Weaving 2

AMERICAN SCHOOL

of CORRESPONDENCE

CHICAGO

SPECIAL COLL TS 1490 .A5 1903 r)+-

.

TT

ILLINOIS

U* o»

A»

PART

II

LIBRARY ^N^^^.%^.

1895

WEAVING PART

II

INSTRUCTION

PA

}^

ER

PREPARED HY

H. WlI,I.IAM NEI.SON City and Guilds of London Institute

Lancashire and Cheshire Institute

Head of Department of Weaving, Lowell Textile School

1905

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE AT

ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHICAGO

U. S. A.

ILLINOIS

c

Copyright

1905

by

American Schooi. of Cokkespondknck Kntered at Stationers' Hall, lyoiidou All Riffhts Reserved

WEAVING PART

II.

THE FILLING STOP MOTION. 'V\\i,'

stop motion

Jiirni;/

of a loom

and

WW

one of

is

tlic

most sensitive minor parts

adjuslmeiit requires skill and

its

thoiio'lit if

the best

Thero are two distinct forms of tilling stop motions both of which serve the same })urpose, i. c, cause tlie loom to sto[) if the hlling breaks or runs out. Of these the alteiresulls

lo

obtained.

l)e

nale stop motion, which will be described

first.

used most conunonly on cotton looms, It is attached to the breast beam, on the

is

end nearest the driving pulley, at sucli a point as to cause the fork to pass directly in front of the shuttle-box entrance as the lay swings forward, and is actuated only when the lay is swinging back from the front center just as the shuttle is about to be })icked from that side. This action takes place of course only on alternate picks lience the derivation of the name.

The motion

shown in Fig. 102, consists of the following pieces. An elbow lever composed of two sections, the hanmiei-or upper section, C, and the lower section, I>, which are bolted togx'ther and hung on the stud at C. A cam, I), which is iixed on the pick cam shaft to actuate the lever. A grate, F, which is in detail, as

inserted in the lay near the entrance of the shuttle-box.

A

fork,

E, provided with a hook at one end and usually three prongs at the The fork is mounted on the fork-slide, (r, which slides in other. tlie

slide-plate attached to the breast

shown

to

admit the end of the

Tlie action of the motion

beam, often being recessed as

ship})er-lever.

is

as follows:

As

the

cam revolves

it

lower end of the elbow lever, thus throwing back the hammer, and as the lay swings forw ard at the same time, the fork raises the

enters the grate as

shown

at K, allowing the

rest behiiul the

hammer

the slide with

and through the

it,

whicli catches as

it

hook of the fork to moves back, drawing

slhp[)er level- releasing tlie shipper

WEAVING

152

When

handle, thus stopphig the loom. face of the grate the fork grate, being tipped

out of the ing place.

way

up

there

is

fillmg across the

prevented from passing through the

is

shown

msteacl as

at L, thus lifting the

hammer and preventing any

of the

Consequently as long as the

the loom continues to run.

may

filling is across

There are two distinct forms be bent as shown at

hook

action from tak-

the grate in w^hich

M

and N. Sometimes an intermediate form is adopted and in extreme cases the prongs extend further than at N but for ordinary work this would The form shown at be defective fixing. is by far the best for

the prongs of the fork

;

M

r

"^r

T\.

cif::^

Fig. 102.

Filliuff

Stop Motion.

any kind of work. In setting the sto}) motion several facts must be considered as governing its most efficient action. As strain tends to weaken the

cause excessive strain. the better. 'J1ie

The

Correct timing

i)rongs of

the fork sliould be set so as not to

filling

tlie

is

less

movement

re([uired for the fork,

absohitely essential.

fork should be long

enough

to reach below

WEAVING the level of the r;u'e-plati\ wliich if

is

grooved

they are not sutheieiitly long there

to slip nndei-

153

is

at the required point,

a tendency for the tillhig

them, thus allowing the hook to catch and the loom

Also as the lay swings back the

to be stopped.

filling

which was

pressed partially through the grate, becomes slack and often curls

around the prongs if they are too short. This sometimes causes the loom to stop, but more often the loop so madc^ weaving down, holds the fork tipped up and prevents it from stopping when it should, until it is broken away. Occasionally this loop is woven into the cloth

making ii With the

is

a defect.

to

which the fdling

thick place which, especially on fine goods,

fork shaped as at

subjected, and the

is

quired, are botli ivduced to

nearly so

M, the amount of strain amount of movement re-

aminhnum. Wlien

the prongs are ver-

not necessary to have them pass through the grate to the same extent as required with a fork shaped as at N, tical or

to })roduce the

A glance

it is

same amount of movement.

only

the filling to slide

shaped

like

N, and

is

necessary to see that there

up on a fork shaped it is

nearest the ends that

when

it is

like

is

M

less

tendency for

than on a fork

the filling presses against the prongs

subjected to the least strain.

It is especi-

on a multiple box loom that the effect of strauiing the yarn becomes most apparent, because on such a loom the eyelet would ally

be in the back end of the sliuttle-box as the fork enters the grate, and in the majority of cases the filling would be held tightly between the shuttle and the binder so that no let-off l)obl)in.

This being so

it

may

is

possible from the

readily be seen that the greater the

distance the fork passes through the grate, the more the filling will be strained, often to the point of breaking out.

Excessive movement always to be avoided, because under such conditions often rebounds just in time to catch and stop tlie loom. Wlien

of the fork it

is

setting the motion

tlie

prongs should project through the grate not

more than one-cpiarter of an inch, and as some forks are made with short prongs and a long hook, care must be used to make sure that the grate does not come in contact with the slide. If the grate should strike the slide when the lay swings forward, the slide will be pushed back and the loom st()i)ped without any extra jar to which the loom may be subjected.

To time

the slop motion

it

is

cdiuiuon practice to

j)usli tlie slide

WEAVING

154

as far forward as it will

go and

set the fork

the pressure

is

and cam

back from

Ihit occasionally the slide slips

tion.

its

to this posi-

position

projects through the grate with the result that occasionally the

and the

will stop,

something

when

removed, reducing the distance which the fork fixer

having

set the

loom

motion will naturally think

else the cause of the trouble.

With

the fork fixed hi

correct position, swing forward the lay,

and as it is just leaving the front center set the cam to move the elbow lever with the catch of the lever just passing the fork. If at this time the hook of the fork barely clears the hammer, the timing will almost invariably be correct when the loom is running. There are different shapes of cams used, but an eccentric cam its

gives the best results.

By

its

use the lever acquires even motion

where other shapes cause sudden and uneven motion.

Q

Fig.

Protection Device,

10.3.

Frocf Motion.

THE PROTECTION DEVICE. The

protection device

is

to protect the

ont should the loom stop or bang off

Avitli

warp from being broken the shuttle in the shed.

There are two distinct forms of protection devices motion, whicli

is

;

first

the frog

almost invarial)ly used in connection with a back

binder; second the device which has the dagger in the center of the lay

and

is

used

in

connection with a front binder.

Keferring to Fig. 103, which represents the frog motion, the explanation

is

as follows.

A

is

loom; n, the dagger attached to

the frog fitted on the side of the a

rod suspended under the lay

:

WEAVING C, the protection finger wliich

sole

;

the

dao-o-er

rod witli

its

upper end

is

155

fixed on the outer

in contact witli the

end of

binder

;

D,

the steel receiver placed loosely hi the frog to receive the blow

from the dagger point G, a brake which

when

the frog

E, knock-off finger which pushes off the

;

when the dagger

shipper handle, F,

drawn

is

strikes the receiver in the frog

in contact

forced forward.

is

with the tight pulley, H,

This checks the speed of the

loom, and also throws on the pulley some of the jar caused by the

loom ])anging

Incorrect setting of the brake

off.

often causes

the loom to become broken and the receiver to wear out before

The

should.

and is

D

latter is

replaceable

Pieces,

it

A, B, C,

are fitted to both sides of the loom, but the complete device

only used on the driving side.

which

when worn.

At

there termed a blind frog,

is

swingmg forward

that

at

side

as

is

the opposite end, the device

necessary to prevent

would happen

tlie

lay

only one

if

receiver were used.

With

this

form of protection device more power

drive the shuttle than

when

is

required to

front binders are used, because strono;er

springs are invariably used on the dagger-rod, and there is also more weight pressing agamst the bmders due to the use of two daggers.

The daggers vary in length, but for this style device on a narrow loom the average length would be about 3|". Different systems of setting ai-e employed to the same end. One system is to draw the lay forward with the shuttle in the shed until the reed is pressuig the shuttle liglitly against the warp, at which time the

dagger should come in contact with the receiver, and the brake bmd on the pulley. Another method is to place the shuttle on the raceplate against the reed, and draw the lay forward until the front side of the shuttle is about |"

This

may

Setting by this the

make

from where the

fell

of the cloth willl)e.

be readily determined from the inside edge of the temple.

of

method loom.

will cover nearly every case regardless of

Where an

extra large shuttle

is

used, or

very heavy fabrics are being woven, either protect sooner, or have the dagger a

On

trifle

longer.

the ordinary Northrop T^oom, an extra large shuttle

is

used,

being necessary to give the requisite strength when forcmg the b()bl)in through, and a |" space between the shuttle and the fell

this

;;

WEAVING

156

of the cloth has been found to be

continually

if

the

amount

amply

sufficient.

of space allowed

Smashes occur even

insufficient,

is

and the cloth produced has defects in the form of thick places caused by the filling being beaten in too closely The diagram at Fig. at the point where the shuttle comes to rest. though the motion

acts,

104 shows the various positions. At A the position in weaving B, when the loom has banged off and the shuttle is pressed forward until the protection acts

C,

;

when

tlie

space allowed

A

is

insufficient

method

and the yarn

is

tightened excessively.

the device

to

have the dagger in contact with the receiver when

is

the crank shaft

is

slightly forward of the

The

third

of setting

bottom center.

other form of protection device

is

repre-

This form of device

sented at Fig. 105.

is

in

more general use than the one previously described both for single and multiple box looms, and is undoubtedly the better of the two. It is more easily fixed, does not require so

protection

power

rod,

has

much

spring on

fewer pieces, requires

less

and is used in connecFig. 104, ^^Qj^ with the front binder which is decidedly the most preferable form of binder. As illustrated, B, the protection the various pieces are A, the shuttle boxes to drive the shuttle,

;

:

finger

;

C, the dagger

and F, the protection the lower

;

D, the receiver

The rod

rod.

front of the lay sole,

against the binder or binder frame.

is

;

E, the protection spring

held in close contact with

and the fingers, B, B, press Some makes of looms have only

a binder forming the front of the l)ox, while othei'S have a

wood

with an adjustable binder attached to the binder frame and

front fitted

wood front. Daggers vary in length being from 4" to 4|" long on a nar-

into an oblong slot cut in the for this

form of device

also,

row loom, and correspondingly longer for broader looms because of They are also made longer for narrow the longer sweep of the lay. looms intended for very heavy weaving. This form of motion

is

set similarly to the frog motion.

To

draw the lay forward until the dagger is well into the hollow of the receiver and fix one finger. Then insert a piece of cardboard about gV" thick between the finger and the bmder, and fix the other finger in contact with the other binder.

set the fuigers,

WEAVING When

the second

liiio-cr is l)tMiiL>- di'ivi'ii

and

t(»s[)i'in^' a little

Jla\e the tlagger point

stiiiu' sipiarel}'

the edges of the receiver soon is

a

smash

wear

ont,

in the warp, especially

if

movement

n[)

to

on the receiver

keep

clear

it

in

receiver for

tlie

if

it

and the

intimation of

the dagger

a greater

requires

it

iirst

the dagger has been strik-

When

ing against the bottom of the receiver. strike higli

tendency

bottom the point of the dagger and

strikes eitlier ntnirer tlie to[) or

this

on, llic rod has a

to allow for this tliat the i)aper is inserted.

is

it

157

set to

is

amount

from the receiver when the loom

is

of

run-

means that the binder nnist be set closer into the box, causing increased pressui'c on tlie shuttle and a consequent increase of power necessary to drive the shuttle into the l)ox. Under these conditicms the loom will be constantly banghig off because the ning.

'I'his

change

slightest

speed will prevent the shuttle from entering

in

the box fully, and consequently the dagger fails to clear the I'eceiver.

There

also

is

movement

more wear

wliicli is

due

to the additional

amount

of

re(|uired.

A

A

—

r-i

I

F

F

I

ry^

^\r Fig. 105.

Tension on the

s})ring

Protect] ou Device.

should

as liglit as })ossible, only to

])e

the extent of keeping the linger in contact with the l)inder and

applying sufficient pressure to the shuttle.

The only

tion to this style of [)rotection device

all

the loom Itaiiging off breast

beam

is

is

occur, however,

is

sometimes responsible for

stops the

when

tlie

momentum

if

the l)reast

rot. tlie

Neither of

this.

beam

is

of

well

Incorrect setting of the

trouble.

The brake should

dagger strikes the receiver, for of the loom.

real objec-

the jar caused by

one point, and occasionally a

a[)}ilied at

seasoned wood and free from dry be api)lied

that

sprung or broken by reason of

these faults will

brake

is

tin's

tends to

WEAVING

158

KNOWLES QINQHAM BOX LOOMS. The term or

more boxes

with several the other,

is

box loom

is

applied to a loom which

with two loom equipped one end of the lay and only one at with an alternate pickuig motion and only

at one or both ends of the lay. l)oxes

always

Fiff.

at

fitted

106.

is fitted

A

Knowles Gingham Box Loom.

an even number of picks of any color may be woven into the cloth, because the shuttle having been picked across from the multiple

box

to the single box,

must be returned

to the multiple

box before

any cliange may be made.. This type of loom, which is designated as a 2 by 1, 4 by 1, or 6 by 1 box loom, will be explained first.

WEAVING The' purpose of sucli looms

different colors of

of

lilliut^-

may

to

produco

clolli into

which several

woven but only even numbers of picks The more boxes there are, tlie greater

are

any one color may be used.

variety of patterns

is

159

be woven, but

it is

not advisable, however,

to purchase looms having four boxes merely on the prospect of

usmg

four at sonu^ future time

present needs.

use in the immediate future, necessary at

tlu^

when only two

This

lime.

it

may

is

be

better to obtain only those ex[)laiue(l

of leverage,

are picked

and

It

as

into the shigle

is

all

by the

fact that the

new boxes than from boxes

shuttles are thro\vn differently from

Avhich have been used.

amount

are required for

Unless the larger immber of boxes are required for

the

also ditticult to obtain

right

the shuttU's from the multiple box

box there

endless troul)le from this

is

source.

All the shuttles used for these looms must be as nearly equal in

good proportion If they are too suiall the top edge of the back of the to the boxes. shuttle receives no support from the back of the box, and has a tendency to work in the slot or picker-race in the back of the boxes, while if too large, broken bobbins will often result and the shuttle size

and weight as

require

possible,

more power

of the temple

bemg

and should

as well be in

to drive it into the box, especially in the case

set a little

high

off the race-plate.

