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awmfawmf rsm;rsm; rSmawmh a,musmF;awGyJ ½Sad ewwfygw,f/ at'D 1821u rde;f rom;awG wuodkvw f ufcGihf udkvHbD,mrSm pwif&cJhygw,f/ pOf;pm;Munfh&if rde;f rawG bGJY& ynmwwfjzpfciG &hf cJw h m ESpaf ygif; 200awmif r½Sad o;ygbl;/ urÇmah ½S;tusq;kH 0wK½n S u f akd wmh vGecf w hJ EhJ pS af ygif; wpfaxmifuwnf;u rde;f rom;wpfa,mufu vSycrf;em;pGm a&;om;cJhjyD; jzpfygw,f/ at'D 1840u vef'efrmS yxrqHk; uRefpeH pfq f efu Y siaf &;nDvmcHukd usi;f ycJyh gw,f/ tJ't D csed u f vlc&D½mS armhwu f uRepf eH pfqefu Y siaf &;udk tm;oGecf eG pf u kd v f yk af ecsed yf g/ tJ'n D v D mcHukd wufzYkd MudK;pm;wJt h cg rde;f rom; jzpfvUkd qjkd yD; wufciG rhf &cJyh gbl;/ tJ'geJUyJ olu olUoil ,fcsi;f tJvZD bufu'DpwefweG f eJt Y wl trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&; twGuf nDvmcHwpfck usi;f yEdik zf Ukd MudK;yrf;cJjh yD; at'D 1848rSm yxrqHk;nDvmcH usi;f yEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ vlraI &;? bmoma&; eJY taxGaxGtkycf sKyfa&;qdki&f m yxrqHk; trsKd ; orD;tcGit hf a&;nDvmcHukd olwkUd EpS af ,muf usi;f yEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'D tcsed u f ae ESpaf ygif; 160avmufMumvmwJh tcktcgrSm urÇmEh ikd if t H awmfrsm;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om;rsm; eJY wef;wltcGihf ta&; &aeMujyv D Ykd qdEk ikd af yr,fh vuf½;kH &nftpGr;f jyEdik w f t hJ qifah vmufrmS om jydKifqkid cf iG &hf aeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ ESvk;H &nf? OmPf&nfwt kYd pGr;f jyEdkijf yD; udk,pf m;jyKEdkicf iG v hf kd tcGit hf a&;rsKd ;rSmawmh ta&;rygqJyg/ at'D 1854? c½dki;f rD;,m;ppfrmS zavm&ifpEdkuw f ifa*;vfu 'Pf&m&olawGukd ulno D el mjyKpkay;cJyh gw,f/ tJ't D wGuf vufeufxrd eS 'f Pf&maMumifh ppfonfrsm; aoEIe;f [m 47%uae 2.2%xd usqif;apEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ at'D 1860rSmawmh rde;f rom; 16a,mufpkpnf;jyD; *syefu tjrifhqHk; zl*sD,mrmawmifukd wufEkdicf Jhygw,f/ 'gawGu rde;f rom;awG&JU cdkirf mwJhESvHk;&nfeJY MuHch kid w f v hJ uf½kH;pGr;f wdku Y kd jyEdkicf w hJ ,fvkq Yd k&d ygr,f/ at'D 1868u ,d;k ',m;rSm trf'ef*rlerfqw kd hJ rde;f rom;wpfa,mufu rdbay;pm;wJo h u l kd vufxyfzYkd jiif;qdk cJyh gw,f/ 'Dvkrd b d ay;pm;wJo h u l kd vufxyfzq kYd kw d t hJ pOftvmudk w&m;0if vGeq f efzkUd MudK;pm;wJt h aeeJY udk,t hf rd af xmif zufukd ud, k w f ikd af ½G;cGihf jyXmef;ay;zdUk bk&ifx h rH mS yg wifjyawmif;qdck yhJ gao;w,f/ ya'o&mZfEikd if aH wmfrmS tckvkd tjzpf tysuf jzpfysucf jhJ y;D ESpt f pdwv f eG af jrmufwhJ at'D 1893rSmawmh e,fomvefEikd if rH mS rde;f rom;awGukd rJay;ydik cf iG hf pwifay;cJyh gw,f / e,fomvef[m rde;f rrJay;cGihf yxrqHk; ay;cJhwJhEkdiif Hvnf; jzpfygw,f/ ta½SUawmif tm½SeJY taemufOa&myrSm ckvkd &ydkicf Gihaf wGupd ö ay:aygufcjhJ yD;aemuf at'D 1896? tar&durSm *Reaf [mhyuif; aq;ausmif; pwifziG v fh pS cf yhJ gw,f/ ausmif;tvSL½Siu f rde;f rwpfO;D jzpfjyD; rde;f r? a,musm;f aq;ausmif;udk twllwl wufEkdiaf tmif &nf½G,jf yD; vkyaf y;cJhwmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf at'D 1898rSm ½Sm;vufyguif*ifvrefu rde;f reJU pD; yGm;a&;ynmqdkwJh pmtkyu f kd a&;om;xkwaf 0cJhygw,f/ rde;f rom;awG ynmrwwf&if wdki;f jynfpD;yGm;a&; ysuq f D;w,fvkdU olu axmufjycJhygw,f/ 'DvkdeJY 19&mpk[m rde;f rom;awGtwGuf tajymif;tvJrsm;wJh &mpkESpw f pfck jzpfcJhygw,f/ at'D 1956rSm *dkv'f grD,mu tpöa&;Edkiif jH cm;a&;0efMuD; jzpfvmygw,f/ uJbeD uftzGx YJ rJ mS olwpfa,mufxJ rde;f rom; yg½Syd gw,f/ 1958rSmawmh t*FvefrmS rde;f rawG vTwaf wmfxrJ mS yg0ifEikd v f mygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf tkycf sKyaf &; ydik ;f ? pDrcH efcY aJG &;ydik ;f qdik &f m jrifhrm;wJh&mxl;ae&mawGrSm rde;f rom;awGae&m&vmMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ae&m&vmMuwJht aMumif; wul;wu ajymae? a&;aeMu&wmudku owif;xl;rdkY ajymae&wmrsK;d jzpfaeygw,f/ rde;f rom;awG ae&m& vmwm[m qef;jym;w,f? yHkreS rf [kwb f ;l ? tJ'Doabmudk aqmifaeygw,f/ aemufqHk; at'D 2000? uae'grSm bmAvDrufvmcsiq f kdwJhred ;f rom;u yxrqHk; trsKd ; orD;w&m;olMuD;csKyf jzpfvmygw,f/ uae'g[m 1930 avmufrmS wke;f uawmh rde;f r[m vlyk*Kd vfwpfO;D wpfa,muf r[kwv f kYd jyXmef;cJw h EhJ kid if yH g/ ESpf 70Mumawmhvnf; jyXmef;wmawG ajymif;oGm;wmaygh / bmyJjzpfjzpfyg/ b,ft&murS rjrJb;l qdw k m aocsmjyD;om;ygyJ/ &mZ0ifyjJ zpfjzpf? ordik ;f yJjzpfjzpf rjrJwt hJ aMumif; awGukd a&;xm;? rSwx f m;wmawG r[kwv f m;/ tck a½S;acwftqufqufu rde;f rom;awGtaMumif; od&awmhvnf; 'D rjrJwJhoabm? ajymif;vJavh½w Sd Jhoabmu txift½Sm;ygyJ/ tajymif;tvJawGukd rde;f rom;awG udk,w f kdif jyKcJhMuovdk cHvnf;cHcJhMuygw,f/ [kwu f Jh / rde;f rom;qdkwm jyKvkyw f wfwJh? cHpm;wwfwJh vlom;ygyJav/ ... a&;ay;&rSmu ]rde;f rom;qdkwm . . }wJh / udk,hfukd rde;f rom;vdkU owfrSwx f m;Muw,f r[kwv f m;/ 'gqdk tck udk,f cHpm;a&;jyoGm;wmawG[m rde;f rom;&JU cHpm;csuaf wGyJaygh/ vufcHygw,faemf / /
roDwm?prf;acsmif;? 6-12-2003