We Are Communists

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1

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3

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ord k i f ; u¹cif ; csef c J h w J h jy\emud k rS e f r S e f u ef u ef ud k i f w G , f a &;eJ @ ywf o uf I Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD ajyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf trS w f 1§2009 (18 - 2 - 2009)

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4

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a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u d k ±H k ; wif p pf a q;jcif ; eJ @ ywf o uf I Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD ajyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf trS w f 2§2009 (23 - 5 - 2009)

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6

_ynf o l h t m%m

jopajw;vsuGef_rLepfygwDodkh

ay;ydkhonfh 0rf;enf;o0%fv$m od@k A[dak umfrwD =opa=w;vsueG jf rLepfygwD rS A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD 2009ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D 21&uf? ta=umif;t&m? ? 0rf;enf;o0%fvm$ ay;yd@k jcif;? cspv f pS mG aom&Jabmfrsm;cifAsm;=opa=w;vsjynf uGefjrLepfygwD.OuUÏvnf;jzpf/ EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfv_yf±Sm;r_. xGef;ajymifonhf acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfaom &Jabmfyw D mqdik rf eG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;onhf owif;ud=k um;od&onft h wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd vGepf mG rS a=uuG0J rf;enf;&ygonf? &Jabmfw@kd EiS fh ol.use&f pfaomcsprf o d m;pktm; u|eaf wmfw@kd vnf; xyfwx l yfr# 0rf;enf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;vdyk gonf? olESifhu|efawmfwdk@ w}udrfawG@qHkcGifh&cJhI u|efawmfwdk@ygwDrS =opa=w;vsuGefjrLepfygwD XmecsKyfodk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf&eftpDtpOfrmS ADZmtcuftcJa=umihf ysujf ym;oGm;cJ&h ygonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf tcGit hf a&; aumif;wckudk pdwfraumif;p&m vufvGwfoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf? =opa=w;vsjynfolrsm;ESifh urBmhjynfolrsm;. ta&;awmfyt kH wGuf }u;D rm;pGm tvkyt f au|;ðycJo h nhf &Jabmfqikd rf eG u f kd qH;k ±H;_ &onht f wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k u 0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ =d uygonf? }uH@cikd af omuGejf rLepfwOD;taejzifh q,fpEk pS af ygi;f (7) ckausmjf zwfoef;cJo h nhf Tyk*Kd~ vf. acgi;f aqmifr_ atmufwiG f =opa=w;vsueG jf rLepfygwo D nf ydrk pkd nf;vH;k tm;aumif;cJ+h y;D =opa=w;vsjynforl sm;ESiv hf nf; cGrJ &atmif *a[qufEikd cf =hJ uygonf? od@k aomf Tod@k acgi;f aqmifwOD;usq;kH jcif;onf =opa=w;vsjynf uGejf rLepfygw0D ifrsm;. yef;wdik o f @kd csw D ufonhf ajcvSr;f rsm;udw k @Hk aES;aprnfr[kw[ f k u|eaf wmfw@dk p+JG rJpmG ,H=k unfygonf? ol@ta=umif; jyefpOf;pmvdu k w f idk ;f olw@kd tzd@k oEMÏd mefyrkd kd cdik rf mum ajcvSr;f rsm;vnf; ydrk t kd m;±Sv d m=urnfom jzpfygonf? &Jabmfyw D mpdik rf eG u f , G v f eG af omowif;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw. D ygw0D ifrsm;t=um; To0%fvm$ ESit hf wl jzef@vu kd +f yD jzpfygonf? &Jabmfyw D mqdik rf eG t f m; u|eaf wmfw@kdEv S ;kH om;ESihf OD;a%Smufxw J iG f xm0&owd&ae=uvdrrhf nf[k ,H=k unfryd gonf? A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD

7

wif j yol & J @ trS m ESpf (70) ygwo D rdik ;f wckv;kH udk a&;rSmr[kwyf g? rsuaf rSmufjzwfoef;ae&wJh c&D;pOftwGi;f toH;k 0ifrnfh ordik ;f tawG@tñuHrsm;ESihf oifcef;pmrsm;udk acgi;f pD;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ a&;ygrnf? &Jabmfrsm;rdwaf qGrsm; pOf;pm;oH;k oyfcsichf sed Ef ikd &f eftwGuo f ma&;jcif; jzpfygonf? yk*v ~ u d rSwpf o k m jzpfygonf? 1980 ckEpS rf sm;u ‘ygwo D rdik ;f ’ ðypk&ef aumfr&Siw f ckukd ygwAD [du k zG@J pnf;wm0efay;zl;ygonf? ygww D nfaxmifpup+yD; acwftqufquf jzwfoef;cJzh ;l olrsm;udk wm0efay;+yD; a&;apcJw h m jzpfygonf? ‘aumfr&Si’f u vtcsKd @óu;pm;+yD; (rl=urf;) a&;=unfyh gonf? aemufq;kH awmh vufav#mv h u kd &f ygonf? ta=umif;rSm ordik ;f udzk efw;D zd@k awmfveS af &;w&yfqifEaJ$ e&pOfwiG f ordik ;f udak &;zd@k roifah o;[k jrifvmaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? ygww D iG f xde;f odr;f &rnfh v#Kd @0u S cf surf sm; &Syd gonf? 'gawGukd zGi+hf yD;a&;vdu k v f #if

ESpf (70) twGif; urBmhpepf (World

Order)

tajymif;tvJrsm;

(1) ygw. D ESpf (70) c&D;wGif urBmph epf (World Order) (2) ck ñuHc&hJ ygonf? ygww D nfaxmifcgpu (WO) rSm Edik if H aygi;f csKyftzG@J }uD; ¡League of Nations (LN)¢ pepf jzpfygonf? tJ'w D ek ;f u Edik if }H uD;rsm;&J@ tcif;tusi;f u ‘LN pepf’ udk xde;f odr;f umuG,o f nfh Edik if }H uD;rsm; (t*Fvyd /f jyifopfe@J qdAk , D uf(±k&mS ;) ponf) wd@k &So d nf? ‘LN pepf’ udk pdeaf c:onfh olrsm;u zufqpf0if±;kd wef;Edik if aH wG (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) wd@k &So d nf? tar&duefu LN xJ rygcyhJ g? oD;jcm; aeonf? ‘LN pepf’ rSm yxrurBm ppfwiG f ppfEikd cf o hJ rl sm;u csrw S x f m;wmjzpfv@kd t*Fvyd /f jyifopfw@kd u umuG,w f m rqef;yg? qdAk , D uf (±k&mS ;) ygaewmuawmh Zmbk&if±&k mS ; u yxrurBmppfrmS t*Fvyd /f jyifopfw@kd e@J wzufwnf; wdu k cf v hJ @kd ygEikd w f m jzpfonf? qdAk , D ufu Zmbk&ifukd ðzwfcs+yD; qd&k , S v f pfawmfveS af &; qifEx J$ m;wmjzpfv@kd olu 8

ESpf (70) c7D; tawGhtjuHKESifhoifcef;pmrsm;

&efot l óuuf jzpfomG ;ygvrd rhf nf? zH;k w0ufazmfw0uf a&;vd@k vnf; rjzpfyg? ygw&D @J Oya'wGi;f ygwb D 0udk (3) ESpf eD;yg;yJ &cJw h m jzpfonf? wcsed v f ;kH ajratmufygwb D 0eJ@ &yfwnfc&hJ wm jzpfonf? Oya'wGi;f Oya'y wdu k yf o JG ¿mefrsKd ;pHu k kd qifEcJ$ &hJ wm jzpfonf? ajray: O/G ygwrD sm;eJ@ Edik if jH cm;rSnt D pfuykd gwrD sm;udk v#Kd @0u S q f ufqcH &hJ wm jzpfonf? 'gawGukd a&;vd@k rjzpfyg? a&;v#if &efo@l tóuuf jzpfomG ;vdrrhf nf? jynfwiG ;f jynfyu &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ rdwaf qGrsm;udk xdcu kd o f mG ;vdrrhf nf? 'ga=umifh a&$@qikd ;f vdu k zf @kd qH;k jzwfvu kd &f onf? aemifrS tajctaeay;v#if a&;Edifk zf @kd ‘ordik ;f tawG@tñuHEiS o hf ifcef;pmrsm;’ udk tcka&;vdu fk yf gonf? &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwaf qGrsm; ud;k um;csichf sed &f ef taxmuftulðyvdrrhf nf[k ar#mv f ifyh gonf? ygwñD uHc&hJ wJh tawG@tñuHawGu rsm;ygonf? xd@k twl oifcef;pmuvnf; rsm;ygonf? wd;k cs@J &efe@J a&SmifusO&f eftwGuf &nf&, G +f yD; a&;ygonf? tawG@tñuHEiS o hf ifcef;pm a&maxG;aeygvrd rhf nf? ?

(League of Nations) pzG@J wek ;f uawmh ygciG hf r&cJyh g? 0dik ;f y,fcx H m;&onf? aemufyikd ;f usrS yg&onf? tar&duefuawmh wrsKd ; jzpfonf? yxrurBmppftprSm ‘=um; aeonf’? ‘2’ bufpvH;k udk qufq+H yD; ta&mif;t0,fvyk o f nf? t}uD;tus,f tjrwfxw k o f nf? teD;tem;u wdik ;f jynfuav;awGukd odr;f ydu k o f nf? (1917) ckEpS u f srS ppfEikd af wmhrnfb h ufxJ 0ifygvu kd o f nf? 1918 rSm *smr%D ppf±;_H onf? 1920 rSm (LN) zG@J onf? (LN) zG@J a&;udk tar&duefu pwifajymcJw h m jzpfayr,fh (LN) wu,fz@JG awmh r0ifcyhJ g? Oa&myt±_yx f J 0ifrygwmu tar&dueftwGuf tusKd ;&Srd ,fxifv@kd yJ jzpfonf? tDwvDe@J *syefuvnf; ‘LN pepf’ udk tpuvufco H nf? aemufusrS tmcHonf? olw@dk u ppfEikd w f b hJ ufu Edik if aH wGjzpfayr,fh &wJah 0pku enf;onf? t*Fvyd f - jyifopfuyJ a0pkawG vuf0g;}u;D tky, f x l m;w,fq+kd y;D rauseyfv@kd qef@usiw f m jzpfonf? 'Dupd u P kd tus,af &;&wmu ygwpD wifxal xmifwek ;f u Edik if w H umhtajctaeeJ@ tcif;tusi;f udk odap 9

_ynf o l h t m%m vdv k @kd jzpfonf? acwfopfrmS b,f awmhrqdk jynfwiG ;f a&;eJ@ jynfya&; tjyeftvSeq f ufpyf ywfoufaew,f qdw k mudk owdðyrd=uapzd@k jzpfonf? ygwDaxmif+yD; (19 &uf om;) t&G,rf mS 'kw, d urBmppf}uD; jzpfonf? ygwDu tpki,fuav; awGukd pkpnf;+yD; zG@J xm;&wmjzpfv@kd tawG;tac:awG ±_yaf xG;onf? ygwpD wifxal xmifwek ;f u uGefjrLepfEdkifiHwumh tzGJ@csKyf}uD;

a&;’ ‘t*F v d y f v uf a tmuf u vGwaf &;’ udk 0g'jzef@aeawmh rufcsif p&m}u;D jzpfaeonf? ‘t*Fvyd t f cuf Armhtcsuf’ qHk;jzwfcsufuvnf; &So d nf? 'D v d k t ajctaerS m “19 &ufom;ygwD” tzdk@ tawG;tac: ±_yaf xG;wm rqef;yg? b,fvdkjzpfcJhw,f qdkwm awGuakd wmh tm;vH;k od+y;D jzpfv@kd ra&; awmhyg?

omrefat;csrf; aewJ h u mvrS m ESpfeJ@csD+yD; oif,l&rnfh trSefw&m;udk ppf } uD ; twG i f ; rS m &uf y d k i f ; avmuf oif , l ± H k e J @ &wwf y gonf ?

(Comintern) &Sdonf? zufqpf qef@usifa&;qHk;jzwfcsuf &Sd+yD;vnf; jzpfonf? 'gah =umifh Edik if w H umh (cGi)f *GifrSm &efolb,folvJ - rdwfaqG b,fov l q J w kd m &Si;f onf? *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syefwdk@udk &efoltjzpf owfrw S +f yD; qef@usiw f u kd yf 0JG if&rnf qdw k m &Si;f onf? 'gayrJh cufwmu Armjynf &J@ vufawG@b0u t*Fvyd &f @J uv kd ekd D jzpfaeonf? 1300 jynft h a&;awmfykH rSm emem=unf;=unf; cHxm;&wm vnf; &So d nf? tcJraus vufpm;acs csifonf? t*Fvdyfudk r[mrdwfðyzdk@ qdw k mudk vufc&H cufaeonf? wzuf uvnf; *syefu ‘Armjynfvw G v f yf 10

*syefu Armjynfukd odr;f rd wm[m tawG;tac:±_yfaxG;r_ rSef or#ukd &Si;f ay;vdu k o f vdk jzpfomG ;vd@k ('Dbufu=unf&h if) *syefukd aus;Zl; wif&vdrfhrnf? ppf}uD;twGif; jzpf vdk@vnf; trSefw&m; jrefjref&wm jzpfonf? omrefat;csr;f aewJu h mv rSm ESpfeJ@csD+yD; oif,l&rnfh trSef w&m;udk ppf}uD;twGif;rSm &ufydkif; avmuf oif,±l ekH @J &wwfygonf? zufqpfqef@usiaf &;vrf;pOf [m tjreftqefzGH@òz;wdk;wuftm; }uD;vmonf? 1943 rSm uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sief ,f zsuo f rd ;f awmh ygwD tzd@k bmt±_yaf xG;rS r&Scd yhJ g? ud, k hf vrf; ud, k x f iG f ud, k v hf rf;ud, k af v#muf

wwfaeyg+yD? (1944) rS m ‘zwyv’ a&Sma&Sm±ª ± ª z G J @ Ed k i f w m[m tawG ; tac: r±_yv f @kd jzpfonf? (1945) rSm jynfv;kH u|wf *syefzufqpf awmfveS f a&; vkyEf ikd cf w hJ m ‘zwyv’ . acgi;f aqmifr_ rSeu f efv@kd jzpfonf? 1945 rSm ‘'kwd, uGef *&uf’ usi;f yEdik jf cif;onf ‘Auy’ vl vm;ajrmufvmwmukjd yonfh ordik ;f 0ifrw S w f ikd f jzpfonf? zufqpf awmf vSeaf &;omr&Sv d #if ‘Auy’ . Edik if H a&; tqifhae&m jrifhwufvmrSm r[kwyf g? (3) ‘LN urBmph epf’ +yD;awmh ‘UN urBmph epf’ay:vmonf? 'gukd (WO) 2 ck[k ajymvdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? ‘UN urBmph epf’ u tcktxd &Sad eonf? ESpaf ygi;f (60) ausmcf +hJ yD? ESpf (60) ausmt f wGi;f WO udk xde;f !‡&d wmawGawmh trsm;}u;D &Sdonf? odk@aomf tajccHuawmh ajymif;roGm;yg? ‘LN pepf’eJ@ ‘UN pepf’ rSm xifxif&mS ;&Sm;uGjJ ym;wmu (LN) rSmwkef;u Security Council (SC) vHðk caH &;aumifpD r&S?d (UN) rSm &So d nf? Security Council qdw k m ay:vm&wmuvnf; 'kw, d urBmppf wke;f u atmify&JG cJw h hJ r[mrdwf tzG@J xJrmS qd&k , S v f pfpepfukd ud, k pf m;ðywJh qdAk , D uf (±k&mS ;) ygaevd@k jzpfonf? (SC) xJu ADwt kd m%mydik f (5) Edik if H rSm (1945 ckEpS f UN zG@J wek ;f u) qdAk D ,uf±&k mS ;wEdik if w H nf;yJ qd&k , S v f pf Edik if t H jzpf ygonf? w±kwu f kd KMT tpdk;&u udk,fpm;ðyonf? 'gvnf; UN &J@ xl;jcm;csuv f @kd ajymvd@k &onf? (udv k edk w D ydik ;f ) wdik ;f jynfu }u;D w}u;D

_ynf o l h t m%m tjzpf yg0ifcGifh&aewm jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppfrSm w±kwfawG oef; aygi;f rsm;pGm taocH+yD; wdu k cf v hJ @kd 'D tqifhae&m&wm jzpfonf? tar &duefu aus;Zl;qyfwm jzpfonf? (udv k ekd )D tdE, dN uvnf; UN pwif zG@J wek ;f u tzG@J 0ifEikd if t H jzpf ygco hJ nf? 'gvnf; xl;jcm;csuf jzpfonf? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f rSm oluvnf; oef;eJ@ cs+D yD; tar&duef - t*Fvyd t f wGuf taocHwu kd af y;cJ&h wm jzpfonf? UN p+yD;zG@J wek ;f u ppf±;_H Edik if aH wG vH;k 0ryg &yg? tDwvDu (1955) rSm *syefu (1956) rSm *smr%Du (1973) rSmusrS yg=u&onf? (4) UN urBmhpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD; urBmhpepfopf NWO xlaxmifzdk@ tck tar&duefajymaeonf? (1990) uwnf ; u ajymcJ h w mjzpf o nf ? qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf (±k&Sm;) pwif òyuGJwkef;u pdwf"mwfwufºu+yD; ajymwm jzpf o nf ? aemuf a wmh NWO ajymoH a wG nH v monf ? “‘21’ &mpkukd tar&dum;&mpk jzpfap &rnf” qdw k mwd@k / ‘orkid ;f ed*;kH ’ wd@k ay: vmonf? 9§11 ta&;tcif; +yD;wJh aemufrmS awmh wqifw h ufvmonf? wnf&adS eaom ‘UN urBmh pepf’ udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; wudk,fawmf pdeaf c:vmonf? tD&wf ppfyu JG kd ol@ oabmeJ@ol 0ifwu kd o f nf? UN udk ab;csw d v f u kd o f nf? [dw k ek ;f uawmh ‘urBmh pepf a[mif;’ udk zsuo f rd ;f vdv k #if urBm ppfwyGJwdkuf+yD; zsufodrf;zdk@ óu;yrf; &onf? urBmppfwyGJ pwdu k o f nfo h l uvnf; wcgu ppf±;H_ xm;olyJ jzpf wwfonf? *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef wd@k u ‘LN urBmph epf’ udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D

‘zufqpfurBmhpepf’ eJ@ tpm;xdk;zdk@ ppfpwdu k zf ;l onf? od@k aomf olw@kd ppf±;_H onf? 'ga=umifh ‘zufqpfurBmph epf’ ray:vmbJ ‘UN urBmph epf’ yJ ay: vmwm jzpfonf? tckawmh NWO ajymol UN urBmp h epfukd zsuo f rd ;f vdo k u l ppf±;_H cJo h l r[kwyf g? tar&dum; jzpf

vGeyf u JG =umvdrrhf nf? ±_yf axG;vdrrhf nf? (1930 - 40) wke;f uvdk jrefjrefjywfrnf r[kwyf g? ygwu D vnf; touf (70) &S+d y?D [dw k ek ;f uvdk tawG; tac:±_yrf nf r[kwyf g? ±_y&f ifvnf; acwfe@J tnD ±_yzf @kd yJ &So d nf? [dw k ek ;f u e,f c sJ @ pepf a [mif ; acwf ? tck u ‘e,fcsJ@pepfopf’ acwf jzpfonf?