There should

be a space of not less than three-sixteenths of an inch

both above and

may

in

front of the shuttle.

be given for allowing this space,

Two

thirst,

it

is sufficient

the box

very good reasons

mwhen very

the temple almost

variably raises the yarn from the race-plate and even slight

m

to raise the shuttle so that

it

has a tendency

to strike the U)\) of the box, unless space is allowed, thus

retardmg

the shuttle, chipping the wood, and breaking bobbins and yarn.

Second, the shuttle travelling across the lay describes an the tendency less space is

arc,

for the shuttle to strike the front of the box,

allowed

lu're e(i[ually

bad results

with

and un-

will follow.

In judging the value of a box motion two considerations ought to be taken into account as follows:

Is

the motion adapted to the

loom to whicli it is to be litted, and are the parts Acreadily changed and easily adjusted when litting is reipiired? cording to tlu^ practical answei's to tlu^ above the retui'us are good A box motion may ap[)car to be simple and yet not be or badspeed of the

WEAVING

IGO

suitable for the work it is expected to })erform, while on the other hand a complex mechanism is not nsnally a very durable one. A solid compact motion is to be desired, especially for liigh speed looms, because a motion, the main working parts of which depend n[)on small studs for support, will not run long without repairing,

even though good results could be obtained with slightly stronger parts on a slower running loom. Fitting

cedure

is

to

A New fit

them

Set.

Having selected the boxes, the next proand a few moments examination

to the hxjrn

may save houi's of laljor as well as su})plies. A set of loom in sueh a way that the shuttles will boxes may be fitted to run a month without any appreciable effect, or they may become of tliem

a,

si)oiled in

an hour, according to the precision of fitting. Of course a liigli speed loom with the greatest possi-

boxes nuTst be fitted to

become worn and Clean the boxes thoroughly, wiping away all grease s})lintered. from the inside of the boxes, particularly as its presence would Smooth off all sharp edges cause false running of the shuttles. of the back slot and the edges inside edge found on the such as are

ble care, or the back of the shuttles will soon

of the erroove in the binder.

Set

all

shuttle will be gripped at similar points

the binders ;

so

that

each

buiding the shuttle at or

behind the center for reasons referred to in a previ
become cut, and usually drops in between the binder and the front of the box, and wlien the binder comes in contact with the front of the box the filling is cut, while if the binder touched only at the extreme end there is no to

come

in contact

with the box, or the

because as the shuttle leaves the box the

danger of this happening.

filling will

filling curls

After the binders are bent to

fit

the

extreme end of the binder should not be hi contact with the outside pin, but wherever possible a space of at least oneWith a new set (piarter of an inch should be allowed for change. of boxes the binders must be tigliter than is necessary with an old shuttle, the

due to a certain amount of grease which it is impossible to remove, and the shuttles as well are inclined to Ije oily. Set the lifting rod thoroughly by means of the lock-nut undeiset,

neath the boxes.

Carelessness' in regard to this

trouble as the boxes

become

loose,

is

a source of

and during the })icking of the

WEAVING

161

shuttle the front of the l)ox (U'scends, causiiin' the slinttle to strike

the race-plates with harinlul effect.

A

h)ose lock-nut

is

also a

rouuuon cause of the boxes binding in the slides.

The above regardless of

directions apply to the fitting

tlu'

and

lixiug of boxes

motion employed to actuate them.

IJefore de-

due consideration nuist be given box The motion used on the two-harness gingham the box motion. loom consists of two parts, the Upper and the Lower, the latter of scribing the setting of the boxes,

which

will be explained first

because

it is

connected directly to the

boxes.

Fig. 107.

Knowles Gingham Box Loom.

KNOWLES BOX LOOM LOWER HOTION. This

l)ox

motion derives

its

movement from ellii)tical gears, The gears are timed

and consequently has a fast and slow motion. to

impart their greatest speed during the change from one box to

anotlier, Avhich regulates the

color of filling to enter the

cloth.

While it is not only advisable but necessary to have the boxes changed in time, it is not always desirable to have too rapid action,

WEAVING

U)2

for the hi

movement should be

changing boxes

.the

is

as even as possible.

constantly causing trouble.

gearing of this motion

is

A jerky action A diagram of

presented at Fig. 108.

Elliptic gear

bo

l,is fixed

27

teetli.

gear

8,

on the picking cam shaft and geared into

Compounded with % which has 15

a 22-tooth gear

each having

and a segment

The 22-tooth gear is the first same number of teeth, which transmit

teeth.

of a train of four gears of the

is

2,

WEAVING motion to the second segment gear

ment gears

15 teeth. These segand one beneath the vibrator omitted from one side and three from the 4, also of

whicli are phiced one above

gears C, have one tootli

motion being imparled always tlirongh the smallest space,

otlier,

the

163

first

space

is

two

tcetli of llie

The

segment entering that space.

to allow the segments to revolve withont acting

larger

npon

tlie

vibrator gear.

The

vibrator gears, of

A\'liich

studs iixed to the vibrator leve

s

there

ai'c

two, arc mounted on

D, and these in turn are sup-

[)ortedatone end by a stud attached to

tlic

h)om

side, the other

end

beuig connected by means of the connectmg rods E, to the small

which press on the filling cham bars. A vibrator or connectis fixed by means of a stud to each vibrator gear, both vibrators also being attached to the box levers, which unpart the rise and fall to the boxes. One of these levers is a compound lever, G, which will raise or lower two boxes, and the other is a smgle lever, H, which will raise or lower one box. The pieces, K,

levers

ing bar, F,

durmg

and, K', act as one solid lever

loom, and the two box levers, at points

M

to the outer

and

N

end of

G

and

the ordmary working of the

H

are attached to

K

and K'

The box liftmg rod is attached beuig adjusted by means of the adjustuig

respectively. K',

Leverage is mcreased or dmiinished at O, mcreased by lowermg the connection and dunmished by raismg the connection. A cam, T, which is compounded Avith segment gear, 3,

nuts at P.

This knife engages with the ends of

actuates the lock-knife, R.

the vibrator levers, keeping them in position during the tune the

segment gears revolve.

they Avere not so

If

lield

they would tend

to spring out of contact with the shells, forcing the lock-knife out

of connection with the vibrator levers during; the chano-msr of the

box chain, and allowing the bars

to be raised or lowered.

To

time

the lock-knife, set the finger, S, on the center of the highest part of the cam,

when

the craidc

sliaft is

between the bottom and front

centers, uieluied to the front center, with the shuttle

m

the single

l)OX.

A

protection device

is

provided to protect the mechanism

from becoming broken at any point,

if anytliing should happen to Sometimes a shuttle does not enter the box, leaving part of it extending on the race-

prevent the boxes from working. fully

WEAVING

164

some device were not provided to free the boxes, The manner the shuttle or the boxes would be broken.

and

plate,

either

if

of joining together the levers, K, and, K', provides this protection.

Two K',

short studs witli tapered ends are set into the

and

fit

levers being held

which

in close

hub

of lever,

of lever, K, the

two

of a spiral spring,

held compressed between the head of the bolt and the

is

When

lever.

hub by means contact

into corresponding holes in the

the boxes are prevented from working, the studs hi

lever, K', twist

out of the holes in lever, K, thus breaking the

connection, which

A

obstruction.

A\ill

be re-established

spring at

V

in the

on the removal of the

box of

lever,

V,

assists

in

drawing the levers back into place. Place the Ijoxes in the slides and attach

To Set the Boxes.

the lifting rod to the swivel, P.

away from the loom

at a

Bend

pomt near

the lifting rod very slightly

its

center, in order to elevate

the back end of the boxes and thus guide the shuttle higher on the

Loosen the bottom of the

picker.

so that the boxes is

be

detrhnental to good work.

justmg nuts is

may

at P, so that the

and adjust the

slides

but not loosely, as the latter

Set the boxes

))y

means

of tlie ad-

bottom of the top box at the entrance

level with the race-plate.

of the box motitni,

lifting rod

raised freely,

Then

and level

tlie

raise tlie

second box by means

bottom with the race-plate by

changing the connection of the single lever at

O

;

raising the con-

nection to lower the box or lowering the connection to raise the

Next

box.

The and

raise

and adjust the third box similarly to the second. all right after the former adjustments,

fourth box should be if

not,

it is

an indication that the boxes are not true.

This

is

becoming bent before leaving the machine shop. It must be remembered in connection with this motion, that changing the adjusting nuts at P will alter all the boxes, and the adjustment of the second and third boxes must be effected by altering the connections of the single and compound levers at O, therefore the top box must be adjusted first and occasionally the case, caused by the boxes

the others in order.

Always bend is

higher

lower

it

it

tlie lifting

lod at

tlie

will rub against the frame

will

come

in contact

case causing endless trouble.

center, because

work

if

the

of the boxes,

bend

and

if

with the supporting bracket, in either

As

the shuttle

is

brought forward

WEAVING by the picker,

165

slioukl be so driven that its front

it

toward the reed,

this nietliod

of (hiviiic^

shuttle to run better across the lay.

end

tcndinpr

is

inclined

cause

to

the

This may be bi'ought about

end of the boxrs forward, out of a straight line with the reed, or by having the back end of the picker spindle forward, out of line witli the back of the box. The parts are someby liaving the

l)ack

this

man-

machine

slioj),

times fitted in

ner

in

thi'

but

if

fixer

should see to

they

they are

the

not, it

that

are.

Patent checks

made

are

fitted at the

Z>f

and

buffers

be

to

end of the box

frame behind

tlie

picker,

but in place of these a of cloth or

roll

several layers

%to

of leather tacked together,

may

be used.

Sucli cliecks

serve a two-fold purpose, that of reducing the jar on the shuttle

when

it

reaches

and

end of the box,

the

also to

keep the picker-face

level with the guide plates,

the latter being an essential

feat

of a

ure

box loom.

shows

running

in tin;

Fig.

guide

the

1U9

plates

whicli pi'ess out the shuttle

when

the Ijoxes change

the picker

is

too far back

from the face of the If the picker is

Fis- 109.

Guide

Plates.

slide.

allowed to remain in that position, the

shuttle eventually wears

yarn.

if

ti})

of the

with sharp edges which cut the warp Occasionally the shuttle being back too far will catcli, and fiat

preventing the boxt-s from sliding freely, cause a smash. For a buffer or check to the }iicker on the iimer end of the picker-

S/Wr,'

:

WEAVING

166

spindle, a strip of leather douljled three or four times Avill give

good

service,

between each

and

if

a leather or rawhide washer

doul)ling, the

check will

last

much

is

placed in

longer.

Previous to placing the picker on the spindle, be sure that is

perfectly straight, for

it

is

not worth while trying to

fix

it

a

warped picker as it will never give satisfaction. The normal position of tlie vibrator gears is witli tlie small space on top, and it may readily be seen that in order to accommodate the risers on the chain, it is necessary to have the AdV)rator gears almost rest on the lower segment gear, hence the space is necessary on the bottom of the vibrator gears to allow the bottom segment to rotate freely. When the boxes are to be raised, a riser is placed on the l^ox chain, to lift the small lever connected to the lifting rods, which in turn lifts the vil)rator bar and vibrator gear,

which

is

mounted on the

This brings the vibrator gear into

bar.

position so that the first tooth of the

space in the vibrator gear, which

drawing with

box

large space, freely.

is

segment gear enters the

then rotated one-half turn,

the vibrator lever and consequently raising the

it

The

lever.

is

vibrator gear

now being turned

half

round the

on top, thus allowing the top segment gear to revolve

This position will be maintained until a blank bar

m the

chain conies under the small lever, thus through the connections

allowing the gear to drop into contact with the bottom segment gear, which, rotating in the opposite direction to the top one, re-

turns the vil)rator gear and the boxes to their

Timing

Box

the

first positions.

Set the box motion so that wlien

Motion.

the boxes are changing Tip or down, the bottom of the box will be a])out one-eighth of

an inch above or below the race-plate, Avhen

with the re(;eiver. Or, have the first tooth segment in contact with the vibrator gear when the crank shaft is just behind the bottom center, coming for\A^ard. Upper Box Motion. The upper box motion consists mainly of two barrels or cylinders, with the necessary driving mechanism,

the dagger

is

in contact

of the

whicli carry the chain.

A

box or

detail

filling

pattern chain and the multiplying

sketch of this motion

is

given at Fig.

110,

lettered for reference as follows

A. barrel.

Box cham

ratchet,

which

is

fixed

to

the filling chain

WEAVING Siiiiill

li.

are

two

ol

Icvrr wliicli

lil'liiit;'

one

these,

for

tlie

ri'sls

sing'k;

167

on

llu!

box

There

(;liain.

and

k-vei'

oni;

for

the

eonipouniK (

C.

'oinieetini;"

rod which eonnt'cts lever,

bar ni the h)wer box motion, in

which

is

fixed

it is

vil)rat()r

lettered

lever.

to

the

multiplier

])avi'el.

E,E'.

Ell)ow lever.

Driving pawls which are niounte(l on the upper end

F, G.

E

ratchet

^Iidtiplyhig

I).

chain

with the

sketdi of which

There are two eonueeting rods, ouo for eaeh

E.

of

tlui

li,

aiul

work

H.

Small

in opposite directions.

which

on the multiplying chain. Slide or shield controlled by II. J, J'. K. Small lever same as H which rests on the box chain. Small clamp

H

lifted

The motion

is

lever, E, E'.

Upper Box Motion.

diiven thidugh a connecting rod

necting device from a is

around the box of elbow

G

Fig. 110.

stud

rests

Shield controlled by K.

L, L'. ]\L

k'N'er

si ell 1

cam

A\'ith a

discon-

fixed on the pick-camshaft.

A

bolted to the loom side, forming a bearing for one end of a

small lever which carries two studs at the other end, one on each side.

One

of these studs

woiks

in the shell-cam,

and the connect-

WEAVING

168

A, (Fig. Ill)

iiig rod,

At

attached to the other.

is

of this connecting rod, A,

is

the upper end

attached this disconnecting device in

the form of a sh)tted lever, B, with a semi-circuhir recess in wliich

a stud,

L), is

held during the operation of

motion, this stud

tlie

end of the elbow lever. Ordinarily the disconnector iits over tlie stud, and as the connecting rod moves up and down the lower part of the elbow lever moves with it, thus causing being fixed at the

the upper part to vibrate between the chain barrels actuating the

pawls which are mounted on connects the

consequently lever

is

filling

when

Though

it

chain or cord, F,

fork slide to the back of the slotted lever, and the filling runs out or becomes broken, the

drawn back against the pressure

ordinarily holds

A

upper end.

its

in position, in this

the rod continues to act

it is

in the slot, not being allowed to

quently the elbow lever

the connection.

so held that the stud remains

engage in the recess and conse-

not actuated.

is

which

of spring finger, E,

way breaking

This action of the

discoiniector prevents the occurrence of mispicks l)y sto})[)iiig

The clamp, M, holds

turning of the box chain. a fixed position

when

Timing the

the rod

in the

center Avith the shuttle will

commence

to turn the

to

is

disconnected.

