West Sumatra

WEST SUMATRA The land of the Minang kabau West Sumatra is one of the most beautiful areas of Indonesia. It is mountainous and divided by three valleys. There are lovely lakes and spectacular volcanoes. But the land of the Minangkabau is very special and has the most friendly population group of Indonesia. They love to talk with visitors and will tell you about their unique society. If a visitor tries to understand the culture and traditions of the Minang he will soon feel himself a member of the clan. He will be invited as a guest to their homes - a unique way to become acquainted with real Indonesian life. Most of your hosts and hostesses are English teachers so language will not be much of a problem. They will show you the community and explain their customs. Further information about the possibilities, expenses and such you will find elsewhere on this website. If you want to know more, please ask Mrs. Muslidar who lives in Bukittingi, the cultural centre of the Minangkabau. Adat The ethnic group of the Minangkabau is famous for its matriarchal social system. Minangkabau queens are still celebrated in many old legends, such as Kaba Cindua Mato, the formal narration of which can take as long as seventeen evenings! After-life beliefs are also mother-oriented, reflected in the saying: "Heaven is under the sole of mother's foot" (i.e. you won't get to heaven if you maltreat your mother). All decisions are made in a democratic manner. When little squabbles occur among the Minang, everything is ruled by strict adat, on the basic principle of consensus. The culture in the coastal towns, although bearing the stamp of the Minangkabau adat, tends to be more male-oriented and less democratic. Descent and Inheritance In this strongly matriarchal society, probably the largest in the world, titles, properties and family names are handed down through the female line. Here a man's children are not his heirs. Instead, he is bound to leave his possessions to the children of his eldest sister. His nephews and nieces are therefore his "kamanakan" (those who inherit). The grandmother is the grand matriarch, with her eldest brother or first son considered the family representative. Houses are very much the domain of women. Daughters usually inherit property, which is worked collectively, and women own most of the shops. Clans: In the Minangkabau society all children bear the name of the clan of their mother. Membership of a clan, the right to use its land and the right to a clan title is transmitted by the mother's or grandmother's brother. The family consists of a Saparuik (people of the same womb), mothers, their offspring and their brothers. Descendants of an ancestral mother live together in the same house. In the highlands that may amount to 30 people.

Overview history The written history of the Minangkabau started in the 14th century, with the introduction of Islam to West Sumatra, at the time of the gold trade with India and Aceh. By the 16th century Pariaman had become the main port, until the people of Aceh captured the harbour and took over the trade so that all trade from West Sumatra went through Badeh Aceh. Pepper cultivation then started to become important and West Sumatra became a leading pepper production area, involving, firstly, traders from India, China and Portugal and later the English and the Dutch. In 1763 the Dutch captured Padang and built a fortified trading post. The Portuguese Ambassador of that time became the first European to visit the royal palace of Bukittingi. The Minang lived in three valleys, each valley being ruled by a different leader. Their power reached as far as the Batak regions and Rajang. The central Minang government lasted until the end of the 18th century when the wealth of the gold mines was exhausted and the miners had to find other work. This work was found in the direction of coffee, salt, textiles and gambir (a superior vegetable tannin which proved to be an improvement on the original Chinese product). The trade was controlled by Islamic traders from the beginning of the Islamic reformation. Kings, Queens and other secular leaders who refused to follow the Paderi (religious leaders) were conquered during this troubled period in what became known as the Paderi wars. The Islamic university is still called Paderi. In 1821, the Dutch secured their trade by making agreements with the Raja Alam of Pagaruyung. The Raja gave them the Tanahdatar Valley in which they built Fort de Cock at Bukittingi. From there they extended their power over the highlands. The Paderi wars continued until 1837 at Bonjol, named after the most powerful Paderi leader, Imam Bonjol, where their power was broken. From the beginning of the 20th century West Sumatra played an important rôle in modernizing Islam, especially in improving education for women. In the twenties many a well-educated student was frustrated by the lack of work. In 1926 the students, with the aid of the Communists, started a rebellion; many rebels were put into Dutch jails in New Guinea, Irian Jajah. After the second world war, during the independence struggle, Bukittingi briefly became the capital city of Indonesia; after Sukarno was captured by the Dutch it was the temporary refuge of the Government. On 1st. January 1950 Sumatra became a province of the newly-independent Republic of Indonesia. Traditional House Traditional house of Minangkabau is called 'Rumah Gadang' that means big house or Rumah Adat that means customary house. It is called Rumah Gadang is not because of its big size,but it refers to the big function of the house it self.

