Morphology

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

MORPHOLOGY

MARTOS ALFITRI PBI V D 10714000764

1

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

2

Morphology Morphology is the study of the construction of words out of morphemes Morpheme The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (lexical and grammatical meaning) A morpheme must have a meaning, and it is the smallest unit of meaning (the smallest sound-meaning union which cannot be further analyzed into smaller units). The word lady can be divided into two syllables (la.dy), but it consists of just one morpheme, because a syllable has nothing to do with meaning. The word un forgettable can be divided three morphemes (dis+agree+able). The word books contains only one syllable, but it consists of two morphemes (book+s) (Notice: the morpheme –s has a grammatical meaning [Plural]) The internal structure of words Words can have an internal structure, i.e. they are decomposable into smaller meaningful (lexical or grammatical) parts. These smallest meaningful units we call morphemes. read+er

re+read

en+able

dark+en

Mary+’s

print+ed

cat+s

go+es

Classification of Morphemes 1. According to their position in the word:

read

re+read

read+ing

rereading

root

prefix + root

root + suffix

prefix + root + suffix

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

2. Types of affixes: •

Derivational

Derivational affixes (create new meaning) make new words by adding concrete meanings to old words: -er, -ess -hood, -ive, -ness, re-, un- etc Examples of Derivational Affixes Prefix

Grammatical category of Grammatical category of base

inunundisdisreexenSuffix

Adj Adj V V Adj V N N

output Adj Adj V V Adj V N V

inaccurate unkind untie dis-like dishonest rewrite ex-wife encourage

Grammatical category of Grammatical category of base

-hood -ship -fy -ic -less -ful -al -er

Example

N N N N N N V V

output N N V Adj Adj Adj N N

(to) print

Example child-hood leader-ship beauti-fy poet-ic power-less care-ful refus-al read-er

V-N

:

printer

V - Adj:

print

V-V

:

print

re-print

N-V

:

flea

de-flea

N – Ad

:

milk

milky

N-N

:

mother

motherhood

printable

3

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

Adj - N

:

happy

happiness

Adj - V

:

thick

thicken

Adj - Adj

:

happy

unhappy

Derivation typically adds a new lexical meaning component: (7)

printable: ‘such that can be printed’

motherhood: ‘property of being a mother’ thicken: ‘become or cause to become thicker’ Derivation is recursive (feeds into itself): (8)

in-de-cipher-abil-ity

Inflection (inflectional morphology) Creates word forms of a lexeme (9)

CAT: cat (Singular) cats (Plural)

(10)

a.

SING: sing

Base form

sings 3sg Present Tense singingPresent Participle

b.

sang

Past Tense

sung

Past Participle (Perfect/Passive Participle)

WALK: walk

Base form

walks 3sg Present Tense walking

Present Participle

walked Past Tense walked Past Participle (Perfect/Passive Participle)

4

Morphology (12)

a.

Martos Alfitri PBI V D COLD: cold

Positive

colder Comparative coldest Superlative b.

GOOD: good

Positive

better Comparative best

Superlative

Morphological operations Morphological operation =def ‘concrete change made to a word form in order to signal a derivational or inflectional process’ Other operations in English: Vowel change: man ~ men sing ~ sang ~ sung Sometimes this accompanies affixations: break ~ broke ~ broken (= broke + en) write ( ~ wrote) ~ written Consonant change: house [haus] ~ (to) house [houz] knife [naif] ~ knives [naivz] Stress shift: (a) cóntrast ~ (to) contrást

N~V

(Languages with tones may use tone alternations to realize grammatical processes) Conversion: word of one class treated as belonging to a different class without any overt morphological operation: N

V:paper ~ to paper (the wall) skin ~ to skin a rabbit

5

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

6

head ~ to head a department, an inquiry, a phrase police ~ to police a town, a regulation V

N:walk ~ go for a walk fall ~ take a fall sleep ~ get a good night’s sleep

Also phrasal verbs: take off ~ a smooth take off put down ~ a cruel put down run through ~ a quick run through (one’s lecture) A

N:the good, the bad and the ugly

N

A:orange (balloon), primrose (wallpaper)

A

V wet (the paper), dry (the dishes)

Types of inflectional processes All English prefixes and most suffixes are derivational. •

Inflectional Affixes can be divided into inflectional morphemes and derivational

morphemes. This reflects two major morphological (word building) processes: Inflectional Morphemes Inflectional

morphemes do not change grammatical category of the base to which

they are attached. They do not change the meaning of the base. They only carry relevant grammatical information, e.g. plural. Thus, book and books are both nouns referring to the same kind of entity. The

number of inflectional affixes is small and fixed. NO new ones have been added

since 1500. Suffix

Stem

Function

Example

-s

N

Plural

book-s

-s

V

3rd singular

sleep-s

-ed

V

present tense past tense

walk-ed

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

-ing

V

Progressive

walk-ing

-er

Adj

Comparative

tall-er

-est

Adj

Superlative

tall-est

Inflectional affixes make different grammatical forms of the same word. English has only 8 productive inflections:

