Wonders Of World1
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WONDERS OF WORLD Man Made Wonders of World
1
LAYOUT
• • • • • •
THE TOWER OF PISA THE EIFFEL TOWER THE HOOVER DAM THE STATUE OF LIBERTY THE GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU, GIZA Questions
2
THE TOWER OF PISA Location •
It is located in city of Pisa, Italy.
History • • • •
It is a bell tower to accompany the cathedral that it stands next to. Construction began on August 9, 1173. Construction was done in three stages. And it was completed in 1350.
Interesting Facts •
•
Only 5 years after work on the building began, it was leaning noticeably to the north. It leans because tower is built on unsuitable ground for such a heavy and tall building. It is only about 6 feet above sea level and built on a riverbed. 3
•
The delay in the construction and the material it is built from can be the reasons that it has not fallen.
•
Between the periods of construction the ground had time to settle and become compacted.
•
At June 2001, work was completed to straighten the tower a little to prevent it by falling in future.
4
5
Inside The Tower
6
THE EIFFEL TOWER Location •
It is located in Paris, France.
History • • •
•
Its construction started in 1887. Its construction was completed on March 31, 1889. It was built for the Universal Exhibition in celebration of the French Revolution. The architect of this monumental construction was Stephen Sauvestre.
Interesting Facts •
It is composed of 18038 pieces and 2,500,000 rivets.
7
• • •
Total weight of the metal structure is 7300 tons and total weight of the tower is 10,100 tons. The number of steps in tower are 1665. Its height is 324m (with flagpole).
8
Eiffel Tower in History
9
Eiffel Tower at Night
10
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY Location •
The Statue of Liberty stands on Ellis Island, New York, USA.
History •
•
• • •
The Statue given to the United States by the Paris based Union (FrancoAmerican Union) in 1876. It stands in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. On February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent. The sculptor was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel engineered the internal structure
11
Interesting Facts • • •
• • •
The statue is 151 feet and one inch tall. And with the foundation it is 305 feet tall. The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885. Transported in a Ship French frigate "Isere“. Number of individual pieces shipped to US were 350. The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months' time.
12
13
14
THE HOOVER DAM Location •
Located in the Black Canyon on the Colorado River, Hoover Dam lies about thirty miles southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada.
History • • •
•
Over flow of Colorado river before the dam was built. Colorado River Compact November 24 1922. The contract to make the Boulder dam was awarded to Six Companies, Inc. on March 11, 1931. Construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1936.
15
Interesting Facts •
•
• •
•
•
The dam crosses the border between two time zones, the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone. Power distribution: nearly 45 % to California, 24 % Nevada and 19 % to Arizona. Made during great depression, giving more than 16000 people jobs. It was the first human-made structure to exceed the masonry mass of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Lake Mead is the reservoir created behind the dam, one of the largest man made lake on earth. Dam length: 1244ft (379.2m ).
16
• •
Dam thickness; 660 ft (200 m) at its base; 45 ft (15 m) thick at its crest. Electric Power produced in Dam by the water turbines is 2080 megawatts.
17
THE PYRAMID OF KHUFU, GIZA Location •
The Great Pyramid of Giza stands on the northern edge of the Giza Plateau, located about 10 miles west of Cairo.
History •
•
Believed by mainstream Egyptologists to have been constructed in approximately 20 years. The generally accepted estimate for its date of completion is 2560 BC.
Description •
•
The Great Pyramid of Khufu is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex. The pyramid was constructed of cut and dressed blocks of limestone, basalt or granite. 18
•
• •
•
•
The core was made mainly of rough blocks of low quality limestone taken from a quarry at the south of Khufu’s Great Pyramid. An estimated 2.4 million blocks were used in the construction. High quality limestone was used for the outer casing, with some of the blocks weighing up to 15 tones. This limestone came from Tura, about 8 miles away on the other side of the Nile. Granite quarried nearly 500 miles away in Aswan with blocks weighing as much as 60-80 tons, was used for the portcullis doors and relieving chambers.
19
Interesting Facts •
• •
• •
The total mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tons with a volume believed to be 2,600,000 cubic meters. The pyramid is the largest in Egypt and the tallest in the world. The Great Pyramid is composed of about 2 ½ million blocks of limestone which weigh from 2 to 70 tons each. Its base covers over 13 acres. Today, the pyramid is entered through an opening that tradition tells us was cut through the masonry in 820AD by Caliph Al-Mamun.
20
•
•
A construction management study (testing) carried out by the firm Daniel, Mann, Johnson, & Mendenhall in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, estimates that the total project required an average workforce of 13,200 people and a peak workforce of 40,000. Polish architect Wieslaw Kozinski believed that it took as many as 25 men to transport a 1.5-ton stone block. Based on this, he estimated the workforce to be 300,000 men on the construction site, with an enormous additional 60,000 off-site.