[dkwkef;uawmh ‘urBmhpepf a[mif;’ udk zsufodrf;vdkv#if urBmppf wyGJwdkuf+yD; zsufodrf;zdk@ óu;yrf; &onf? aeonf? tar&dum;onf urBmppf r±H;_ zl;yg? urBmppf (2) yGaJ =umifyh J urBmh eHygwf0rf; jzpfcJholyg? tckxd ol@ pD;yGm;a&;udrk o D l r&Sad o;yg? ol@ppfa&; tif t m;ud k v nf ; rD o l r&S d a o;yg? ork'N&mtm;vHk;udk olyJtkyfpD;xm; onf? ppfpcef;awG urBmtES@H csxm; onf? NATO udk OD;aqmifaeonf? NATO udk wd;k cs@J aeonf? olu tck awmh ‘urBmph epfopf’ cscsiaf eyg+yD? odk@aomf oljzpfcsifwmudk wjcm;tiftm;}uD;Edik if aH wGu vuf rcHcsi=f uyg? ‘UN urBmph epf’ udk zsuf odrf;rypfbJ ðyjyifwmyJ vkyfcsif=u onf? tar&dum;u 0if±dk;wck wnf; (ol@) udk A[dðk yvnfywf&onfh urBmph epf xlaxmifcsio f nf? wjcm; tiftm;}u;D awGu 0if±;kd trsm; (olw@kd) udk A[dðk yvnfywfonfh urBmph epf jzpf apcsifonf? 'Dtjrif (2) ck tm; òyifaeonf? vGeq f aJG eonf? oHwref a&; upm;uGuaf wG vkyaf eonf?

e,fcs@J pepfa[mif;u &Si;f onf? jywf onf? =urf;onf? ‘iguocif rif;u u|ef’ qdkwhJ qufqHa&; jzpfonf? e,fcs@J pepfopfuawmh ‘vGwv f yfre_ @J 'Dru kd a&pD’ udk tmayguaf tmif ajym a[monf? ‘vGwv f yfa&;’ udv k nf; azmazmoDoaD y;onf? tD&wf ‘vGwf vyf’ oGm;+yD? udkqdkAdk ‘vGwfvyf’ oGm;+yD? ‘awmfveS af &;’ awGuv kd nf; awmfawmfajymonf? ‘vdarRmaf &mif awmfveS af &;’ ‘opfcaG &mif awmfveS f a&;’ ‘ESif;qDa&mifawmfvSefa&;’ ponfponfw@kd ukd ajym+yD;+yD? ‘vGwf vyfa&;’ ay;+yD;&if/ ‘ta&mifawmf vSeaf &;’ vky+f yD;&ifvnf; NATO xJ wef;+yD;oGif;ay;onf? tar&dum; ajymwJh NWO qdw k mu ‘UN urBmh pepf’udk csnehf @J tm;aysmo h mG ;atmif vkyfzdk@eJ@ ‘NATO urBmhpepf’ udk tm;}uD;atmifvyk zf @kd jzpfa=umif; &Si;f ae+yD? tar&dum;u (UN) &J@ tjyif bufxu G +f y;D wud, k af wmf (&rf;) vdu k f (UN) udk jyef+yD;toH;k csvu kd f vkyaf e 11

_ynf o l h t m%m wm[m [dkwkef;ueJ@ vHk;vHk;rwlwJh vkyef nf;opfjzpfonf? [dw k ek ;f uawmh (LN) xJ ygaewJh tDwvDe@J *syefw@dk u (LN) &J@tjyif bufxu G +f yD; wud, k f awmf (&rf;) +yD;v#if (LN) udk vH;k vH;k *±krpdu k b f J aevdu k o f nf? (LN) udk jyefvmwm rvkyyf g? ±_yf±_yfaxG;axG;jzpfaewm udk ud, k u f ±d;k ±d;k }u;D pOf;pm;vd@k rjzpfyg? wa=umif;wdu k pf Of;pm;v#if ±d;k t&m usvrd rhf nf? tD&wfudk tar&duefu (UN) udk ab;csw d +f yD; ppfwu kd v f u kd f awmh ArmjynfrmS vnf; tar&duef u 'DvdkyJvkyfvdrfhrnf xifcJholawG &So d nf? olw@kd xifovdk tar&duefu rvkyyf g? ‘em*pf’ udpjP zpfawmhvnf; tar&duefppfoabFmawG ‘vlom; csif;pmemr_ tultnD’ ay;zdk@qdk+yD; yifv,fjyifu apmifah eonf? rdrw d @kd xJu wcsKd @u R2P (umuG,f ay;&ef wm0ef&rdS )_ udk udik +f y;D 0ifvm awmhrnf xifonf? 'gayrJh r0ifyg? vSnfhjyef oGm;onf? a*smf * sD , mrS m usawmh wrsdK;? yifv,fjyifu apmifhaewm rvkyyf g? wdu k ±f u kd yf J “vlom;csi;f pmem onft h ultnDawG” ay;aeonf? u|efawmfwdk@odxm;oifh wmu urBmay:rSm qm;AD;,m; tD&wfvdk EdkifiHcsnf; &Sdwmr[kwf? umv/ a'o/ ya,m* rwlwmawG xnfw h u G &f ygrnf? Armjynfu ppftkyfpkwdkif; [m b,ftcsed rf mS b,fo@l ukd uyf aygi;f &r,f/ b,foel @J cGm&r,fqw kd m udk em;vnf=uonf qdw k mudk rarh oifyh g? (1959 - 60) u tdraf pmifh ppftyk pf /k (1962 - 88) u rqv ppf tkyfpk/ (1988 u tckxd) e0w 12

§etz ppftkyfpkwdk@onf tJ'DvdkyJ uyfvdkufcGmvdkuf vkyfcJh=uwm jzpf onf? aemifrmS vnf; uyfvu kd f cGm vdu k f vky=f uOD;rnfqw kd m rarhoifyh g? ±d;k taev#if cH&vdrrfh nf? ud, k t hf ±_yu f kd ud, k b hf mom &Si;f &rnf? olrsm; 0if&iS ;f ay;rnf r[kwyf g? olrsm; u Armjynfupd aP =umifah wmh =urf;rSm &rf;rSm r[kwyf g? ,d;k ',m;0ef}uD;csKyf bmajymovJ ? awmif b uf u rlqvifupd P (rav;&Sm;eJ@ ywfouf w,f) ta&S@bufu uarBm'D;,m; ud p P (AD , uf e rf e J @ ywf o uf w ,f ) 'Dvjkd zpfaecsed rf mS Armjynfppftpd;k &udk &efvyk af erSm r[kwyf g? w±kw/f tdE, dN uawmh ajymp&mrvdk? etz uyf xm;+yD; jzpfonf? ygwDordkif;udk b,f v d k y nmay;=urvJ

(1) ygwDordkif;udk ygwD0iftopf ta[mif; tm;vH;k udk ynmay;&vdrhf rnf? ray;vd@k rjzpfyg? ygwo D rdik ;f udk tus,ftjyef@/ ESpftvdkuf/ jzpfpOf tvdu k af &;zd@k roifah o;bl;qdw k mudk trSmwGif wifjyxm;ygonf? Tod@k qo kd jzifh ygwo D rdik ;f udk vH;k 0ra&;&[k qdv k jkd cif; r[kwyf g? vdt k yfcsut f & a&;ae&ygrnf? Auy ta=umif;udk rdwf qufay;zd@k awmif;qdak om Edik if jH cm;rS ygwDrsm;&Sdv#if/ olwdk@odzdk@ vdktyf oavmuf u d k rd w f q uf p mapmif uav; a&;ay;&ygonf? rdryd gw0D ifrsm;udk ygwD pdwf "mwf & S d v matmif / &if h u suf v m atmif/ ygwDtwGuf *k%f,lwwf atmif/ ygw&D @J *% k af &mif jri‡ w hf ifay;zd@k

wm0ef&adS =umif; odvmatmif ‘ygwD ordik ;f ynmay;a&;’ pmapmifpmwrf; rsm;udk a&;ay;&ygonf? (2) ESpf ‘70’ ygwDordkif;udk ‘ygwD pdw"f mwf’ wnfaqmufonfo h rdik ;f [k csKyf+yD;ajymEdik yf gonf? 1939 ckESpfu ygwDwnf axmifwek ;f u ygw0D if q,f*%ef;yJ &Syd gonf? 'guvnf; cef@reS ;f +yD; ajym &onfh udef;*%ef;yg? ausmif;om; or*~ tEG,0f if tpk (3) pk &S&d mrSm ol@tpke@J ol eD;pyf&mudk odr;f oGi;f xm; aom ygwD0ifrsm; &Sdygonf? ocif A[de;f tpkrmS b,foal wG&o dS nf qdk wmudk olyo J yd gonf? ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvaS zwd@k uvnf; xdt k wdik ;f yif ol@oabmeJ@ol odr;f oGi;f xm;wm jzpf ygonf? ocifp;kd / ocifAwif (*d&k , S )f wd@k uvnf; xd@k twl jzpfygonf? pm&if;csKyf&Sd&atmifvnf; tajctae ray;yg? 'ga=umifh ygwD 0ifawGrSm ‘tpkpdwf"mwf’ yJ &Sd=u onf? ‘ygwpD w d "f mwf’ r&ifu h suyf g? Eke,fygonf? ppf}uD;twGif; jzwfoef;& awmh ‘tpkpw d "f mwf’ u ydv k @kd om tm;aumif ; vmonf ? ‘ygwD p d w f "mwf’ rnfrnf&&r&Syd g? aemufyikd ;f usrS ‘ygwD p d w f " mwf ’ &vmwm jzpfonf? yxru ud, k t hf pkuav; twGi;f rSmyJ ,H=k unfpw d cf sonf? ud, k hf tpkacgif;aqmifr_udkyJ A[dkðyxm; onf? ‘zwyv’ ay:vm+yD;rS ‘ygwD pdw"f mwf’ (enf;enf;) &Sv d monf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; ‘'kwd, uGef*&uf’ usif;yEdkifrS ‘ygwDpdwf "mwf’ tajccH&vmygonf? tdE, dN uGejf rLepfygw. D tawG@tñu&H cJah om udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h udk *k%ðf y&ygrnf? ygwpD w d "f mwf/ ygw0D ifwm0ef0wW&m;

_ynf o l h t m%m owfowfrw S rf w S &f adS tmif olvyk af y; cJhvdk@ jzpfonf? ygwD0ifuwfjym; awmif xkwaf y;cJah o;onf? ‘Oya' wGi;f &yfwnfciG ’hf &ojzifv h nf; 'Dvkd vkyfEdkifwm jzpfonf?‘Oya'wGif; &yfwnfr’_ udk wefz;kd xm;vGe;f tm; }u;D wma=umifv h nf; udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h udk tjypfajymEdkifjyefonf? xm;yg awmh? ocif p d k ; onf ‘tpk p d w f "mwf’ udk ‘ygwpD w d "f mwf’ od@k jri‡ w hf if ray;Edik cf yhJ g? 'ga=umifh *d% k ;f *%0g' vd_ufpm;jcif; cH&onf? Zmwfodrf; raumif;cJhyg? (1946) rSm tvHeD *d% k ;f cGaJ wmh ygw0D iftrsm;pk}uD;onf ‘Auy A[d’k ESit hf wl &yfwnfcw hJ m [m ‘ygwDpdwf"mwf’ (tajccHtm; jzif)h &Sad e=uvd@k om jzpfonf? ocifp;kd ajymonfh ‘ode;f oef; tacsmiform;’ rsm;udk ‘tpkpdwf"mwf’ eJ@ emcHae =uvd@k r[kwyf g? ‘'kw, d uGe*f &uf’ &J@ (A[dk) udk emcHae=uwm jzpfonf? 'gu ‘tpkpw d "f mwf’ udk ‘ygwD pdwf "mwf’ eJ@ tpm; xd;k Edik cf =hJ uvd@k om jzpfonf? ‘1948’ aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f jynfwiG ;f ppfumv jzwfoef;&onf? ‘'kwd,uGef*&uf’ . (A[dk) onf ‘wwd,uGef*&uf’ usif;yEdkifonfh tajctae&SdygvsufeJ@ rusif;yEdkifcJh onfrSm csdK@,Gif;ygonf? ‘wwd, uGef*&uf’ udk vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ wdu k af epOfrmS usi;f ycJo h ifo h nf? (1960) ckESpfawG a&muf awmh ‘wwd,uGe*f &uf’ usi;f yzd@k rajymeJ@ A[dak umfrwDpn kH D pnf;a0;zd@k yif cufomG ;+yD? (1967) wGif ‘ygwDwGif; awmfvSefa&;’ trnfcH+yD; ‘*dk%f;

tpkpw d "f mwf’ udk (ygwAD [d)k u oGwf oGif;vmjcif;onf {&mrtrSm; jzpf onf? ‘ygwpD w d "f mwf’ udk ‘*d% k ;f tpk pdwf"mwf’ jzifh tpm;xdk;vdkufjcif; jzpfv@kd rSm;ygonf? rSm;wmuvnf; =um&Sno f nf? jyifcsed v f nf; r&cJ&h mS =uyg? OuUX (2) a,muf usqHk;? acgi;f aqmifawG usq;kH ? vufeufcsawG ay:+y;D yJc;l ±d;k r/ jrpf0u|e;f ay:/ txuf Armjynf/ jrpfzsm;a'o pwmawG us±;_H oGm;onf? ‘ygwDwGif; awmfvSefa&;’ qdw k m}u;D udk rvkycf o hJ nfh a'oawGyJ useo f nf? w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD (CPC) . tultnD&vd@k e,fpyf a'oawGrmS }uD;xGm;E_e;f jrefonf? od@k aomf ‘ud, k t hf m; ud, k f udk;tajccH ysufcJhyg+yD?’rSDcdkae&yg+yD? trSDaysmufwJh ‘1989’ rSmusawmh tusemawmhonf? b,fo@l tjypfrS r[kwyf g? ygwAD [dk (PB) &J@ tjypf jzpfonf? ‘udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;a&;’ vkyfzdk@ tcsdeftrsm;}uD;&cJhvsufeJ@ ‘ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd vkyaf &;’ udk CPC u tawG;tac:t&/ ±kyf0wˆKt& tultnDay;cJyh gvsuef @J olw@kd u pdwf &Snf&Snfwm0ef&Sd&Sd ulnDcJhygvsufeJ@ rdrdwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm; oEMdXmefrcdkif rmvd@k jzpfonf? pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm; vkyf v#if tcsed t f rsm;}u;D &onf? ud, k t hf m; ud, k u f ;kd tajccHa'o wckEpS cf k {&m 0wDjrpf0rS ;f twGi;f azmfEikd cf o hJ ifo h nf? Auy . arG;&yfZmwd/ Auy . atmifjrifr_&cJh&ma'owGif jyef vnf t ajcrcsEd k i f j cif ; onf ao avmufaomtrSm;udk usL;vGerf jd cif; jzpfonf? vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG xd;k &yf

oGm;jcif;/ ygwDwckvHk; ajratmuf qif ; &jcif ; rS m ‘aoavmuf a om trSm;’ a=umifh jzpfonf? ‘ygwpD w d "f mwf’ &Sad eaom/ &ifu h suaf eaom ygw0D ifrsm; &Sad evd@k om? 'guvnf; wwd,uGe*f &ufukd (1985) wGif usi;f yEdik cf v hJ @kd om &ifh usuv f mwm jzpfonf? (1988) vlxk tHºk ur_}uD;&Scd I hJ vnf; cHomoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? (3) ‘ygwDpdwf"mwf’ udk jr‡ifhwif ay;a&;onf ,ae@wGif t}uD;qHk; wm0ef jzpfonf? &Jabmfarmfpw D ek ;f u ‘jynfoludk ,Hk=unf&r,f? ygwDudk ,H=k unf&r,f? 'D (2) ck[m t&if;cHrl (2) &yf jzpfw,f? 'D (2) ck r&S&d if bmrS atmifjrifrmS r[kw’f vd@k oGeo f ifchJ ovdk rdrw d @kd vnf; jynfou l kd ,H=k unf &rnf? ygwDudk ,Hk=unfwJh ‘ygwD pdw"f mwf’ jr‡iw hf if&rnf? A[dpk nf;±H;k a&; aumfrwD (COC) . wm0efrm S ygwpD w d "f mwf jr‡iw hf ifay;zd@k e@J aemifrsKd ;qufo@kd ygwD tvHvcJ$ zhJ @kd jzpfonf? yxrrsKd ;qufrmS aoolao=u+yD? &Sifaeol tdkvS+yD? COC onf 'kw, d rsKd ;qufjzpfonf? olwdk@vnf; touf}uD;=u+yD? (60) ausmf (70) wef; jzpfonf? wwd, rsKd ;qufukd tvHvaJ$ y;&rnf? jzpfEikd f v#if (jzpfEikd v f #i)f ‘pwkwu ˆ eG *f &uf’ usif ; yzd k @ óu;pm;&rnf ? pwk w ˆ uGe*f &ufu ‘A[dak umfrwD’ udk a&G;& rnf? 'Dvv kd yk +f yD;rS wwd,rsKd ;qufo@kd tvHvEJ$ ikd v f #if aumif;ygonf? ‘ygwD pd w f " mwf ’ xuf o ef a eygrS ygwD touft"Ge@f &n S yf gvrd rhf nf? ?

13

Auy eJh tvkyform; ‘"e&S i f v l w ef ; pm;ES i f h ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;t=um; &ef b uf twd k u f t cH j zpf r _ E S i f h ywf o uf I jzpf E d k i f r nf h &S i f ; vif ; jywf o m;aom tod u d k tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;twG i f ; od k @ oG w f o G i f ; ay;&ef uG e f j rLepf r sm;onf c%wmr#yif r&yf e m;cJ h a y?’ (uG e f j rLepf a =unmpmwrf ; )

uGejf rLepfjzpfcsio f w l ikd ;f a=unmpmwrf;udk avhvm=uonf? (1939) ckEpS rf mS Auy rxlaxmifru D wnf;u ausmif;om;rsm;/ ynmwwfrsm;onf uGejf rLepfa=unm pmwrf;udk avhvmcJ=h uonf? avhvmtm;aumif;aomolukd q&mwif+y;D avhvma&;tpkrsm; zG@J c=hJ uonf? Tod@k jzifh ‘avhvma&;tpkrsm;’ ay:vmonf? Auy onf xdk ‘avhvma&;tpkrsm;’ udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh ay:vmwm jzpfonf? Auy zG@J pnf;cgpu acgi;f aqmifrt _ zG@J u=kd unfv h #if &Si;f ygonf? trsm;pk}u;D u wuUov kd af usmif;om;or*~ acgi;f aqmif awGcsn;f jzpfaewmudk awG@Eikd o f nf? uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;udk avhvmv#if "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;ESihf ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;. twdu k t f cHjzpfrE_ iS hf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;udk vlwef;pm;tod oGwo f iG ;f ay;&rnfqw kd mudk odjrifvm+rjJ zpfonf? uGejf rLepfw@kd .wm0ef bmvJqw kd mudv k nf; odjrifvm+rJjzpfonf? tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;udk awmfveS af &;tod oGwo f iG ;f ay;wJt h vkyu f kd c%uav;r# r&yfem;&[laom oGeo f ifcsuu f udAk [de;f udk a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;rsm;qDo@kd yd@k ay;cJw h m jzpfonf? &Jabmf Adv k yf w k @kd a&eHajrausmif;om;rsm;&J@ oydww f u kd yf u JG v kd nf; a&S@aqmifz@kd udAk [de;f oGm;cJw h m jzpfonf? avhvma&;tpk0if wdik ;f u eD;pyf&m tvkyo f rm;xktwGi;f 0if+yD;pnf;±H;k =uonf? Armjynftvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;&J@ xl;jcm;csu?f t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;u tdE, dN udt k ajccH+yD; Armjynfukd wd;k cs@J cw hJ m&J@ tusKd ;quftjzpf ArmjynfwiG f pay:onfh "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;onf ukvm;rsm; jzpf=uonf? "e&Sif vlwef;pm;ESit hf wl ay:+rJjzpfonfh tvkyo f rm; vlwef;pm;uvnf; ukvm;rsm;yif jzpfonf? acwfro D ,f,l yd@k aqmifa&; vkyif ef;}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh oabFmeJ@ rD;&xm; vkyif ef;rsm;ud=k unfv h #if "e&Siu f t*Fvdyf/ tvkyform;u ukvm;rsm; jzpfaewmudk awG@&rnf? oabFm}uD; ukefwifukefcs vkyfief;udk yifv#if 14