3 for verbs: -ed, -s, -ing

work+ed, work+s, work+ing

3 for nouns: -s, -'s -'s

boys, boy's, boys'

2 for adjectives: -er, -est

smart+er, smart+est

There are several unproductive inflections too, like the plural -en in oxen, and the participial -en in given. stem + ending (inflectional suffix) reprints ‘ Present Tense RE[PRINT]] = ‘print again’’

prefix root

re print

suffix

s

3. Classification according to whether morpheme = word FREE most roots in English but: adept, inept (BOUND ROOT)

BOUND most prefixes and suffixes (Derivational and inflectional) ism (free suffix) ex, pro, con (free prefixes)

4. Classifying words according to morpheme structure •

Simple words is a single morpheme: house, I, the, off, salamander

7

Morphology

•

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

8

Complex words is root + at least 1 affix: worker, reread, retelling

anti + dis + establish +ment + ari + an +ism Compound words can be distinguished into three forms; they are solid, hyphenated and open No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

SOLID Motorway Handbook Hardware Timewarm Outside Feedback brainwork

HYPENATED Double-decker Box-office Hard-cover Snow-white In-law Check-in Frog-eating-bird

OPEN Deep freeze Bank account Credit card etc.

Word-formation processes MAJOR •

Affixation: process of forming words by adding affxes to morphemes.

{ V + -able ! A: predict+ -able { V + -er ! N: sing+er { un + A ! A: un-productive { A + en ! V: deep+ -en, thick+ -en •

Compounding: word formation process by which new words are formed by combining two or more independent words.

{ A + A ! A: bittersweet { N + N ! N: rainbow { V + V ! V: sleepwalk { P + P ! P: without { V + N ! N: pickpocket { N + V ! V: spoonfeed { P + V ! V: overdo

Morphology

•

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

9

Reduplication: process of forming new words either by doubling an entire word (total reduplictation) or part of a word (partial reduplication).

{ English: humpty-dumpty, higgledy-piggeldy (partial reduplication) { Creole: blak \black", blakblak \very black" (total reduplication)

•

Morpheme-internal Changes: a type of word formation process wherein a word changes internally to indicate grammatical information.

{ ablaut: sing, sang, sung; swim, swam, swum { other changes: man, men; mouse, mice, goose, Geese •

Suppletion: a relationship between forms of a word wherein on form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other, this process is rare.

{ am - was; go -went { good - better; bad - worse

MINOR •

ACRONYMS:

extreme form of reduction; -are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words 2 kind of them: “alphabetisisms”->CD, DNA-pronunciation consist of the set of letters; -second are pronounced as a single word-> NATO, NASA, UNESCO, PIN some acronyms lose their capitals to become everyday terms -> laser •

BACKFORMATION:

a word of one type(usu a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type(usu a verb); -worker->work, donation->donate…hypocorisms-a longer word is

Morphology

Martos Alfitri 10 PBI V D

reduced to a single syllable, then –y or –ie is added to the end: movie, telly>television Synchronic perspective on language-together; at the same point of time Diachronic perspective on language-not together; in different points of time; showing changes, how the language evolve in time. •

BLENDING:

taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word; clipped and then compounded word eg. smog (smoke +fog), motel, bit, brunch, telecast, Chunnel. •

BORROWING:

very common word –formation process; it’s social phenomenon means, the taking over of words from other languages; -it takes place when a speaker of one culture come to contact with another one; -the borrowing will be taken from the most influential culture Loan-words – words adapted from other languages Loan-translation (calque) – it’s a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. There’s always change in phonological structure. •

CLIPPING:

clip=to cut; -making words shorter, reducing them; a word of more then one syllable is reduced to a shorter form; -esp in casual speech; -gas, bus, piano, bra •

COINAGE:

The invention of totally new terms Proper names or trade names for one company’s product become general terms for any version of that product.(eg. kleenex, Guy Fox->guy(any human being); -meaning of the words is broaden and broaden.

•

CONVERSION:

Morphology

Martos Alfitri 11 PBI V D

a change in the function of a word(eg. when the noun comes to be used as a verb without any reduction)other names are: “category change” I “functional shift”; very productive in English, do not exist in Polish eg. cut,paper, butter, bottle, vecation, spy. some converted forms shift in meaning when they change the category.

•

PSEUDO ACRONYM

Reduce sentence into some letters e.g. I C Q : I Seek You, C U : See you, SQR : secure, etc. •

ONOMOTOPEOIA

Words created from sound e.g. Meauw > Cat, etc.