Rumah Gadang in Minangkabau belongs to all members of relatives along the mother's line called kaum. The function as the place for all Adat ( custom & tradition ) ceremonies like wedding party or inauguration of a head of clan. The original Adat house is made of wood and bamboo for the back wall. The roof is made of palm vibre.It is about 12 to 20 metres long and 6 to 8 metres wide the position of floor is two to two and half metre above the ground. The location of an adat house strech from west to east, while the numbers of the rooms are 3,5,7,9 & even though 17. The construction is expended up with a horn shape roof. The roof looks like the horn of buffalo with 4 to 6 points strech along the house and a point in addition forward for the front door and ladder. For the expanding form of the construction there is no any right angle connection to the pillars with the horizontal bars of the house. Both, the upper and lower horizontal bars of the building. The inside of the house is devided into 4 parts. They are living quarters along one side of that house which consist of five or more rooms, another side in front of the rooms is a hall for meeting. In some houses, the meeting hall made with a raised floor as the place for the household in a meeting. At both ends of the house are rooms with a higher floor called Anjuang.The rooms at Anjuang are used only for a special occasion, and usually used by a newly married daughter of the family. Adat house has difference according to their clan : 1. Adat house of Bodi Chaniago : The house has smooth floor and doesn't have anjuang. 2. Adat house of Koto Piliang : The house has anjuang.

There are kinds of adat house according to their shape:

1. Rumah gadang Rajo Babandiang.

Consists of 5 rooms,30 poles,4 slightly horn shapes 2. Rumah Gadang Rajo Maharam. Consists of 40 poles it is called Gajah Maharam because the whole shapes look like elephant sitting on the floor with the legs together and bent back beside the body. 3. Rumah Gadang Sarambi Papek It is smaller than Rumah Gadang Rajo Babanding and consists of 3,4,5 rooms coinciding with the numbers of pole and there is no "paserek"and bedroom here. In front of Adat house stands rice barns used to keep food supply namely: · Sitinjau Lauik Located on the left side with 6 poles and has function as paddy storage for providing the common need adat expense. · Sibayau-bayau Located on the right side with 6 poles and has function as paddy storage for daily need. · Sitangka Lapa Located on the left side with 4 poles and has function as paddy storage for

disaster. The wall of Adat house and the rice barns are adorned with colourfull carving,that very interesting and certain meaning reflecting Minang Philosophy "Alam Takambang jadi Guru" means the whole nature becomes teachers. Yeni. http://westsumatra.org/

The Minangkabau culture: Muslim, but different West Sumatra is the domain of the Minangkabau. In the beautiful landscape around Bukittinggi, the typical Minangkabau houses are owned by the women in a matrilinear system. They manage to combine that system with the strict Muslim faith, in which the men are dominant. From Singapore we cross over to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The ferry brings us to Pulau Batam within an hour. This is a small island in the Riau archipelago, from where we can take the boat to the mainland of Sumatra. The boat only leaves in the morning, so we have to hurry to catch it. An Indonesian guy "helps" us, gets tickets and leads us to the boat in a hurry. Once on the boat, we realize we have been scammed. The exchange trick costs us 20 US dollar extra, but what is worse: we are on the wrong boat. Instead of going to Buton, we are heading for Dumai now. In Dumai, we have to arrange a bus to Pekanbaru. Again, there are around 20 men around us shouting to "help" us. This time, they are out of luck, we are fierce negotiators this time. We finally end up in a bus full of Indonesians. The ride is long, bumpy and with a number of stopovers, but around 9 PM we are finally in Pekanbaru.

