Women

  • December 2019
  • PDF

This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA


Overview

Download & View Women as PDF for free.

More details

  • Words: 1,778
  • Pages: 3
rde;f rom;qdkwm roDwm-prf;acsmif; (tHhbG,Zf if pDpOfonfh rde;f rom;qdkwm pmtkyrf S? 2004) ud, k u f ]rde;f rom;awGukd OD;pm;ay;Lady first' vdYk ajymwmcH&&if pdww f w kd wfcw hJ o hJ al ygh/ tJ'v D v kd rl sK;d u ]rde;f rom;qdw k m} k af y;r,fvyk v f u Ykd awmh acgif;pOfxrJ mS wpfcck k a&;&rwJ/h blaz;pm;zdYk wef;pDr,fvyk w f ek ;f trsKd ;om;wcsKd Uu 'Lady first'qdjk yD; aemufqw ]qmol t&ifpm; Hungry one first }qdkjyD; aemufqkwyf pfavh ½Sw d mrdkY udk,f a&;r,fh ]rde;f rom;}u arQmfvifx h m;ovdk jzpfrvm&if pdwrf aumif;ygbl;vdkUyJ ajymyg&ap/ ... udk,hfq,fausmo f ufb0rSm yxrqHk; pdw0f ifpm;cJhwJhpmawGu bmoma&;pmayawGyJ jzpfcJhygw,f/ cufwmu ]a,musm;F wd\ kY em;onf em;a!mif;jzifh rwifw h ,ftyf/ tMum;tjrifA[kokwjzifo h m wifw h ,ftyf\/}qdkwhJ "r®y' pmom;rsKd ;udk f pf&yfvkd oabmxm;cJw h myg/ (ckxu d kd em;razmufjzpfygbl;/) rde;f rawG b,f vdak exdik o f ifw h ,fqw kd t hJ yd'k af wGuakd wmh vrf;nTecf suw ausmzf wfcv hJ kUd rodygbl;/ tm;usrw d Jh rde;f rwpfa,mufawmh ½Scd Jhzl;ygw,f/ ]y#mpm&Dax&D}yg/ ½l;oGypf Gm t0wfAvmjzpfaewJh r,fy#m[m Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;&JU w&m;awmfukd em,ltjyD;rSm wpfxkid w f nf;eJU yxrqHk;r*fuk&d wJt h cdkuf uJ&h w hJ if;qdkMuwJyh &dowfukd jyefajymcJw h hJ taMumif;t&mawG[m ud, k b hf 0tay: trsm;MuD; vTr;f rd;k cJw h ,fvYkd qd&k ygr,f/ &wemoH;k yg;qdw k hJ yef;oHk;cdkiu f kdom yefoifhw,fqkdjyD; ESi;f qD? py,f? ca&awGukd acgif;ay: rwifjzpfcw hJ m? ig;yg;oDvudkom cg;0wfykqk;d vdk jrJatmif0wf oifw h ,fqjkdy;D yd;k ? zJ? uwÅyD g awGukd ud, k af y: rqifjzpfcw hJ m? olawmfaumif;Opömckepfjzmudo k m jref;oifw h ,fqjkdy;D ausmufoH ywÅjrm;awG? oeyfcg;rdwu f yfawGukd yg;eJY em;ay: rqifjzpfcw hJ m/ tJ'gawGtm;vH;k [m ]y#mpm&Dax&D} taMumif; zwfjyD;&mu pcJw h mawGyg/ tJ'gu vG&J if a,musm;F aumif; wpfa,muf&JU aexdkijf yKrlenf;awGuom udk,u hf kd qGJaqmifEkdicf Jhygw,f/ ... 