When

Cam.

tlie

the elbow lever in

the crank shaft

is

single box, set the

draw down the

rod,

and the

on

tlic

cam

front

so that

it

commence

})awl will

box chain.

Chain Building.

Risers

are

small

iron

rollei'S

which

are

placed on the chain bars to pass under and raise the small lifting levers

which through the connecting rods actuate the box motion raise the boxes. A riser is always a starter.

and thus

Sinkers are small iron tubes wliich are placed on the chain bars to keep the risers in position, also being used where risers are

not required,

i.

be returned to

When

e.,

its

when

the motion

is

not to be changed or

is

to

regular position.

there are but

motion, one space only

two is

shuttle boxes to be controlled

by the

required for a riser or sinker on the

Four boxes require two spaces, six boxes require three spaces and when a multiplier is used at least one space more must chain.

be allowed.

In the consideration of chain building

start the subject

it is

as well to

with buildi'ng the box chain alone, leaving the

multiplier until later,

and the four-box motion just described

is

a

WEAVING cxaiiipU'

<;'o()(l

luiiid aif

lift

wliicli to

work.

Tlir

iiuiiii

borne

facts to be

in

that the shigk' lever will raise or h)wer one box and the

(•onii»oiiii(l

A

(til

1G9

lever will raise or lower placiMl on

risei'

the boxes from

actuate the

lirst

compound

two boxes.

the chain to actuate the sin^'le lever will

second:

to

lever will

and a conibinatiou of

tlie

two

a rist^r

will lift the

fourth, irrespective of the previous bar.

Fig. 111.

phiced on the chain to

the boxes from

lift

To

first

boxes from

to third lirst to

return the boxes to

Disconnectiug Device.

To

from fourth to second a first, a blank bar riser under the single lever third to second a riser under the suigle lever second to first, a blank bar, fourth to third, a riser under the compound. The boxes are in the

place,

l)uild

as

follows:

;

return

fourth to

;

;

regular or normal position

with the race-plate, and only,

is

a

when

the bottom of the top box

blank bar,

i.e.,

is

even

a bar containmg sinkers

necessary to retain this position, but risers must be used to

cause a (-hange.

When

[lossihle to

avoid

it.

nexcr build a chain so

:

WEAVING

170

as to cause the boxes to

jump from

because in so doing the motion

than

sliouhl be,

it

spun

loosely

and constant

filling is

is

first to

fourth or fourth to

first,

subjected to a greiiter strain

fixing will

If soft or

required.

l)e

being used in one shuttle, run that shuttle in

the top box to prevent the fibres of the loose filling fron; clinguig

and causing a bad selvedge. Suppose a chain is required to weave the following

to the other filling

Example colors,

:

4 red, 4 white, 4 red, 4 white, 2 black, 2 green, 2 black, 4

making 34 picks in the pattern. Each bar in the chain has the value of two })icks because the shuttle passes from the nuilti[)le box to the single box and back again, before a change can be made, and for 34 picks 17 bars are required. Place white, 4 red, 4 white,

the red in the top box, the wliite in the second box, the third hox, the green in the fourtli box.

be

l)uilt

Then

tlie

black in

the chain

would

according to the following directions

4 picks of red will require 4

"

" white "

"

4

" "

" " red " white "

"

4

2

"

" black "

"

2

"

" green "

"

2

"

" black "

''

4

"

" white "

"

4

" "

" red " " white "

"

4

two blank bars or

sinkers.

lever, and a sinker under the comjjound lever, on two bars. two blank bars. a riser under the single lever, and a sinker under the comjjound lever, on two bars. one bar with a riser under the compound lever, and a sinker under the single lever. one bar with a riser under both single and

a riser under the single

"

compound

levers.

one bar with a riser under the compound lever, and a sinker under the single lever. a riser under the single lever and a sinker under the compound lever, on two bars. two blank bars. a riser under the single lever and a sinker under the compound lever, on two bars.

"

34

C,

The above is indicated on design paper as shown in Fig. 112; a meaning compound lever S, single lever x, a riser and ;

sinker.

Any chain where

in a similar

;

a multiplier

manner by increasing

riultiplier.

not used,

may

or decreasing the

two

as required, using one bar for each

The

is

Tlie multiplier

is

—

;

,

be laid out

number

of bars

picks.

of great value as

its

use

saves time in l)uilding box' chains, and also reduces greatly the

length of chain required.

It

is

especially valual)le

wlien large

WEAVING cheek patterns are to be woven, tlie

inulti[)lyiiig eliaiii eaii

to a comparatively small

are

woven

it is

Inr

171

liowever large

])atteni

tlie

is,

be so built as to reduee the box chain

number

In mills where blankets

of bars.

customary to use a double and occasionally a The mul-

triple

multiplier, one multiplying the other.

does not control the box motion, but does

tiplier

s.

box chain, giving to every bar in the box cliam, which carries a nuiltiplying riser on it, control the

the value

of the

may be. A many picks

multiplier

itself,

Avhatever that

multiplier has for its value twice as as there are bai's in the chain without

L c, a 4-pick multi[)li('r would recpiire only

re[>eat,

one blank and one carrying a box

tAvo bars

cliain

but these would have to be repeated to give

riser,

go around the chain most commonly used are 10, 20, 30, and a bar in the box chain

sufficient length of chain to

The

barrel. 4,

8,

6,

multipliers

carrymg a multiplying

riser

has the respective

because the box

value as indicated,

chain

will

remain stationary while that number of picks are The box chain is stationary placed in the cloth. while the multiplier is

stationary

is

Avorking, andtlie nuiltii)lier

while the box cliain

is

working, a

always being the starter or changer from one

riser

chain to the other.

A

multiplying riser on the box chain starts the multiplier and

stops the

box chain, which

the multiplier cliain.

box chain

of the

The

starts again

when

a riser

comes up on

multiplier which will reduce the length

to the. greatest extent,

without requiring an ex-

cessively long multiplying chain, should always be selected.

pattern

havmg 20

In a

two other though a 20-pick multiplier would give the

picks of one color and 10 each of

would seem as greatest amount of reduction, but this is not the case, as a 10-pick A niuUi[)lying chain may be multiplier instead would be better. used continuously for two or more repeats, adding a bar with a multiplying riser to the l)ox chain for each repeat, or for any numcolors

it

ber of picks greater than ciiaiii

for

its

value, l)y adding one liar to the box

every two picks extra, but

it

cannot be used for a number

:

WEAVING

172

of picks smaller than

value, hence the reason for the statement

its

As

that a 10-pick multiplier should be used for the given pattern.

a proof, for a pattern composed

of 20 white, 10 black, 10 red, using

a 20-pick multiplier, one bar, carrying a multiplying riser,

would

be required for the 20 picks of white, five ordinary bars would be required for the black, and five for the red, making 11 bars in

with 20 bars in the nniltiplier chain, a total of 31. pick multiplyer, two bars carrying multiplying

risers,

would be

quired for the white, and one each, carrying multiplying the black and red,

making 4 bars for

all

Using a 10re-

risers, for

the box chain, which together

with the 10 bars requii'cd for the multi[)lier would make a total of only 14 bars.

As

example, suppose the pattern

a further

is

required to be

composed

of 20 pink, 20 white, 20 puik, 10 white, 2 cord pink,

white, 20 pink, 20 white.

Working out

10

the chains for

this pat-

tern to find whether a 20-pick or a 10-pick multiplier

would be

better, the result

would be

as follows

20-PrcK

10-PicK

Multiplier.

Picks.

Multipliek.

20 pink

1

1 1

•

5 1

5 1

1

13 bars

For

tliis

16

pattern also the 10-pick multiplier

bars

would require the

shorter chain, 13 bars being required for the box chain with the 10-

pick multiplier, and 10 bars being required with the 20-pick nndIf the

tiplier.

length of the multiplier chain

account, the difference

becomes

still

is

also

more favorable

taken into

to the 10-pick

=

box chain plus 10 multiplier 23 bars total required, using a 10-pick multiplier; and 16-box chain plus 20 mul-

multiplier, as 13

tij)lier

The

=

30

bars

total

required

using a 20-pick

nuiltiplier.

length of the multiplier cliain, however, sliould not receive too

niucli consideration

as in building a multiplier chain

necessary to place a single riser on one bar as a changer.

it

is

only

WEAVING As

173

a pattern where a larger iiuiltipler will allow the use of a

shorter box

cliain,

the one

worked out as follows

is

a

good one.

WEAVING

174

Start the chains with the riser in top, so that the front

the

l)()x

chain,

chain ratchet.

and

if

the

first

tlie

end of the shield Tliis

allows

is

multiplier chain on the clear

from the teeth of

the pawl to turn the box

bar carries a multiplying riser

it

will cause

the front end of the shield to clear the multiplier ratchet, which

is

WEAVING riser

on the multiplier

wliicli ai;aiii

175

.starts

the box chain.

If

both

ehams were so set tiiat a siiil<er came at the top of each, neither one would be turned and only oni' color of filling would be woven into the cloth.

and worn studs in the protection most frecpient causes of trouble in this form of box motion. When the latter becomes worn or the spring is too weak, the lever slips and the boxes are not lifted high enough. If the gear stud is worn there is a tendency for the gear to become sprung or the first tooth to break. The first two or three teeth m the gear and segment become worn and allow them to spring AX'orn vibi'ator gear studs

lever are the

out of mesh.

Incorrect timing of the lock-knife will cause skips,

and incorrect timing of the chain barrel will cause broken risers and bent chains. Care must be taken in timing the boxes and fitting the swells, as previously explained. Sometimes when a loom bangs off with tlie sliuttle partly in the shed, a smash results, due to the boxes being set early so that the protection finger is in contact with the edge of the swell, preventing the protection from

A

working.

protection finger,

worn

so that the flat part rests

agamst the other binder, will occasionally cause a smash in a similar way. If there is insufficient movement given to the dagger, owing to faulty fixing of the binder by bending out the end instead of shaping

it

properly, smaslies often occur,

and

in

addition the inner part of the binder will cut the filling by pressing

against the box frame.

To Prevent and

if

Filling

from Drawing,

one shuttle contains soft spun

first

examine the

filling it sliould

filling,

be placed in

almost impossible to prevent the

fillhig from between the others, because it If the shuttles cannot readily be causes them to cling together. changed, or if tlu; filling is all alike, bend a piece of wire into a

the top box, as

drawing

in

bow and

fix

if

it

it is

the soft filling

is

in the lay sole near the

box entrance, with

aljout

one and one-half inches extending above the race-plate. Sliould this not answer the pur})osc, l\\ a narrow band of leather to tlie

boxes near the entrance, extending from bottom to top. Avoid as far as possible jumping the boxes from first to fourth or from fourth to

first,

especially the latter, as the tendency to

greater on the descent than on the

rise.

rebound

^Nlany fixers tighten

is

up

WEAVING

176

the protection spring on the box rod, believmg that the

only for that purpose, which of course pose

sticks in the boxes or

Jumpmg

of the boxes

They

speed comes on at the other times

Its pur-

not the case. if

is

the shuttle

they are held fast by some other cause,

if

and the tighter the spring eccentric gears.

is

motion from becoming broken

to protect the

is

sprmg

the less protection will be given.

is,

usually due to incorrect timhig of the

is

will

sometimes run well when the slow

finish,

thus easing off the boxes, while at

necessary to set them with the fast speed, just

it is

is put more quickly than the boxes.

finishing so as to get the boxes started before the fast speed

on,

otherwise

Heavy heavy

lifting lift

chain

the

travels

of the harnesses often influences the boxes, the

causing extra vibration to the upper motion.

CROMPTON GINQHAn LOOM, 4x1 BOXES. The Upper Box Motion. Similarly to the Knowles Gingham Loom, the l)ox motion of the Crompton Gingham Loom is comTlie upper motion con-

posed of an upper and a lower motion.

box chain, chain barrel and nndtiplier, together with the necessary driving pawls and ratchets as illustrated in Fig. 114. The Multiplier. A disc multiplier is used on this motion, sists of

i.

c, a nndtiplier

disc,

B, which has

A, of a

in its circumference, carries a ratchet.

variable numljer of teeth. finger, acting in

The

run without a chain.

two indentations, C,

Pressing against the disc

cond)ination with a slide,

I),

is

a small

on the same stud

which extends under a phi iixed in the driving pawl, H. When the finger is lield on the circumfei'ence of tlie disc tlie drivhig pawl is held out of contact with the filling chain ratchet, but when the finger enters the « indentation the slide

drops away, allowing the

pawl, H, to engage with the ratchet and turn the

There

is

filling

chaui.

on the same stud which carries

also a lever, E, pivoted

the disc, one end of which extends over the chain at F, and the

other

extends directly under the end of the pawl, G, which

o})erates the nndtiplier ratchet. u[)

on

tlie

box

When

i;hain it raises the

a nniltiplying riser comes

lower end of the lever, E, and

consequently lowers the upper end, allowing the pawl, G, to engage

with the ratchet, A, thus turning the disc until the finger again enters an indentation.

Then

the slide,

I),

drops, allowing the

WEAVING pawl,

II,

to

eiiL;'iio'i'

willi

llic

lilliiii;-

177

cliain

to turn until another nuiltiplying riser

ratchet which continues

comes up on the chain.

To change the value of the multiplier a number of teeth is substituted. Each tooth picks, but owiuL!,' to the disc

the multiplier

is

of a multiplier

half the

may

ratchet of a different

has the vahie of two

having two indentations the value of

number of

teeth in the ratchet.

readily be doubled

The value

by attaching a piece of

tin

up one indentation, when its value will become double the whole number of teeth. The disc nuiltiplier is an exceptionally good mechanism as it is simple, positive in action, and has no links to get out of order, thereby requiring very little to the disc so as to cover

fixing.

The

up[)er

box motion

Fig. 114.

is

through the connections,

mounted the driving pawls.

(loul)le

cam. A,

Upper Box Motion.

(Fig. 110) fixed on the pick ates,

operated through a

cam tlie

A

shaft,

one part of which actu-

oscillating lever

on which are

disconnector, which })revents the

from working when the filling breaks, is actuated by the smaller part of the cam, which also assists in drawing back the motion after a disconnection has taken place. The dwell of di'iving rod

tlie laro-er }»art

of the

cam

is

(Hie-half a rcNolution of the pick

cam

WEAVING

178

shaft, equal to a full revolution of the craiik shaft,

cam has

and the smaller

There are two separate elbow levers, C and D, between wliieh tlie cams revolve, both being- pivoted on the same stud, E, which is attached to the cross A catch slide, L, is attached to the upper end rail of the loom. of the lower elbow lever, 1), at F, and the driving rod, (I, wliich The drives the upper box motion, is attached at the other end. one-half the dwell of

Fig 115.