_ynf o l h t m%m ukvm;tvkyo f rm;rsm;jzifh vkycf w hJ m jzpfonf? urf;±d;k wef;oGm; pufavS vkyfief;eJ@ &mbmvkyfief;/ yk*~vdu b,folu &efolvJ/ b,folu qefeJ@qm;vkyfief; vkyf=uonfh/ rdwfaqGvJ/ b,fol@udk a&mif;0,fa&; vkyif ef;uav;rsm; vkyf rSDcdk&rvJqdkwJh =uonfh w±kw"f e&Sief @J w±kwf tvkyf aoe*F A sL[mtjrif r S m orm;wcsKd @ukd awG@Eikd o f nf? olw@kd u =unfvifjywfom;aezdk@ odyrf rsm;yg? Armjynf wdkif;&if;om; tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;u qm; vkyif ef;/ qefpufvyk if ef;vdk 0g}udwf pufvyk if ef;vdk vkyif ef;rsm;rSm ,m,D aoG;pnf;a&;pdw"f mwf’ &Sad e=uonf? rSwaf csre_ ;f =u’ [k aºu;a=umfoH xkwf &moD a y: tvk y f o rm;rsm;tjzpf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD xlaxmif=u xm;onfh ‘ppftkyfpk’ udk rdrdwdk@u vky=f u&onf? rnfh &Jabmfrsm;eJ@vnf; wzufu rdwf &efol[k rowfrSwfbJ rdwfaqGvdk@ qufay;xm;ojzifh tquftpyf owfrSwfv#if rdrdwdk@avmuf rdkufrJ xl;jcm;csuaf =umifh ay:&wJh h l urBmrSm &Srd nfr[kwyf g? ppf &Sad e=uonf? xdo k @kd aom ta=umif; onfo tm;enf;csu?f k xdak ºu;a=umfou H kd ±kyo f rd ;f +y;D rsm;a=umifh Auy onf b,fwek ;f ur# tkypf u vlrsKd ;a&;t"du±k%;f axmifacsmufxJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yGJrSm vmxdkif t*Fvyd "f e&Siu f ukvm;eJ@ od@k rusa&mufcw v#if u m; ‘aqG ; aEG ; buf ’ [k hJ m jzpfonf? Arm/ w±kwef @J Armudk tvG,w f ul S &f rSm jzpfonf? ‘aqG;aEG;buf’ vl r sd K ;a&;qef @ usif b uf owfrw aoG;cGaJ y;Edik o f nf? wcgw&HrmS t"d jzpfr/_ t"du±k%;f jzpfr_ axmifacsmuf onf &efol r[kwyf g? rdwaf qGvnf; u±k%;f udyk if zefw;D ay;Edik o f nf? Arm xJo@kd rusa&mufz@kd qv kd #if b,fou l r[kwyf g?) jynfwiG f jzpfco h J nfh vlrsKd ;a&;t"du±k%;f &ef o l v J / b,f o l u rd w f a qG v J / rsm;ud=k unfv h #if &Si;f ygonf? b,fol@udk rSDcdk&rvJqdkwJh aoe*F Oya'wGi;f umv (3) ESp?f AsL[mtjrifrSm =unfvifjywfom; tm;enf;csuu f akd cszsuo f nfh Auy taejzifh toufom aezd@k ta&;}uD;ygonf? tm;omcsu?f & e f o l q d k w m u v n f ; (70) jynfhoGm;onf? U/G rvkyf h mvu (3) ESpo f m &Scd o hJ nf? xdk worwfwnf; r[kwyf g? tajymif; &wJu w±kwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD tvJ &S d w wf y gonf ? 'guawmh (3) ESpt f wGi;f wGif tvkyo f rm; vl ESifh tdENd,jynfuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@udk acwfe@J qdik yf gonf? t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J ukd wef;pm;ESihf tus,jf yef@q;kH qufo, G f 1920 vGefumvrsm;uwnf;u zGJ@ t"du&efov l @kd owfrw S &f onfah cwf pnf;±Hk;EdkifcJhonf? odk@aomf tòyif pnf;xlaxmif+yD;jzpfonf? w±kwf &So S f d vd/k *syefzufqpfukd t"du&efov l @kd tqdik rf sm;vSonf? uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , uGejf rLepf (U/G) eJ@ ukvm;uGejf rLepf owfrSwf&wJhacwf &Sdonf? jynfy vpf/ jynfol@&Jabmf pojzifh ygwD (U/G) rsm; Armjynfa&mufvmonf? usL;ausmrf u _ kd &efov l @kd owfrw S &f csed f wdik ;f u tòyiftqdik f pnf;±H;k =uojzifh olw@kdu w±kwt f vkyo f rm;ESihf ukvm; &So f rm;rsm;udk aoG;uGaJ ponf? d vdk jynfwiG ;f zdEydS rf u _ kd &efot l jzpf tvkyo tvkyform;wdk@udk (uGefjrLepfwdk@&J@ owfrSwf&csdef &Sdonf? 'gudkawmh *d% k ;f *%pdwf yGm;aponf? ‘trsKd ;om; wm0ef t &) vl w ef ; pm;tod acwfumvtvdu G af &;’ &Sad ev#if omrefjynfol k f towfrw S &f rSm nD!w oGwo f iG ;f ay;=uojzifh ukvm;/ w±kwf jzpfonf? wGi;f yËdyuQr# jzpfaomfvnf; ‘trsKd ; tvkyo f rm;acgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f wGif (pum;csyf? ‘jynfwGif;jynfytzsuf om;nD!w G rf ’_ òyuGv J #iu f m; tjyef ‘wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k &Sd tvkyo f rm;rsm; orm;rsm;tm; bH&k efot kd af &;qDo@kd / &efbuf l jzpf owf tvSef tðywfwu 15

_ynf o l h t m%m yËdyuQqo D @kd wGe;f yd@k awmhonf? (pum;csy?f aemifwiG f Tod@k rjzpfapzd@k t}uaH y;vdo k nf? or*~/ tpnf;t±H;k / tzGJ@csKyf b,femrnfudkay;ay; ay; csiw f ehJ mrnfay;yg? tvkyo f rm;tzG@J tpnf;wckwnf;om &So d ifo h nf? 'Drkd ua&pDtajccHay:wGif vkyf=uv#if jzpfEikd yf gonf? ‘wuUov kd af usmif;om; rsm;or*~’ udk pHerl,l+yD;vkyfv#if jzpfEifkd af umif;ygonf? tawG;tac: t,ltq/ wdrf;!ïwfr_ rnfodk@yif &Sdygap/ 'Drdkua&pDenf;usvkyfv#if jzpfEdkifygonf? pOf;pm;csifhcsdefEdkif&ef t}uHðyjcif; jzpfygonf?) Oya'y (67) ESpf? uGejf rLepfa=unm pmwrf; yg wm0efudk qufvufxrf;aqmif onf? wzufu rdrd&J@ wnf&SdcGifh twGuf vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG wdu k af e &onf? tvkyform;awGqdkwmu òr@jyrSmom &So d nf? xd@k a=umifh òr@jyod@k au'grsm;ydk@+yD; pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;+yD; vk y f c J h & onf ? xd c d k u f e pf e mr_ a wG rsm;vS o nf ? od k @ aomf wm0ef u d k rysuu f u G af pcJyh g? bmawGukd b,fvkd vk y f c J h o nf qd k w mrsm;ud k a wmh u|efawmfwdk@ ajym&efr&nf&G,fyg? &efoal xmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf axmufvrS ;f a&;&J@ opPmawmfcrH sm; a&;=uonfh

pmtk y f p mwrf ; awG r S m wpG e f ; wp awG@Eikd yf gonf? wckyJ ajym vdo k nf? olwdk@rodwmawG trsm;}uD;&Sdonf qdw k mudyk J ajymvdo k nf? uGejf rLepf ygwD &Sdaeor# uGefjrLepfa=unm pmwrf;yg wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif aeygrnf? Auy pGe@f pm;&ovdk tvkyf orm;awGuvnf; pGe@f pm;=u&ygonf? a&S@c&D;? 'D r d k u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &; c&D;um; quf&ef&adS o;onf? yef;wdik f u eD ; vd k u f a 0;vd k u f ? tck a wmh tawmf a v; a0;aeao;onf [ k xifygonf? ppftkyfpkudk,fwdkifu tck acwfrmS NLD udyk J OD;wnf&efov l @kd owf r S w f + yD ; xd k ; ES u f w d k u f c d k u f a e &onf? Auy udk xd;k ESuzf @kd wm0efukd ‘Auy opPmazmufrsm;ESifh Auy ysurf sm;’ udk v$aJ y;xm;onf[k xif& onf? olw@kd xu J (wcsKd @u) tawG; tac:ppfrsuEf mS zGi+hf yD; xd;k ESuaf ewm awG@&onf? zlu, l m;rm;/ [efwifwef ponfph onfh yk*Kd~ vfrsm;udk ppfu, l +l y;D Auy udk xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u kd af e=uonf? olw@kd a&;or#ukd (wm0eft&) Auy zwfygonf? wHk@jyefavmufonf[k rxifojzifh rwH@k jyefyg?

tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm; uvnf; olw@kd &@J b0udk olw@kd o=d u onf? olw@kd a&;wmudk (b0ay;tod t&) v$wx f m;vdu k yf gonf? a&;aeolawG udk,fwdkifu vnf; od=uyHak y:ygonf? olw@kd a&; wmudk vli,fynmwwftenf;pkuyJ zwf=uwm olwdk@odonf? touf (30) 0ef;usiu f vlwpkyJ zwf+y;D olw@kd xufi,fou l rzwf=u? }u;D olawGu róuuf[k qdyk gonf? olw@kd a&;wmudk zwfwJholwcsdK@uawmh w,fvDzkef; quf+y;D uef@uu G =f uonf[k qdo k nf? w,fvDzkef;t}udrf (100) vmv#if (99) }udru f uef@uu G w f m[k qdyk g onf? udpPr&Sdyg? ppftkyfpk pdwf "mwf p pf q if a &;u óuuf y gonf ? quf+yD; a&;=uyg? ppftyk pf u k ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG bm;wef;udk ausm+f yD; v#ifum; rajymwwfyg? olwdk@. toH;k 0ifrt _ cef; uke+f yD[k txifc&H v#if jr0wDr*~Zif;u ‘tvif;a&muf pma&;q&m’ rsm;&J@ uH=urRmrsdK;yJ wdk;ygvdrhfrnf? 'ga=umifh a&;}uD;cGif us,f Auy rvkyfyg? vl}uD;awG jzpfonfh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;u róuuf? tvkyform;vli,fawGu rzwfqakd wmh b,fo@l twGuf a&;wm vJqw kd m &Si;f aeyg+yD?

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uGejf rLepfygwD &Sa d eor# uGefjrLepfa-unmpmwrf;yg wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifaeygrnf?

16

_ynf o l h t m%m

Auy eJ‹ orkid ;f 0ifv,form;v+y& f mS ;r+rsm;

v,form;vlwef;pm;ukd rodrf;oGif;Ekdif&if awmfvSefa&; ratmifEkdif ta&twGuef @J &mckid Ef e_ ;f t& tajymif;tvJ&adS yr,fh ArmjynfrmS v,form;vlwef;pm;[m vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H vlwef;pm; jzpfw,fqw dk t hJ csu[ f m 'Duae@txd rSeu f efaeqJy?J aemuf+y;D 'Dvl wef;pm;trsm;pk[m b0t& qif;&JraJG w+yD; ol@vw l ef;pm;ADZt& awmfveS af &;ukd vkv d m;axmufcu H m wufwufºuºu yg0ifEidk o f al wG jzpf=uw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvw l ef;pm;rygbJ ArmjynfEidk if aH &;&J@ ta&;ygwhJ Ekid if aH &;tvSnt hf ajymif;}uD;awGudk vkyv f @dk r&bl;? ArmjynfrSm b,fvlwef;pm;u awmfvSefa&;ukd acgif;aqmif - acgif;aqmif v,form;vlwef;pm;ukd atmifatmifjrifjrif pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f wmrvkyb f J b,fawmfveS af &;rS ratmifEidk b f ;l ? 'g[m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;&J@ u}uD;/ c-auG; yJ? v,f o rm;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;[m a=umifvdrfavSum;vkd wqifhcsif; ajymif;vJjrifhwufvmcJhw,f

ArmjynfrmS oufwrf;t&ifq h ;Hk ygwjD zpfwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD rarG;zGm;rDuwnf;u v,form; v_y&f mS ;r_awG &Scd w hJ myg? 'gayrJh ygwu D odr;f oGi;f a&S@aqmifcw hJ hJ v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;[m ygwD rarG;zGm;cifu v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;eJ@ tESpo f m&eJ@oiG jf yifvuQ%mt& tjcm;em;}uD; jcm;em;oGm;yg+yD? ygwrD ay:aygurf u D v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_ta=umif; t=urf;zsi;f jyefvnfiahJ pmif; =unfjh rif+yD;rS ygw&D @J tESpf 70 orkid ;f twGi;f u v,form;v_y&f mS ;r_awGta=umif; avhvm&if Armjynfv,form; vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_awG tqifq h ifah jymif;vJw;dk wufvmr_udk ykrd edk m;vnfEidk v f rd rhf ,fv@dk ,lqygw,f? 17

_ynf o l h t m%m rSefuefapa&;qkdwJh jyKjyifa&;awG avmufuvGv J @dk v,form;vlwef;pm; b0vGwfajrmufa&;eJ@ v,fvkyfol v,fyidk af &;qkw d mukd b,fvrdk S &nfreS ;f csuftjzpfxm;vkd@ r&EkdifwJh acwf umvawGyg? w±kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS ypP n f ; rJ h t vH a wmf a y;yk d @ +yD ; axmufcH*k%fjyKcJhwJh ukdvkdeDacwfu v,form;olykef

e,fcsJ@t*FvdyfudkawmfvSefcJhwJh AdkvfcsdKwdk@om;tz

ukdvkdeDacwfrwkdifrD v,f o rm;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r sm;

orkdif;t&=unfh&if Arm jynfrSm a&S;a[mif;acwf 0rf;=um wku d f twGi;f uae ajr&Sipf epf pwif ay:cJhwmyg? ysLacwfrSm ajr,mykdif qkid rf e_ @J ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfpepf wa&G@ a&G@ xGe;f um;vm[ef &Syd gw,f? yk*H acwf a &muf w J h t cg ajr&S i f y a' o&mZfpepf ododomom xifxif &Sm;&Sm; jzpfay:vmygw,f? a&S;a[mif; acwfuae ukdvkdfeDacwftxdjzpfwJh oufO;D qHyid k yf a'o&mZfacwfumvrsm; rSm ajr&Sifya'o&mZfrsm;eJ@ v,f orm;vlwef;pm;rsm;t=um; vlwef; pm; yÉdyuQrsm; rkcsay:ayguv f rd rhf ,f qk d w m oH o ,&S d p &m rvk d y gbl ; ? acwfòyif tdE, dN eJ@ w±kwjf ynfw@dk rmS v,form;tkºH ur_rsm;eJ@ v,form; olyek rf sm; t}udr}f udrf ay:cJyh gw,f? 18

}uD;}uD;rm;rm; ay:cJyh gw,f? txif t&Sm;ay:cJyh gw,f? ArmjynfrmS awmh ya'o&mZf&Sifbk&ifawGta=umif; t"duxm; a&;om;wJh ‘&mZ0if’ qkdwmu v,form;wkdufyGJawG ta=umif; ta&;w,lrw S w f rf;wifz@dk cJ,Of;ygw,f? rif;avmif;ay:vkd@ &Sifbk&ifawGu oGm;a&mufESdrfeif; &w,f qkdwmawGuawmh v,f orm;ykeu f efra_ wGygy?J awmifo}l uD; rif;wk@d / rkq;dk +cKH&mG u OD;atmifaZ,s qkdwmwkd@ukd=unfh&if v,form;eJ@ v,form;ykeu f efru _ tm%m&oGm; wmvnf; &Sw d ,fqw dk mukad wmh odjrif Ekid yf gw,f? acwfumv trsm;ykid ;f rSm v,form;awG ESpfaygif;&mcsD+yD; ajr&Sifya'o&mpepf/ oufOD;qHykdif ya'o&mZfpepf&J@ zdESdyfr_ukd cHcJh=u &rSmyg? ya'o&mZfrif;tqufquf&@J acwfumvawG[m v,form;awG [m qnfajrmif;wmwrH wnfaqmuf ay;wJh jyKjyifa&;eJ@ tav;wif;awmif;

ya'o&mZf rif;qufawGrmS rif;r_xrf;ppfom;awGqw dk m wu,f wrf;usawmh v,form;uvmol trsm;pkyg? 'ga=umifh t*Fvyd f - Arm ppfyaJG wGrmS v,form;vlwef;pm;[m t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J udk qef@usiaf wmfveS f wJh t"dutiftm;pk jzpfw,fv@dk qk&d ygr,f? oDaygb&k if ygawmfro l mG ;+yD; aemufyidk ;f t*Fvyd u f dk qufvufwu dk f cdu k cf =hJ uwJh tiftm;pkrsm;[m aus; vufudk tajccH=u+yD; v,form;vl wef;pm;ukd t"du rScD t dk m;uk;d +yD; ckcH ykeu f efrv _ yk cf =hJ uwmyg? rif;nDrif;om; eJ@ apmfbmG ;awGtygt0if e,fcs@J qef@ usiaf &; ol&aJ umif;tm;vk;H [m v,f orm;vlwef;pm;ukd tajcjyKcJh&wm csn;f ygy?J ukv d edk eD ,fcs@J orm;u Arm jynfrmS vk;H 0tajcckid cf idk t f yk cf sKyfEidk w f hJ tcsed rf mS awmh v,form; vlwef;pm; [m t&ifuxuf ykrd q dk ;dk 0g;pGm tzdEydS f cHvm=u&ygw,f? Armv,form;awG [m Armajr&Si/f cspw f ;D ajr&Si/f t*Fvyd f tpk;d &qkw d hJ awmif}uD;ok;H vk;H &J@ zdEydS f r_awGa=umifh rao±kH ajrmhajrmhav;om touf&iS af e&wJb h 0yg? ya'o&mZf acwf u vk d rif ; avmif ; ay:wJ h yk H

_ynf o l h t m%m o¿mefrsKKd;eJ@ ukdvkdeDacwfrSmvnf; v,form;vl wef;pm;awG&@J xºu ykefuefr_uav;awG ay:cJhygw,f? trsm;pku ya'o&mZfacwfuvkd rif; avmif;ay:wJh yko H ¿mefrsKKd;eJ@ ay:cJh wmyg? ukv d edk aD cwfrmS txif&mS ;qk;H awmifov l ,form;awG&@J xºur_u awmh q&mpHv,form;olyek yf gy?J 1926-27 ckEpS u f q&mawmf OD;0dpm&wk@d / q&mawmfO;D OwWrwk@d u v,form;xk}uD;tm; vlcGefawmf raqmifz@dk vSnv hf nfa[majympnf;±k;H cJw h ,fqw dk meJ@ 1930 ckEpS f arv 30 &ufae@rmS pwifwnfaxmifvu dk w f hJ wkd@Armtpnf;t±kH;eJ@twl 'DtzGJ@ tpnf;&J@vufatmufrmS v,form; tpnf;t±kH;w&yfukd pwif wnf aqmufEid k v f u dk w f ,fqw d k mvnf; xnfh oGi;f ajymqkzd @dk vkt d yfygvrd rhf ,f? 1930 'DZifbmv 22 &uf ae@rmS pwifvu dk w f hJ q&mpHv,form; olykef[m vufeufukdifykefuefr_yg? e,fcs@J wyfom; 2000 ausmf usq;Hk onftxd wkdufckdufEkdifcJh+yD; v,f orm;olykef 2000 ausmf touf ay;cJ h & ygw,f ? q&mpH t ygt0if }uK;d ay;towfc&H ol v,form;olyek f 302 a,muf/ woufwu|ef;tykd@ cH&wJh v,form;olyek f 890 OD; &Scd hJ ygw,f? 'Dvdk aoG;ac|;toufaygi;f rsm;pGm pGe@f vw $ pf aw;cJ&h wJh v,f orm;olykef}uD; jzpfyGm;aepOfrSm w±kwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwu D ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;tvHawmfukd ay;ykd@+yD; axmufcH*k%fjyKcJhygw,f? 'DypPnf;rJh tvHawmfukd om,m0wD&J@ ta&S@ buf&dS &efuif;awmifudk t*Fvyd w f @dk wkdufckdufpD;eif;pOf odrf;ykduf&&SdoGm; ygw,f?