21
THE PYRAMID FROM INSIDE
• • • •
King’s Chamber Queen’s Chamber Subterranean Chamber Grand Gallery
22
The Entrance •
•
The original entrance leads into the descending passage which slopes down at an angle of about 26 degrees. It is a narrow passage which measures about 3 1/2 feet wide by almost 4 feet high. The distance of this descending passage to the beginning of the horizontal Subterranean chamber passage is about 344 feet. The ascending passage slopes up at a same 26-degree angle and has the same dimensions as the descending passage. Following the ascending passage for 124 feet, we finally arrive at a large open space known as the Grand Gallery.
23
The Map
24
The Junction •
At this point of intersection, you can take one of two routes. You can continue going up the grand gallery and eventually end up in the King’s chamber or continue in a horizontal direction through another passage (127 feet long) and wind up in the Queen’s chamber.
25
The Grand Gallery
•
The ascending passage opens up into a large open space known as the Grand Gallery. It is a hall 153 feet long and 7 feet wide at the floor level and about 28 feet high It continues upward at the same slope as the ascending passage.
26
27
King’s Chamber
•
Past the Grand Gallery the comes the horizontal passage 41 inches square which leads to the King's Chamber.
•
The only item ever found in pyramid is the coffer in the King's Chamber. It is a lidless box cut from a solid block of granite. It's dimensions are 6 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet 3 inches wide, and 3 feet deep. It may have once had a sliding lid since there is a ridge along the top edge of the coffer. It is chipped at one corner. 28
The Relief Chambers •
This chamber, which measures 10.45 meters long, 5.20 meters wide and 5.80 meters high, is truly a masterpiece of ancient Egyptian architecture, made entirely of pink granite. It had to be built to resist an enormous amount of pressure. Its flat ceiling is composed of nine huge blocks with a combined weight of over four hundred tons. Above it are no less than five, carefully designed relief chambers
29
Queen’s Chamber
•
The horizontal passage which runs for 127 feet wind up in the Queen’s Chamber. This passage is 3 feet 9 inches high and 3 feet 5 inches wide. A sudden drop of 2 feet occurs towards the end of the passage before the entrance to the Queen's Chamber.
30
The Subterranean Chamber
•
This large chamber is a strange place, measuring 46 X 27 feet with a height of about 11 feet. It is cut deep into the bedrock almost 600 feet directly below the apex of the Pyramid. Its ceiling is smooth and and the floor is cut in several rough levels, making it look unfinished. It has also been referred as the "upside down room".
31
•
In the center of this chamber on the east side is a square pit which is known as the "bottomless pit“.
32
Questions?
33
1
LAYOUT
• • • • • •
THE TOWER OF PISA THE EIFFEL TOWER THE HOOVER DAM THE STATUE OF LIBERTY THE GREAT PYRAMID OF KHUFU, GIZA Questions
2
THE TOWER OF PISA Location •
It is located in city of Pisa, Italy.
History • • • •
It is a bell tower to accompany the cathedral that it stands next to. Construction began on August 9, 1173. Construction was done in three stages. And it was completed in 1350.
Interesting Facts •
•
Only 5 years after work on the building began, it was leaning noticeably to the north. It leans because tower is built on unsuitable ground for such a heavy and tall building. It is only about 6 feet above sea level and built on a riverbed. 3
•
The delay in the construction and the material it is built from can be the reasons that it has not fallen.
•
Between the periods of construction the ground had time to settle and become compacted.
•
At June 2001, work was completed to straighten the tower a little to prevent it by falling in future.
4
5
Inside The Tower
6
THE EIFFEL TOWER Location •
It is located in Paris, France.
History • • •
•
Its construction started in 1887. Its construction was completed on March 31, 1889. It was built for the Universal Exhibition in celebration of the French Revolution. The architect of this monumental construction was Stephen Sauvestre.
Interesting Facts •
It is composed of 18038 pieces and 2,500,000 rivets.
7
• • •
Total weight of the metal structure is 7300 tons and total weight of the tower is 10,100 tons. The number of steps in tower are 1665. Its height is 324m (with flagpole).
8
Eiffel Tower in History
9
Eiffel Tower at Night
10
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY Location •
The Statue of Liberty stands on Ellis Island, New York, USA.
History •
•
• • •
The Statue given to the United States by the Paris based Union (FrancoAmerican Union) in 1876. It stands in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. On February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent. The sculptor was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel engineered the internal structure
11
Interesting Facts • • •
• • •
The statue is 151 feet and one inch tall. And with the foundation it is 305 feet tall. The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885. Transported in a Ship French frigate "Isere“. Number of individual pieces shipped to US were 350. The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months' time.
12
13
14
THE HOOVER DAM Location •
Located in the Black Canyon on the Colorado River, Hoover Dam lies about thirty miles southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada.
History • • •
•
Over flow of Colorado river before the dam was built. Colorado River Compact November 24 1922. The contract to make the Boulder dam was awarded to Six Companies, Inc. on March 11, 1931. Construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1936.