,

tlie larger.

Crorapton Gingham Loom.

Upper elbow lever, C, is actuated by the large cam, and carries, fixed on a stud, IT, at the elbow, a spring clamp Axhicli also grips a stud fixed in the upper part of the lower lever, D, at J. As the cams revolve, the large one coming in contact with the upper elbow it, and by the combined action of the spring clamp and the spring, K, the lower elbow lever is also actuated. A slotted bar, M, is supported by a bracket fixed to the loom side, and the slide, L, works in the slot of this bar when the motion is

lever, raises

WEAVING ill

operation.

and

lifts

Wlicii

llic

a finger wliicli

179

breaks, the t'ork-slidu

lilliiiL;'

thus raising the slotted bar so that as the slide

is

result that furtiier forward inoveinent

elani[i.

lever,

D, at

J, is

This stud

Ijaek

is

M,

driven forward

the catch comes in contact with the bottom of the

on the

draws

also in contact with the slotted bar,

is

slot,

with the

prevented, and the stvul

forced out of connection with the spring

being

out

of

connection,

the

connecthig

rod eaniiot be lifted sufficiently high to cause the pawl to turn the

Fig. 116.

Disconnecting Device.

ratchet gear on the filling chain

motion ceases. tension spring,

])arrel,

While the elbow K, is extended, and

lever back into position

when

and

levers it

will

all

operation of the box

are disconnected,

draw

the

the upper elbow

.allowed to contract

;

this is called

the grasshopper motion.

in

The Lower Box Motion. This motion, which is illustrated Fig. 117, is known as the })in gear motion, deriving its name

from the manner of driving the

lai-ge

segiiieiit

or space gear, B.

WEAVING

180

The

pin gear, also termed the dog,

pick

cam

shaft,

and

is

attached to the end

as the shaft revolves, the pin.

(^f

the

A, enters one of

the recesses in the segment gear, B, advancing the gear one space

There are ten spaces on the inside separated and on the outside the gear is divided into ten

for each revolution.

by

recesses,

segments of seven teeth each, with blank spaces between, so an

Fig. 117.

Lower Box Motion.

advancement of one space has the value of seven teeth. The segment gear revolves on a stud fixed to the frame, about 3|

cam shaft. At the top and side of the segment gear, small shafts, C C, are placed, carrying at one end cams, which operate the box lever. The cam on top lifts one box, and the side cam lifts two. A small segment gear, E, inches forward of the pick

1

laving

is

two

spaces, separating as

also fitted

on each

many segments

shaft, together

which has a projection, G,'on each of such

form as to

fill

of six teeth each,

with a double fork or side.

slide,

F,

These projections are

the spaces in the small segment gear, anfl

WEAVING

181

act the part of a broad looth, lueshiiig with the spaces in

large

tlic

segment gear.

One side of the slide is twice as long when one projection is tilling a

as the other,

quently other

is

out of coiuiection

the short end

;

long end the returner.

raiser, anil the

small elbow lever, H, which

Fig. 118.

is

in the small

segment

being

Each

the starter or

slide is operated

Crompton Gingham Loom.

The

flat

upper motion under which the portion of the projection,

segment gear, almost touches the teeth of so

gear,

segment gear

is

that

by a

connix-ted by the connecting rod, J,

to one of the small levers in the risers in the chain pass.

and conse-

space on the gear, the

the

projection

catches

turned, and the teeth of

Ixitli

tlie

when large

when

the small

lai'gc

and small

segment gears are brouglit into mesh. There is but one box lever refjuired with this motion, and this is shown at K, with the spring The lower end clamp, L, gripping a stud fixed to its outer end. of the

clamp

is

attached to the bottom of the box lifting rod, N.

WEAVING

182

A

is provided to hold each small studs by means with the cam hi place, being held in contact

small

fiiiger

called the check fuiger,

of a spiral spring.

The normal

position of the motion

is

with the short ends of

both slides nearest the larger gear, and when a riser necting rod, the small elbow lever presses

lifts

the con-

in the slide until the

—-3a

Fig. 119.

Cromptou Giugbam Loom.

up the blank space on the gear. Then as the segby the pin gear, the teeth engage with those advanced ment gear of the small segment gear, turning it half an.uiiil, and consequently the cam at the end of the shaft will be given a half turn, thus Actuating the top cam lifts one box, and the lifting the boxes. projection

iills

is

bottom cam lifts tw(^ or both together lift tln-ce. The small gear being turned one-half revolution,- the long side of the slide is now To cause the box to change back agam a next the segment gear.

WEAVING sinker rod to

is

hroiii-ht

fall,

up under the top

lever,

183

allowing the connecting

thus draAvhig the projection on the long slide into

when the boxes The spring clamp, L, serves

phue, and eoniplethig the revolution of small gear, will return to their

normal position.

the purpose of a protection device to prevent breakage of boxes or shuttles in case of a shuttle or picker l)inding in the boxes.

the boxes catch, the stud on

and

tion,

tlic

box lever

slides u[) the crank, thus

is

When

forced out of connec-

preventing the lifting rod from

beuig raised.

Fig. 120.

Cromptou Gingham Loom.

THining and Fixing of the Motion.

To

time the motion set

when the crank is on the* back center and the shuttles being picked from the box or with the pin on the top center when the crank is on the sid(! back center with tlu' shuttle being picked from the single box.

the pin gear with the pin on the bottom center

;

;

WEAVING

184

When

this

box motion

is

some other make

fitted to

stud which supports the large segment gear center of the pick

changed

cam

shaft, in

to suit requirements.

of loom, the

often below the

is

which case the timing must be

Set the pin on the top center with

the crank shaft on the top center and the shuttle at the box end.

cam on

Set the head motion driving cams Avith the small

bottom center, when the crank shaft

just behind the

is

center coming fcn-ward, and the shuttle

is

the

bottom

As

in the single box.

the single box lever used with this motion nnist necessarily supply

and compound leverage two fulcrums are recpiired, the upper cam serving as one, and the stud u[)on wliich the inner end This being the of the box lever is pivoted, actuig as the other.

l)()tli

single

case,

it is

impossible to change the position of the stud at either

end of the

lever,

without affecting the leverage at the other end.

For example, suppose the first box is set level with the race-plate, but on raising the second box, it is found to be too low. jNIoving out the stud, M, would

()])viate tliis, l)ut it is

probable that the

lift

would be excessive for the third box, and not only that, but the box would be too low when returned to normal position. Under such conditions, the only satisfactory method of setting this motion is to work in between the two points of leverage. Startmg

hrst

lirst

with

with the studs,

M

M and R, near

tlie

inclined to the outer end,

almost to the limit, and sliglitest

change at

this

let it

centers of their respective slots,

move out S and

its

connection

remain in this position, l)ecause the

pomt makes

a great difference in the

lift

out stud, S, causes the boxes to be lower

Moving when normal, but to raise higher when turning the bottom cam. Moving in stud, R, has a similar effect, while setting hi stud, M,

of the boxes.

closer causes the boxes to be higher in their

normal position and

lower when raised. In connection with some box motions, the boxes are found to This lay.

be higher or lower, according to the position of the occurs to the greatest extent where a box motion diff'erent

make

of loom, but will never occur

connections are set to

move

in the

same

if

is

fitted

to a

the lifting rod and

arc as tlie lay.

When

the

boxes do change position, great care must be used in setting them the best

method

beinsr to 'have the

boxes a

trifle

liigh

when

tlie

WEAVING crank

is

185

on the top center, as this aUows for a slight drop as the

lay swings back.

motion is the loosening segment gear, and this will seldom occur if due care is tittuig the gear on the shaft, and in iixing the motion after-

Tiie greatest cause of trouble on this

of the small

used

in

wards.

Troul)lc of this sort

ohl type of motion,

which

motion from turning too I

he check linger which

is

met with most

with a check cam to prevent the

is fitted

far. is

frc(|ucntly on the

It is the jarring of the

cam

against

the objectionable feature, as the sudden

check must st)oner or later wear the check cam and loosen

l)oth the

box cam and the gear. This motion is not hai'd and once thoroughly fixed it

to

lix

if

thought

is

devoted to

it,

good condition for months. If the small gear should become loose, care must be used in replacmg the worn pin, for with a small shaft sprung, the condition

is

will

remain

in

m

the

a pivot or swivel bearing attached

by a

worse than with a loose gear, due to the bindmg is difficult to remedy.

bearings, A\"hich

Tlie small shaft, C,

is

pin to the framework of the motion, a spring bolt keepuig the

bearing in place during the ordinary running of the motion.

When

anything becomes fast between the two gears, or the teeth of the small segment do not

spring bolt

allo\\\s

mesh with

the teeth of the large segment, the

the bearing to be pressed out of position, thereby

separating the two gears and preventing breakage.

Occasionally

the spring bolt becomes loose, allowing the small gear to

mesh with the

work out

and in this way causing a mispick or skipping of the boxes. Sometimes under these conditions tlie small gear ski})s one tootli, only meshing with the second tooth

of

large gear,

of the large gear.

Worn

projections

on the

fork-sli(k's

also

cause

because instead of the projection engaging with the

skij)ping,

first tootli

of

the space gear, the slide sprmgs out.

they work in opposite directions

Both slides are alike, l)ut as they become worn on o})posite

and therefore may be interchanged when worn, giving good as new ones. A washer is [)laced at the end of the single cam to prevent the box lever from slipping, and tliis washer becoming loose will sometimes bind on the sliafl and tlms cause skipphig. If it

sides,

results as

WEAVING

186

becomes very troublesome remove it, and nothing serious occur if the motion is set in correct alignment. Incorrect

broken

will

timing of the chain barrel, bent chain bars, or

have the

risers, all

effect of

preventing the fork slide from

moving into place, and skipping is the result. Chain links riding on the cliam barrel also cause skipping. Insufficient lubrication of the shaft, C, the chain lever studs, or the fuiger rod bearing, will prevent the slide to be lowered.

A

from returning to place when the boxes are

small coil spring placed around the bearing of

the finger rod in contact with the finger will hel}) to

The hook

draw

in the

which the check finger spring is attached, works loose occasionally, and allows the small gear to turn a tritle This may cause one of several effects, such as the boxes too far. slide.

lifting too

to

high or dropping too low, the picker to become fast in

mesh with those

the boxes, or the teeth of the small gear will not

Binding of the boxes in the

of the large gear.

the motion owing

injure to

to the increased

The

which the gears are subjected.

stud,

slides tends to

amount ]\I,

pressure

of

soon wears out

if

not sufficiently oiled, necessitating constant fixing of the boxes, as

worn allows the boxes

the stud becoming should.

It is

If the large

tion.

to drop lower than they

seldom that the pin in the pin gear requires atten-

segment gear shows a tendency to travel too

far after the pin gear has left

it,

the probable cause

is

a

worn

supporting stud.

This form of box motion pactly built, and

is

parts are substantial, and fully fixed,

it

is

one of the best and most com-

adaptable to either sl<»w or fast speed. if

the motion

is

The

kept well oiled and care-

will probably require fewer repairs than

any other

box motion.

TEMPLES. Temples

are for the purpose of keeping the cloth stretched as

near as possible to the reed width during the weaving process.

As much

care sY '^uld be used in setting the temples as

setting the pick-motion, because imless the cloth

is

is

used in

kept approxi-

mately to the width of the warp in the reed the edges will not

weave little

as they should.

A

very slight twist on the temple or a

too mucli distance from the fell of the cloth

is

often the

WEAVING

187

ol o'lval, loss of time, 'rcuiplcs are iiiadc for almost every kind of cloth woven, and the kind of" cloth to he woven shonld always l)e i-onsideivd when pnrehasinn- temples. ciiusi"

may

Tcniplrs

temples

and

be divided into two distinct types, temples, each of these types

riiitj

C

C

c7

^

'^


<^

hiirr or roller

being again sub-

C7

a


<J

V^r-^—^jT^^h^r-^—^r-^ Fig. 121.

Burr.

Fiff. 122.

Burr.

divided into several varieties.

and wood, the

latter being the

The burrs are made of brass, steel most common, and they are fitted

with teeth or pins, set spirally around the

and height of

setting.

roller,

varying in numl)er

Singly the burrs are fi'om 1] inches to

2.',

inches long, but often two or three of the smaller ones are used together,

and they vary

in

diameter from

.]

inch to \\ inch, some Figs. 121, 122 and

them bemg cylindrical and others tapered. 123 show three different burrs to be used for

of

fine to

moderately heavy cotton or

left-hand temple fitted to the breast beam.

and one of the best

])ossible for

shown at work are

The

Fig.

12-").

l)urrs

cloth,

silk cloth.

general

It

A\'ork.

and pods or

Fig.

ranguig from

124 shoMs a

is

a spring temple

A

hinge temple

ti'ouglis in

is

which they

shnilar to those in Fig. 124, the difference being in the

position in wdiich they are fixed.

Spring temples are probably the

WEAVING

IKS

best beeanso of the greater ease of adjustment.

128 and 129 show Fig. 12(') is a eombhied rightdiand temple.

Figs. 126, 127,

four different varieties of inclined ring temples.

with rings attached.

This temple

Fiff.

Fi<4-.

124.

123.

is

Fig. 127

suited

for

shows

heavy

roll

^^•(ight

Burr.

Left-hand Temple.

cotton goods and light weight worsteds.

Figs.

128 and 129 show

King temples temples suitable for heavy woolens and worsteds. number being determined rings, tlie to fifteen two from are made

WEAVING

189

by the wio-l.t of the fabri,- 1., he uoven. Tl,,. lHM-i/.n,i;,l I'inotemple, which is ilhistrated at Fig. 1:>.0, is used cvhislN rlv Unfabncs wiiicii must be gripped only on the selvedcre.

Fi
Fig.

As clotli at

ill

Hinge Temple.

Combined Right-liand Temple.

previously stated, temples are to maintain the the same width as the

temple m;iiks ])ins

12f5.

125.

••fleii

the temple.

result,

/.

<•..

warp Ii,,]es

in the reed,

are

made

and

in

fell

hi

the eloth

Every precaution should he taken

of the

doing this

by the

to avoid

WEAVING

190

such, particularly on fine goods, likely to teiiq)le

and it is fine cloth which is most Sometimes the finest burrs will make wliich case tapered burrs should be used, and the

become so

marks, in

injured.

pius covered with tissue paper or very thin cloth until only the points

for the

show through.

Filling

is

sometimes wound around the burrs

Fig. 127.

Inclined Ring Temple.

Fig. 128.