v,form;olykefacgif;aqmif q&mpH

q&mpHv,form;olykef&J@ t"duaºu;a=umfoHawGuawmh æ tcG e f a wmf r ay;a&;/ v,f v k y f o l v,fyidk af &;eJ@ uk, d b hf &k if uk, d o hf cif ay:aygufa&;aºu;a=umfoHwkd@yg? 'D orkdif;0ifv,form; olykef}uD;[m }uD;jrwfygw,f? 'gayrJh orkid ;f tajc taet& csKd @ ,G i f ; csuf a wG v nf ; ra&Smifv$JEkdifcJhygbl;? ya'o&mZf oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfukd jyefvnf wrf;w+yD; &nfreS ;f csux f J xnfo h iG ;f xm;wmu t"duuswhJ csK@d ,iG ;f csuf yg? tvkyform;/ ausmif;om;pwJh tajccHvw l ef;pm;awGe@J us,u f s,f jyef@jyef@ r[mrdwf rzG@J Eidk cf w hJ m/ tif;/

tkid /f vufz@JG / *gxm/ rEW&m;tay:rSm tm;ukd;,kH=unfwmpwJh wjcm; csK@d ,iG ;f csuaf wGvnf; &Syd gao;w,f?

v,form;vlwef;pm;u tvk y f o rm;/ ausmif ; om;/ wjcm;tajccH v l w ef ; pm;rsm;eJ @ vufwGJwkdufyGJ0ifvmjcif;

q&mpH v,form;olyek }f u;D ta&;edrfhoGm;+yD; q&mpH }uKd;ay; towfcv H u dk &f wJh 1931 ckEpS f Ek0d if 19

_ynf o l h t m%m bmvaemufykdif;rSmvnf; Armjynf EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m &yfpJ+idrf; at;oGm;wm r[kwfygbl;? 1933 ckESpfrSm a&eHajrvkH;qkdif&m wkd@Arm tpnf;t±kH;ukd zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif cJw h ,f? 1936 ckEpS rf mS jynfv;Hk u|wf ausmif;om;oydwf}uD; ay:xGef;cJh w,f? 1939 ckESpfrSm e*g;eDpmtkyf

a&$wd*kHukef;awmftxd ajcvsifc&D; &Snf csw D ufwhJ ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; jzpf vmcJw h ,f? 'DrSm t"duazmfjycsifwm uawmh 'D t a&;awmf y k H } uD ; rS m ysO;f rem;/ awmifi/l yJc;l / jynf/ om,m 0wD/ tif;pdef tp&SdwJh te,fe,f t&yf&yfu v,form;awG[m tvkyf

tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;eJh r[mrdwzf hEJG idk w f m[m v,form;vlwef;pm; v+y&f mS ;r+twGuf wqifhw;dk _rifhrm;vm_cif;yJ? toif ; ay:xG u f v m+yD ; Armjynf jynfov l x l u k dk rsupf zd iG ahf y;wJh vuf0J pmaytygt0if wkd;wufwJh pmay awGudk pwifjzef@jzL;vmEkid cf w hJ ,f? 1938 ckESpfuawmh }uD; rm;wJh Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awG ay:wJEh pS f vk@d qk&d rSmyg? 'DZifbmv 20 &ufae@ rSm ausmif;om;xku twGi;f 0ef±;Hk ukd 0kdif;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; ay:cJh+yD; Akdvf atmifausmf usq;Hk cJ&h w,f? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfy}Hk u;D uawmh tJ'ED pS f arv 1 &ufae@u pwifcw hJ myg? Arm jynf&J@ yxrqkH;tvkyform;ae@ukd a&eHacsmif;òr@rmS usi;f ycJw h ,f? tJ'D v_y&f mS ;r_uae qufvuf+y;D a&eHacsmif;/ acsmuf/ a&eHcsy/f vrf;&Gmwk@d rS tvkyf orm; 2000 ausmw f @dk u pwif oydwf arS m uf = uw,f ? 'D a &eH a jrtvk y f orm;oydw}f u;D [m us,jf yef@}u;D xGm; vm+yD; ausmif;om;awG/ v,form; awG/ wjcm;tajccHvlwef;pm;awG yg0ify;l aygi;f +y;D e,fcs@J tpk;d &&J@ wm;qD; r_trsK;d rsK;d ukd ausmv f m$ ;um &efuek f 20

orm;/ ausmif;om;/ òr@ae qif;&Jom; rsm; pwJhvlwef;pm;awGeJ@ &efol qef@usifa&;rSm vufwGJyl;aygif;rdwJh tcsufyJ? acwfrDpufr_ vkyfief;eJ@ qufo, G af ewmrk@d acwfrw D hJ vlwef; pm;/ vkyfief;obm0t& ADZt& pnf;vk;H r_ pdw"f mwf&w dS /hJ pnf;urf;&Sw d /hJ tem*wfukd }uKdwifawG;ac:EkdifwJh tajrmftjrif&w dS hJ vlwef;pm;/ ADZt& aESmif}uKd;uvGJvkd@ ykdifqkdifr_ bmrS r&Sw d t hJ wGuf uk, d u f sK;d tpGe@f Eidk q f ;Hk / tjywf o m;qk H ; / awmf v S e f a &;uk d ukepf ifatmif tqifEEJ$ idk q f ;Hk vlwef;pm; jzpf w J h tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;eJ @ r[mrdwfzGJ@Ekdifwm[m v,form; vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf wqifw h ;dk jrifrh m;vmjcif;yJ? tajccHvw l ef;pm;rsm; 'Dvdk awmfvSefa&;r[mrdwf zGJ@EkdifcJhwJh twGuf 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}Hk uD; [m t"du &nfreS ;f csujf zpfwhJ atmif yGJ yef;wkid x f d ra&mufEidk af o;apumrl xkad cwfxu dk mvu a'guw f mAarmf&@J

nGef@aygif;tpkd;&ukd ðywfusoGm;ap jcif;qkw d hJ atmifo;D atmifyiG u hf adk wmh qGwcf ;l Ekid cf yhJ gw,f? xkdacwfxkdumv&J@ tae txm;t& v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_yJ jzpfjzpf/ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfy}Hk uD;yJ jzpfjzpf t"du tm;enf;csuu f awmh (uGefjrLepfygwD ray:aygufao;wJh twGuf uGejf rLepfygwrD w S qif)h tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;&J@ acgi;f aqmifru _ dk r&&Sad o;jcif;ygy?J

zuf q pf * syef a wmf v S e f a &;eJ @ v,form;vlwef;pm;

orkdif;vkdtyfcsuf/ acwf umvtajctae&J@ awmif;qkcd suw f @dk eJ@ ukdufnDpGm ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwDukd 1939 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 15 &ufae@rSm pwifzGJ@pnf;awmh ygwD zGJ@pnf;a=umif; a=unmcsufeJ@ ppf wrf;ukd xkwjf yefcw hJ ,f? 'Dppfwrf;xJrmS Armjynf[m ukdvkdeDwykdif;/ ya' o&mZfwykdif; EkdifiHjzpfw,fqkdwJh vuQ%mowfrw S cf suf yg&o dS vkd ygwD uvmyfpnf;rsm;ukd tvkyform;/ v,form;eJ@ ausmif;om;xktwGi;f zG@J pnf;+yD; 'Dvw l ef;pm;rsm;ukd pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f oGm;&ef qk;H jzwfcsuv f nf; yg&cdS w hJ ,f? oufwrf;Eke,fao;wJh ygwD twGuf rdr&d @J pnf;±k;H a&;pGr;f &nfudk prf; oyfppfaq;zk@d tylwjyif; awmif;qkd vmwmuawmh zufqpf*syefqef@usif a&; vkyif ef;wm0ef}uD;yg? ajratmuf ygwb D 0a&mufaewJh ygw[ D m 1942 ckESpfrSm zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; twGuf jyifqifr_vkyfief;ukd jrpf0

_ynf o l h t m%m u|e;f ay: a';'&J aus;vufa'orSm ajratmuf X mecsKyf w ck / ocif oef;xGe;f &Sw d hJ &efuek rf mS XmecsKyfwck vk y f i ef ; wm0ef c G J + yD ; aqmif & G u f c J h w,fv@dk qk&d rSmyg? ygw&D @J ajratmuf pnf;±k;H a&;vkyif ef;[m tajccH vlwef; pm;toD;oD;ukd pnf;±k;H cJw h myg? 'gayrJ@ trsm;pk pnf;±k;H cJ&h wmuawmh aus; vuf e J @ v,f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;yg? ygw&D @J ajratmuf XmecsKyftygt0if ygwD&J@ vkyfief;wm0efawGeJ@ ygwD &JabmfawGtrsm;pkukdvnf; v,f orm;awGu umuG,fapmifha&Smuf ay;cJ=h uvk@d ygw&D @J ajratmuf pnf;±k;H a&; vkyfief;awG atmifjrifchJwmyg? ygwu D BDA wyfwiG ;f rSmvnf; ajr atmufyo Hk ¿mefe@J pnf;±k;H cJyh gw,f? BDA wyfqw dk mrSmvnf; wyfom; awG[m v,form;awG/ v,form; om;orD;awGu trsm;pkyg? }u;D us,cf rf;em;+y;D atmifyJG qGwcf ;l Ekid cf w hJ hJ 'Dorkid ;f 0ifzufqpf*syef awmfveS af &;rSm tiftm;pktoD;oD; yg0if=uaomfvnf; t"du pnf;±kH; azmfaqmifcJholu ygwDyg? zwyv zGJ@pnf;a&;rSmvnf; ygwDu t"du tcef;u ygcyhJ gw,f? wrsK;d om;vk;H yg0ifw,fv@dk qkEd idk w f hJ zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;[m vlwef;pm;yg0ifr_ bufu=unf&h ifawmh t&if;ppfvu dk f &if aus;vuftajccHwhJ v,form; ppfyyJG gy?J

vkdvkd ay:xGufvmwJh v,form; v_yf&Sm;r_uawmh &ckdif- ysOf;rem;ewfarmuf v,form;olyek rf sm;yg? (ysOf ; rem; ewf a rmuf ta&;uk d » wwk d i f ; jynf v k H ; u axmufcaH pzG,f » olyek f bma=umifh x&w,f » » » qif;&JvSwJh v,fr, hJ mrJh ypPn;f rJu h dk csKycf s,v f @dk &,f olykefxw,f » &mZ0ifar#mfawG; aoG;eJ@ a&;&r,f » » ») qkw d hJ v,form;olyek f oDcsi;f pmom;awG ukdyJ =unfhvkduf&if v,form;awG bma=umifh ykeu f efxºu&w,fqw dk m &Si;f ygw,f? (v,form; olyek o f cD si;f uk d oD ; oef @ azmf j yxm;ygw,f ? ) zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;t+yD;rSm +Aw d o d #w@dk ArmEkid if u H dk jyefvnfa&muf &Spd ;dk rk;d =uygw,f? olw@dk oabmxm; uawmh ArmEkid if u H kd +Aw d o d #"eo[m& pk;d rk;d r_abmiftwGi;f qufvufxm;&Sd a&;ygy?J Armhvw G v f yfa&;ukd rpOf;pm; ao;wJh oabmxm;ygyJ? 'Dtcsdef ArmEkid if H v,form;awG[m v,fq;Hk ajrqk;H +yD; v,form;b0rS ol&if;iSm; b0ok@d av#musa&muf&adS e=uw,f? +Adwo d #w@dk Ekid if jH cm;rS ac:oGi;f vmwJh cspw f ;D rsm;vufokd@ u|JEGm;tkd;tdrfrS tp orD;ysKrd sm;tqk;H Armv,form; awGu xk;d tyfae=u&w,f? qefpyg; a&mif;0,fa&;utp ArmEkid if &H @J pD;yGm; a&;ukd EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; 0ifa&muf aoG;pkycf iG jhf yKwJh pepfw&yfudk usio hf ;Hk aewJh tcsed yf g? ysO;f rem;v,form; olyek f &ck d i f - ysOf ; rem;-ewf a rmuf qkw d m +cKHiaHk c:wmyg? ysO;f rem;awmif v,f o rm;ol y k e f r sm; ykid ;f v,fa0;e,frmS “bke;f }uD;acgi;f atmif}uD;” acgif;aqmifwJh v,f orm;olykeftzGJ@wzGJ@/ “&Sm;awm zufqpf*syef awmfveS af &; at;armif” acgif;aqmifwJh tpku t+yD;rSm ra&S;raESmif; wqufwnf; wpk / 'D v ,f o rm; ol y k e f t pk u

wyfuek ;f òr@e,f taemufjcrf;rSm xºu cJ=h uwmyg? 'Dv,form;olyek x f rJ mS v,form;awGtjyif *syefawmfveS f a&; ajymufusm;wyfom;a[mif;awG/ wyfzsucf v H u dk &f wJh wyfom;a[mif; awGvnf; yg0ifygw,f? wyfzsufcH vk d u f & w,f q k d w mu t*F v d y f e J @ zqyv 11 OD;yg uk, d pf m;vS,f tzG@J wzG@J w@dk csKyfqv dk u dk w f hJ ‘uEND pmcsKyf” t& ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmfudk zsuf odr;f vku d w f mukd qkv d w dk myg? v,fa0; òr@e,frSmqkd&if Akdvfe*g;ac: e*g; xGe;f &Sed w f @dk &@J wyfrawmfom;a[mif; rsm;tzGJ@[m xif&Sm;ausmf=um;yg w,f? ygw&D aJ bmf (aemifrmS ygw&D @J A[k d a umf r wD 0 if jzpf v m+yD ; ,ck uG,fvGefoGm;ol) &JabmfOD;&JxGef; [mvnf; v,form;olyek w f yfom; wOD;yg? ol[m ysOf;rem;c±kdif c±kdif aumfrwD0ifwOD;yg? vGwfvyfa&; r&rDuwnf;u zqyv xJu qk&d , S f vpf*% dk ;f om;awGe@J zqyv vuf,m *k% d ;f om;awGu jynfoq l ef@usiaf &; rSm vufapmif;xufaecJh=uwmyg? &JabmfO;D &JxeG ;f ukd qk&d , S v f pf*% dk ;f u vky}f uHz@dk vkycf w hJ ,f? 'gudk ykvyd u f jyef+yD; owif;ay;wJt h wGuf &Jabmf OD;&JxeG ;f awmck&d ygw,f? vufeuf ukid f wku d yf x JG 0J ifz@dk ole@J twl wyfuek ;f òr@e,faumfrwD0if &JabmfpHnGef@ukd vnf; ygwu D wygwnf; xnfah y;vku d f ygw,f? tvkyo f rm;eJ@ v,form; vlxu k dk umuG,zf @dk ygwu D zG@J pnf;cJw h hJ wyfe(D jynfo@l &aJ bmf uGt J +yD; wyfeD jzpfvm=u) tzG@J tcsK@d [mvnf; v,f orm;olykefeJ@ aygif;rd cJh=uygw,f? &JabmfO;D &JxeG ;f &J@nt D &if; v,fa0; Akv d n f eG @f armif[m tJ'w D yfex D u J yg? tJ'Dumvu qkd&S,fvpf ykvdyfu owfv@dk usq;Hk cJo h vkd Akv d o f ed ;f aqG 21

_ynf o l h t m%m [mvnf; ysO;f rem; v,fa0;rSm usq;Hk cJyh gw,f? ysOf;rem;c±kdiftv,fykdif; usnfawmifuefòr@e,fxJrSmqkd&if AkdvfApdefacgif;aqmifwJh v,form; ol y k e f &S d y gw,f ? Ak d v f A pd e f [ m usnaf wmifuefòr@e,f&@J òr@e,fygwD aumfrwD0ifwOD;yg? aemifrmS ol[m wku d yf t JG wGi;f usq;Hk oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?

acgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfygw,f? 'gt h jyif Akv d w f m&m&J@ ysO;f rem;olyek f e,fajr qkw d mvnf; &Scd yhJ gao;w,f? Akv d af tmifqef;wk@d t*Fvef oGm;+y;D vGwv f yfa&;twGuf ta&;qkd aepOfumvrSmyJ ewfarmuf v,f orm;olyek f ay:cJyh gw,f? *syef awmf vSefa&;rSmygcJhwJh ArmhrsKd;cspf wyf rawmfom; “Akv d &f mjzwf” (aemifrmS

'Dv,form;olyek af wG[m &GmawGrmS a+Amifaejuwmyg? “jrref;” "m;jy*k% d ;f qkw d m ysO;f rem;c±kid x f rJ mS v,form;awGu "m;jyxwku d w f hJ *k% d ;f yg? 'D"m;jy*k% d ;f [m tiftm;}u;D xGm;vm+y;D aemifrmS olwkd@vnf; v,form;olykefawG jzpfvm=uygw,f? 'Dv,form;olyek af wG[m &GmawGrmS ajAmifae=uwmyg? v,f orm;olyek af wG[m vufeuf tusK;d tyJhawGeJ@ p=u&wmyg? zufqpf *syefawmfvSefa&;u ºuif;usefcJhwJh vuf e uf a wG / wyf z suf w J h t cg vufeufrtyfbJ ygvmwJh vufeuf awG/ wyfeaD wGu ygvmwJh vufeuf awGeJ@ wpwp vufeuftiftm; awmifhwif;atmif vkyf,l&wmyg? wcsKd@v,form;olykefawG/ wyfeD tzGJ@awG[m 0g;c|efukdif wyfzGJ@awG awmif zG J @ xm;=uygao;w,f ? “bkef;}uD; OD;rJoD;” qkdol[mvnf; emrnf a usmf v,f o rm; ol y k e f 22

jynfol@&Jabmf) u acgif;aqmif ygw,f? qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;om;awGeJ@ vuf,m*kd%f;om;awG }uD;pkd;aewJh zqyv tzG@J udk wl;wl;cg;cg; rke;f wD; aewma=umifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; xdef;wmawmif r&bJ v,form; olyek rf mS yg0ifco hJ l jzpfygw,f? aemif rSm 'DtzG@J udk ygwu D pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f Edik cf yhJ gw,f? ysO;f rem;/ ewfarmuf v,f orm;olyek u f twdtvif; v,form; olykefyg? 46 ckESpf aemufykdif;rSm ppfuidk ;f / jrif;+cH/ tif;pdeef @J jynfc±kid f rsm;rSm v#K@d 0u S v f ufeufuidk w f yfrsm; toGifeJ@ wcsKd@wyfzGJ@awG &Sdae=u ygw,f? *syef a wmf v S e f a &;t+yD ; orkid ;f 0if zqyv &J@ a&$w*d t Hk v,f ypP,HnDvmcH&J@ qkH;jzwfcsufxJrSm &ckdifv,form;olykefukd axmufcH a=umif; twdtvif; azmfjyxm;

ygw,f? +Aw d o d #uv dk edk t D jzpf wnf&q dS J umvuwnf;u &ckid w f idk ;f &J@ Ekid if aH &; tajctaerSm wnf+idrfr_ r&SdcJhyg? zufqpfawmfveS af &; t+yD;rSmvnf; Ekid if aH &;rwnfr+ird jf zpfre_ @J tkºH ur_awG ykeu f efra_ wG &Scd yhJ gw,f? txift&Sm; ykefuefr_uawmh OD;pdEWmeJ@ AkHayguf omausmfwkd@&J@ &ckdifawmifykdif;u ykefuefr_yg? olwkd@[m 1947 ckESpf/ {+yDv 1 &ufae@rmS “ajrykn H v D mcH” tjzpf ajrykòH r@rmS wyfaygi;f pknv D mcH w&yfudk zqyv tzG@J e@J pifòyif jyKvkyf usif ; ycJ h y gw,f ? zqyv tzG J @ eJ @ oabmuGJvGJr_ }uD;ygw,f? 'D&ckdif ajymufusm;rsm;twGi;f ygw&D @J =oZm }uD ; ygw,f ? ygwD u OD ; pd E W m wk d @ &J @ ykeu f efru _ dk axmufccH yhJ gw,f? xkpd Ofu ygw[ D m ysO;f rem;/ ewfarmufe@J &ckid v f ,form; olyek f a'orsm;ukd awmfveS af &; pwifjrpf zsm;cH&m tajccHa'otjzpf owfrw S f cJyh gw,f? vGwv f yfa&;rwkid rf u D wnf; u ArmjynfrmS a&S;OD;ay:cJw h hJ 'D v,f orm;olykefrsm;[m trSefyJ 1948 rwfv 28 &uf jynfol@'Drkdua&pD vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;&J@ a&S@awmf ajy;yg?