15
Interesting Facts •
•
• •
•
•
The dam crosses the border between two time zones, the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone. Power distribution: nearly 45 % to California, 24 % Nevada and 19 % to Arizona. Made during great depression, giving more than 16000 people jobs. It was the first human-made structure to exceed the masonry mass of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Lake Mead is the reservoir created behind the dam, one of the largest man made lake on earth. Dam length: 1244ft (379.2m ).
16
• •
Dam thickness; 660 ft (200 m) at its base; 45 ft (15 m) thick at its crest. Electric Power produced in Dam by the water turbines is 2080 megawatts.
17
THE PYRAMID OF KHUFU, GIZA Location •
The Great Pyramid of Giza stands on the northern edge of the Giza Plateau, located about 10 miles west of Cairo.
History •
•
Believed by mainstream Egyptologists to have been constructed in approximately 20 years. The generally accepted estimate for its date of completion is 2560 BC.
Description •
•
The Great Pyramid of Khufu is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex. The pyramid was constructed of cut and dressed blocks of limestone, basalt or granite. 18
•
• •
•
•
The core was made mainly of rough blocks of low quality limestone taken from a quarry at the south of Khufu’s Great Pyramid. An estimated 2.4 million blocks were used in the construction. High quality limestone was used for the outer casing, with some of the blocks weighing up to 15 tones. This limestone came from Tura, about 8 miles away on the other side of the Nile. Granite quarried nearly 500 miles away in Aswan with blocks weighing as much as 60-80 tons, was used for the portcullis doors and relieving chambers.
19
Interesting Facts •
• •
• •
The total mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tons with a volume believed to be 2,600,000 cubic meters. The pyramid is the largest in Egypt and the tallest in the world. The Great Pyramid is composed of about 2 ½ million blocks of limestone which weigh from 2 to 70 tons each. Its base covers over 13 acres. Today, the pyramid is entered through an opening that tradition tells us was cut through the masonry in 820AD by Caliph Al-Mamun.
20
•
•
A construction management study (testing) carried out by the firm Daniel, Mann, Johnson, & Mendenhall in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, estimates that the total project required an average workforce of 13,200 people and a peak workforce of 40,000. Polish architect Wieslaw Kozinski believed that it took as many as 25 men to transport a 1.5-ton stone block. Based on this, he estimated the workforce to be 300,000 men on the construction site, with an enormous additional 60,000 off-site.
21
THE PYRAMID FROM INSIDE
• • • •
King’s Chamber Queen’s Chamber Subterranean Chamber Grand Gallery
22
The Entrance •
•
The original entrance leads into the descending passage which slopes down at an angle of about 26 degrees. It is a narrow passage which measures about 3 1/2 feet wide by almost 4 feet high. The distance of this descending passage to the beginning of the horizontal Subterranean chamber passage is about 344 feet. The ascending passage slopes up at a same 26-degree angle and has the same dimensions as the descending passage. Following the ascending passage for 124 feet, we finally arrive at a large open space known as the Grand Gallery.
23
The Map
24
The Junction •
At this point of intersection, you can take one of two routes. You can continue going up the grand gallery and eventually end up in the King’s chamber or continue in a horizontal direction through another passage (127 feet long) and wind up in the Queen’s chamber.
25
The Grand Gallery
•
The ascending passage opens up into a large open space known as the Grand Gallery. It is a hall 153 feet long and 7 feet wide at the floor level and about 28 feet high It continues upward at the same slope as the ascending passage.
26
27
King’s Chamber
•
Past the Grand Gallery the comes the horizontal passage 41 inches square which leads to the King's Chamber.
•
The only item ever found in pyramid is the coffer in the King's Chamber. It is a lidless box cut from a solid block of granite. It's dimensions are 6 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet 3 inches wide, and 3 feet deep. It may have once had a sliding lid since there is a ridge along the top edge of the coffer. It is chipped at one corner. 28
The Relief Chambers •
This chamber, which measures 10.45 meters long, 5.20 meters wide and 5.80 meters high, is truly a masterpiece of ancient Egyptian architecture, made entirely of pink granite. It had to be built to resist an enormous amount of pressure. Its flat ceiling is composed of nine huge blocks with a combined weight of over four hundred tons. Above it are no less than five, carefully designed relief chambers
29
Queen’s Chamber
•
The horizontal passage which runs for 127 feet wind up in the Queen’s Chamber. This passage is 3 feet 9 inches high and 3 feet 5 inches wide. A sudden drop of 2 feet occurs towards the end of the passage before the entrance to the Queen's Chamber.
30
The Subterranean Chamber
•
This large chamber is a strange place, measuring 46 X 27 feet with a height of about 11 feet. It is cut deep into the bedrock almost 600 feet directly below the apex of the Pyramid. Its ceiling is smooth and and the floor is cut in several rough levels, making it look unfinished. It has also been referred as the "upside down room".
31
•
In the center of this chamber on the east side is a square pit which is known as the "bottomless pit“.
32
Questions?
33
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