Inclined Ring Temple.

same purpose, but

burrs which are too coarse

Using marks on

})aper or thin cloth is preferable. is

often the cause of temple

and finer burrs must l)e used to remedy any such fault. lUunted or bent pins and incorrect setting are also frequent causes The face of the temple should be set parallel to of temple marks. fine goods,

the

fell of tlie

cloth at a distance of from

ing to circumstances.

always fell of

lias

A

snuill

a beneficial effect, especially

the cloth, because

it

-^^.-

inch to

|

inch accord-

anunnit of action to the temple

when

it is

set close to the

reduces the stram on the selvedge

WEAVING when

threads,

pieee of

that

position

against the

when

the lay beats up.

leather

Avill

swmgs

the lay

to the hiy sole a

strike

the temple

lieel of

amount

a sufficient

By attaching

such a

in

it

191

forward,

of

motion

given for ordinary require-

is

ments.

common

It is

medium

and

goods to use temples

practice on

weight

light

for both

l)urrs

which the

in

are set in the

same

s})ikes

direction,

the idea being that as long as tlie

turns

spiral

to\\;ii(l

outer end of the will

work

tlie

burr tliey

as they should.

On

S(mie grades of cloth this holds true, l)nt tliat

may

it

easily be seen

pins

the

wliili!

point

toward the outer end and teml to pull the cloth that way, yet

the spiral setthig of the pins

both temples

in i.

toward the set in this ter

the same,

is

the spiral setting runs

e.,

and

a biuT

act bet-

right liand temple

a

in

right,

way would

with the cloth miming over it,

because cNcry turn of the

would give the pins a

spiral

closer

burr

grip. in

the cloth of

is

such

a

held by the mcline

the pins

method

With

the left-hand temple

and the

ahjne,

tends

to

allow the selvedge to run

in.

ratlicr

of setting

than to

k('c[) it

Fig. 129.

slictchcd out.

When

Temple.

weavhig heavy goods

WEAVING

192

this oliiectionablo

tendency of one selvedge to draw

eansed by

in,

using temples of the same setting tor both sides, becomes more strongly apparent, and that

weave

as

it

becoming slack does not

selvedge

should.

Right and left-hand burrs are now obtamable, and they should be used

if

When

the best results are desired.

spiral setting of the pins

must turn toward

fitting burrs

the right,

i.

e.,

the

like a

right-hand screw, for the right-hand temple, and toward the left for the left-liand temple,

the cloth

if

is

to be

kept at width, for

otherwise the cloth will be drawn m.

Fig. 130.

Horizontal Ring Temple.

The roll in the ring temple may be raised or lowered to change amount of grip by which it holds the cloth. The higher it is, the firmer grip it has on tlie cloth, and tlie lower it is, the weaker grip it has. This method of adjustment allows the temple to be accommodated to various weights of cloth. One of the best ring temples the

intended to permit of ready adjustment to various grades of goods, is

tric is

The washer, A, upon which the pin ring is

illustrated in Fig. 131.

ring bearing,

is

made with an

eccen-

and

washer

placed,

this

turned on the stud, C, so as to increase or diminish the length of

the pin extending above the washer, thus regulating the contact of the phis witli the cloth.

The

stud, C,

is

shown carrying

tlie

base

against which the washers and rings are placed, there being also a solid piece burr tapered

on the inner end of the stud.

The Hardaker temple

is

intended to be used on close shed

looms, es])ecially as the tem])le works with the cloth, thereby

})re-

WEAVING vcniing is

On heavy

by the temple.

ijijuiv to the cloth

croods there

always eoiisulciahU' nioNCincnt to the eloth when the lay

ing up, and as sideai'bli'

w

193

ilh the

rise

leaAes

it

and

tlic3

fall to

lell

There

of the clotli.

the cloth, the

and should be

beat-

greatest

movement,

X

I Fis- 131.

is

also a con-

movement being

Tliese temples allow for that

heaviest shed.

toward the

is

Kiug Temple.

set close to the fell of the cloth, inclined slightl}'

race.

CENTER STOP MOTION. This type of "worsted looms,

filling

and

colors are l)eing

is

stop motion

of especial value

woven

usually htted to woolen and

when

single picks

into the cloth, because the

stopped on the broken pick -

BRAOFORO

is

if

the motion

is

in

good

ot"

certain

loom will be order.

WEAVING

194

The motion

is

generally fitted to the center of the lay, but on

carpet looms two feeler motions are fitted one near each end of the It must be kept in the best condition by accurate fixing if .lay sole.

A

results are to be obtained.

good wires,

crank, C-,

to

the dagger lever,

tlie

motion

H, the protection

knock-off finger,

J, is

the breast Ijeani

is

spring, N,

is

when

As

through

adjusting

tlie

rod,

the dagger being attaclied to the end

G

it.

beam, liaving mounted upon

place

drawing of

is

A, are attaclied to B, this being connected

of this at right angles to

lever,

detail

shown at Fig. 182. The feeler or hub which carries a small base the

used on the Knowles Broad Loom

slide,

is

a bracket fixed to the

breast

the inclined slide, F, the receiving

it

L, and

tlic

slide finger,

j\I.

The

attached to the rod, K, which extending under

A

in contact witli tlie shipper handle.

flat steel

also attached to K, for the purpose of holding ]M in

the loom

is

stopped.

represented in Fig. 132 the loom

is

stopped with the hiy

just forward of the back center, the feeler wires being raised to allow the shuttle to pass under and lay the filling under the wires when the loom is started. When the shipper handle is drawn

forward to start the loom, the knock-off finger is raised up under the projection, H', on the receiver, H, thus causing the upper end to extend above the bracket, G, the lower end being pivoted at H".

As

down

the lay swings forward, the dagger, E, slides

of F, allowing the feelers to drop,

them they drop

and

if

there

is

into a recess cut in the lay sole.

dagger to drop far enough

to strike against the

no

the incline

filling

under

This allows

tlie

upper end of the

H, and as the lay continues to swing forward, the receiver being pressed down carries with it the knock -off finger, thus, through the connections, stopping the loom. If there is a strand of filling under the feelers, they are held up so that the dagger cannot strike against the receiver, and the loom continues to run. receiver,

The

protection slide, L, acts only on the

first

pick after each start-

up. Inime<,liately as the

loom

stops, the flat spring,

N, causes the

fuiger, M, to force the slide sufficiently high to protect the receiver from the dagger. AVlien the power is applied by drawing forward

the sliipper handle, the spring, N,

is

drawn away from the

fuiger,

releasing the pressure on the slide, but the latter remains in place

WEAVING nnlil tlic dajxirer strikes

tlii'

195

liook at L' and fdiccs

the way, leaving the reeeiver in position to net. slide is necessary for

tlie

reason

tlic

slide

out of

This proteetion

that often after the

loom

is

drawn forward and then pushed back, wlien the lilling, and if no protection slide were pass under feelers the provided the dagger would strike the receiver thus stopping the When no i)rotection slide is iitted, it is necessary to phice loom. stopped, the lay

is

the tilling under the feeler wires in oi'der to prevent the dagger

from striking the reeeiver, thus occasioning a

Fig. 132.

loss of time.

Knowles Broad Loom Motion.

Timiuq the Motion.

The

inclined slide, F,

is

adjustable to

By lowering control the action and position of the feeler wires. to rise are caused feelers back, the the raising and the front end more quickly. must he set to

On

looms

raise the

fitted

with two sets of feelers the slide

feelers as (quickly as possible, otherwise

and bend them. If this happens they are and the loom will not be stopped Adjust the slide, F, and adjusting l)roken.

the shuttle

may

held up by

the war[) threads,

strike

if the fillhig is height of the rod, C, so that the feelers will be raised almost the shed when the crank shaft is between the top and back centers

even

and the dagger

is

almost at the top of

tlie

slide.

Set the feelers

WEAVING

196

mch

in the base so that |

to

|-

the

when

of the reed

ril)

in

inch will remain on the filling

when

and yet they shonld pass clear of the lay sole, to prevent any possibility

the dagger passes the receiver

;

of the feeler wires catching in case of the yarn dropping to the

With

bottom of the reed.

the lay drawn forward so that the

on the Ijottom center, the dagger should be at the bottom This range is of the slide at | inch to ^ inch from the receiver. (vraiik is

For the Knowles Loom the distance is generally ^ inch, but on the Crompton Loom the dagger shonld be in contact with the receiver when the crank shaft is on the bottom center, and occasionally with some looms the dagger is given to cover a variety of looms.

set in contact

with the receiver when the crank shaft

is

just behind

the bottom center.

On

Knowles Narrow Loom

tlio

motion

used.

is

As

of the following pieces: A, the feelers;

ing rod;

I),

15,

I,

lock finger

lock finger and shield, K, are placed

finger rod

;

is composed cam; C, connect-

motion

feeler

dagger lever; E, dagger; F, adjusthig rod;

ing point; G', bracket; H, receiver; Avhicli

form of center stop

a different

illnstrated in Fig. 182, the

N, locking lever.

;

;

(I,

J,

adjust-

rod upon

L, shield finger

Tlie adjusting rod, F,

is

;

M,

pivoted on

an adjustable stud, G, attached to the bracket, G', which is fitted to the cross-brace of the loom and extending upward through the bracket on the lay sole, the end comes in contact with the dagger It is so

lever.

adjusted as to push up against the dagger lever,

thus raising the feelers as the lay swings back.

forward the rod

is

drawn down, allowing the

v.dth it the feelers, so that if there is

the dagger

is

which

is

filling

lay swings

under the

and

feelers,

allowed to strike the receiver, H, thus stopping the

The locking

loom.

no

As the

lever to drop

lever,

N,

also fixed a projection

is

attached to the brake-rod upon

coming

in contact with the shipper

handle.

When is i-aised

the dagger point strikes the receiver, the lock-finger,

up, thus releasing the lock lever,

I,

and allowing the pro-

on the brake-rod to force off the shipper handle. If there a pick of filling under the feelers when they descend, the dagger held out of contact with the receiver, and the loom contmues to

jection is

is

run.

The

shield,

K,

is

controlled

by the

finger, L,

and

rod,

M,

the

outer end of the rod being in contact with the shipper handle.

WEAVING AVlifii the

loom

is

stoi)i)(Ml ilu;

ing the dag-ovr from striking

197

shield covers the receiver, prevent-

thereby allowing the loom to be turned over by hand, but when the shijiper handle is drawn mto place, the finger forces

it,

up the

shield

be acted n[)on by the dagger,

most instantaneou.s

of the

and leaves the receiver foi-m of stop motion

free to

'i'liis

in action because,

dagger strikes the receiver, the power

is

is

one

immediately as the

removed and the brake

applied. setting

Ill

tliis

motion have the (bigger

the receiver wlu'ii the

ei'aiik

feelers are raised to tlu;

shaft

j)()iiit

in

on the bottom

is

highest point

when

coiita(;t

with

The

c(!nter.

the adjusting rod

is

perpendicular, the crank shaft l)eing between the back and bottom

To lessen the lift of the feelers move the adjusting rod pivot farther back in the slot of the bracket, G', or adjust by changing the screw connection on the lower end of the rod." The former centers.

method

is tlie

When it

better.

weavhig tender

as to break

it

the feelers rest so heavily on

filling if

often, or cause

it

to kink in the cloth, a small

weight may be attached to the back end of the dagger lever at point I)'. Or set the feelers so that they will not descend so low into the feeler slot, changing also the timing of the motion to be slightly early,

i.

c, to

have the feelers leave the

sooner than ordinarily would be the case. wire

and

is

filling

a

little

Occasionally a piece of

come between the feelers from becoming broken or kinky.

so inserted in the feeler slot as to

in this

way prevent the

filling

General fixing points will be described

later.

Under this heading some to Warps. minor problems Avhich come up in ruiuiing a loom will be considered. A loom ought to ])e cleaned, oiled, and fixed every

Odd Points Pertaining

of the

time a warp

is

run out, and

if

a fixer

could only realize

how much

work a small amount of attention at this tinu; would save him, he would soon make it a regular practice. It is when a loom is empty that some little thing can be seen, Avhieh might cause endHow often a screw head slightly less trouble \\'lien the warp is in. the warp yarn or chips the shuttle a above the race-plate cuts little

yarn

;

;

(jr

the race-plate

and sometimes a

chafe the yarn,

when

is

broken behind

fiat

tlie feeler-slot,

tilting

it

slightly will

cutting

tlie

Avom in it which remedy the fault.

whij>roll has grooves

WEAVING

198

Accumulation of grease at the box entrance often causes dirty filling, and sometimes causes the shuttle to run crooked, thus

making the warp weave badly. Unless the yarn is very poor, a warp seldom weaves badly in a cam loom except in case of the loom being out of order, for which the remedy is given elsewhere. Sufficient attention

is

not given to the stretch of the yarn from the

A warp which otherwise would not by increasing the distance between the

whip-roll to the harnesses. run, can often be run out

whip-roll and the harnesses.

Additional lease rods will often even

warp even though a striped cloth is being woven from the same warp. Double cloths will usually weave better if a lease rod is inserted between the two warps, especially if one cloth is a more open weave than the other, as the take-up differs under such conditions, and the rod should l)e inserted so that the slack warp is underneath. The use of a lease rod is also a remedy for rough looking Dimities often weave cloth caused by curly warp or filling yarn. better by the use of an extra lease rod, a wire rod being preferable. A soft warp can be made to run better by laying across the warp a long cloth bag filled with French chalk, or by laying a piece of wax on the warp. The latter remedy is not to be recommended for all cases, however, as any wax retained on the yarn proves

up

the yarn in a

detrimental to further processes such as dyeing,

warp may

sized

cloth laid over

steam will

it,

rise

A

etc.

stiffly

by above treatment, but a damp of hot water placed under it so that the

also run better

or a pail

and soften the

Staggering the harnesses

is

give

size, will

much

better results.

the best possible treatment where a

large numl)er of harnesses or heavily sleyed warps are being used.

A

plaid back can be

backing harnesses a

woven much more

one dent, with the harnesses

all

if

there are six or eight ends in

level,

and four or

nesses on which they are drawn are

staggered the threads will there

possible

is

remedy

l)e

separated.

If

five of the

liar-

at one time, those

lifted

threads will be crowded in the dent, but

stripe

by adjusting the

lower than the others.

trifle

can readily be seen that

It

easily

if

the harnesses are

when weaving

a plain

a tendency for the threads to cling together, is

a,

to use a 'friction let-off in conjunction with an

oscillating whip-roll, fixing the whip-roll so that the yarn

is

tight on

WEAVING

190

movement of the harnesses. This prevents from hccominu;' uiidnly slack at times, which is the most the center of

When weavimr

cause of threads clingins^ togetlier. thin clotlis, there

much

often

is

fme or veiy

making ragged looking

cloth.

of wire driven in the top edge of the breast b(!am will

jjiece

often overcome this fault, but better yet

the top of the breast

beam over

may

it

may

pass.

