Zheeendy Morphology

Group 3 1. sendy H. Toana 2. Silvana Panigoro 3. Fitriyani Sidampoi 4. Sinta Mointi

Morphology • Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of words (words as units in the lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). While words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most (if not all) languages, words can be related to other words by rules. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog, dogs, and dog catcher are closely related. • English speakers recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of the rules of word formation in English. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; similarly, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher. • The rules understood by the speaker reflect specific patterns (or regularities) in the way words are formed from smaller units and how those smaller units interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages, and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages. Morphology is the study of these meaning-bearing units and the rules governing them, the study of the structure of words. There are two major types of

rules dealing with morphology: word – formation rules and adjustment rules.

Morpheme The morpheme was defined by the structuralist as the smallest unit of the meaning. The variant of morphemes are called allomorphs.

Structuralist Morphology Structuralist phonemes were units that distingueshed among meaning but that did not in themselves carry meaning. For example re- is not a word, but it does carry meaning.

A morpheme ordinarily consist of a sequence of one or more phonemes. The structuralist tried both to classify the types of morphemes and to relate these abstract units to the actual words of speech.

Types of morphemes Many words are themselves morphemes, such as {dry} and {water} : they cannot be broken down into smaller units that in themselves carry meaning. All the morphemes named thus far are free morphemes; that is, they can exist as independent words. Bound morphemes may be subdivided into derivational and inflectional morphemes. A derivational morpheme is one that is added to a root (that is, a word) to form a new word that differs, usually in its part-of-speech classification.

In English, prefixes are usually derivational morphemes that change the meaning but not the part-of-speech classification. Whereas suffixes are usually derivational morphemes that change the part-of-speech classification but not the meaning. An inflectional morpheme indicates certain grammatical properties associated with nouns and verbs, such as gender, number, case, and tense.

Allomorphs The morpheme is an abstract unit. In actual speech, one morpheme may have several pronunciations or several phological forms. These three allomorphs do not occur randomly; which allomorphs occur depends on the phonetic environment. Nouns that end in one of the sibilant /s, z, š, ž, č, ĵ/ take the /-əz plural allomorph, as in mazes, judges, and wishes. Nouns that end in voiceless consonant (other than a sibilant) form their plurals with the voiceless allomorph.

Morphology and transformational – Generative Grammar Many linguistics have reemphasized that plurality is a morphological, not s phological, issue. Other morphological phenomena were treated in transformational generative grammar as part of syntax. For example, the noun refusal was assumed to derive from the verb refuse by a syntactic rule called a transformation. Generally, morphological and phonological rules exhibit the following relationship in a grammar.