Poppy's Homestay Poppy's homestay is the only backpacker facility in Pekanbaru. We cannot find it, until we are helped by a few locals. Surprisingly enough, they don't rip us off, they do not even want a tip for their help. Our faith in the Indonesian people is a little restored. Especially when the owner of Poppy's appears to be very friendly. He tells us where to exchange money and how to get to Bukittinggi the next day. Although we are asked to enter the bus early, it takes a long time before it leaves for Bukittinggi. It drives circles in the city to attract

more passengers, and then it stops for breakfast. But in the end, we leave and in a short time we are winding through the mountainous area of central Sumatra. After a few hours more and more houses with bullhorn shaped roofs appear. We are approaching West Sumatra, the domain of the Minangkabau.

Mountain View We are dropped off at the edge of Bukittinggi and have to make a long walk to the center. The name of the town means high hill, so we have to climb that as well. Besides, it is difficult to read the map, which isn't correct either, so it takes some time to get where we want to be. The hotel we picked, however, doesn't exist anymore, but there is a good alternative. A little while later we are relaxing and enjoying the view of Mountain view Guesthouse. Our first day in Bukittinggi we take it slow. We take our time to find out what can be explorer around town, and how to move on to Java. We also meet Johanna. She is a Dutch girl in a room next to us, and she has an Indonesian boyfriend, Jas. She is here for the third time now, and has a lot of tips for us.

Wedding n the afternoon, Johanna suddenly arrives, asking us if we want to go to a Minangkabau wedding. Well, that's a yes, and in the evening the four of us join the wedding, celebrated in between the houses, where the people are waiting on chairs. The bride and groom are in a house, and once in a while a group of people can visit them. They are offered some food, after which they can congratulate them and make room for the next group. The bride and groom stay inside. When it is our turn, we take off our shoes and go inside. In a large circle we sit on the floor, the men cross-legged, the women with their legs to the side. The food is typical Padang style: in the middle are dishes with chicken, meat, and vegetables, mostly prepared with many spices. Everybody gets a plate with rice and takes wat het wants from the dishes. It is an art to shape the food with the right hand into little balls, and eat those. We have some more trouble with it, and finish last. Then we congratulate the bride and groom and go back outside. Outside, a band is playing. Everybody is invited to come and sing on stage, but we decline. We can not refuse to make a dance, however. So here we are, on an Indonesian wedding, and the few Dutch people have to start the entertainment. Maybe it is the lack of alcohol to loosen the people up a bit. A number of guests do want their picture taken with us, so apparently we are the attraction here. Around 10 PM

the party is nearly over and everybody leaves. We do not get to see the bride and groom again, they are probably counting the gifts in the anonymous envelopes.

Through Sianok Canyon The next day, Jas offers his services as a guide for a walk through the nearby Sianok canyon (Ngarai Sianok). From Bukittinggi we walk down and via some rice fields we end up in a forest. Further downhill we arrive at the river that flows through the canyon. We follow the river and pass it several times since it flows from one side of the canyon to the other. We see enormous bugs, and flying foxes, a bat species with sizes up to 1 meter. We pass several small waterfalls and see a few monkeys in the distance. The climb up is hard, but once on top we have a magnificent view over the canyon. Via the silver village, where people are making silver jewellery, we walk back to Bukittinggi.

Minibus tour The next day we booked a tour by minibus through the surroundings. At the first stops we are taught about the different herbs and fruits that grow here on the slopes of the volcanoes. Again nice views, and we spot a few eagles. Then we arrive at a coffee mill. Driven by the water in a stream, poles are lifted and released in a receptacle full of coffee beans. Built by the Dutch, the mill is now owned by a corporation. The people can come here to grind their coffee beans for a small payment. Then we arrive at the tourist palace. It is a copy of the original palace of the king, constructed for the tourists. It is a traditional Minangkabau house, with the bullhorn shaped roof. In the Minangkabau culture, however, the houses belong to the women. Why this house is not called the palace of the queen is not clear to us. After lunch (padang food again), we visit the oldest still existing Minangkabau house. For over 350 years, the eldest daughters of a certain family lived here. The Minangkabau men can visit and stay the night, but they do not live here. Male children leave their house at the age of six, the rooms are for the daughters. The Minangkabau are muslim, however, according to which religion two thirds of all possession is inherited by the male descendents. In the Minangkabau culture, that only concerns newly acquired goods. The lack of houses make Minangkabau men a wandering species. It is therefore that the Minangkabau also appear in other parts of Indonesia and even Malaysia. It is even expected of a man to spend considerable time (a few years) outside of his village. Mostly, however, they come back, or their wives follow them.