'gaMumifh udk,f cH,x l m;wJh rde;f rom;wpfa,muf&UJ cHpm;csuaf wGukd a&;rjycsiaf wmhygbl;/ udk,t f ygt0if rde;f rom;vdkU owfrw S cf x H m;&wJv h al wGtaMumif;udkyJ udk,t hf aeeJY ½SmazGcpH m;jycsiyf gw,f/ urÇmOD;puwnf;u vlom;udk trsKd ;tpm;ESprf sKd ;om cGJjyD;xm;cJhygw,f/ rde;f reJY a,musmF;aygh/ ordki;f rSww f rf; vufvSr;f rSDorQxJu rde;f rom;awGtaMumif; MunfhvkduMf u&atmif av/ ... ckEpS o f £&mZfawGukd c&pfawmfray:rD eJY c&pfawmfay:jyD;&,fvYkd cGx J m;wmrdYk a½S;tusq;kH udk od&atmif c&pfawmfray:rDukd Munfhvkduaf wmh . . . bDpD 3500 rSm tD*spu f rde;f rom;awG[m bmvDuae rkev Yf yk &f mu bD,mazmufwwfvmjy;D bD,mpaomuf aecJMh uw,fvYkd odvkdu&f ygw,f/ tpm;eJYtaomufu wGJqufaeawmhvnf; tke;f oD;pm;? tke;f &nfaomufMuovdk aerSmyJvYkd awG;&wmaygh/ ]udu k mudv k m ,Ofaus;rI}uae ]bD,m,Ofaus;rI}udk ajymif;oGm;wJh ESpq f ,f&mpkaESmif;umvawGu pvdkU rde;f rom;awG bD,mrl;aewm jrifwkdi;f cdk;vdk;ckvk jzpfcJhrw d m owd&rdyg&JU/ bDpD 3000rSmawmh w½ky{f u&D pDvif½SD;u ydk;xnf0wf&wm MudKufolrkdU t0wftxnfvkdtyfcsut f wGuf ydk;arG;jrLa&; pwifcJhygw,f/ {u&D? {u&mZfawGukd,w f kdif pm;? 0wf? aea&;qdkwmeJY ruif;Edkiw f mawmh aocsmygw,f/ jznfph u G cf suv f kYd oHk;avh½MSd uwJh Zdrcf yH pön;f qdkwmuvnf; {u&DtzdkY vdktyfcsuf jzpfaewmrdkU udk,hf vdktyfcsuu f kd udk,hf zmom ajz½Si;f zdkY MudK;pm;wJhtaeeJY ydk;ZmarG;wmu obm0usaejyefygw,f/ jynfwGif;jzpfyifeDeJY csnaf wGukd Murf;vdkU qdkjyD; r0wfcsicf JhMuwJh rde;f rom;awGu ckawmh ,dk;',m;uvmwJh csKyfjyD;om;csnx f nfawG 0wfrS acwfrSD vSyw,fvkdY xifaewwfMuygw,f/ ,dk; ',m;jzpfu aps;MuD;vdkY jznfYpGucf supf m&if; 0ifoGm;awmh vdktyfcsut f wGuf 0wf&r,fh rde;f rom;awGtzdkY jynfwGi;f jzpfuyJJ vdk tyfcsuu f kd jznfhqnf;ay;w,fav/ tckawmh jynfwGi;f jzpfcsnaf wGawmif tweftoifh jyefjzpfxGe;f vmaeygw,f/ 21&mpk rde;f rom;awGu udk,hfzmom ½Si;f wwfawmh ydk;arG;ay;r,fh {u&D pDvif½SD; rvdkawmhygbl;/