1946 ckESpf vlwef;pm; tk H º ur_ r sm; 1945/1946/1947 ck E S p f awG[m Armwjynfv;Hk vlxt k ºHk ur_ awG ay:aygucf w hJ hJ ta&;}uD;wJh ESpf umvawGyg? 'Dvy_ &f mS ;xºur_awG[m t"dutm;jzifh e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;eJ@ v,form;awG&@J ajr&Sipf epfqef@usif a&;wku d yf aJG wGygy?J 'DtcgrmS t*Fvyd f u tkºH uvmwJh jynfoal wGudk ykvyd f

_ynf o l h t m%m wyf/ ppfwyfw@dk e@J ESrd ef if;ckid ;f w,f? 'D Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGxrJ mS zqyv&J@ a&$wd*kHtv,fypP,H nDvmcH[m vnf; ta&;}uD;ygw,f? (xkt d csed u f zqyv wGi;f vuf,m*k%;f eJ@ qk&d , S v f pf ygw*D % dk ;f wk@d r}u;D pk;d ao;?) 'Dnv D mcH&@J qk;H jzwfcsux f rJ mS tvkyo f rm; v,f orm;wk@d &@J Ekid if aH wmfudk wnfaqmuf oGm;&efqw dk hJ tcsuyf g&cdS o hJ vkd &nfreS ;f csurf sm; qGwcf ;l Ekid &f ef vufeufuidk f wku d yf eJG @J Oya'wGi;f wku d yf rJG sm; qifEJ$ oGm;&efqkdwJh tcsufvnf; yg&SdcJhyg w,f? 'Dq;Hk jzwfcsu[ f m v_@H aqmfcsuf w&yf jzpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? 1946 ckEpS rf mS jzpfysucf w hJ hJ Ekid if aH &;v_yh &f mS ;r_awGxu J t"duus wJh ta&;tcif; 2 ckudk azmfjyygr,f? wcku 1946 ckEpS /f arv 18 &ufae@rmS t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J &@J vuf yg;apwkd@u tif;pdef xef;wyifrSm v,form;vlx}k uD;ukd aoewfe@J ypf cwfv@kd v,form; 4 OD; usq;kH cJyh g w,f? qeford ;f wku d yf rJ G mS anmifav;yif ol touf t &G , f Ek e ,f a o;wJ h “raqmif;wif” ypfowfcv H u d k &f w,f? ygwDu pnf;±kH;+yD; tmZmenf raqmif;wif&@J psmyeyGrJ w S qifh qENjyyGJ w&yf jzpfvmatmif azmfaqmifcyhJ g w,f? &efo&l @J vyk &f yfudk vlx}k uD;u rcHEidk v f @dk qlyu G v f m=uw,f? 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 5 &ufae@rSm tvkyform;oydwf/ pmwku d o f ydw/f tjcm; tpk;d &Xmersm; rS tr_xrf;aygif;pkH&J@oydwfrSwqifh aemufq;Hk taxGaxGoydw}f uD;txd jzpfay:vmcJw h ,f? ygwu D 'D vlwef;pm; tkHºur_rsm;rSwqifh a&S@okd@ xyfqifh wGe;f wif+yD; wku d yf 0JG if=u&ef aqmf=o vku d w f ,f?

tusKKd;quftjzpf 1947 ckEpS rf mS +rK@d ay: tvkyo f rm;wku d yf rJG sm;/ oydwrf sm; qufvufjzpf ay:vmcJw h hJ enf;wl v,form;wkd@&J@wkdufyGJrsm;/ tiwfwyfcsw D ufyrJG sm; qeford ;f yGrJ sm; òrifòrifqidk q f idk }f u;D ay:xGuv f mcJw h ,f? qeford ;f yGaJ wGrmS zqyv qk&d , S v f pf*% dk ;f u olw@dk acgi;f aqmifr_ &zkd@ }uKd;pm;cJhayr,fh wu,fwrf; usawmh olw@dk acgi;f raqmif&=J ubl;? 'Dvx l [ k m ygwpD nf;±k;H xm;wJh vlxyk ?J 'ga=umifh qeford ;f yGaJ wGudk ygwu D yJ acgif;aqmif qifE$JcJh&w,f? tpkd;& rD;&xm;u qefwaJG wGudk azmuf+yD; qeford ;f yGJ awG vkycf w hJ ,f? aemufyikd ;f aus;vuf v,f,majrrSm xGefwkH; wku d yf aJG wG vkycf yhJ gw,f?

1947 947 ckESpfrSm v,f o rm;nD v mcH (uGefz&ifh) rsm; usif;y ygwu D v,form; v_y&f mS ; r_rsm;ukd wqifhwkd;+yD; pepfwus azmfaqmifEidk zf @dk twGuf ArmEkid if v H ;Hk qk d i f & m awmif o l v ,f o rm;rsm; or*~udk zG@J pnf; xlaxmifvu dk w f ,f? (awmifov l ,form;or*~awG aus; vufawGrmS tus,t f jyef@ jzpfvm awmh zqyv qk&d , S v f pfawGu ygwD eJ@ pifòyifawmifov l ,form; tpnf;

t±k;H qkw d mawGudk vku d zf @JG vmw,f?) ygwAD [ku d v,form;vlxk ta&;ukd v,form;xke@J xad wG@ pnf;±k;H +y;D pepf wus a&S@wqifw h ;dk wku d yf 0JG ifz@dk vSr;f vku d w f hJ ajcvSr;f awGy?J &efo&l @J tm; tenf;qk;H / rdr&d @J pnf;±k;H a&;tm; taumif;qkH; ae&mawGukd a&G;+yD; v,form;nDvmcH (uGefz&ifhrsm;) usi;f ycJw h m jzpfygw,f? (v,form; pnf;±k;H a&; atmifjrifcw hJ hJ ygw&D @J v,f orm;nDvmcH ykpH rH sK;d rqv acwfu vkdufvkyfcJhayr,fh twkta,mif nDvmcHawGom jzpfwmrk@d bmtESpf om&rS r&Scd yhJ gb;l ?) jzL;nDvmcHukd ajr&Sifu *syef a cwf 3 ES p f p moD ; pm;c jyef awmif;aepOf usi;f ywJh 'Dnv D mcH[m ygwjD yefwufvmwJh trSwt f om; jzpf cJw h ,f? (ygw[ D m uef@owfcsKyfcs,f cHae&wmrk@d bmtpnf;ta0;rS rvkyf EkdifwJh tajctaeuae yxrqkH; jyefvyk w f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_yg?) 'Dnv D mcHudk 1947 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 25 &ufae@ rSm usi;f ycJw h ,f? 'Dnv D mcHrmS v,f orm;wodef;ausmf wufa&mufcJh w,f? jynfrSm v,form;nDvmcH vkycf w hJ ,f? tmvmuy` v,form; nDvmcHukdawmh ocifoef;xGef;eJ@ ocifZifwkd@ukd,fwkdif wufa&muf cJ h w ,f ? ausmuf q nf n D v mcH r S m c±kid w f iG ;f rS v,form;awG aomif;eJ@ csD+yD; wufa&mufyg0ifw,f? ABC

ygwD u 'Dvlwef;pm;tkHºur_rsm;rSwqifh a&S@okd@ xyfqifhwGef;wif+yD; wkdufyGJ0if=u&ef aqmf=ovkdufw,f

23

_ynf o l h t m%m (ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m awmifolv,f tzG@J csKyfw@dk u OD;pD;usi;f ywJh “ta&S@ orm; tr_aqmifaumfrwD) u OD;pD; awmif t m&S vl i ,f n D v mcH ” eJ @ usi;f ywm jzpfw,f? tdE, dN jynf uGejf rLepfygw&D @J 'kw, d t}urd f ygwn D v D mcHo@dk ocifoef;xGe;f uk, d w f idk f OD;pD;+y;D wufa&mufchJ ygw,f? ork d i f ; a&;t& umvuwWm;nDvmcHt+yD;rSm tJ'D }uD ; rm;av;euf a om EkdifiHjcm;uGefjrLepfygwDrS ukd,fpm; t"dy`m,f&SdwJh vS,ftcsKd@[m ysOf;rem;nDvmcHokd@ ysOf ; rem; v,f o rm;nD v mcH quf v uf yg0if w uf a &muf c J h = u ygw,f? 'Dvdk Ekid if jH cm;uk, d pf m;vS,f ysOf ; rem; nD v mcH u k d rsm; wufa&mufwt hJ jyif ysO;f rem; ysOf;rem;awmifbuf *sifvkdukef;rSm nDvmcHo@dk jynfwiG ;f rS v,form;xk vkyfcJhygw,f? um;vrf; taemuf 2 ode;f ausmf wufa&mufcv hJ @dk ygw&D @J bufu v,fuiG ;f jyifus,}f uD;xJrmS pnf;±kH;a&; tiftm;ukd jyoEkdifwJhyGJ vkycf w hJ myg? vk@d vnf; qkEd idk yf gw,f? ysO;f rem;nDvmcHudk 1948 wufa&mufvmwJh v,f ckESpf rwfv 13 &ufae@rSm pwif orm;awG [ m txuf A rmjynf / usif;ycJhygw,f? 'DnDvmcH t}uKd atmufArmjynf a'otoD;oD;rS rwfv (12) &ufae@rmS yJc;l / tif;pde/f v,form;awG yg0ifw,f? a&$b/dk rk&H mG / [Hom0wDc±kdifwkd@rS csDwufvmwJh ppf u k d i f ; / rEW a v;/ ausmuf q nf / awmifolv,form;xk[m ajr&Sif jrif;+cu H v,form;awG[m um;awG qef@usiaf &;/ AsL±ku d &uf qef@usiaf &; &xm;awGp;D +y;D vm=uw,f? a0;vHwhJ qENjyyGw J &yfudk &efuek f r[mAE
a&;twGuf wku d yf 0JG if+yD;v#if touf ESifh ylaZmfoGm;=uaom &Jabmfrsm; tm; Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u rSww f rf; wifygonf? usq;Hk ol &Jabmfw@dk . r+y;D rjywf use&f pfcahJ om wku d yf u JG dk tqk;H owf atmifjrifonftxd qufvuf wku d o f mG ;&ef Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u }uKd;yrf;rnf? 2? vGwv f yfa&; &r_twGuf +Adwo d #/ *syef/ qmay:xGe;f tpk;d &ESihf zqyv tpkd;&wkd@ukd &J&ifhpGmjzifh wGef;vSef wkdufckdufcJhaom &ckdif vGwfvyfa&; wku d yf 0JG if &Jabmfrsm;. owWu d dk cs;D usL; a=umif; Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u rSwf wrf;wifygonf? 3? ,cifu tiSm;csxm;aom ajr ,mtm;vkH;ukd twif;0ifa&muf+yD; v#if ajr&Siw f @dk oabmwlonfjzpfap/ rwlonfjzpfap/ xGe, f ufvyk u f idk &f ef Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u jyÏmef;onf? 4? &efukefòr@wGif jzpfyGm;aeaom bDtkdpDoydwfESifh tjcm;oydwfrsm; ukv d nf; Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u vk;H 0 axmufco H nf? 5? awmifov l ,form;rsm;ESihf v,f ,mtvkyform;rsm;vnf; ukd,fykdif v,frsm; &&Sad p&ef awmifov l ,fo rm;or*~ r sm;ES i f h v,f , mtvk y f orm;or*~rsm; zG@J pnf;&ef Ttpnf; ta0;}uD;u jyÏmef;onf? 6? zufqpf0g' (zqyv) ukd rnfonfh enf;ESiyhf ifrqkd acsre_ ;f okwo f ifypf&ef Ttpnf;ta0;}u;D u jyÏmef;onf? 7? wwd,t}udrfajrmuf ArmEkdifiH vkH;qkdif&m awmifolv,form; nDvmcHtpnf;ta0;ukd yJcl;òr@wGif usif;y&ef Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u jyXmef;onf? 'gt h jyif 'Dnv D mcHrmS ocif oef;xGe;f u“uGejf rLepfygwu D dk jzpfap/

_ynf o l h t m%m uGejf rLepfowif;pmukjd zpfap/ uGejf rLepf acgif;aqmifawGukd jzpfap/ &efolu wku d cf u dk v f m&if Armwjynfv;Hk rSm &Sw d hJ zufqpftzG@J tpnf;rSeo f r# tjrpfu vSeyf pf&r,f? &So d r#tiftm;eJ@ wk@H jyef wkdufckduf&r,f”vkd@ ajym=um;cJhyg w,f? (rwfv 12 &ufae@u zqyv tpk;d &rS qk&d , S v f pf*% dk ;f ocifviG ef @J ocifvaS ºuwk@d u taygi;f yg vlru dk f awGe@J “jynfo@l [pfwidk ”f “tk;d a0” eJ@ “jynfaxmifp”k (pD;yGm;a&;) owif;pm wkdufawGukd 0ifa&mufzsufqD;cJhyg w,f? Auy&J@ “uGejf rLepfae@pOf”eJ@ “jynfo@l tm%m”*sme,fwu dk u f adk wmh tvk y f o rm;eJ @ &J a bmf a wG u umuG,f apmifah &Smufaewma=umifh vmrcs&=J uygb;l ? 'gudk &nfne$ ;f +yD; ocifoef;xGe;f u ajym=um;cJw h myg?) 'g[m orkid ;f 0if v_@H aqmfcsujf zpfovkd rwfv (28) &uf jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;}u;D twGuf a&S@awmfajy; wyfveS @f ov H nf; jzpfchJ ygw,f? nD v mcH r S m v,f o rm; uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;vnf; pum;ajymcJh =uygw,f? A[kdqkH;jzwfcsuftjyif c±kdiftvkduf qkH;jzwfcsufcswmawG vnf ; &S d y gw,f ? Oyrm tif ; cG e f yvyfa&;/ tif;rsm;ukd vlxyk idk o f rd ;f a&;(ppfuidk ;f c±kid )f ? ajrEku|e;f wku d yf JG azmfa&;(jrif;+cH/ ppfuidk ;f / rk&H mG c±kid )f ponfjzif?h nDvmcHrmS twufºuqk;H v_y&f mS ;olawGuawmh ygw0D ifawGe@J v,fuv l aD wG jzpf=uygw,f? oD;pm; ray;a&;/ v,fceG rf ay;a&;qkw d mu 'Dvw l ef;pm;eJ@ rqkid w f mrk@d v,fvyk o f l v,f y k d i f a &; aºu;a=umf o H t jyif ygwu D 'Dvw l ef;pm;twGuf w&m;

r#wwJh vkycf &&Sad &;ukd aemufyidk ;f rSm jyefvnf jyÏmef;ay;cJ&h ygw,f? ysOf;rem;nDvmcHukd wuf a&mufvmwJh rav;&Sm;uGefjrLepf acgif;aqmifrsm;u “u|efawmfwkd@ Ekid if rH mS qk&d if vl 2 axmif/ 3 axmif avmuf pkzkd@awmif cJ,Of;w,f? ck 'Dnv D mcHrmS awmh vl 2 ode;f ausm[ f m acgi;f aqmif pum;ajymaew,fq&dk if tyf u soH a wmif =um;&avmuf atmif +idrf+yD;em;axmifae=uwm th=H orqk;H bl;? cs;D usL;rdygw,f?”vk@d xkwaf zmfajymqkcd w hJ ,f? ‘zd&ifcsr,f xd&ifºur,f’ aºu;a=umfou H kd oufaoxlvu dk w f m uawmh tJ'ED pS f rwfv 28 &ufae@rmS pwifqifEv J$ u dk w f hJ jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;}u;D ygy?J jynfol@'Drkdua&pD vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;[m t&if;ppfvkduf&if v,form;awmfvSefa&;yJ

1948 ckEpS f rwfv 28 &uf/ jynfo@l 'rD u d k a&pDvufeufuid k af wmfveS f a&;}u;D [m ArmjynfEidk if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ orkid ;f xJrmS tav;eufq;Hk / tcrf;em; qk;H / t}uD;jrwfq;Hk / toufaoG;ac|; tpGe@f vw $ &f qk;H / awmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ; r_xrJ mS vufeufuidk pf JG wku d yf 0JG if&wJh txd tjrifrh m;qk;H Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_ }uD; jzpfygw,f? 'DawmfvSefa&;}uD; twGif; toufpGef@v$wfoGm;&wJh awmf v S e f a &;orm;aygif ; axmif aomif;csD &Sad e+yD; usq;Hk oGm;olawG&@J t±kd;awGukdom pkvkdufr,fqkd&if awmifvkdykHrwwf &SdaerSmjzpfovkd olw@dk &@J pHerlemuswhJ pGe@f vw $ rf a_ wG

[m rGejf rwfonfEiS t hf r# *k%af &mif ajymifvyS gw,f? 'DawmfvSefa&;}uD;twGif; Zmwf0ifcef;aygif; tajrmuftjrm; &Syd gw,f? awmfveS af &; 'Da&twuf tus/ tedrt hf jrif/h t±_;H tEkid /f ta&; tcif;aygif;trsm;tjym; a&m,Suf aeygw,f? 'DawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m wenf;qk&d if Armjynf jynfwiG ;f ppf ygy?J Armjynf[m ,ae@txd ppfreS w f hJ +idrf;csrf;a&; r&&Sdao;wmu 'D awmf v S e f a &;}uD ; r+yD ; qk H ; wmuk d oufaojyaeygw,f? wcsK@d awmfveS f a&; tiftm;pkawG ppf±;H_k wm jzpfcsif jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? wku d yf t JG oGio f ¿mef ajymif;wm jzpfcsifjzpfygvdrfhr,f? enf;y&d,m,fajymif;vJwm jzpfcsijf zpf ygvrd rhf ,f? acgi;f aqmifr_ vlwef;pm; vnf; ajymif;vJoGm;Ekdifygw,f? aemufqw k w f u dk &f wm/ tqifah v#mch s wku d &f wmawG &Sad umif;&Syd gvrd rhf ,f? 'gayrJh 1948 rwfv 28 &ufae@uae/ &S p f a v;vk H ; ta&;tcif ; / 'D y J , if ; ta&;tcif;/ (2007 ckEpS )f &[ef;&Siv f l awG&J@ pufwifbm ta&;tcif;eJ@ 2010 ckESpf etz &J@ a&G;aumufyGJ txd tm;vk;H [m jynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;}uD;&J@ tcef;quf wku d yf aJG wGygy?J 'Dvdk }uD;us,fcrf;em;+yD; rG e f j rwf v S w J h jynf o l @ 'D r k d u a&pD vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m t&if;ppfvu dk rf ,fq&dk if v,form; ppfyyJG J jzpfygw,f? Auy &J@ vufeuf ukdif awmfvSefa&;yJjzpfjzpf/ wjcm; vlenf;pk trsK;d om;rsm;&J@ vufeuf ukid af wmfveS af &;awGyjJ zpfjzpf t&if; ppfvkduf&if v,form;ppfyGJyg? 'D vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;awG twGi;f rSm v,form;eJ@v,form; om;orD; 25

