19th was the century of society.

Not (soru 1 – has been referred) : “refer” sınav sorularında çok sık kullanılan bir fiildir ve değişik kullanımlara sahiptir. Aşağıdaki kullanımları inceleyiniz. Refer to somebody/something: (Gönderme yapmak / bahsetmek) Mention or speak about somebody or something, allude to, touch on “Although she didn't mention any names, everyone knew who she was referring to.” Refer to somebody/something as something : (Bir şeyi bir şey olarak adlandırmak) “Scientists generally refer to cells as the organiser of the human body.” “He likes to be referred to as 'Doctor Khee'.” Refer to somebody/something by (-ile seslenmek, çağırmak) “The hospital now refers to patients by name, not case number.” Refer to something: (Bir şeye bakmak / yönlenmek) look at something “He gave the speech without referring to his notes.” Refer somebody/something to somebody: (birilerini ve birşeyi bir kişiye yada organizasyona yardım amacıyla göndermek) send someone or something to a person or organization to be helped or dealt with “My doctor is referring me to a dermatologist.” “My complaint was referred to the manufacturers.”

The 19th century ___(1)___ to as the "age of isms", characterizing the many different isms that ___(2)___ in this period. No other century could boast the massive social changes that took place in the 1800's. While the 20th century was the century of politics and science, the 19th was the century of society.

⇒Not (soru 2 – developed) : Her ne kadar kelime sorusu gibi görülse de bu soruda etken edilgen grameri ölçülmektedir. İngilizcede bazı fiilerin hem etken hem de edilgen anlamları vardır ve işte bu yüzden aktif halde kullanılsa bile edilgen anlamı vermektedir. “Develop: Geliştirmek, gelişmek.” Buna benzer diğer fiiler ise, “change: değiştirmek, değişmek / increase: artmak, artırmak / decrease: azaltmak, azalmak”

Managers often have desks that are ___(1)___ empty! These empty desks can show that the manager often travels and is out of the office most of the time. An empty desk can also ___(2)___ how powerful the manager is by its representative status. Sometimes, in the USA, you can see footmarks on the desk because some managers like to put their feet up on the desk when they are talking on the telephone! In the States, managers put their feet up on the desk to show that they are in ___(3)___ in their office. Managers usually have a laptop computer on their desk. In fact, this laptop computer is their true desk. These days, most managers do ___(4)___ all their work on their laptops. Another thing you might find is a cell phone - another sign of the mobility most managers ___(5)___.

1. A) sparsely C) rarely E) literally 2. A) compete C) perpetrate E) speculate 3. A) control C) key E) circulation 4. A) scarcely C) almost E) widely 5. A) congratulate C) differ E) interact

B) surprisingly D) scarcely B) worship D) demonstrate B) extent D) implication B) barely D) none B) demand D) range

…. Managers usually have a laptop computer on their desk. In fact, this laptop computer is their true desk. These days, most managers do ___(4)___ all their work on their laptops. Another thing you might find is a cell phone - another sign of the mobility most managers ___(5)___.

Not (soru 4– almost) : Hemen hemen anlamını veren kelimeler gurubu ingilizce genelde kesinlik ifadeleri, yüzde ifadeleri, olumsuzluk ifadeleri ve rakamsal ifadelerin önünde kullanılır. Bu bağlamda kullanılan diğer kelimeler ise, “nearly, practically, virtually” dir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz. “almost always, almost no, almost every country, almost 20 percent, almost 1000 people”

1 was 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

In the summer of 1858, Victorian Gentleman and fossil hobbyist Parker Foulke were vacationing in Haddonfield, New Jersey when he heard that twenty years previous workers found gigantic bones in a pit. Foulke spent the late summer by directing a crew of hired diggers. Eventually he found the bones of an animal larger an elephant with structural features of each a lizard and a bird. Foulke had discovered the first near complete skeleton of a dinosaur – an event that will rock the scientific world and forever change our view of natural history. Today, locating where a tidy suburban street dead end against deep woods, the historic site is marked a modest commemorative stone. Beyond the stone, the bones of Hadrosaurus foulkii was originally excavating on the eve of the Civil War.

Not (previous vs. ago) : Previous kelimesi sıfat olarak kullanılır ve isimlerin önünde kullanılır diğer taraftan ago bir zarfır ve isimlerin arkasından gelir. Anlam olarak aralarında bir fark yoktur. Örnekleri inceleyiniz. (thirty years ago/before, previous days, years, months) Not (would – should) : Geçmişte gelecek anlamında kullanılan would do ve should do birbirlerinin yerine kullanılabilir. Örnekleri inceleyiniz. “They all promised that they would come together in order to discuss the matter.” “We knew that the members of the delegate should confirm the new regulations.”