bDpD 1850rSm tD*sprf ed ;f rom;awGu udk,0f efwm;zdkUqkdjyD; ysm;&nfeJU rdausmif;tnpftaMu; a&mjyD; rde;f rudk,x f J xnfhcJhMuw,fvkdUqkdygw,f/ b,fupd örsKd ;rqdk vdktyfcsuaf y: tajccHjyD; wDxGi&f jrJ r[kwv f m;/ udk,0f ef wifruyJ ul;pufa&m*gawGukdyg wm;ay;Edkiw f Jh uGe'f Hk;awG oHk;ygqdkwJh 21&mpkrSmawmif tcsKUd tcsKd Uaomrde;f rom;awGu ajcvGev f ufvGef vGejf yD;umrS ay:aq;xdk;csiv f kdY qdkjyD; aq;cef;vmwwfMuwmyg/ udk,w f kdiw f DxGiMf uHqcJhwJh tD*spo f lawGxufyJ acwfaemuf usaeavovm; rpOf;pm;wwfygbl;/ bDp1D 750rSm [mrl&mbDuk'd Oya't& rde;f rawG wefzk;d ½Syd pön;f udk ydkiq f kid cf iG ?hf qufccH iG hf &vmcJyh gw,f/ 'Dt h &ifuawmh rde;f r[m vlyk*¾Kd vfwpfOD;wpfa,muf r[kwo f vdkygyJ/ a,musm;f ao&if om;orD;awGuyJ tarGquf cHcGihf½Sw d myg/ 'Dykdif qdkicf iG u hf pd u ö vnf; vdktyfcsut f & ay:aygufcw hJ ,fqkw d m oHo,jzpfp&m r½Syd gbl;/ 21&mpkrmS awmh ydkiq f kid cf iG q hf kw d m rde;f rawG vufxJrSmxuf yg;pyfxJrSm a&mufaejyDvkdY ,lq&ygw,f/ bDpD 1500rSm [vDykdvpf qdkwJh tD*spaf q;ynmoifausmif;awmfu rde;f rausmif;olawGukd ausmif;om;tjzpf pwifvufcHcJhygw,f/ tD*sprf Sm rde;f rawG bmvDuae bD,m vkyw f wfwJhtcsed ef JY udk,0f efwm;enf; wDxGiw f wfwJhtcsed f Mum;umv ESpaf ygif; 650 uGmcJhw,fqkdwm jzpfoifhwmyg/ udk,0f efwm;enf; MuHqwwfaejyDjzpfwJhred ;f rom;awG aq;q&m jzpfciG &hf zdu kY awmh ESpaf ygif; 350 apmifv h ku d &f ygw,f/ 'DuaeY aq;ausmif;awGrmS awmh rde;f cav;awGu trsm;pkyg/ aq;½Ht k yk t f yg t0if emrnfausm?f ae&m&q&m0efawGuawmh a,musm;F awGcsn;f ygyJ/ tJ'v D kd taetxm;rSm q&m0efrMuD;awG ae&m&vmzdkY ESpaf ygif; 350awmh rvdkavmufbl; xifyg&JU/ bDpD 776rSm yxrqHk;urÇmhtkdvHypfyGJ usi;f ywJhtcg rde;f rom;awG MunfhcGihfvnf; r&? jydKifcGihfvnf; r&bl;vdkY qdkygw,f/ 21&mpkrSmawmh 'Durde;f rom;awGu Edkiif Hjcm;abmvHk;yGJukdawmif tm;ay;aeMuwmyJ/ upm;zdkY 0go emygwmawmh r[kwMf uygbl;/ tm;ay;wmudk 0goemygMuwmyg/ ... c&pfawmfay:jyD;wJYESpaf wGukd Munfhjyefawmh . . . at'D 397u yxrqHk;jynfolYaq;½Hkukd pdeYfazmfvDemqdkwJh rde;f rom;u a&mrrSm wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/ befZif wdki;f tifyg,macwfwke;f u bk&m;zl;awGtwGuf aq;ay;cef;oabmrsKd ; pDpOfcJYMuwmudk tm;usvkdY jynfolUaq;½Hk qdkwmudk wnfaxmifcJhwmvdkUqkdygw,f/ tD*sprf Sm rde;f rom;awG aq;ynmoifcGihf pwif&cJhwmu bDpD 1500rSqkdawmh tJ'rD wdik cf if ESpaf wmfawmfMumMumuwnf;u a,musm;F q&m0efawG ½Sad ecJjhyv D Uk d ,lq&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh jynfoUl aq;½Hq k kd wmu tJ't D csed rf mS uwnf;u k w kd m ay:vmcJw h maygh/ ray:cJhyJ ESpaf ygif; 1900eD;yg; ausmv f Gejf yD;rS rde;f rom;wpfOD; pwifwnf axmifcJh&mu jynfoUl aq; ½Hq 'geJrY sm;awmif 21&mpkrmS jynfoUlaq;½Hu k aq;½Ht k yk t f rsm;pk[m rde;f rawG r[kwMf uygbl;/ at'D 900u w½kyjf ynfrmS rde;f rom;awGukd arG;cgprSmuwnf;u ajcacsmif;av;awG csKd ;jyD; t0wfeUJ pD;ay; wJ"h avhukd pwifcJhygw,f/ Mumzl;av;vdk jzpfaejyD; vS&atmifvkdU qdkygw,f/ tJ'Dacwfu csKd ;xm;wJhajcao;ao;av;udk ydk;zdeyftvSxJrSm wpfaeukef zGux f m;wwfwJh rde;f rom;awGuom a,musmF;aumif;aumif; &Edkiw f ,fvkdY qdkjyefygw,f/ ud, k v hf t kd yfcsuu f kd rlwnfjyD; trsm;twGuyf g jznfph rG ;f ay;Edik rf ,fh tpDtpOfukd awG;Edik cf w hJ hJ w½ky{f u&D pDvif½;DS om olUy;kd xnfawGu ajcaxmuf xkyzf Ykd tqifajyaeaMumif; od&if b,fvakd er,f rajymwwfygbl;/ ESpaf ygif; 3900vnf; vGev f ma&m {u&DUy;kd uvnf; ajcxkyzf wf jzpfa&myJ/ at'D 1004rSm *syefpma&;q&mr rl&mqmuD½u DS b D u l ]*ef*syD kjH yif} trnf& 0wÉK½Snu f kd a&;om;cJyh gw,f/ tJ'0D wÉK[m urÇmha½S;tusqHk;0wK½Snt f jzpff owfrSwcf H&wJh 0wÉKvnf; jzpfygw,f/ tdraf ½SUpH*ef*sDrif;om;&JU eef;wGi;f tcspZf mwfvrf;eJY eef;wGi;f taMumif;udk uAsmqefqef a&;zGJYxm;w,fvkdY qdkygw,f/ pma&;olu armif;rawmf? rdzk &m;i,fwkdYtjzpf trIxrf;cJhol jzpfjyD; ol&Y UJ eef;wGi;f 'dik , f m&Dukd tajccHjyD; a&;cJw h m jzpfygw,f/ vljrifuiG ;f rSm ud, k w f ikd f ud, k u f s rwifw h ,f&wJh rde;f rom;awG[m olUwkdU&JU jzpfwnfrI? pGr;f &nf? cHpm;csuef JY qEawGukd zGiht f efzkdY uavmifukd tm;udk;cJhMuwm aocsmygw,f/ tdkvHypfukdom ETJvkdU r&wmyg/ uavmifukdawmh qGJvkdU &w,fav/ at'D1220wke;f u jyifopfwuodv k af wGrmS rde;f rom;awG aq;ynmoifMum;cGirhf &jyefb;l vdUk qykd gw,f/ (vGecf YJ wJEh pS af ygif; 2700ausmw f ek ;f uawmh tD*sprf mS rde;f rq&m0efawG ½Scd o hJ m;yg/) wpfcg bDp1D 390u vef'efrmS aq;q&m ? q&m0eftjzpf vkyu f ikd cf iG &hf zdq Yk &kd if wuodkvw f pfckcku bGw YJ pfckawmh vdktyfw,fvkUd qdkygw,f/ tJ't D csed u f t*Fvef rSmvnf; rde;f rawG wuodkvf wufciG rhf &awmh vef'efrmS rde;f raq;q&m&,fvYkd r½Scd jhJ yefygbl;/ 'gayr,fh ud;k &D;,m;u rde;f rom;awGuawmh jywfom;ygw,f/ a,musm;f q&m0efeYJ tukrcHb;l vdkU nDwn l mwl jiif;MuwmrdkY bDpD 1406rSm rde;f rq&m0efoifwef;awG ay;vdku&f ygw,f/ 21&mpkrmS awmh a,musm;F om;zGm;rD;,yfuyk g&*lawG rsm;vmovdk rde;f rt½d;k ukyg&*lawGvnf; ½Sv d mygjyD/ use;f rma&;pDrcH suaf wGeUJ ay:vpDawG csrw S &f wJah e&m