Tying

in

amount

warps carelessly

is

of a

takes longt^r to get them started, as well

as causing an extra

amount

some threads, which

are not

on starting up.

mounted near

a roller

tying in warps, a great

be saved in a year.

slovenly practice, and

is

wliich the cloth

If the fixer will use care in

yarn

common

trouble with the lilling in the

cloth Ihmul;' dra^'i^cd at the edges,

A

cloth

th(!

of work for the weaver because of drawn tight enough, being broken out

First tie hi bunches sufficiently large to go undei-

the temple on each side, and then complete the warp by tying in bunches occupying about two inches width in the reed. It will be noticed that the yarn often snarls behind tlie harnesses, and while it

takes some time to

result

if

it

is

tlien

tlui

bad start-up

snarls, a

such a case

is

is

the

met

snarls leave the harnesses,

with, draw and the war[)

be tied in very readily.

The above hours of

When

neglected.

back the warp until

may

draw out the

lal)or,

points are

all

small things, but they often save

and increase the production as

well,

which

is

a very

material consideration.

CARE OF LOOMS. it would be loom that is kept in good repair will cause very little trouble, and never serious faults. Looms give warning of coming danger, and tlie careful fixer will

Before- considering the general fixing of looms,

well to understand the following:

see to job,

it

that these

are heeded.

off,

A

his

who

patches a

neglect.

or a shuttle

sign that something

is

weavhig, indicates, to the careful thinking

trouble,

fixer

A loom jumping or rattling in the box, is a sure giving way; the maimer in which a sliuttle

very often has serious results from

banging

is

warnmgs

A

and he knows

full well if the

probaljly a shuttle will fly out

any of the parts that

iixcr,

warning

is

and hurt some one.

cr)ntrol the

the seat of the unheed(!d, that If there are

boxes wearing, the shuttle will

WEAVING

200

almost invariably show

A

top or bottom.

it,

because

sliow themselves on the shuttle Avorn, or

it

shuttles, has

but there that

may

is

wavy

will be

The term

instead of having a smooth back.

shuttle flying out, for

been used, because

it

jumping shuttles and

is

A jumping shuttle is one

skip over the cloth and go in the other box, or floor,

from the loom, or the shuttle

tions of a

if

ever, hurt

defect which,

serious

if

l)ut

By

it

has gone,

it

is

Tlie shuttle will not travel in the

obstruction in

its

will

Such

feet

from

shuttle has fallen,

possil)le to locate the cause.

same direction it

if

will

A

throw a shuttle

the lay.

good many

tlie

passage across the lay, as

clean from the box.

slip

not attended to as soon as

noting distinctly where

and the distance

might

they are possible indica-

possible, will result in the shuttle flying a

loom.

it

or possibly drop two or three

may jump up from

any one,

flying

a generally accepted term,

a difference between the two.

shuttles rarely,

the

wearing either at the

the baek of the shuttle will be

;

over the end of the loom to the feet

will be

it

reed over or nnderfaeed, or bent dents, will

worn picker, picker-stick more clearly than any other

meets any

it

if

it

has shot

or loose spindle cause,

and these

two causes that throw the shuttle with the full force of the and by a picker springing the picker spindle A sluittle that jumps through often adds force to the shuttles. striking the feeler wires has met a sudden check, and it is impossible for such a- shuttle to fly as far, or in near the same direction as when thrown as before stated. When the boxes are below the race-plate, the shuttle must Followforce itself out of the box, and has an upward tendency.

are the

picking motion

;

ing out this line of reasoning, the effect can be clearly traced to the cause, and will save

many

hf)urs of labor.

GENERAL LOOM

FIXING.

In these chapters on general loom fixing

it is

the purpose to

and remedies for the various faults met with in the majority of looms, whether with cone orbat-wmg pick motions, Tliere may be odd cases missed in one single or nuiltiple boxes. chapter, but they will in most cases be found in another; for give the causes of

example, a loose picker will often cause a shuttle to

fly

out and

it

WEAVING cause

Avill iilso

loom

a

the loom to bau^" off

the

in

different

also eause

chaptei's

Many

motions.

and the

loose i^oekei-sliaft will cause

have also been explained

descriptive of

of the little troubles

the

connnon

Kvery

useful for

many

some

fixer

and

may

methods of

Special attention should

he given to the binders for they are probably

cause of trouble.

parts fixers

various to

itleas reyardino- different

given for such.

i-(nisons

through the

to be stop[)e(l

it

of tlie points

be avoided bv followino* the fixint;"

A

baiii;' off.

Some

stop motion.

iilling"

to

and

201

llui

most

freipient

should have a straight edge, as

it is

jmrposes, particulaily for levelling the boxes A\ith

the lay or reed.

The

various

points will be explained

detail

in

in

different

chapters.

Banging Off. This term is a[)plied to the when it is stopped by the dagger striking tlie the shuttle not beuig in place.

action of the loom receiver,

owing

to

Various causes are as follows:

Most of the items from 38 to .51 inclusive apply especially to the ball and shoe-pick motion. Banging off is the most common occurrence in the defective rumung of a loom, and it is due mauily to changes in the atmosphere although

many

fixers lose sight of this.

Supposing the room to be

1.

cold,

naturally acts on the

it

loom, particularly the boxes, so that the shuttle does not run as freely as

when

it

tlie

best

all

right.

It is

once again, but on starting up

the use of a wrench

ing back again

Occasionally

merest

trifle

it

is is

being

method

shuttle with dry waste

cases the loom will run off

The

has become warm.

the boxes and

is

uiuiecessarv

it :

to follow is to

when

possible that

in case of

may bang

it

will generally be

and

wipe

in the majority of

found that

such use chang-

usually required, w hen the room becomes warm. well to apply a drop of sufficient.

If the

loom

oil

is

to the

binder, the

damp wipe

the boxes

and shuttle thoroughly dry, a[)ply a little oil, as above, to the s\\('ll, and start u}) again. Should it bang off" again rub the face of tlic! It may be noticed that when shuttle with some fine sandpa[)er. damp the front of the shuttle becomes the box and shuttle are Above black from the dampness and friction with the swell. points a|)ply oidy when nothing is broken oi' worn out, and if it is found nccessai'V afterwards, to make sonic altci'ations no loss

WEAVING

202

Fie. 133.

Wovu

Parts of

Loom Causiug

Shuttle to IJaug Off.

WEAVING A\ill

have been incurred.

)n the

(

many

defects

great saving in

may

a most benelieial

it is

as possible without a wrench,

way and with

be remedied in this

off

being worn Hat on one side.

sometimes caused by the cone

is

This

have this

little is snflicient to

effect.

may be very slight, but very The loom may run well for cam comes

half an hour, or longer, but as soon as the [)oint of the

with the

in contact

and the bangs

flat

place on the cone a soft pick

not being driven far enough into

slnittle

off

a

su[)[)lies.

A loom banging

2.

conli'ary,

much

lesson to leani to lix a loom as

because

203

tlie

is

the result,

box the loom

on the next pick.

A

3.

partially

broken lug-strap has the same

not driven with sufficient force.

the shuttle

is

strap,

advisable to connect the

it is

new

because

effect,

In lepairing the lug-

strap in the

same position

as the old.

The

4.

projection on it,

[ticking-stand beccnning worn, particularly the iron it,

which

causes the stick to

and

tlie

result

is

tits

jump because

cithi'r tlie

and guides

into the slot of the shoe

of the shoe catching on

loom bangs

it,

thrown

off or tlie shuttle is

out.

worn plug

iV

5.

in the picker-stand twists the picker-stick,

causing the shuttle to be thrown crookedly.

new

replaced by a

one,

will save a considerable

When

G.

slides off

amount

If the

it,

lug~stra[3

tlie

stick

too short, causing the

A

cam is worn so that the cone a weak [tick is caused and conse-

late with the same result.

across a

<S.

little

shuttle

may

be [ticked

(tn

straj) to

time,

the shuttle

swee[)

S(tft

is

Occasionally,

^\

(tr

ilh

[t(twcr

a c(tnse-

[:)Ower.

cracked [ticker-stick

Loosening of the

stick to the sh(te, causes

loom bancfs

tlie

become

is (tf

course lackuig

and cannftt drive the shuttle with suflicient o[)[)osite l)ox, and the hjom Itangs (tff. 9.

easily

of work.

has too long a range

though

quent loss of

is

good condition

off.

[ticked

is

This plug

l>lug in

the pick point of the

out of contact with

quent banging T.

and keeping the

off

shoe-lt
eitlicr

on the return.

a

s[teed

in slri'iigth,

t(t

enter the

attaches the [ticker-

s(tft (tr a liard jai'ring[iick

and the

WEAVING

204

The

10.

and

as

not the firm throw behind

is

it,

does not fully enter the opposite box the loom bangs

it

While many

off.

box sometimes

shuttle striking too forcibly in the

softens the picker so that there

discredit

fixers

they often replace the

this,

picker.

When

11.

becomes

stick

loom bang

tlie

may

loose, the shuttle

The reason

off.

holds the picker on the picker-

collar, wldcli

for this

thrown out or the

either be

that the })icker sliding on

is

the stick, reduces the power and keeps the back of the shuttle

down, which, by causing entering

it,

it

to press against the top of the shed on

many

In

retards the passage through.

instances the

by the shuttle rising in the box as it nears the back end, and pushing the picker upwards. This may also occur collar is loosened

when

the picker-stick

is

too far into the Ijox instead of being at

the back end.

One

12.

of

two conditions

rebounding shuttles

As

too loose.

;

is

either the pick

responsible

generally is

for

too strong, or the binder

a rebounding shuttle often results in a smash,

By

well to use care in ascertaining the cause.

it is

plachig the small

piece of tube between the extension bolt and the swell, an oppor-

tunity

is

given to watch closely the operation of the loom, and a

strong pick

is

Sometimes

readily perceived.

the jar by placing

tlie

hand

on the lay cap, or

possible to feel

it is if

it is

seen that the

shuttle goes through the shed at the opposite side, clear of the

yarn, the strength of the pick

may

be reduced a

little.

Do

this

by lengthening out the lug-strap, or by raising up the stirrup-strap

Another place the hand

about half an inch, the latter method being preferable.

method fiat

of ascertaining the strength of the pick

on the top of the box,

of the slot in race, If

Avitli

the

little

is

to

finger just over the edge

which the picker-stick moves, known as the picker-

thus covering the slot to the extent of almost four fingers. it to push the hand and too long a range, which

the picker presses sufficiently hard against

away,

may

tlie

stick has too strong a pick

be remedied by letting out

pick-shaft drops slightly I'cst

on the cam,

lug-strap.

Occasionally the

and allows the back end

in whicli case a

hard pick

results.

of the cone to

Raising

it uj)

Wlien the pick is found to be all right, must be increased, and tins must be done with

again will ease the pick. the box [)ressure

tlie

WEAVING allowances slight

foi"

change

speed and

cliaii^cs in

iuluri! is

usnally

cheek-spring at the end

205

the box will ol)viate the

ot"

A

alni()S[)liere.

very

and many times arranging the

snl'licienl,

As

dililic-ulty.

fixing for i)resent conditions generally necessitates altering back

again for the next change, the best method

to fix for average

is

conditions, and thus save time and ANork.

An

13.

The

eai'ly

or late pick will cause the loom to bang

move when

shuttle shonld connnence to

top center.

When

the })icking motion

noticed by watching the shuttle as

The shed

box. to

upon

closes

become broken.

it

Test the

sides are a little late.

it

the crank

may

late, it

is

is

off.

on the

readily be

leaves the shed to enter the

and the tendency is for the warp from both sides to see if both

[)ick

If so, tlie })r()l)al)le

cause

is

that the driving

Sometimes the key is a little narrower than the key-])ed in the shaft, and it is only necessary to fit a new key, or the key may occasionally work loose, requiring only tightening. gears have slipped.

The

14.

caused by

late pick is also

cams, particularly in the case where

For

remedy

this the only lasting

it is

sli})i)ing

late

of the })ick

on one side

t)nly.

to either sink the screw into

is

the shall or use a hardened cup-})ointed screw which will bite the

A

shaft.

connnon occurrence

up

in tightening

to this extent, it is better to shaft, then withdraw a it

draw

little,

uj) until

set screws, especi-

Instead of tightening

ally in pick-cams, is to twist off the lieads.

it

tightens against the

tightening up solid after

this,

when

will hold with as strong a grip as possible.

When

15.

when

the shed

too late there

is

is

too early

enter the box.

This condition

when

are on an

cams

closes on tlu;

being retarded so that

in either case the shuttle

the

it

not suificient space for

is

tlie

shuttle,

and

shuttle to enter, it

does not fully

easily remedied, particularly so

auxiliary shaft,

when by simply

dis-

engaging the carrier gear the cams can l)e set to the right time and Set the cams to have the shed full open with the gear replaced. crank on the top center. IC),

the

way

When

the shed

is

too small the shuttle

across with sinnlar results.

correct principles, and w

does not often occur

;

itli

l»nt

that the harnesses can be

is

retarded

all

With cams constructed on

treadles of proportionate length, this

when it does, it will genei'ally be found moved up and down fni- ] inch or }

WEAVING

206

owing

inch,

to tlie fact that the harness

have not been

straps

Frequently in remedying tliis defect the shed Taking up one hole in the strap does not always suffice, as they may not be equally spaced, and particular Harnesses attention should be given to having them equal. equally attached. is

made uneven.

last

longer

when

play

a little

is

allowed in attachmg, but this

should not be enough to alter materially the size of the shed.

A

17.

loose rocker shaft allows the lay to spring

with

the

thrown out by

this

interfere

off.

It

is

throw of the

which

shuttle,

is

up and

sometimes

means, as well as causing the loom to bang

only necessary to tighten

tlie

bearing to remedy this

defect.

In connection with

18.

an adjustable swell, the lock-nut

working loose allows the bolt to slip back, causing the savcU When the temper leaves the swell, it becomes to become loose. The bolt which retains the loose and the loom bangs off. binder

in its

frame shows the

loose l)y ripping pieces out of

causing a soft pick, and a

cheap picker-sticks

is

cam

the only remedy.

bend,

Using

Picker-sticks have and on high-speeded looms

times longer.

years,

collars are fitted

shaft to prevent the

ing the

is

economy, as good hickory sticks at

five

which ran continuously. On some looms, 20. loosens, the shaft will

stick

many

slightly higher cost last

cam

new

false

been known to run for

tlie shuttle.

poor quality will spring and

of

Picker-sticks

19.

very quickly on becoming

effect

shaft from

move when

to leave the cone,

on the end of the pick-

slipping,

the pick

and

if

a collar

taking place, allow-

is

with the result of either a soft or a

hard jarring pick. 21.