The men of the Minangkabau do have communal functions. Every "clan", consisting of the descendants of a mother or grandmother, has a representative. Oddly enough, this is not her husband, but the eldest brother of the firstly married woman in the house. This man, whose children belong to a different clan, has the responsibility over the children of his sister's clan. All these men, from every clan, together form some kind of city council. Every generation also has its leader this way. When something needs to be arranged, like a wedding, that leader is approached, who will gather the rest of his group to organise things.

Bull fight In between some showers we move on to a large crater lake, Donau Singkarak. We can take a swim here, with thunder in the mountain as a backdrop. The stop at the wood workers is also short, it is time to move on to today's main attraction: the bull fight. On Sumatra, people don't fight the bulls as they do in Spain. Instead, the bulls fight each other. They bash their heads together and try to push each other away. The one that runs looses the game. According to the story, this is how the Minangkabau got their name. When the people from Java came to conquer Sumatra, they convinced them to let the bulls fight for the victory. The people from Java came with a huge bull, but the Sumatrans only had a small, hungry calf, with its horns drenched in poison. The calf thought the bull was its mother, and went searching for her udders, wounding the bull. The bull ran, and the people shouted "Minang kabau, minang kabau", which means "Victory for our Bull". We have a good view over the arena, from a hill around the field. Most of the audience is on the field, as close as possible to the bulls. The first fight takes long, neither one of the bulls wants to give up. The supporters of both bulls are shouting and pushing the bulls to force a decision. Then, after 20 minutes, one of the bulls runs away. The second fight is much shorter, after the first bash, the sensible one of the bulls takes a hike. The third one is also short, but has a spectacular ending. The fleeing bull can not find a clear passage through the crowds, and bashes into the people. Two people are injured, and the rest runs for their lives. Next, the bull runs up the road, followed by the other bull. All ends well, but we are told that sometimes people are killed by fleeing bulls.

Fort and Zoo Bukkittingi also has a few places of interest in town. So we head for Benteng de Kock, the fort that the Dutch built on the hill. But there are

little remains of the once mighty fort. There are a few canons around the hill, now occupied by a kind of water reservoir. Via a suspension bridge we move on to the Zoo. But this is a sad sight as well, especially the anorexia camel we see. Yet, there are some animal species we see for the first time, like the komodo dragon. Finally, there is also a Minangkabau museum on the premises of the Zoo, obviously in the shape of a traditional house. Inside, the traditional clothings are on display, as well as miniature versions of typical buildings, sheds, and tools. And there are also many items that have nothing to do with the Minangkabau, like coins and paper money from different countries, and stuffed Siamese twin goats. Strange, but interesting.

Jungle Trek In the meanwhile, we decided not to move to Java by bus, but to take the boat. Since it is leaving on Sunday, we have enough time for a jungle trek to Lake Maninjau. Eric, who speaks a little Dutch, has convinced us in the nice Lonely Planet caf� to join him. A bus brings us out of town until we reach the river where our jungle trek starts. The first part of the trip is nice and easy. Then, we have to cross the river for which we exchange our shoes for slippers. We keep these slippers on, since we have to cross the river about 10 more times. The fast flowing water almost reaches our crotches, so it's not always easy. Then Eric decides to climb up from the canyon, via a waterfall. Just as we wonder if there are no leeches here, Eric indicates to put our shoes back on, and we find a few. And while we are tying our shoes, we are startled by a wild pig, being chased by dogs. That's a good start for our jungle trek!!

Climb and Descend Coming up from the valley the path slowly goes down again. Beautiful views over forest, river, rice fields, and mountains until we get down, pass a bridge, and move up again. This repeats itself about four times, in the meantime adding a big shower. Then, after 5 hours of climb and descend, we finally stop for lunch. After lunch, a few motorbikes bring us further to the edge of the huge crater in which Lake Maninjau is situated. We enjoy the view but are interrupted by thunder clouds and rain drops, so we quickly descend into the crater. The crater is heavily forested, and the path is slippery. We slip and slide, and when we stand still we can see the leeches on the floor standing upright, ready to hitch a ride on our feet. When the

rain gets worse, we walk faster, and we end up almost running, as we arrive at Anas Homestay.