awmfawmf rsm;rsm; rSmawmh a,musmF;awGyJ ½Sad ewwfygw,f/ at'D 1821u rde;f rom;awG wuodkvw f ufcGihf udkvHbD,mrSm pwif&cJhygw,f/ pOf;pm;Munfh&if rde;f rawG bGJY& ynmwwfjzpfciG &hf cJw h m ESpaf ygif; 200awmif r½Sad o;ygbl;/ urÇmah ½S;tusq;kH 0wK½n S u f akd wmh vGecf w hJ EhJ pS af ygif; wpfaxmifuwnf;u rde;f rom;wpfa,mufu vSycrf;em;pGm a&;om;cJhjyD; jzpfygw,f/ at'D 1840u vef'efrmS yxrqHk; uRefpeH pfq f efu Y siaf &;nDvmcHukd usi;f ycJyh gw,f/ tJ't D csed u f vlc&D½mS armhwu f uRepf eH pfqefu Y siaf &;udk tm;oGecf eG pf u kd v f yk af ecsed yf g/ tJ'n D v D mcHukd wufzYkd MudK;pm;wJt h cg rde;f rom; jzpfvUkd qjkd yD; wufciG rhf &cJyh gbl;/ tJ'geJUyJ olu olUoil ,fcsi;f tJvZD bufu'DpwefweG f eJt Y wl trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&; twGuf nDvmcHwpfck usi;f yEdik zf Ukd MudK;yrf;cJjh yD; at'D 1848rSm yxrqHk;nDvmcH usi;f yEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ vlraI &;? bmoma&; eJY taxGaxGtkycf sKyfa&;qdki&f m yxrqHk; trsKd ; orD;tcGit hf a&;nDvmcHukd olwkUd EpS af ,muf usi;f yEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'D tcsed u f ae ESpaf ygif; 160avmufMumvmwJh tcktcgrSm urÇmEh ikd if t H awmfrsm;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om;rsm; eJY wef;wltcGihf ta&; &aeMujyv D Ykd qdEk ikd af yr,fh vuf½;kH &nftpGr;f jyEdik w f t hJ qifah vmufrmS om jydKifqkid cf iG &hf aeMuwm jzpfygw,f/ ESvk;H &nf? OmPf&nfwt kYd pGr;f jyEdkijf yD; udk,pf m;jyKEdkicf iG v hf kd tcGit hf a&;rsKd ;rSmawmh ta&;rygqJyg/ at'D 1854? c½dki;f rD;,m;ppfrmS zavm&ifpEdkuw f ifa*;vfu 'Pf&m&olawGukd ulno D el mjyKpkay;cJyh gw,f/ tJ't D wGuf vufeufxrd eS 'f Pf&maMumifh ppfonfrsm; aoEIe;f [m 47%uae 2.2%xd usqif;apEdkicf yhJ gw,f/ at'D 1860rSmawmh rde;f rom; 16a,mufpkpnf;jyD; *syefu tjrifhqHk; zl*sD,mrmawmifukd wufEkdicf Jhygw,f/ 'gawGu rde;f rom;awG&JU cdkirf mwJhESvHk;&nfeJY MuHch kid w f v hJ uf½kH;pGr;f wdku Y kd jyEdkicf w hJ ,fvkq Yd k&d ygr,f/ at'D 1868u ,d;k ',m;rSm trf'ef*rlerfqw kd hJ rde;f rom;wpfa,mufu rdbay;pm;wJo h u l kd vufxyfzYkd jiif;qdk cJyh gw,f/ 'Dvkrd b d ay;pm;wJo h u l kd vufxyfzq kYd kw d t hJ pOftvmudk w&m;0if vGeq f efzkUd MudK;pm;wJt h aeeJY udk,t hf rd af xmif zufukd ud, k w f ikd af ½G;cGihf jyXmef;ay;zdUk bk&ifx h rH mS yg wifjyawmif;qdck yhJ gao;w,f/ ya'o&mZfEikd if aH wmfrmS tckvkd tjzpf tysuf jzpfysucf jhJ y;D ESpt f pdwv f eG af jrmufwhJ at'D 1893rSmawmh e,fomvefEikd if rH mS