_ynf o l h t m%m awG axmifaomif;cs+D y;D touf ay;cJh &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Djynfo@l 'rD u dk a&pD vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; acgi;f aqmif r_atmufu v,form;vlwef;pm; t"duyg0ifwJh t}uD;rm;qkH;aom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;vkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f? 'D ta=umif;awG tao;pdwaf rmfueG ;f wifz@dk qk&d ifawmh pmwapmifaywzG@J / pmtkyw f tkyEf pS t f yk f a&;±kH avmufe@J b,fenf;eJ@rS jynfph EHk idk rf mS r[kwyf g? ajr,mvrf ; pOf jyif q if a &;umv

aemuf x yf pmwapmif aywzG@J avmufe@J jynfph aHk tmif razmf jyEk d i f w muawmh ygwD & J @ ajr,m vrf;pOfe@J aus;vufajr,m okaw oe tcsut f vufqidk &f mrsm; udpyP g? Auy [m ygwv D rf;pOfxrJ mS ajr,mawmfveS af &;[m awmfveS af &; &J@ 0if±kd;vkd@ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm csrSwf wku d yf 0JG ifcyhJ gw,f? v,fvyk o f l v,f ykid af &;ukd wav#mufv;Hk a&S@wef;wif+y;D wpkdufrwfrwf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhygw,f? awmfvSefa&;twGif; tcsdefumv tvkduf rSefuefwJh ajr,mvrf;pOf csrSwfEkdifa&;twGuf wav#mufvkH; usm;ukwfusm;cJ }uKd;yrf;vmcJh&yg w,f? ajr,mvrf;pOfrmS vuf0u J s wm &SdcJhovkd vuf,muswmawG vnf; &Syd gw,f? ajrawGudk tukeo f rd ;f tukeaf 0 vkycf o hJ vkd ajr&Siv hf uf ajr jyeftyfwmvnf; &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? vuf

awG@usifhokH;&mrSm trSm;usL;vGefr_ awGvnf; renf;vSyg? ajr,mvrf;pOfeJ@ ajr,m ay:vpDrSm EkdifiHjcm;ukd ykHwlul;cswJh trS m ;rsKd ; vnf ; }uKH c J h z l ; ygw,f ? ygw[ D m trSm;awGudk oifcef;pm,l/ trSeaf &mufatmifjyif/ rSeu f efwhJ ajr ,mvrf;pOfeJ@ rSefuefwJh aus;vuf vlwef;pm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsuf &&Sd atmif ,ae@txd rqkwrf epf vk;H yef; tm;xkwaf eqJyg? ajr,m vrf;pOfrmS tajctae tcsd e f t cgtvk d u f rSefvkduf/ rSm;vkduf/ jyefjyifvkdufeJ@ aemufqkH; vkH;0trSef jzpfvmrSmyg? awmf v S e f a &;wk d u f y G J a wG r S m vnf ; wku d v f u dk /f &_;H vku d /f xyfwu dk v f u dk ef @J aemufq;Hk rSm atmify&JG rSm rkcsygy?J ,l*sDumvrSm aus;vuf pkpH rf;avhvma&;[m tawmfu h dk cufcJ vSygw,f? 'gayrJh ygwDu }uKd;pm; tm;xkwfcJhygw,f? 'DbufacwfrSm ajr&Sipf epfe@J ywfoufwhJ okawoe pmwrf ; wapmif u k d awmf v S e f a &; tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vkH;avhvmEkdif atmif ygwDu xkwfa0cJhygw,f? ajr,mtajctaeawG [ m acwf umvtvkduf ajymif;vJaewmyg? etz acwfrmS ay:ayguv f mwJh cspw f ;D vufopf ajr&Siaf wGta=umif; ygwu D apmpGmuwnf;u jynfol@tm%m uae zGichf swifjycJyh gw,f? v,form; awG cHpm;ae&wJh 'kut Q 00ukv d nf; tcGio hf if&h if oifo h vkd wifjyaewmyg? 'gt h jyif awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ ynm&Sifrsm;ukd rSefuefwJh ajr,m okawoetcsut f vufrsm;&atmif

0kid ;f 0ef;tm;xkw=f uzk@d ygwu D arwWm &yfcH yef=um;wmawmif vkycf yhJ gao; w,f? tck aemufq;Hk tajctae t& ppfAsL±du k &uftpk;d & ajr&Sipf epf vk@d ygwu D jrifaeyg+y?D jynfph rHk eS u f efwhJ tcsut f vufrsm; &&Sad tmif quf vufvkH;yef;tm;xkwf&ygvdrfhr,f? aemifjzpfay:vmr,fh v,form; tkºH ur_}uD;rsm;twGuf ,cktcsed [ f m ajr,mvrf;pOf jyifqifa&;umvvk@d vnf; qkEd idk yf gvrd rhf ,f? ,ae@ ArmjynfrmS qif;&J 'kuaQ =umifh rdom;pkvu dk f uk, d u hf , dk u f dk owfao=uwJh v,form; rdom;pkawG ay:aeyg+yD? 'gu awmfveS af &;orm; awGbufrS aus;vufpnf;±kH;a&; wqifw h ;dk tm;xkwzf @dk vkad ea=umif; oufaojyvkdufwmygyJ? “iwf&if; rao/ wku d &f if;aor,f”h wku d yf 0JG if pdwf"mwfrsKd; v,form;xkxJrSm tus,ftjyef@ pdrfh0ifoGm;atmif qufvuf}uK;d pm;oGm;=u&ygvrd Oh f ;D r,f? Auy [m twdwu f tjzpf tysufawGukd oifcef;pm,lwJhbuf rS m yJ tav;xm;ygw,f ? a&$ x D ; aqmif;wJah cwfudk jyefwrf;wwmrsK;d vkyfavhr&Sdygbl;? 'gayrJh tcgtcGifh oifh&ifawmh ygwDeJ@ jynfolawG&J@ *k % f a &mif a jymif w J h tpOf t vm aumif;awGudk pHerlemtjzpf jyefvnf azmfxw k yf gw,f? &Jabmfrsm; jynfol rsm; ygwDukd ,kH=unfwJhpdwf"mwf/ jynfou l dk ,k=H unfwphJ w d "f mwf jrifrh m; vmapzkd@yg? ?

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26

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v,form; olye k o f cD sif; (ysOf ; rem; ewf a rmuf t a&;uk d v,form;olykefoDcsif;) (ysOf ; rem; ewf a rmuf t a&;uk d » » wwk d i f ; jynf v k H ; u axmufcHapzG,f »» olykef bma=umifh x&w,f » » qif;&JvSwJh v,frJh,mrJh ypPnf;rJhukd csKyfcs,fvkd@&,f olykefxw,f » » &mZ0if ar#mfawG; aoG;eJ@ a&;&r,f » » » ) 2 v,f o rm;ol y k e f » atmif j rif z k d @ ta&; » tm%mawG odrf;&r,f » ukd,fh=urRm ukd,fzef zkd@ta&; » trSefyif ol y k e f x vk d @ aoG ; ajrusatmif wk d u f = ujyef w ,f » csD ; usL;zG , f » OD;nGwfzG,f » v,form;olykef}uD; » }uD;xGm;vm+yDuG,f » (e,f c sJ @ orm;awG n‡ O f ; yef ; r_ a =umif h vl a rG ; vl a wmif rajymifw,f » qif;&JwGif;u eufcJhygvkd@ olykefrD;ukd ar$;=u&w,f) 2 wkdufr,f » ckdufr,f » e,fcsJ@orm;ukd ðywfatmif wkd@wkdufr,f » » ysOf;rem; ewfarmufta&;udk » » wwkdif;jynfvkH;u axmufcHapzG,f » » olykef bma=umifh x&w,f » » qif;&JvSwJh v,frJh,mrJh ypP n f ; rJ h u k d csKyf c s,f v k d @ &,f ol y k e f x w,f » » &mZ0if ar#mf a wG ; aoG;eJ@a&;&r,f » » » ) 2 v,f o rm;ol y k e f » atmif j rif z k d @ ta&; » tm%mawG odrf;&r,f » ukd,fh=urRm ukd,fzefzkd@ta&; » trSefyif ol y k e f x vk d @ aoG ; ajrusatmif wk d u f = ujyef w ,f » csD ; usL;zG , f » OD;nGwfzG,f » v,form;olykef}uD; » }uD;xGm;vm+yDuG,f » (e,f c sJ @ orm;awG n‡ O f ; yef ; r_ a =umif h vl a r$ ; vl a wmif rajymifw,f » qif;&JwGif;u eufcJhygvkd@ olykefrD;ukd ar$;=u&w,f) 2 wkdufr,f » ckdufr,f » e,fcsJ@orm;ukd ðywfatmif wkd@wkdufr,f »

27

_ynf o l h t m%m

Auy eJh ausmif;om;or*¾ wuo/ Auo eJ@ wdk@Armtpnf;t±Hk; (ocifygwD) wdk@txJrSm Auy oaE< w nf + yD ; 1939 ck r S m arG ; zG m ;vmwm jzpf y gw,f ? Auy . ZmwdZmpfjrpf wuo/ Auo eJ@ wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k (ocifygw)D wd@k txJrmS Auy oaE<wnf+yD; 1939 ckrmS arG;zGm;vmwm jzpfygw,f? Armjynfu acwfynmwwfawG[m 1917 ±k&Sm; atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;tajrmufoHudk 1920 rwdik rf u D wnf;u =um;ygw,f? 1920 vGeaf wmh ArmjynfrmS tdE, dN uGejf rLepfygweD @J w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygww D @kd &@J v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;uwqifv h nf; atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;/ abmf&ADS pfygwD uGejf rLepfygwo D abmw&m;rsm;udk avhvm rSwo f m;&ygw,f? bdvyfjyefrsm;u ,lvmwJh rmhupf v f eD ifpwmvifw@kd &@J uGejf rLepfoabmw&m; pmtkyrf sm;udv k nf; avhvm&ygw,f? 'Dvekd @J (wuo/ Auo) ausmif;om;awG/ ocifygwx D u J ocifygw0D ifawG[m rmhupf 0f g'avhvma&; tpkrsm;zG@J +yD; rmhupf 0f g'avhvm=uygw,f? pmtkypf mwrf;a&;+yD; xkwaf 0=uw,f? 1936/ 1938 ausmif;om;oydwrf sm;eJ@ 1300 jynft h a&;awmfykH +y;D wJah emufrmS awmh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD zG@J pnf;zdk@ tajctaeay;vmw,f? zG@J pnf;awmh obm0uspGmyJ avhvma&;tpk acgif;aqmifawG[m Auy &J@ acgi;f aqmifawG jzpfvm=uw,f? tpk0ifawGu ygw0D ifawG jzpfvm=uw,f? vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG ifumvu wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH &;ausmif;om;rsm;[m wd@k Armtpnf;t±H;k (ocifygw)D 0ifp+rJy?J 'ga=umifyh J Auy &J@ acgi;f aqmifa&m/ ygw0D ifawGyg ocifb@JG co H al wGcsn;f jzpfvm&wmyJ? ñuHóuufv@kd tjzpftysuu f av;wckukd ajymcsiw f ,f? KIO eJ@ Auy r[mrdwzf @JG wek ;f u jzpfwmyg? Auy u KIO udk vufeufawG ulncD w hJ ,f? vufeufray;cif KIA wyfz@JG awGukd jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDvyk if ef;pOf oabmw&m; oifwef;ay;w,f? oifwef;q&mu ‘Auy ordik ;f ’ ajymawmh ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG tm;vH;k u ocifb@JG co H al wGcsn;f jzpfaew,f? em;uavmvmvd@k xifyg&@J KIA Adv k w f a,mufu x+y;D aumw,f? ‘ocifa,±_wa,mufyJ =um;zl;w,f? ckawmh Auy rSm ocifawG rsm;vSygvm;’ vd@k ajymzl;w,f? 28

_ynf o l h t m%m 1945 tvGef Auy &J@ a&aomufjrpf Auo acgi;f aqmifawGcsn;f yJ? 'gayrJh Auo udk &efbufv@kd yJ owfrw S =f u a&aomufjrpfu ‘Auo’ w,f? Auo udk Auy (,l§*s)D vd@k yJ ‘tvkyo f rm;or*~’ ‘awmifol v,f oHo,&S=d uw,f? orm; or*~’ pwmawG jzpfvmw,f? OD;Eku yg;pyfe@J yJ +crd ;f ajcmuf ocifygwDu wZmwfodrf;oGm;+yD? w,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f u aoewfe@J +cdr;f azmufjyefomG ;+yD? ajcmufw,f? Adkvfcifarmifav;u tJ'Dwkef;u Auy vnf; awmh olu, kd w f ikd f aoewfazmuf+yD; Oya'wGi;f O/G ygwD jzpfovdk Auo/ +cd r f ; ajcmuf w ,f ? 'gu ‘Auo’ tvkyo f rm;v,form;or*~awGvnf; acgif;aqmifa[mif;awG&J@ &efvkyfyHk w&m;0ifawGcsn;f jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh jzpfw,f? bmrS v#Kd @v#Kd @0u S 0f u S f vkyaf ep&m rvdk bl;? Auy &J@ uGezf &ifah wG/ tpnf; 1962 tvGerf S tcktxd ta0;awGrmS Auo ausmif;om;awG wuf+rJ jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; b,fausmif;om;u uGejf rLepfyJ qdk ppf t m%mod r f ; tpd k ; & wmudk tm;vH;k u od=uwmyJ? Auy acwf r S m vnf ; Auo ud k Auy &J@ wif;usyw f hJ pnf;rsO;f udk rvdu k ef m (,l§*s)D vd@k yJ oHo,&Sw d ,f? olw@kd u Edik af wmhv@kd udo k ef;xGe;f (a'guw f m ‘Auo’ rSm wcgrS rvkyfzl;bl;? d ;l ? 'ga=umifh aoewf oef;xGe;f ) u ygwu D xGu+f y;D ausmif; oHa,mZOfr&Sb q&mvkyfw,f? EdkifiHjcm;ynmawmf eJ@ +cdr;f ajcmuf±rkH ubl; aoewfe@J ypf oif oGm;zd@k av#mufawmh ynmoif w,f? ypfwmuvnf; aoatmif kd t f ðyHvu kd f ao a&G;cs,af &;tzG@J u vlac:awG@w,f? csed yf pfwm? tpkvu tzG@J OuUÏOD;ausm+f ird ;f u ol@ukd uGejf rL atmif ypfwmyJ? 'Dvekd @J Auo vnf; ajrv#Kd ; epf ,l§*sD vkyaf ew,fv@kd oHo,jzpf +yD; ar;jref;ppfa=umcJhwmyJ? ar;yHk &+yD? ajrv#Kd ;&wm ESpf (50) eD;ae+yD? ajzyHu k kd ‘igajymcsio f r# igt h a=umif;’ a&S@rmS vnf; ajrv#Kd ;ae&OD;rSmyJ? rSm zwf&w,f? a&S@wac:ar#m=f unfh 1948 tvGeu f mv Auo eJ@ Auy &yfwnf Auy ygwD u awmxJ csufwlaevdk@ tjrifwl/ tawG;wl/ a&mufomG ;+yD? Auo u w&m;0if tvkyw f cl =hJ uw,f? a&S@wac: ar#mf tzGJ@tpnf;yJ? tm%mydkifawGu =unfh awmh ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ eJ@ ‘Auo’ udk r,Hkbl;? OD;Ekup+yD; ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG udp[ P m bDv;l OD;ausmf+idrf;/ Adkvfcifarmifav;wdk@ pnf; - vlpnf; cGrJ ,fh pnf;a=umif;vd@k uvnf; Auo udk &efbufvdk@yJ jrifygw,f? wjynfvHk;rSm t}uD; oabmxm;w,f? olw@kd u wcsed u f tus,f uGjJ ym;r_}uD; jzpfr,f? +yD;&if

'D w cgrS m vnf ; Auy eJ@ Auo tjrif w l / tawG ; wl / tvkyfwl =uvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,H k = unf y gw,f ?

t}uD;tus,fjyefvnfpkpnf;r_}uD; jzpfr,fv@kd Auy u ajrmfjrifygw,f? b,foal wG b,fvv kd yk =f urvJ rajym wwfyg? owif;awGawmh trsm;}uD; =um;ygw,f? ‘a&G;aumufyJG Oya'’ xGuv f m&if &Si;f vmygvrd rhf ,f? 'DwcgrSmvnf; Auy eJ@ Auo tjrifw/l tawG;wl/ tvkyw f l =uvd r f h r ,f v d k @ ,H k = unf y gw,f ? csw D uf&r,fch &D; a0;ygw,f? tcuf tcJawG wif;usrf;jzpfaeygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf rdrw d @kd u oEMÏd mef cdik rf m pGmeJ@ csw D uf&if ausmef if;Edik rf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? 'g[m Auy &J@ ESpf (70) jynfh o0%fv$m jzpfygw,f? Auo u (73) ESpf yg? r=umrD (75) ESpf jynfhygr,f? ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh awmufywJh tem*wfqo D @kd csw D uf =uygp@kd ? 29

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Auy eJh vlrsdK;pktiftm;pkrsm;

(u) ordkif;udkzefwD;wm jynfolvlxkyJ jzpfw,f? 'g[m rmhufpf&J@ tckdif trmqHk; ordkif;tjrifyJ jzpfw,f? rmhufpf0g'DawG[m 'Dordkif;tjrif tay: enf;enf;rS oHo,r&Sdyg? uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[mvnf; 'Dordik ;f tjrift& rdrdygwDudk }uH@cdkifatmif wnfaqmufygw,f? 'Dordkif;tjrif csdK@wJholawGudkvnf; ygwD0iftjzpf vufcHavh r&Sdyg? uGefjrLepfygwDudk ord k i f ; ±k y f 0 g'tjrif t &om wnf aqmuf&wm jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepf ygw0D ifawG[m ordik ;f ±ky0f g'udk vufcH ,H=k unfoal wGom jzpf&ygw,f? vl@ordkif;rSm yk*~vduydkif qd k i f w J h p epf ay:vm+yD ; aemuf vlwef;pm;uGjJ ym;oGm;+y;D a&S;OD;bHpk epf òyuGJoGm;+yD;wJhaemufrSm ,Ofaus;r_ wpwp xG e f ; um;vmcJ h y gw,f ? 30

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b,fov l yk v f yk f rSm;wmcsn;f ygy?J (c) uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m tzd ESyd cf v H rl sKd ;aygi;f pHk jynfov l x l t k usKd ; pD;yGm;udk tajccH+yD; rdrdygwD&@J rl0g' vrf;pOfay:vpDawGudk csrSwf&wm jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxk&J@ b0udk trSeu f efq;kH xif[yfEikd w f hJ tcgrmS uGefjrLepfygwDawG&J@ rl0g'vrf;pOf ay:vpDawG[m rSeu f ef+yD; vufawG@ uswwfygw,f? vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;eJ@ wom;wnf; jzpfoGm;avh&Sdygw,f? vlxkwdkufyGJudkvnf; taumif;qHk; a&S@aqmifEikd yf gw,f? jynfov l x l &k @J b0udk tvGv J t JG rSm;rSm; xif[yf&if ygwD&J@ rl0g'vrf;pOfay:vpDawG[m tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;jzpf+yD; vlxkb0 wdu k yf eJG @J uif;uGmoGm;wwfygw,f? tJ't D cgrsKd ;rSm uGejf rLepfygwaD wG[m epfemqH;k ±H;_ r_e@J ñuaH wG@&ovdk vlx}k u;D rSmvnf; xdcu kd ef pfemr_awG }uD;rm; wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifh uGefjrLepf ygwaD wG[m b,ftcsed /f b,fae&m/ b,ftajctaerSmrqdk vlxk}uD;eJ@ wom;wnf;jzpfaeatmif rjywfv;kH yef;&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh &efolvlwef;pm;eJ@ &ifqdkif&mrSm wcgw&HrSm tiftm; tcsKd ;tpm;tay: rlwnf+yD; ,m,D ±H;_ edrrhf /_ aemufqw k &f r_/ epfemqH;k ±H;_ r_awGe@J ñuHawG@&wwfygw,f? &efol vlwef;pm;u rdrdtvpftidkufudk zrf;+yD; vufO;D r_,o l mG ;Edik w f t hJ cgrsKd ; rSmvnf; ñuaH wG@&avh &Sw d wfygw,f? tJ't D cgrsKd ;rSm rdr[ d m vlxek @J wu,f uif;uGmoGm;&ifawmh wu,fq;kH ±H;_ r_ }u;D rm;rSmyg? tu,fI vlxek @J ruif; uGm&if enf;emtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk vlxt k ul 31