Key

22.

Broken

24.

When

known

as an

Covered under 13. jump, and as the stick does not return to place^ more power is required behind the shuttle to drive it to the end of the box. A loose or weak spring has the same effect. 23. is

position,

caused

of driving gears too narrow.

heel-straps

the reed

is

over-faced

allow the sticks to

not level with the back of the box reed,

when when

and an under-faced reed to run crookedly in either

in

front

behind.

case,

and

of

The

its

it

correct

shuttle

is

more power

is

WEAVING drive

H'(|uiro(l to its

course

ciookedly because beini^ turned out of

sliuttlc

:i

207

A

strikes the front, of the box.

it.

in settino- the reed level

few minutes spent

with the back of the box will save

many

hours of lixing, as well as adding greatly to the time the shuttle If the

will last.

reed

is

over-faced or under-faced

it

is

easily

detected through small pieces being chipped out of the shuttle. Single wires in the reed becoming bent forward will also cause the shuttle to run crookedly, and in time the shuttle wears them

become shaip and cut the yarn,

so that they

when the The back 25.

lay beats up. of the shuttle

A

the stick to is

especially the filling,

is one of the causes of stitching. becomes worn wavy by these dents.

This

tight lug-strap binds the picker-stick, thus causuig

jump wlien motion

is

imparted to

driven crookedly, with the usual result that

it,

and the shuttle

it is

stopped before

fully entering the box. 26.

shed

is

When

drawn

warp

the

is

under too much tension the

held

together, leaving insnllicient space for the shuttle

to pass through,

and the loom bangs

off,

or

it

sometimes causes a

smash.

The bottom

27.

with the race-plate.

box at the entrance sliould be level

of the

If it is too high, the shuttle strikes against

and

is thrown against the top; while if too low, the shuttle agamst the top of the box and there is too little space for Either fault will cause the loom to bang off by preit to enter. venting the shuttle from entering the box, and will also splinter it

strikes

the shuttles,

making them

race-plate

it is

so

When

break out the warp.

rough

times only one box

is

rod or chain

trouble worse.

they

are not

Avill

constantly

level with the

best to look for the cause, rather than immediately

alter the position of the lifting rod

lifting

that

the boxes

or chain connections.

Some-

out of position, and any alteration of the

would

If the collar

affect

all

on the

the

lifting

boxes,

making the

rod slips a

trifle it

and the bracket and A chain pulley-stud becoming the boxes are lifted too high. worn allows the boxes to be too low. One or two links of the liftincT chain being: worn will cause one or two boxes to be too allows the bottom of the chain-bolt to drop,

low without affecting the others. To remedy this a thin piece of wire may be attached to the under part of tlic link, thus lifting

WEAVING

208

when

the boxes slightly higher

that link passes over the pulley.

Other causes of single boxes being out of position are

:

the lever

that special box having slipped, and the chain twisting

which lifts and riding on the edge

dropping from the large

of the pulley or

to the small pulley.

Yarn clinging

28.

passing through

shed hinders the

in the

freely.

It

may

shuttle

from

be the result of poor sizing, in-

correct timing of the shed, or too small a shed, the remedies for

which are manifest. drops

fancy looms sometimes a harness

In connection with

29.

when

the shuttle

passing through

is

tlie

shed, in this

way

More

will

holding the slmttle and causing the loom to hang;

be said of this

later.

A

worn face on the friction driving [)ullcy causes the l)ang off, owing to a slackening of the power, with a

30.

loom

oif.

to

As

soft pick.

resultant

the belt sometimes

determine just where the fault

Remove

lies.

Tliis

slips it is best to

may

be tested as

fol-

draw the lay forward until the dagger is almost in the receiver, and then draw on the shipper-handle watching the pulley at the same time. If it sto[)s, the friction is all riglit, and the fault is with tlie belt, which may be remedied by cleaning witli a piece of card clothing and a})plying a little

lows

:

the shuttle,

Dry slaked lime

belt dressing.

is

one of the best remedies for a

greasy friction, but a worn pulley must be replaced.

Occasion-

becomes just sufficiently loose on the shaft motion on starting up, especially when a

ally the driving pulley

an

to give

uneven

heavy pattern to a

heavy

is

lift.

being woven, or one having changes from a light

This looseness

yet be sufficient to cause If the picker is

31.

and

shuttle,

worn

may

be liardly perceptible, and

trouble. it

imparts an uneven motion to the

also a soft pick, especially

the picker-spindle.

the shuttle

much

is

Should the hole

bound and the boxes

if

V)e

worn too large around too deep in the picker,

will not

change

freely.

A

crooked or warped picker will not slide freely in the slot and the shuttle

is

not driven with enough force.

32.

under 27. structions.

Incorrect timing of

Jbhe

boxes has the

effects described

The boxes should be timed according

to previous in-

WEAVING Looseness of the boxes

33.

soft pick, but also

and flying

the slides not only causes a

in

the cause of the shuttle becoming broken

is

When

out.

209

the motion

stick, instead of the shuttle

imparted to the picker-

is

alone receiving

race-pkite, causing tiie sliuttle to strike the

84. freely

and

boxes bind

the

If llii'

it,

the boxes, being

is

thrown below the

forward and the front end

loose, are carried

the

in

end of the they

slides

plate.

will not

shuttle being crooked in the box cannot be

move

thrown

straight.

35.

Worn

36.

Loose crank-arms.

37.

Occasionally one crank-arm will wear out faster than

binder pin and

[)in-hole.

the other without being noticed, or

equal

and the thi-ow of the lay

This causes the loom to bang

same

new ones

will

consequently be uneven.

liinding crank-arms have the

off.

effect.

Shoes slipping

38.

of a soft pick, but

Avill

cause the loom to bang off because

they are

if

fixed according

given they will rarely work loose. tightening

is

sufficient to

Worn

39.

only

will be slightly un-

remedy the

remedy

it,

to

is

wears the shaft

squarely upon

instructions

trouble.

shoes have the same effect as loose ones, but

satisfactory

oftentunes

to

Unless the shoes are worn,

fit

also,

and the shaft

new

A

ones.

worn

the shoe will not

so that

tlie

shoe lit

will also re(;[uire repairing.

Lack of oil causes the pick-ball to bind. This will spoil the ball and stud and the only satisfactory remedy is to replace it. 41. It is impossible to obtain a good picking action if the pick shaft binds, and this is one of the causes of a loom requiring more power when picking from one side than the other. To test the shaft remove the sweep-stick and turn by hand, Avhen any binding will become ap[)arent and the bearings can be set to 40.

remedy.

When

42.

remedy

is

to replace

slot of the extensicm asranist the castintr-

constant

lixing

would not be

pick-ball

the

and stud become worn, the best

them with new as snugly

Lack

ami

reiinired.

ones.

Fit the stud in the

as possible, with

the collar flat

of attention to this small detail

tightening

of

the

stud,

which

means

otherwise

WEAVING

210

A

43.

much

Avorn sweep-stick allows too

play to the lug

The sweep-

with a consequent loss of power.

strap

and

stick

should be riveted at the end to strengthen

stick,

it.

Set the

sweep-stick and lug-strap in a direct line from the picking-stick to the picking-arm center, as

it

is

the crank shaft

Failure to

motion.

pick

when

just behind the top

is

comes on the

at this time that the hardest pull

sweep-stick

the

set

in

this

mamier

causes the studs in the picking arms to become loose, or

stud

is

cast with the arm, tends to break

off,

it

or

if

the

makes the hole

It is also a cause of the picking-arm

in the sweep-stick longer.

The

breaking because of behig twisted.

sweep-stick

and lug-

strap should be set as nearly level as possible with the stirrup-

A

strap on the outside of the stick.

should be placed between the

leather or rawhide washer

split pin in the

picking-arm stud

Old pickers may be cut up for this purSometimes a sweep-stick is too long and it comes in pose. This will contact with the dog as the picking-stick is drawn in. not only cause the loom to bang off, but will sometimes throw For looms with from 28 inches to 42 inches reed the shuttle. and the sweep-stick.

space, a sweep-stick of G inches to 7 inches will be

good

On

44.

placed

m

narrow looms the picking-arm

a bracket fixed to

loose the result to the

ing

found to give

results.

When

is

pick-shaft.

changeable, being

When

these get

either a soft pick or a hard jarring pick, accord-

is

way they

slip.

between the stick and 45.

the

set

An

iron

wedge

is

usually placed

screw to prevent undue wearing.

the pick-shaft

is

loose,

it

is

forced

away from

Before fixing the picking-

the ball and there

is

a loss of power.

arm

it

should be examined, and any rough places

to the shaft

filed fits

smooth.

It

does not pay to tighten up the arm unless

squarely on the

shaft, as otherwise it

it

soon becomes loose and

spoils the shaft.

46.

Loose driving pulley.

Different weights and sizes of shuttles cannot be used on a loom at the same time, as the power to drive them would 47.

have to vary proportionately. Shuttles worn round 48.

on

tlie

back and

bottom are

WEAVING bad, as they cannot

(([ually

'ill

drivrn straight, and often turn

\)v

over in crossing the hiy. 19.

Worn wood

50.

If the binder pin

puUey.

uneven pressure on the

and hole

worn, there will

is

l)e

an

depending upon how the shuttle

shuttle,

strikes the binder.

Explanation of Fig. 183 on Page 202.

A and

B. Worn picking cones. Worn picking ball. D. Worn knob or pick shaft point. E. F, and G. Worn pick points. II. Worn bearing for bottom shaft. Worn shoe. I. J. Worn power-stick. C.

A

Shuttle Flying Out.

bangmg

off are also the

nmuber

of the causes of the

loom

cause of the shuttle flying out, so that in

when the same cause occurs, reference to those made by number and the explanation can be found

this section

points

will be

in the

previous chapter. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 1:;,

U,

lo, 10, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 20, 27,

28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 48.

worn picking

50.

Also,

51.

Worn

52. 53.

Loose top shod. Bottom shed too high

54.

Worn

55.

Yarn clinging together

56.

Kace-plate loose.

57.

Feelers too low in the shed.

58.

Shuttle spindle- pin working through the back of the shuttle. Harness spring broken or weak, not pulling the harness low enough for the yarn to be on the race-plate. Loose crank-arms.

59.

GO.

slick.

shuttle.

off the race-plate.

spindle-stud.

Reed over and under beconu! bent so that

it is

in the shed.

faced, that

is,

in

some way the reed has

forward from the level of the back of the

This causes the shuttle to strike against that part, be it ever so little, and the nose of the shuttle is turned (uil fiom the reed.

box.

The way

to straighten this

is

to

have

a

flat

piece of iron

licld

WEAVING

212

against the back of the reed, and straighten the end of the

with a flat-faced hammer, also pitch that

assist the

around the casing of the reed, and

is

out of square, then

this

can be done by

wouhl have

it

if

to be trued up,

it

the Avhole reed

and sometimes

If the reed being over

altering the lay cap.

faced does not throw the shuttle out,

manner they

in this

can often be returned to a straight position, but is

reed

reed by softening the

has a tendency to spoil the

by splintering it at the back where it first comes in contact with the reed, and this often breaks the yarn out, because when the weaver is placing the sluittle in the box it is apt to be turned shuttle

a little causing

splintered portion to rub against the yarn.

tlie

A

loose picker will cause the sliuttle to fly out, because the picker

on the stick to any position the shuttle forces it, and when the stick is at the end of the stroke, instead of the shuttle being slightly elevated at the back, it is down on the race-plate, and the slides

top of the hole of the picker strikes

nose of the shuttle

is

Another cause

tlie tip

it

will usually fly out.

shed openuig too late and

is tlie

sufficient space for tlie sliuttle to enter

and the

of the shuttle,

raised up, consequently

it,

thei'e

the result

is

is

not

either the

thrown out on the first pick, or it is retarded so much not go far enough in the box at the opposite side, but does it that still sufficiently to riiise up the dagger, and on the next pick the picker strikes the shuttle when the pick is at its quickest time, and shuttle

in this

is

way

the shuttle

is

The shed

often thrown out.

closing too

soon will also have the same effect as too early a shed.

When in contact

with the picker,

it

sequently jumps the shuttle. the

worn

is

wliich

new stick. Worn sliuttle means round on the back and bottom, such a shuttle

place, or replace witli a

a shuttle that will not

worn

comes causes a jump to the picker and conIt is best to round off the corners of

that portion of the picking-stick

hug

is

the reed, with the result that

the bottom shed

is

it

often

flies

too high off the race-plate, the shuttle

out.

is

If

thrown

up as it leaves the box a similar result occurs from cause 59. A worn spindle stud is the general cause of persons being injured by When the stud is worn and the picking-stick shuttles flying out. works forward, the stud has a tendency to work out from the box, which means tliat the })icker'will draw the back end of the shuttle ;

to the

back of the box, forcing out

tlie

front end of

tlie

shuttle

;

WEAVING

Fig. 134.

Worn

Parts of

Loom Causing

213

Shuttle to Fly Out.

WEAVING

214

tlie

consequence

measure, practice fix

is

to

instead of the shuttle being controlled in

is,

a

away from its support and will fly out. A common pack the worn stud with leather. It is dangerous to

it is

because the leather has a tendency to become loose after a few

picks have been run.

Steel cups can be purchased from the

makers for the purpose of

filling in tlie

hole of the

worn

loom

stud.

Yarn clinging in the shed may be the result of poor sizing, wrong timing of the shed, or too small a shed. Sometimes the race-plate becomes loose in the center, also at the sides, but more often the former, and in nineteen out of every twenty cases the fault is not seen until ahnost everything else has been

This

the fault.

Such a

owmg

is

to the

done to

fix

yarn covering the race-plate.

show itself on the shuttle, for the latter will be on the top owing to striking the top of the boxes. If the motion feelers are low in the shed, they interfere witli tlie fault will

chipjjed filling

passuig of

tlie

shuttle acrosr.

the shuttle will be so

and catches the will not pull plate.

reed.

dowm

the

much worn If

lay.

Sometimes the back

a harness spring

is

broken or weak,

the harness, so that the yarn

This causes the shuttle to run crooked.

are loose, there

an uneven motion to

is

of

that the spindle-pin protrudes

shuttle to fly out generally as the crank

tlie is

lay,

is

up

it

off the race-

If the crank-arms

which causes the

passing over the

top

center.

Explanation of Fig. 134 on Page 213.

A and

C D. E.

Uneven

Worn

B.

Worn Worn Worn

picker.

projection on picking stand.

Cloth; meanuig shady cloth and cloth with thick and

thui places.

Late or early shed. Small shed.

Loose rocker shaft bearing.

Odd

crank-arms.

Loose crank-arms. Loose reed.

Uneven Uneven

by under or over-faced reed. by boxes being too high or too low,

shuttles caused

shuttle caused

shed. filling.

