Writing

Definitions:  Letters or words which are put together in a visible form is called WRITING.  OR: it is the art or science of knowing the way to express one’s thoughts in a written form through decipherable, exact, concise, well-explaining and well-describing or simply comprehensive words with some rules and regulations.  Finally, writing is written communication.  Out-Put.

Letter  Word  Phrase  Clause  Sentence  Paragraph  Essay 

Title / heading  Topic / topical / introductory / key sentence  Supportive sentences  Conclusion / restatement 

 Order  Cohesiveness  coherence

Pre-writing Stage - Title / topic - Brainstorming - Outline  Writing Stage - Topical sentence - Supporting sentences - Conclusion / restatement * Narrowing down/Funneling the idea 

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Post-writing

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Revising Editing Rewriting

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Narrative / storical paragraph  Descriptive paragraph  Explanatory or expository paragraph 

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An essay is a group of paragraphs that develops one main topic.

Unity /harmony: harmony of opinion, interest, or feeling  Cohesiveness / unification / act of uniting: the act or process of uniting or joining together 

 Coherence

/ Logical or aesthetic consistency: the quality of being logically or aesthetically consistent, with all separate parts fitting together to form a harmonious or credible whole

Clear  Concise  Correct  Complete  Courteous / polite  Cohesive  Coherent 

It tells a story or experience. - Parts of a Story  Plot  Settings  Characters  Suspense  Moral 

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Have the point of the story in mind. Start with a general sentence (i.e. usually, with once upon a time under the blue sky…) Develop sentences that build upon each other and they all lead to an interesting point called suspense. Follow chronological or time order by using transitions or logical connectors to maintain coherence, cohesiveness, unification, unity and appropriate and smooth flow of ideas. Write the topic sentence at the end.

Sample Narrative paragraph 1- Present Narration 2- Habitual and Future Narration 3- Past Narrative

It presents a word picture of a person, place and a thing  Views:  Two kinds: landscape and portrait 

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Description: From top to bottom

From bottom to top  From side to side to side  From near to far  From far to near  From most important to least important  From least important to most important 

2.Choose the description manner. 3.Have the topic restricted sentence. 4.Use special figurative and sensory words 5.Follow a spatial order 6.Use place related transitions 7.Present a clear word picture of the place, thing and person

 Modification:

to restrict or narrow down the idea.  Add adjectives, phrases, and clauses.  Adjective usage order: 1-Pre-determiner,number, or a pronoun 2-Article,3-general adjevtive,4-size,5-shape,6-Age, 7color,8-Origin, 9-material, 10-nonmaterial, 11-noun

E.g. most of the pretty small rectangular rubber toys A beautiful round antique white Mayan flower vase.  Verbs: ordinary  straightforward psychological verb e.g. Bill hated the spinach. Experiencer v stimulus  Reverse psychological verbs e.g. The book interests me.

Capitalization  Punctuation  Margins / page set-up  Indentation  Skipping lines  Grammar, tenses & other structural agreements  Spelling  Space and words clarity 

Logical order - Logical order of importance - General specific order  Chronological order  Spatial order  Casual order (chain of cause & effects)  Cumulative order (familiar measuresfindings)  Familiarity order (most familiar facts-least) 

An expository or explanatory Paragraph exposes or explains and analyzes information or facts. Steps: 3. Begin your topic with a few sign post questions to make the reader interested in your topic. 4. Write your topic sentence (that should contain a controlling idea). 5. Develop supporting sentences

4. Use transitions to maintain logical such as chronological order and generalization 5. Write the most important details at the end or near the end. 6. End with a restatement. 7. Your details should be factual and logical.

 Generalization

- Controlling idea, it refers to a group of items. It can be a value judgment or an opinion (adjective), or a factual statement.  Illustration /anecdote  Transition

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persuades or convinces the reader to accept the author’s point of view.  It presents factual logical reasons.

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Decide on your topic whether you support or oppose it. Write your topic sentence and include your controlling idea too. Develop supporting sentences in which you should present a few logical and factual reasons in support of your stance or position. Use logical connection. Use transitions. Give the best idea at the end. Restate your stance or controlling idea.

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Even though our population is increasing and land is needed for housing and development. I would hope that our country could save the land in its natural state for future generations to enjoy. This land would be good for promoting tourism, for preserving the environment, and for remembering our history. Thus, the land ought to be preserved in its natural state.

When I was a wee child, I was very naughty. Mostly, I used to do vices that would bother and tease the others. In fact, I do distinctly remember One of the memories. Actually, there was a bee hive in our house. It was very huge and awesome. One day, one of my maternal cousins, who was my age and chum, came home. I told him that there was a very interesting creature in the hole of wall, where situated the bee hive. Simple silly little boy started entering a stick into the, hole when abruptly, the troops of bees enraged and began assaulting and stinging the poor little tiny lad who was shouting and dashing rapidly. Unfortunately, after a while, I couldn’t recognize my own cousin since his face and body were too swollen. In the long run, I was scolded by my mother and beaten by my father. From that day onwards, I decided neither to be crafty nor to play tricks on anyone.

Enough for Today!!!