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A[du k kd ‘ygwu D vmyfpnf;’ wckvykd J v_y&f mS ;cJ&h wmyJ? ‘A[d’k rSmuvnf; ocifp;kd uvG&J if tm;vH;k u wuUov kd f ausmif;om; Edik if aH &;orm;awGcsn;f yJ? &Jabmf*&kd , S u f pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f &if b*F g vD y nmwwf jzpf a erS m yJ ? udkA[def;/ udkvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)/ udkatmifqef;wdk@u odrf;oGif;&if vnf ; tnmom;ausmif ; om;eJ @ ocifuyJ trsm;pk jzpfaerSmyg? 'g rqef;ygb;l ? ynmwwfjzpf&ifvnf; rdbuawmh wpHk w&m acsmifvnfol (aoG ; pk y f o l ) jzpf a ewwf y gw,f ? 'ga=umifh ‘ADZt"du’ wdrf;!ïwfr_ trSm; rjzpfatmif a&;xm;&w,f? ‘awmfveS af om yk*Kd~ v’f qdw k m e,fcs@J qef@usio f /l ya'o&mZfqef@usio f /l AsL±du k &uf "e&Siq f ef@usio f l (wckck awmh) jzpfaerSmyg? (C) 1989 aemufydkif;rSm ygwD wGi;f rSm ±_yaf xG;+yD; qkw, f w k u f sqif; r_awGe@J vH;k axG;aeygw,f? urBmrSm vnf; ppfat;wdkufyGJumv +yD;qHk; oGm;um tar&duef[m Adv k w f Adv k f wnf; jzpfvmw,f? qdAk , D uf òyuGJ oGm;w,f? urBmu h eG jf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_ aemufqkwf&wJhumv jzpfay:vm ygw,f? 'Dvu kd mvrSmyJ ArmjynfrmS 33

_ynf o l h t m%m 8 av;vH;k vd@k ac:wJh vlxt k ºkH ur_}uD; ay:aygufvmw,f? 'Drdkua&pDa&; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;ygyJ? 'g[m 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHk tESpf 50 jynfh ESpfeJ@vnf; wdkufqdkifaeygw,f? 'D ta&;awmfy}kH u;D rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygw[ D m ud, k t hf wGi;f a=umif;eJ@u, kd f jzpfaewma=umifh wwyfwtm; yg0if Edik cf ahJ yr,fh tajctae&J@ awmif;qdrk _ udk rjznfq h nf;Edik af wmhyg? 'ga=umifh 'D t a&;awmf y H k } uD ; &J @ atmif o D ; atmifyGifhawGudk qufvufwdk;csJ@ xdef;odrf;zdk@ vHk;yef;&wJhumvrSmyJ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m tajccH a'otm;vH k ; vuf e uf u d k i f w yf tm;vH;k qH;k ±H;_ cHvu kd &f ygawmhw,f? vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ A/S qif;ol trsm;pk}uD;u vlrsdK;pk vuf e uf u d k i f tif t m;pk a wG q D a&mufygw,f? tar&duefukd u,f wif&iS v f @kd txifrmS ;=uwJh umv}u;D vnf; jzpfygw,f? ‘uGejf rLepf0g' ed*;kH csKyf+y’D ‘ordik ;f ed*;kH csKyf+y’D pwJ[ h mawG acwfpm;ygw,f? Auy ‘usq;kH cef;’ a&;olawG/ ‘Armjynfta&; u|r;f usif ol’ awGu Auy &J@ ocsKõ if;rSww f ikd f pdkufay;ygw,f? Auy qef@usifa&; av±l;wdu k cf w hJ ,f? KNU u ‘awmf vSefa&; q&m}uD;’ jzpfvmygw,f? olO;D aqmifwhJ wyfaygi;f pkawG trsm; }u;D ay:w,f? (xm;ygawmh) tckawmh tJ ' gawG ord k i f ; jzpf o G m ;+yD ? ppf tm%m&Sipf epfqef@usiaf &;rSm jzwf vrf; r&Syd gb;l ? a&&Snrf ,f/ ZG&J &dS r,f/ oEMXd mefcikd rf m&r,fqw kd mudk ESpf (20) vufawG@u jyaeyg+yD? ‘vGwaf jrmuf

a'o’ qdkwmuvnf; yxrawmh e,fpyfrmS aemuf wzufa&mufomG ; w,f? tckawmh ydkIa0;&mqDodk@ a&mufomG ;+yD? 'Dawmh bmjzpfovJ? (wpf) ,H=k unfcsuf ysuw f ,f? (ESp)f tcsi;f csi;f w&m;cH&mS w,f? (oH;k ) ‘ta&; awmfyv kH n S ;f }uD;’ udk awG@u&mvlu wufarmif;zd@k vkyv f mw,f? vlrsKd ;pku Armudk r,H/k Armu vlrsKd ;pkukd r,Hk jzpfvmw,f? (av;) jynfwGif;u opPmazmufawGu 2008 tajccH Oya'udk vufcv H u kd zf @kd aqmf=ow,f? pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;u *sme,fpm apmifawG xkww f ,f? (ig;) Edik if jH cm; om; rke;f wD;a&;/ w±kwu f v k m; rke;f wD; a&; av±l ; awG wd k u f v mw,f ? (ajcmuf) cgawmfrD Edik if aH &;orm;awG ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG ar#m=f uw,f? 'D v d k tajctaerS m tm;vH;k u awmfveS af &;tay:/ vlrsKd ;pHk jynf o l t ay: opP m &S d = ur,f v d k @ ar#mfvifhygw,f? pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf a&;udk t"duxm;/ aoG;uGaJ &;udk z,f &Sm;=uzdk@ vdkygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif pepf qef@usifolwdkif;eJ@ vufwGJ=u zd@k [m tckacwf&@J t"duawmif;qdk csuf jzpfa=umif;yg? (i) ppftyk pf k Edik if aH &;tm%m&wm &mpk ESpfw0uf &SdcJhyg+yD? zqyv tcsif; csi;f udk &efwu kd af y;wJeh nf;eJ@ tm%m ‘odr;f ’ cJ&h mup+yD; tcktxd olw@kd [m tcsi;f csi;f &efwu kd af y;wJeh nf;eJ@yJ

tm%mudk ‘xdef;’cJhwmjzpfa=umif; owdðyoifyh gw,f? twdwu f zqyv tcsi;f csi;f / uGejf rLepftcsi;f csi;f udk &efwu kd f ay;cJ h w mud k rajymawmh y g? tck NLD tcsi;f csi;f / 88 rsKd ;quf tcsi;f csi;f &efwu kd af y;aeygw,f? KNU udk (KNU cGx J u G )f DKBA u vufeuf eJ@ wdkufaeyg+yD? r=umrDrSm BGF vufcHwJh ucsifu BGF pDrHcsuf vufrcHwhJ ucsiu f w kd u kd af tmif &ef wdu k af y;ygvrd rhf ,f? u&ifet D csi;f csi;f / u,ef;tcsif;csif;/ ytdk;0ftcsif;csif; rwdu k rf =d uapzd@k a&Smifoifyh gw,f? aoG;cGaJ y;wmudk vufcrH w d hJ vlrsdK;pkwdkif; tcsif;csif;wdkuf=u& ygvd r f h r ,f ? tJ ' D a xmif a jcmuf x J rusa&muf a tmif rd w f a qG r sm; a&Smif&Sm;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ Auy u ar#mv f ifyh gw,f? Armtcsif ; csif ; / tajccH vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif; &efbufjzpf atmif vkyw f ehJ nf;uawmh ‘'Dy, J if; enf;’ jzpfygw,f? tckq&kd if ‘'Dy, J if; enf;’ u wjynfvHk;tESH@ jyef@oGm; cJhyg+yD? tckaemufqHk; aoG;cGJwJh enf;wcku BGF rzG@J csi&f if ‘jynfo@l ppf ’ zG J @ zd k @ ajymwJ h e nf ; jzpf w ,f ? rdwaf qGrsm;u jiif;y,fvu kd =f uwmudk od&vd@k cs;D usL;*k%ðf yygw,f? rdwfaqGrsm;taeeJ@ udk,fh twG i f ; yd k i f ; nD ! G w f a &;eJ @ vl r sd K ;pk tcsif ; csif ; nD ! G w f a &;ud k wnf aqmufEdkif=uvdrhfr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifh ygw,f?

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34

_ynf o l h t m%m

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(1) jy\emu }uD;ygw,f? ygw&D @J pnf;±H;k a&; (rl) jzpfwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf _ (DC) ysujf ym;oGm;+yD;csnehf @J aewm jzpfv@kd yg? 1989 wke;f u tjzpftysuaf =umifh DC ysujf ym;wm jzpfygw,f? vlrsKd ;pkygw0D ifawGu ‘uGejf rLepftvH’ atmufu ‘vlrsdK;pk trsdK;om;a&;0g'tvH’atmufudk jywfjywfom;om; ul;ajymif;oGm;=uwmom jzpfw,f? uGejf rLepfygwt D vHukd rvkygb;l ? tJ'v D kd acwfysut f ajctaerSm ygww D iG ;f u ArmvlrsKd ; ygw0D ifwcsKd @u ‘uGejf rLepf tvH’ udu k ikd +f yD; wpifaxmifz@kd óu;pm;vm=uw,f? (DC) csnehf @J omG ;w,f? olw@kd u ygwAD [d&k @J acgi;f aqmifru _ kd oabmrawG@ jzpfae=uwm =umyg+yD? ‘cGx J u G af &;awG’ ay:awmh csuaf umif;&+yDq+kd yD; oD;jcm;ygwD (uGejf rLepfygw)D cGaJ xmif=uw,f? 'gayrJh oufq;kd r&Sn=f ubl;? cGx J u G w f t hJ zG@J awGu olw@kd ukd vufc+H yD; aeEdik af yr,fh Adv k cf if!eG @f u uGejf rLepfq&kd if b,fo@l rS rxm;eJ@ armif;xkwyf pfvu kd zf @kd !ïe=f um;vd@k armif;xkwyf pfvu kd =f uw,f? 'Dvekd @J olw@kd wawG Zmwfacgi;f uG+J yD; vufeufcsomG ;=uw,f? ‘uGejf rLepf’ b0uae+yD; ‘vpfb&,f'rD u kd &uf’ b0udk ajymif;oGm;=uw,f? ae0if;a=umifh qd&k , S v f pftrnfcH ygwaD wGvnf; tm;vH;k uG,af ysmufuek yf g+yD? uGejf rLepftvHxx l m;wm Auy yJ &Syd gawmhw,f? (2) 'gayrJh (DC) udk ajAmifcsKd ;azmufomG ;olawG aysmufomG ;ayr,fh ygwx D rJ mS (DC) uawmh csnehf @J use&f pfygw,f? 'Dvkd jzpf&wmrSm ta=umif; (2) ck &Sw d ,fv@kd oH;k oyfygw,f? yxrta=umif;u ygwDudk A/S ygwu D U/G ygwDodk@ csufcsif;ul;ajymif;vdkuf&wm jzpfw,f? pdraf jyeajy tcsed , f +l y;D ul;ajymif;&wm r[kwb f ;l ? ygwAD [dek @J uif;uGm+y;D z±dzk &JjzpfomG ;wJh ygw0D ifawG wdik ;f jynftES@H jyef@usu J se&f pfcw hJ ,f? olw@kd u A[dak cgi;f aqmifre_ @J tqufjywfomG ;=uw,f? A[du k kd vnf; t,Ht k =unfro hJ mG ;=uw,f? wcsKd @u u±k%ma'gaomeJ@ tjypfwif=uw,f? A[du k vnf; b,fob l ,fa&mufaew,f rodygb;l ? olw@kd u qufo, G v f mrSyJ odw,f? A[db k ,frmS &Sv d q J w kd mudk vnf; ygw0D iftrsm;pku rodb;l ? Auy A[drk &Sad wmhb;l qdw k mudv k nf; jynfwiG ;f jynfyrSm a&;=u ajym=uw,f? jynfwiG ;f U/G (4828) uvnf; &efo@l vufukd tm;vH;k avmuf usuek w f ,f? 'gbmrS rqef;bl;? cGx J u G af wG oHawmfO;D wifv@kd cif!eG @f u tm;vH;k avmuf odae+yD? vufeufcsomG ;wJh 35

_ynf o l h t m%m ‘xd@k a=umifh Tod@k ’ tpk&@J tppfccH sut f & tajccHa'ou ta=umif;vnf; cif!eG @f oad e+yD? ygw0D ifwcsKd @uykd J A[du k pDrcH ef@cEJG ikd w f m jzpfomG ;w,f? 'kw, d ta=umif;u ArmjynfEikd if aH &;rSm vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDvi_d ;f vH;k }uD; ±du k cf wfvmwm jzpfw,f? ygwAD [du k kd t,Ht k =unfro hJ mG ;wJh ygw0D ifawGu ‘vpfb&,f0g'’ usio hf ;kH vm=uw,f? &Jabmf armfpw D ek ;f u w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwx D rJ mS vpfb&,f0g'o¿mef (11) rsKd ;udk azmfjycJzh ;l w,f? (1937 rSma&;wJh vpfb&,f0g'qef@usi=f u) olu (11) rsKd ; tjyif wjcm;trsKd ;tpm;awGvnf; &Sad o;ayr,fh t"duuawmh (11) rsKd ;yJv@kd qdw k ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygwx D rJ mS ay:wJh vpfb&,f0g'eJ@ rwlb;l ? Auy xJu vpfb&,fu wrsKd ;wzHk jzpfw,f? (3) Auy xJu vpfb&,f0g'rSm t"dutm;jzifh o¿mef (2) rsKd ; &Syd gw,f? wjcm;o¿mefawG&adS yr,fh razmfjy awmhyg?ta&;w}uD; ajz&Si;f &r,fu h pd aP wG r[kwv f @kd yg? ta&;w}uD;ajz&Si;f rSjzpfr,fh (2) rsKd ;udyk J tckaqmif;yg;rSm wifjyygr,f? yxrtrsKd ;tpm;? 1990 eJ@ aemufyikd ;f umvawGrmS ArmjynfEikd if aH &;twGuf }uD;us,w f hJ ta&;tcif;}uD;awG ay:ygw,f? wjynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwjhJ y\emrsm; tqufrjywfay:ygw,f? tck 2009 ckEpS t f xdvnf; ay:aeqJyg? aemif ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’JG umveJ@ tJ'u D mvtvGerf mS vnf; tqufrjywfay:aeOD;rSmyg? tJ'v D kd wjynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwhJ jy\em}u;D awGukd b,fvakd y:vpDe@J vky[ f efe@J Auy u csO;f uyf&rvJ qdw k mudk A[du k om qH;k jzwfEikd yf gw,f? A[du k aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfxw k jf yef&ygw,f? 'ga=umifyh J tcsed rf D wygwv D ;kH udk od&adS p&ef A[d&k @J tmabmfukd xkwjf yefEikd w f hJ ‘ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o dS w l OD;’ udk xm;&Syd gw,f? tcsed rf v D nf; xkwjf yefaeygw,f? wcgw&HrmS tus,w f 0ifh A[d&k @J oabmxm;udk wifjyzd@k v&kd if taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;&J@ tpD&ifcpH m xkwyf gw,f? wjynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwhJ jy\emeJ@ ay:vpDukd wjcm;ygw0D ifrsm;u xkwjf yefciG rhf &Syd gb;l ? 'gukd ygwD pnf;rsO;f rsm;&J@ yk'rf (24) rSm &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDvnf;&Sd A[dck sKyu f ikd rf v _ nf;&Sw d hJ vkyef nf;udk a&;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? wygwv D ;kH avhvmoifyh gw,f? 1989 umvysu}f uD;wke;f uawmh A[dek @J uif;uGmaewJh ygw0D ifawG rsm;ygw,f? 'Dvjkd y\em}uD;awGukd vGwv f w G v f yfvyfyJ tmabmfxw k jf yefwmawG &Syd gw,f? Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJawGuvnf; odyjf refqefwmqdak wmh tmabmfukd tcsed rf D ay;Edik zf @kd vdyk gw,f? 'ga=umifh vGwv f w G v f yfvyf ay;=uygw,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf r_ &Sb d J ay;=uawmh olwrsKd ;ud, k w f zHk jzpfuek yf gw,f? tJ'v D ekd @J ygw0D ifawG[m rdru d , kd u f kd A[dðk y+yD; pOf;pm;awG;ac:wwf vkyu f ikd w f wf jzpfvm=uygw,f? 'g[m vpfb&,f0g' vky[ f efygy?J wcsKd @uqd&k if taxGaxGvyk if ef;pOf vrf;pOfuakd wmif rdrw d OD;wnf; oabmeJ@ a&;om;jzef@a0wm &Scd yhJ gw,f? A[dek @J uif;uGmaecsed rf mS vkycf w hJ mawGjzpfv@kd cGiv hf w $ &f rSmygy?J 'gayrJh 'Dvyk [ f efu tusi}hf uD; jzpfvm+yD; qufvyk af e=uwm &Syd gw,f? 'guakd wmh cGirhf v$wEf ikd af wmhyg? ygwAD [du k kd wifjyEdik w f v hJ rf;vnf; &Sw d ,f? 'gayrJh rwifjybJ wud, k af wmf tmabmfvi$ ahf ewm[m oabm±d;k r[kwyf gb;l ? DC udk wrifcsKd ;azmufaewmvd@k owfrw S &f rSmyg? 'Duo kd ed ;f az (jrif)h vkyef nf;udk cGiðhf yxm;&if wae@rmS ygwu D kd tEW&m,fay;vmygvrd rhf ,f? udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h [m ygww D iG ;f 'Dru kd a&pDukd tjynft h 0usio hf ;kH cGi&hf cJyh gw,f? rdrw d ud, k af wmf oabmxm;eJ@vrf;pOfukd tjyifrmS xkwjf yefv@kd ta&;,lccH &hJ wm jzpfw,f? uGv J w JG hJ oabmxm;eJ@ vrf;pOf&v dS @kd ta&;,lc&H wm r[kwyf gb;l ? ocifp;kd u ajAmifcx JG u G w f ,f? udo k ed ;f az (jrif)h u ajAmifcrJG xGub f J uGv J w JG hJ oabmxm;vrf;pOfukd tjyifo@kd wrifxw k jf yefwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvyk ef nf;udk ygwu D onf;cHae&if ygwyD surf mS yJ? tpktzG@J uav;awGukd pkpnf;+yD; (1939) wke;f u ygwaD xmifc&hJ wmyJ? touf}uD;rS tpktzG@J uav;awGay:&if ygwyD surf mS yJ? 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;? wud, k af wmf vpfb&,f0g' vGwv f w G v f yfvyfusio hf ;kH Edik zf @kd wrifwum ygweD @J a&&Snu f if;uGm atmifaewm jzpfw,f? ygw0D ifwOD;[m cdik v f w kH hJ ta=umif;tcsurf &Sb d J ygweD @J (6) vausmf uif;uGmae&if tvdk 36

_ynf o l h t m%m tavsmuf EkwfxGuf+yD;jzpfw,fvdk@ oabmxm;&r,fqw kd mudk yk'rf (13) rSm a&;xm;ygw,f? qEN&&dS if ajrmuf0if±;kd pGe;f rSm aeae tckacwfrSm A[dkeJ@ tquf rjywfEikd yf gb;l ? wrifuif;uGmaecsif vd@k om vpfb&,f0g' vkycf siv f @kd om rqufoG,fbJ aewmyg? olwdk@udk Ekwx f u G cf ikd ;f &rSmyg? rEkwx f u G v f nf; pm&if;u y,fzsu&f awmhrmS yJ? wyf ysuef @J awmfveS af &;vkyv f @kd r&vd@k yg? a&S@rSm =urf;wrf;cufcJwJh c&D;udk ygwu D vSr;f &awmhrmS aocsm ygw,f? wcsdK@u NLD r&Sd&if wdk@ ‘wwd,vdkif;orm;awG’ wGifus,f awmhr,fv@kd xifa,mifrmS ;=uw,f? olwdk@tygt0if wjynfvHk; ppfu|ef jzpfrmS udk olw@kd rod=uygb;l ? 'ga=umifyh J ygwu D DC udk }uH @ cd k i f a tmif vk y f & ygawmh r ,f ? tawG;wl ajcvSrf;wl wnDwnf; vSr;f Edik =f urS ygww D nfwrhH ,f? ygwD cdik +f rrJ ,f? &efwumudk &ifqikd Ef ikd rf ,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd vpf b&,f0g'eJ@ wdu k zf suv f @kd r&bl;qdw k m &Si;f aeyg+yD? (ñuHvdk@ ajymp&mwck? rmhufpf0g' vdv k m;ol ygwyD u rmhupf 0f g'aD wGu olw@kd oabmxm;eJ@ tjrifukd vGwf vGwv f yfvyf ajym=ua&;=uygw,f? 'g[m jy\emr[kwyf gb;l ? DC u ygwD 0 if a wG t wG u f o m &S d w myg? 'ga=umifyh J ygwv D v kd m;olwa,muf rmhupf 0f g'udk pGe@f y,fomG ;&if ygwu D ‘opPmazmuf’ vd@k rowfrw S yf gb;l ? ol u ygwD e J @ wl c sif w l E d k i f w ,f ? cGcJ sicf EJG ikd yf gw,f? ygwD 0 if x m;ol u awmh ud, k o hf u d mQ ud, k af v;pm;&if Ekwx f u G f &rSmyg? *syefawmfvSefa&;+yD;cgpeJ@