Anas Homestay Anas is a collections of cottages in the middle of the jungle. Enjoying a cup of tea we dry up and come at ease, enjoying the beautiful view. We take a shower from the water that is captured from a stream via some bamboo branches. Sabine and Eric are playing the guitar, and we play cards with the two other guests, Calypso and Ben. What a beautiful place to be� The night at Anas is less pleasant. Patrick finds a leech and we stay too alert to have a good night sleep. But the nice breakfast compensates for that and a little while later we are ready to move on. First we head for a waterfall. Eric moves fast, and the rocks are still slippery from the night before. So we slip and slide again, until Patrick disappears into the abyss. Luckily, the forest keeps him from falling very far, but he is a bit shaky. At the waterfall, we take a nice shower, but not before we find a large number of leeches on our legs. They must have gone right through our socks to get to our blood. The rest of the descend goes well. The path gets less steep and we pass a few rice fields. Then we arrive in the village of Maninjau. We walk on until we cross the last rice field to reach Lily's homestay at the lake. But before we reach that, we see a big monitor lizard of 1 meter, and a few small colorful ones.

At the lake Lily's homestay is a nice relaxing spot on Danau Maninjau. We swim at the small beach and relay with a meal and a drink. Too bad we didn't know about this place before, we could have spent some nights here. Now we take the local bus to bring us back to Bukittinggi. The road up on the crater wall is great, with 44 numbered hair pins, beautiful views, and many monkeys along the road watching the cars go by. After one and a half hour we reach Bukittinggi and look back at an intensive, but nice jungle trek. Our last day in Bukittinggi we take it slow. We visit the market, and walk around town. We enjoy another Padang meal on a banana leaf with Johanna and Jas, before we say goodbye. The next morning a minibus picks us up at 4.30 AM to bring us to the boat in Padang in time.

For our standards, we spent a lot of time in Bukittinggi. There is a lot to see and do here. The beautiful landscape is perfect for trekkings, but there are also good places to relax. The Minangkabau culture is slowly decaying, but very intriguing and present in the background. These friendly people have surprised us, which we needed after being ripped off by the first Indonesian guy we met. http://www.adventure-travel-tales-and-tips.com/minangkabau.html

Refreshing Maninjau Lake Maninjau Lake West Sumatra, is one of the most splendid lakes in Indonesia. This volcanic lake is situated more or less 461 meters above sea level. This lake, 100 m2 in size with the maximum depth of 500 meters, is associated with a legend. It is said that from the local folklore called "Bujang Sembilan" (roughly translates as "Nine Young Men"), one of these men died by plunging himself to the crater. The crater then expanded, forming a lake. Maninjau Lake has a five starred resort located on the top of a hill. With pleasant, inspiring sceneries, staying around Maninjau Lake will be a dazzling experience for you. Maninjau Village is located near the lake. Buya HAMKA, one of the most notable novelists in Indonesia, was born here. HAMKA wrote the phenomenal Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijk. Another famous person born here is Rangkayo Rasuna Said, one of Indonesia's national hero. Her name is immortalized as one of the protocol roads in Jakarta. Getting There Located only 35 kilometers away from Bukittinggi, you can visit this site by using a car or a public transportation. Where to Stay You can stay at various inns and hotels in Bukittinggi, or at Maninjau Resort, which is closer. Moving Around From where you stay, you can use a private car or public transportation to view the magnificent scenery. Dining Guide You can eat at several nearby restaurants or hotels. Bear in mind that West Sumatran food tends to be spicy. Souvenir Tips You can buy traditional Minangese crafts within the area or in Bukittinggi. Various songket (hand-woven cloth), slippers, shoes, bags, money pouches made of songket, and other unique items are also available. You can also buy traditional West Sumatra snack such as cassava chips coated with chili sauce.

Other Things to See or Do Simple water recreations can be done in the lake. Unfortunately, since the locals consider swimsuits improper, you shouldn't swim in this lake. You can swim in the resort or in other hotels. If you stay at the resort, you can also use the fitness center and jogging track. http://www.visit2indonesia.com/maninjau.htm