WEAVING Gudgeons or

215

beatii s})ik(.'s hi-uL

J3roken be:iin llanges.

Worn Damp

wliip-roll.

friction.

Take-up motion out of order. Tin or sand roller bearing worn. Loose perforated tin or tin roller. Too deep in gear with beam head. Upright shaft binding.

Worn

stud on oscillating lever.

Rough teeth on beam head. Pawl and spring worn.

V

Gear Let

off.

Spring worn in boss of upright lever.i Oily friction strap.

Worn Hope

ratchet.

twisted around the

beam

head.

Cloth under friction band in a grimy condition. •Friction lever resting on the

Crooked beam head

band or beam head.

it touches the whip-roll Mlien the crooked portion comes round.

so that

Too much

pull on the friction cloth roller will strain the cloth, and occasionally causes two teeth to be taken up on the take-

up motion. Uneven setting

of the harness.

A number of tlie Uneven

Cloth.

above causes suggest the remedy. This

is

one of the hardest things to contend

with especially in a weave room where the humidity controL

The

friction

let-off

naturally feels

the

is

not under

effect

of

the

dampness more than the gear let-off, although in some cases the strap that checks somewhat the let-off of the gear is influenced by dampness. The friction let-off is most certainly the best, take it as a whole, that is, the rope wrapped around the beam head, or it may be a chain, an iron band or raw hide. These most certainly give the best results if attended to, but if allowed to go as they please, as the common term is, they are the worst form of let-off. If the rope has become sticky, a little powdered black lead will French chalk is often used, and with soon remedy this defect. good results, but this is more liable than graphite to cake and become sticky with change of atmosphere or if some oil is acciden-

WEAVING

216

tally

dropped on the beam head.

on the beam head, (.-lamimg that

vised oil slip

There are some

more

freely,

great pains in

fixers

who have

allowed the rope to

it

but the very same fixers have been seen to take

wipmg

off the oil

under other circumstances.

It

sometmies happens that uneven cloth is caused by the spike or gudgeon in the beam having been sprung this is caused l)y bang;

beam on the floor, and as turn of the beam causes unequal The take-up motion is often ing the

Fig. 135.

Worn

Parts of

the yarn let-off of

is

drawn

off,

the uneven

the yarn.

the cause of uneven cloth.

Loom Causing Uneven

The

Cloth.

majority of take-up motions that are on the two pick principle, that

is,

receiving motion from the pick

so that with a at a time.

little

Under

ratchet gear has a

cam

shaft, are constructed

change they can be made to take up two teeth

this construction, it is little

nntural then that the

play more than what

is

necessary to take

up one tooth, because it is owing to the loss of a portion of a tooth by the check-pawl, and a portion also by the take-up lever that the motion only takes up one tooth. The converging of these points and the using of the loss of space travc^lled by the take-up lever and

WEAVING

217

the check-pawl, enables the inotion to take ratchet gear does not

two

iij)

If the

teeth.

swmg a little and

\\()ik pcil'cctly free, then one can expect an uneven cloth, because instead of swinging l)ack a little to meet the check-pawl, the gear stays in the position to which it is

drawn by the take-up

lever,

and

this will occasionally cause

Uneven spun yarn makes a bad looking sometimes called a cockly cloth. The uneven

two teeth to be taken up. cloth,

and

this is

settmg of the harness will cause uneven cloth, that is, the harness not lifting equally at both sides, or an uneven shed, one lifting

When

higher than the other. be too careful at the straight, is

using a gear

starting

first

and that the gear which This

not too deep in gear.

is

up is

of the

let-off,

warp

a fixer cannot

to see that

all

with the beam

in contact

common

one of the most

is

lu-ad

causes of

complaint, because the teeth around the beam head are not alwavs as clean as they

might

edge of the teeth, and

Small chips of iron are on the uiner

be. if

the drivmg gear

beam has been turned to where the rough jump, and, m this way cause these places. Sometimes the gear is

;

when

too deep

m right pitch with the

is

yet thin places are caused

is

teeth are, the

the possibility

is

the

\\ar]) will

beam head, and beam spike

that the

sprung causmg an uneven contact with the driving gear.

If the

stud on which the rod

is placed is worn, uneven cloth will be the and sometimes the spring that keeps the pawl in contact with the ratchet gear has lost its strength, and occasionally the pawl will slip over the teeth of the ratchet instead of engaging in This causes an uneven let-off. Tliis little system of h)okthem. ing before one uses a Wrench comes in handy, for by the moving

result,

of the small collar, a great difference

On

a let-off

motion, a sprmg

is

m

the let-off

Avill

be the result.

often placed in contact w4tli the

This assists m bringing back the lever and at the same time the pawl; if the spring should slip, uneven cloth is sometimes caused, but not often, as it cannot be called a vital The pawl will sometimes miss turnpoint in the let-oft" motion. ing the ratchet gear owing to the pawl being worn, and this point upright lever.

is

often overlooked, the same as the spring.

caused by the arm that supports the there

is

much

raise a little

Uneven

w]ii[)-roll

vil)ration of tlie wlii{)-roll, this

out of the place that

is

worn, and

cloth

is

often

being woni, and

if

has a tendency to if

tlie

ends of the

WEAVING

218

whip-roll are

A

round whip-roll

clean and well oiled; off

beam and

the

grooves in the roll,

so that

the best

uneven cloth

as

possibility

less

is

it

will be the

kept

the bearings are

if

moves around with the yarn

it

there

roll,

is

moves around a

the roll

if

raised higher up, consequently

little, it is

result.

worn unevenly

often does in what'

as

it is

drawn

of the yarn wearing is

termed a

flat

whip-

explained more fully under the head of " Construction of a

loom."

When movement one

rocker shaft bearing

tlie

to lay

when beating

crank-arm

loose, or

is

slightly longer than the other, the reed does not beat u[)

is

evenly; a loose reed gives the same result.

when

broken,

this so

the heavier side

when

quickly than

mon

an uneven

loose, there is

is

If the

up.

is

passing down,

the broken side

when fancy

beam flange is goes down more

If a it

passing down, especially

is

cloths are being woven,

and

it

is

is

not uncom-

add a weight to the broken side to balance the beam. When the bearing for the sand roller is worn, the roller jumps, Loose perforated tin will sometimes overcausing cloudy cloth.

lap,

to

causing a thin place in the cloth.

roller will

come

loose

and

turn,

and

if

it

Occasionally the guide

has not been set straight,

uneven cloth will be the result. If the cloth under the friction band is allowed to remain on too long, it becomes sticky, and alloAvs the

beam

to let off in jumps.

the friction, the knot in the cloth friction l)and

tion lever

is

and

tiiis

Occasionally is

when

uneven

will cause very

let-ofl'.

allowed to rest on the band or beam head,

vent the proper letting

off of the

Sometimes the Aveight

will pre-

will touch the floor, or the weiglit from

a top

beam touches the lower beam. it

it

If the fricit

warp.

when

turns round

attaching

allowed to remain under the

If the

beam

will touch the whip-roll.

liead

is

crooked,

If there is too

nuich pull on the friction cloth roller the cloth will be strained,

and

it

will also occasionally cause

two

teetli to ])e

If the harnesses are not set level,

ratchet gear.

taken up on the

shady dyed cloth

will almost certainly be the result, because the sheds being lower

on that side the cloth there

is

ter harness connection

come

is

a

trifle

thicker, the conseciuence

a difference in the absorption of the dye stuff.

this.

If

on the Knowles

one edore of the cloth

is

Loom was

is

that

The

cen-

designed to over-

slack through the fault of

WEAVING the

teiii[)lf,

sliady piece

dyed

clotli

are distinct cracks in the cloth, the}' are

and

^\•i^l

in

more harnesses.

Sometimes there

result.

nine cases out of every ten,

caused by slack yarn, especially

of four or

219

is this

will see the defects occur almost regularly.

cam work woven and one

so with

Notice the cloth that

is

Then watch

the loom,

slack on one certain har-

and the probable cause will be the yarn is and when the filling is beaten up the slack yarn forms in a rub which prevents the close beating up of the fillmg, raismg that ness,

harness up a

little

to tighten the

yam.

Explanation of Fig. 135 on Page 216.

A. B. C.

D. E.

Worn link. Worn treadle-pin, Worn treadlo-{)lug. Worn treadle-bowl. Worn connecting rod

of let-off motion.

EXAMINATION PAPER

WEAVING. PART

H.

Instruction to the Student. Place yuur name and full address at the of the paper. Use auy cheap, light paper like the sample already sent you, of a size about 7 by 9 inches. Study the Instruction Paper thoroughly before attempting to answer the Examination, and then answer in ijour own

bead

woi'ds.

1.

What

2.

Describe the alternate

3.

Describe

the purpose of the fillnig stop motion?

is

Of what value

how

filling

the protection motion on a plain loom?

is

How would

motion works.

this

stop motion.

you

set the

dagger

in relation to the receiver?

a

4.

Describe

5.

What particular

new

set of 0.

full}'

the

7.

liow

must be attended

points

to,

when

fittmg

boxes to the loom?

Describe what would occur from a worn receiving plate

How

on the protection motion.

would

this occur?

Describe the two distinct sliapes of forks on the alternate

Has

stop motion.

filling

Crompton Gingham box motion.

any advantage over the

on(>

other,

if

so,

?

8.

Of

wliat value

ham box motion? 9.

stick ?

What

(live

is liable

is tlie

the lock-knife on the

from

a

worn picker and picking-

Describe fully.

Describe the center

11.

What

tection motion

12.

(Jing-

timing of the lock-knife.

to occiu-

10.

short?

Knowles

is

:

Describe

liable to

iilliiig

stop motion.

occur from the following on the pro-

Avorn dagger point, dagger too long, dagger too

how

the faidts occur.

Describe what faults occur fi-om the boxes buiding or

being too loose in the

slides.

WEAVING

224

If the small

13.

what would take place ?

segment gear shaft was bent or sprung, Describe how this would occur. Cromp-

ton motion.

Give the tuning of the alternate

14.

cam.

any reason why

Is there

opposite time

What

?

How

15.

A

results?

the reason,

is

would you

full

filling

stop

motion

cam should not be on

this

the

any ?

if

set the feeler wires to

obtam the best

answer required.

Suppose the spring check finger on the Crompton motion

16.

did not rest squarely on the check studs connected to the disc,

what would

How

17.

Tell

result ?

would you

how

this occurs.

set the picker

m

relation to the guide

Why ?

plates ?

18.

Give the timing of the center fillmg stop motion.

19.

Describe

race-plate,

how you would set the boxes level with the and how the leverage is adjusted on the Crompton box

motion.

Does

20.

it

require

more power

the boxes are loose in the slides, than

ought to be ?

If the

22.

filling

23.

boxes?

are fitted as they

how ?

Describe the grasshopper motion.

21.

out the

If so,

when

to drive the shuttle

when they

Crompton Loom.

loom was stopped by the filling stop motion withwhat would occur ? How ?

breaking,

How What

should the picker spindle be set to occur

is liable

How? What is the

in relation

to the

from the wrong setting or a worn

spindle stud? 24.

Describe

how

faults

value

occur

if

of

the

this

box

fails

protection

motion

work.

Crompton

to

?

motion. 25.

works

What

is

the value of the multiplier

in relation to the

26.

Is

it

box chain.

?

Describe

how

it

Crompton or Knowles.

better to elevate the back

end of the boxes or not?

In either case give reasons for answer. 27.

Describe the Knowles

28.

What

motion ?

Gingham box motion.

points determine the

practical value of a

box

WEAVING When

29.

consideration

l)nil(liiig

box

cluiins,

225

what

particular points need

?

first box level with the race-plate, you the get right leverage on the second box if it how would

After setting the

30.

\\as

How

below or abo\c the race-plate when raised?

the right

on the third and fourth boxes

leverage

?

obtain

Knowles

motion. 81.

What

vital point

needs consideration in the running of

the pickmg-stick with the picker? 32.

Make out

Why?

the box chain and multiplier for the following

pattern, arranging the shuttles in the boxes to the best advantage.

ThiaSs

a four

and one box loom:

60 blue, 10 white,

2 red,

2 white, 2 red, 2 white, 2 red, 10 white, 8 blue, 8 white, 8 blue, 8 white, 8 blue, 10 white. y^

y~-

mg

"^S^ Make out the box and multiplying chain for the foUowpattern

;

pick and pick loom, also show method of arranging

30 blue, 4 red, 20 blue, 4 red, 30 blue, 8 brown, 4 black, 8 brown, 4 black, 8 brown, 4 black, 8 l)rown,

shuttles in the boxes.

4 gold

silk,

16 black.

34.

Give at

35.

What

Explaui

least ten causes for

is

the

cause

loom banging

and remedy

for

off.

temple marks?

fully.

W^ould the same kind of burr temple be used on Give full reasons for your answer. classes of fabrics ? 36.

all

37.

Explain fully the advantage gained from staggermg

the harness. 38.

What would you

39.

Suppose the

do to help a soft sized warp to weave

i)icks of filling are

being laid in the cloth

somewhat on an angle, what would you consider the cause

?

run different weights of shuttles same loom, especially in a four and one box loom ? Why ? 40.

Is it possible to

41.

What

eifect

would

a heavily built

a fine piece of cloth, especially

very pronounced 42.

weave ?

?

m the

loom and lay have on

the eccentricity of the lay was

How ?

How would you

Why ?

if

?

treat an extra sized

warp

to get

it

to

:

WEAVING

226

up iii the mornmg you found a number of looms bangmg off caused by excessive moisture m the room, what method woukl you pursue to overcome the 43.

Supposing that after

44.

What

effect

rusty temple ring

y^

H\

start

Why?

faults?

temple

tlie

would the foUowmg have on the

spindle,

waste

m

the temple rmgs,

cloth:

crooked

?

^

Make

out the chain plan for the following pattern

3 picks brown and white D. T. yarn, 3 picks white, 3 picks D. T. yarn, 3 picks white, 2 picks printed yarn, 3 picks white, 3 picks

D. T. yarn, 3 picks white yarn, 2 picks

J^it

jaiaa, 3

picks D. T. yarn, 2 picks printed

blue, 3 picks white, 2 picks light blue, 2Lpick

fancy, 2 pieksolue, 3 picks white, 3 picks D. T., 3 picks white,

3 picks D. T., 46.

pick fancy.

1

Supposing four colors of

loom, and one was a soft spun tkit hlling into

I

?

filling

filling,

were being used

in a

which box would you place

Why ?

After completing the work, add and sign the following statement: hereby certify that the above work is entirely my own. (Signed)

^

^^

v/

bOUiHfoMf kh

3

IHASSA( HuSE IIS

2TEE DD351

UMVtRSIIV

3fiT

b

SPEC. COLL TS1490 .A5 1903 American School pt ji

(Chicago, 111.)

Weaving p-f. 2~