rde;f rom;awGukd rJay;ydik cf iG hf pwifay;cJyh gw,f / e,fomvef[m rde;f rrJay;cGihf yxrqHk; ay;cJhwJhEkdiif Hvnf; jzpfygw,f/ ta½SUawmif tm½SeJY taemufOa&myrSm ckvkd &ydkicf Gihaf wGupd ö ay:aygufcjhJ yD;aemuf at'D 1896? tar&durSm *Reaf [mhyuif; aq;ausmif; pwifziG v fh pS cf yhJ gw,f/ ausmif;tvSL½Siu f rde;f rwpfO;D jzpfjyD; rde;f r? a,musm;f aq;ausmif;udk twllwl wufEkdiaf tmif &nf½G,jf yD; vkyaf y;cJhwmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf at'D 1898rSm ½Sm;vufyguif*ifvrefu rde;f reJU pD; yGm;a&;ynmqdkwJh pmtkyu f kd a&;om;xkwaf 0cJhygw,f/ rde;f rom;awG ynmrwwf&if wdki;f jynfpD;yGm;a&; ysuq f D;w,fvkdU olu axmufjycJhygw,f/ 'DvkdeJY 19&mpk[m rde;f rom;awGtwGuf tajymif;tvJrsm;wJh &mpkESpw f pfck jzpfcJhygw,f/ at'D 1956rSm *dkv'f grD,mu tpöa&;Edkiif jH cm;a&;0efMuD; jzpfvmygw,f/ uJbeD uftzGx YJ rJ mS olwpfa,mufxJ rde;f rom; yg½Syd gw,f/ 1958rSmawmh t*FvefrmS rde;f rawG vTwaf wmfxrJ mS yg0ifEikd v f mygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf tkycf sKyaf &; ydik ;f ? pDrcH efcY aJG &;ydik ;f qdik &f m jrifhrm;wJh&mxl;ae&mawGrSm rde;f rom;awGae&m&vmMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ae&m&vmMuwJht aMumif; wul;wu ajymae? a&;aeMu&wmudku owif;xl;rdkY ajymae&wmrsK;d jzpfaeygw,f/ rde;f rom;awG ae&m& vmwm[m qef;jym;w,f? yHkreS rf [kwb f ;l ? tJ'Doabmudk aqmifaeygw,f/ aemufqHk; at'D 2000? uae'grSm bmAvDrufvmcsiq f kdwJhred ;f rom;u yxrqHk; trsKd ; orD;w&m;olMuD;csKyf jzpfvmygw,f/ uae'g[m 1930 avmufrmS wke;f uawmh rde;f r[m vlyk*Kd vfwpfO;D wpfa,muf r[kwv f kYd jyXmef;cJw h EhJ kid if yH g/ ESpf 70Mumawmhvnf; jyXmef;wmawG ajymif;oGm;wmaygh / bmyJjzpfjzpfyg/ b,ft&murS rjrJb;l qdw k m aocsmjyD;om;ygyJ/ &mZ0ifyjJ zpfjzpf? ordik ;f yJjzpfjzpf rjrJwt hJ aMumif; awGukd a&;xm;? rSwx f m;wmawG r[kwv f m;/ tck a½S;acwftqufqufu rde;f rom;awGtaMumif; od&awmhvnf; 'D rjrJwJhoabm? ajymif;vJavh½w Sd Jhoabmu txift½Sm;ygyJ/ tajymif;tvJawGukd rde;f rom;awG udk,w f kdif jyKcJhMuovdk cHvnf;cHcJhMuygw,f/ [kwu f Jh / rde;f rom;qdkwm jyKvkyw f wfwJh? cHpm;wwfwJh vlom;ygyJav/ ... a&;ay;&rSmu ]rde;f rom;qdkwm . . }wJh / udk,hfukd rde;f rom;vdkU owfrSwx f m;Muw,f r[kwv f m;/ 'gqdk tck udk,f cHpm;a&;jyoGm;wmawG[m rde;f rom;&JU cHpm;csuaf wGyJaygh/ vufcHygw,faemf / /

roDwm?prf;acsmif;? 6-12-2003

Related Documents

Women
May 2020 41
Women
May 2020 30
Women
June 2020 30
Women
May 2020 30
Women
December 2019 32
Women
October 2019 46