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ygwv D v kd m;ol tjzpfyJ ae=uw,f? tJ'DvdkyJ woufvHk; aeoGm;olawG wyH}k uD;yJ? wcsKd @usawmh ygwx D J vH;k 0 r0ifb;l ? 'gayrJh aoonftxd ygwD vdv k m;oltjzpf aeoGm;wmyJ? ‘vd k v m;ol ’ awG [ m vGwv f w G v f yfvyfawG;w,f/ a&;w,f/ ajymw,f? 'guvnf; raumif;wm r[kwb f ;l ? ygwx D u J &Jabmf rjrifEikd f wmudk olw@kd jrifEikd w f ,f? 'gukd ygwu D ‘a0zefa&;vkyfwm’ vdk@yJ oabm xm;&vdrrhf ,f? ñuHwkef;rSm ajymp&mwck &Sw d ,f? (1966 - 1975) umvydik ;f u ygwu D ðzwfxw k o f wfa&m*g ief;zrf; aewke;f u ygwv D v kd m;olawGukd xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u kd af 0zefwmudk vufvw G f py,f vky=f uwm &Sw d ,f? 'gu rqef; ygb;l ? ygwAD [du k , kd w f ikd u f ygwx D u J acgi;f aqmifawGukd okwo f ifaecsed yf ?J ‘rd;k óurkew f ikd ;f ’ qdw k hJ pmtkyu f av; [m ief;zrf;wke;f u ay:wmyJ? ta&S@ ajrmufA[dXk mecGu J r&Jw&JyJ wm;qD; cJ h & wmyg? bma=umif h v J q d k a wmh &efuek f U/G vkyif ef;udk A[dXk mecsKyf uyJ ud k i f a evd k @ yg? rEW a v; U/G ud k a wmh ta&S @ ajrmuf X mecG J u udkifwmjzpfvdk@ &J&JyJ 'grsdK;rvkyfeJ@/ vky&f ifrmS ;w,fv@kd !ïe=f um;Edik w f myJ? ygwDu vrf;pOfrSm;ae&if ygwjD yifyu trSm;udk óu+yD;jrifwwf ygw,f? 2 ESpt f wGi;f ppfEikd af &; rSm;ae wma&m/ ‘zxo’ rSm;aewma&m jyifyu yk*~dKvfawGu óu+yD;jrifcJh=u w,f? olwdk@u vGwfvGwfvyfvyf awG;/ vGwv f w G v f yfvyfa&;Edik =f uvd@k y?J 'ga=umif h y gwD y rS m vd k v m;ol a wG rsm;rsm; &Sw d mudk óuqd&k r,f? vdv k m;ol awG&@J toHukd em;pGi&hf r,f? 37

_ynf o l h t m%m [dkwkef;u vkyf[efawGudk jyif&r,f? [dw k ek ;f u ygw[ D m ‘rmhupf f 0g'tm%mydkif w&m;ol}uD;’ vdk usifhcJhw,f? vkyfvnf; vkyfcJhw,f? tJ'g rSm;w,f? jyif&ygr,f? (4) DC ysufjym;apwJh ta=umif; w&m; (2) ck? DC ud k ysuf j ym;apwJ h ta=umif;udk atmufajcuom vkyf Edkifwm r[kwfbl;? A[dku ygwD0if tcG i f h t a&; (6) csuf u d k azmuf zsuf&if A[dku DC udk csdK;azmuf wmyJ? DC udk ysujf ym;apwmyJ? ygwAD [du k kd tcGit hf m%m awG trsm;}uD ; ay;xm;wmyJ ? ygwDwckvHk; A[dkudk emcH&r,fvdk@ awmif a&;xm;wmyg? ygw0D ifawGukd tcGifhta&; ('Drdkua&pD) ray;bJ A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udkcsnf;vkyf&if ygwD A[dkudk tmcHwmawG rkcsjzpfrSmyJ? rif;rJh0g' ay:rSmyJ? vpfb&,f0g' ay:rSmyJ? wm;r&ygb;l ? ygwAD [du k vrf;pOftrSm; usL;vGefrd&if ed*Hk;csKyfcsufvkyf+yD; wygwv D ;kH udk wifjy&r,f? a0zefru _ kd cH&r,f? ‘2 ESpftwGif; ppfEdkifa&;’ trSm;usL;vGefwkef;u A[dku ‘ed*Hk; csKyfcsu’f rvkycf w hJ m[m }uD;av;wJh trS m ;yJ ? tJ ' D u mvuwnf ; u ygww D iG ;f rSm tpktzG@J awG ay:cJw h myg? DC p+yD;ysuw f m tJ'u D mvu pyg w,f? 'Drdkua&pD tajccHay:rSm rwnfaqmufwJh A[dkcsKyfudkifr_[m AsL±dkua&pD0g'yJ? A[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk wzufowfusio hf ;kH &if atmufajcrSm vpfb&,f0g'/ rif;rJ0h g' ay:rSmyJ? A[du k tcsed rf eS t f pD&ifcpH m wif&r,f? A[du k bmawG;aew,f/ 38

bmvkyfaew,f/ b,fvdktpDtpOf &Sw d ,fqw kd mudk wifjyaerS atmuf ajcu a0zefEikd rf ,f? t}uaH y;Edik rf ,f? ðyjyifp&m&d&S if tcsed rf D ðyjyifEikd rf ,f? A[du k ‘ewfrsupf ’d &xm;wm r[kwf bl ; ? rS m ;Ed k i f w ,f ? rS m ;aewmud k atmufajcu jrifvG,fw,f? 'Drdk ua&pDay;xm;rS A[du k kd &J&w J ifjy=u rSmyJ? A[dkudk emcHa&;yJajym+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDray;&if ud, k ahf jcaxmufukd ud, k ±f u kd cf sKd ;wmyJ jzpfr,f? 2 ESpf twGi;f ppfEikd af &;umvu v,fa0; òr@ord ;f wdu k yf JG t}udr}f udrw f u kd w f ,f? t}udrf}udrf emcJhw,f? aemufqHk; v,fa0;òr@wdkufyGJ wdkufcdkif;awmh wyf&if;rª;wa,mufu 'DwdkufyGJrSm olrkcsusqHk;rSmyJ? usnfqef r&SdwJh wyfukd 0g;vSpH yG x f ;kd wku d yf JG olO;D pD;&r,f? olusq;kH &if ol@trd u f kd ay;vdu k zf @kd q+kd y;D qif+rD;vufpGyfuav;c|wf+yD; ay;cJh zl;w,f? olusq;kH ygw,f? ol@qENjznfh ay;cJ&h ygw,f? txufArmjynfrSmawmh wHwm;OD;eJ@EmG ;xd;k }uD;udk t}udr}f udrf wdu k cf ikd ;f w,f? ppfa&;vrf;pOf rSm;ae+yD qdw k mudk A[du k tajymrcHb;l ? 'g[m A[du k DC udk csKd ; azmufwm&J@ om"uwckyJ jzpfw,f? 1954 avmufup+yD; ygwD rSm uGe*f &uf/ uGezf &ifh rac:Edik cf b hJ ;l ? udpPr&Sdygbl;? tajctaeray;&if rac:bJ aeEdik w f ,f? 'gayrJh 'Dru kd a&pD udk us,u f s,zf iG ahf y;xm;&rSmyg? A/ S umvrSm us,fjyef@wnf+idrfwJh tajccHa'o&Srd S uGe*f &uf§uGezf &ifh ac:Edik rf mS yJ? em;vnfEikd yf gw,f? “2 ESpt f wGi;f ppfEikd af &;” +yD;uwnf;u ygwrD mS wnf+idrw f t hJ ajccHa'o r&Sd awmhygb;l ? uGe*f &uf§uGezf &ifah c:zd@k

rjzpfEikd af wmhygb;l ? 'gayrJh 'Dru kd a&pD tajccHukd zGiahf y;vd@k &ygw,f? b,f tcgrqdk b,ftajctaerSmrqdk &yg w,f? atmufajcu 'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;+yD; ppfwrf;awG (yk*~vdu wifjycsuaf wG) a&;wifcyhJ gw,f? DC &J@ abmifxJujzpfvdk@&Sd&if jy\em r&Syd gb;l ? wcsKd @uawmh vufeufcs+yD; &efolqD ppfwrf;a&;wifjyygw,f? 'guawmh DC udk csdK;azmufwm omru opPmazmufwmyg? ‘csr;f at; ppf w rf ; ’ - wif j r&J @ ‘bH k b 0’ ‘atmifol - pde0f if; roH;k vH;k ppfwrf;’ wd@k [m opPmazmufwmyg? csrf ; at;/ wif j rwd k @ &J @ pmwrf ; awG u d k &ef o l u tus,f tjyef@jzef@ay;ygw,f? ‘atmifol pde0f if;ppfwrf;’ udak wmh jzef@ray;yg bl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh olwdk@ róuuf w J h pmyd k ' f a wG ygaevd k @ yg? pmtkypf mwrf; xkwaf 0wm rvkyaf y r,fh Auy txufArmjynfe@J eD;pyfwhJ &Srf;jynfe,frSmawmh vufodyfxdk; jzef@ygw,f? &efou l xd;k ppfqifvm+y;D xdk;ppf ppfa=umif;udk OD;pD;vmwJh ppfAv kd u f Auy &Sr;f jynfe,faumfrwD awGqDudkay;zdk@ pmtdwftvHkydwf+yD; &Gmol}uD;wOD;qDrSm xm;cJhygw,f? b,folb,f0gudkawG@&if ay;vdkuf ygq+kd y;D xm;cJyh gw,f? tJ'D ‘atmifol - pdef0if; ppfwrf;’ rSmu A[dk&J@ vrf;pOfrmS ;vd@k olw@kd u wwdik ;f vH;k udk !ïe=f um;+y;D vufeufcswm jzpfw,f? ygwD u ol w d k @ ud k ta&;,l r S m yJ ? wwd,uGef*&ufus&if t,lcHr,f qdkwJh pmydk'fygaew,f? Auy eJ@ oHa,mZOf rjywfwyhJ pkH H jzpfaew,f? (wwd,uGe*f &uf (1985) rSm usi;f y cgeD;rSm atmifol - pdef0if;wdk@udk t,lcH=uOD;rvm;? t,lcHpmwrf;

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bl;? A/S umvrSmjzpfv@kd &efou l odr;f oGi;f wm cH=u&ygw,f? 1989 &J@ 'Dbufyikd ;f U/G umvrSmawmh 88§ vGef EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusi;f a=umifh DC csKd ;azmuf wJh tpktzG@J uav;awG[m a&&Sn&f yf wnfEikd af cs &Syd gw,f? A/S umvvdk jywfom;wJh &ef§ig pnf; a=umif; r&Sv d @kd yg? Edik if jH cm;a&muf twdu k t f cH awGuvnf; rsm;vd@k yg? ppfat;acwf Edik if w H umhtajctae r[kww f mu vnf; ta=umif;wa=umif; jzpfw,f vdk@ xifygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG A[dak wGuvnf; rsm;vSygw,f? IT acwfvnf;jzpfvdk@ b,favmufyJ vlenf;ygap toHus,fus,fawmh ay;Edik yf gw,f? uGeyf sLwmwvH;k &S+d yD; tifwmeufquf xm;Edik &f if tmabmf zefwD;Edkifygw,f? ppfat;vGefEdkifiH wumh tcif;tusif;vnf; jzpfjyef/ ppftpd;k &uvnf; txD;useq f ;kH tpd;k & jzpfaevd@k urBmrh 'D , D mawGu Armjynf ta&; pdw0f ifpm;=uygw,f? =umvm awmh ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;u ‘rD'D,m Edik if aH &;’ vdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'Dvt kd ajctaersKd ;rSm A[dk ua&m/ atmufajcuyg 'Drdkua&pD A[dck sKyfuikd rf u _ kd xde;f odr;f =uzd@k ta&; }u;D ygw,f?

ygwD&J@ ESpf ‘70’ c&D;rSm A[dkacgif;aqmifr_ pOfqufrjywfcJh wm[m ‘Auy’ &J@ tm;omcsuf jzpf ygw,f? A/S ysuaf yr,fh ygwyD suf roG m ;wm 'ga=umif h y gyJ ? 'D t pOf tvmudk xde;f odr;f =u&ygr,f? 2010 vGeu f mv Armjynf Edik if aH &; tcif;tusi;f twGuf óuwif jyifqif=u&ygr,f? tawG;tac:t& jyifwma&m/ pnf;±H;k a&;t&jyifwmyg vkyf=u&ygr,f? U/G ygwDtjzpf a&&Sn&f yfwnfae&r,ft h vm;tvm twGuf jyifxm;ovd/k A/S ygwt D jzpf ul;ajymif;zd@k vnf; jyifxm;&ygr,f? A/ S ygwDjzpf&if acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@u EkysKd ae&ygr,f? (zufqpfawmfveS af &; A/S wk e f ; u acgif ; aqmif a wG u touf 20 ywf0ef;usiaf wGyg? PDR jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDawmfveS af &; A/S vkyw f ek ;f uvnf; touft}u;D qH;k u (30) ywf0ef;usiyf ?J ) tdrk if;rpGr;f ol awG acgi;f aqmifv@kd r&ygb;l ?

(6) jynf w G i f ; a&;ud k a Zmif ; ay; jynfwiG ;f rSmaZmufcs ±k&SawmfvSefa&;jzpfawmh vDeif jynfwiG ;f udk jzpfwehJ nf;eJ@ jyef0if ygw,f ? w±kwfawmfvSefa&;rSm armfpDwkef; jynfyudk rxGufygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@ A[dkvnf; 'DvdkygyJ? (5) ygwD&J@ A[dkacgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@ jynfwiG ;f rSmyJ aZmufcs+yD; awmfveS f pOfqufrjywfa&;? a&;udk a&S@aqmifomG ;wm jzpfygw,f? 'DtpOftvmudk +rJ+rJ+rH+rHxdef;odrf; =u&ygr,f? ?

u|efawmfwdk@ A[dkvnf; 'DvdkygyJ? jynfwGif;rSmyJ aZmufcs+yD; awmfvSefa&;udk a&S@aqmifoGm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'DtpOftvmudk +rJ+rJ+rH+rHxdef;odrf;=u&ygr,f? 39

_ynf o l h t m%m

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ygwDordkif; ynmay;jurnfqdkv#if (1) ygw0D ifopfrsm;udk ‘ygwo D rdik ;f ’ ynmay;zd@k vdyk gw,f? ygw0D ifvo kd rl sm; udv k nf; ‘ygwo D rdik ;f ’ rdwq f ufay;zd@k vdyk gw,f? 'ga=umifh vdt k yfoavmuf a&;ygw,f? ygwo D rdik ;f udk ynmay;r,fq&kd if ygw&D @J ESpf (70) c&D;rSm jzwfoef; cJ&h wJh “rSww f ikd ”f rsm;udk azmfjy&rSm jzpfw,f? rSecf w hJ ma&m/ rSm;cJw h ma&m azmfjy&rSmyJ? rSecf w hJ mtwGuf *k%, f zl @kd oufoufr[kwb f ;l ? aemifrmS 'Dxuf aumif;atmif wd;k cs@J r,fqw kd hJ oEMXd mefcsapzd@k jzpf+y;D rSm;cJw h mtwGuf aemifrmS rrSm;atmifoifcef;pmxkw, f zl @kd jzpfygw,f? (2) rSecf w hJ mawG[m ygwu D kd *k%af &mifajymifapygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &; [m ygwDudk yxrqHk;*k%fa&mifajymifapwJhrSwfwdkif jzpfygw,f? 'DudpPudk a&;wJo h al wG rsm;ygw,f? OD;Ek&@J ‘ig;ESp&f moD’ pmtkyq f &kd if jyefxw k af ewm awG@&ygw,f? ygw&D @J *% k af &mifajymifru _ kd tckxd rarh=uao;ygvm;vd@k q+kd yD; *k%, f &l ygw,f? ygwrD mS wjcm;*k%, f pl &mawGvnf; &Syd gw,f? tJ'guawmh b,fwek ;f urS t"du&eforl aysmufwmyJ? ygwu D tiftm;}uD;onfjzpfap/ enf;onfjzpfap rdr&d @J vyk if ef;pOftay: opPm&Syd gw,f? b,foal wG b,fvykd J ,H=k unfcsuyf suyf suf ygwu D ,H=k unfcsut f ay:rSm }uH@}uH@cikd cf ikd f &yfwnfchJ ygw,f? ygwDacgif;aqmif}uD;awG[mvnf;; awmfvSefwJhol&Jaumif;0g'&J@ erlemjy+yD; usq;kH cJw h myg? (3) tckaqmif;yg;rSm t"duwifjycsifwmu trSm;xJu oifcef;pm xkw, f cl yhJ u kH kd wifjycsiw f myg? ygwo D ufwrf;ESpf (70) twGi;f rSm t}uD;qH;k trSm;u ‘ðzwfxw k o f wfvrf;pOf’ trSm; jzpfygw,f? ¡w&m;0iftrnfu 45

_ynf o l h t m%m ‘ygww D iG ;f awmfveS af &;vrf;pOf’ jzpfonf? ygww D iG ;f Aef;pum; (jargon) u ‘ðzwfxw k o f wf’ jzpfonf? tJ'AD ef;pum;u opPmazmufawGe@J &efo&l @J 0g'jzef@ra_ =umifh wGiu f s,af eonf? 'gah =umifh wGiu f s,af ewJh Aef;pum;udyk J ,lo;kH vdu k jf cif; jzpfonf? (pum;csy)f ¢ ‘ðzwfxw k o f wfvrf;pOf’ ESiyhf wfouf+yD; xl;jcm;csu}f uD;rsm; &Syd gw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh (u) ygwo D rdik ;f rSm t&Sn=f umqH;k trSm;jzpfjcif; (1967 rS 1975 xd (8) ESpf =umonf?) (c) trSm;udk acgi;f aqmifpu k jrifcsed /f jyifcsed f r&vdu k b f J usq;kH ukejf cif;? (*) trSm;udk ygw&D @J xyd yf ikd ;f (PB) xJrmS yJ ed*;kH csKyfvyk Ef ikd jf cif;/ wygwv D ;kH udk csrjyEdifk jf cif;wd@k jzpfygw,f? tJ'x D ;l jcm;csu}f uD; (3) ck bma=umifjh zpf&ovJqw kd mudk tck (tus,)f wifjyygr,f? t&Sn=f umqH;k jzpfjcif;? ygwv D rf;pOftrSm;awG trsm;}u;D &Szd ;l ygw,f? tJ't D rSm;awGukd csrw S cf w hJ hJ acgi;f aqmifrsm;uyJ tcsed w f t kd wGi;f jyifqifEikd cf w hJ mcsn;f jzpfw,f? bmha=umifv h q J akd wmh ygww D iG ;f 'Dru kd a&pD &Sad evd@k / A[dck sKyu f ikd rf u _ ckd sn;f tav;ray;vdk@ jzpfw,f? ‘zxo’ rSmusawmh ygwDwGif;'Drdkua&pD oif;owfcHae&w,f? A[dkcsKyfudkifr_vnf; zsuo f rd ;f cHae&w,f? A[dck sKyfuikd rf t _ pm; *d% k ;f tpkawG&@J csKyfuikd rf u _ kd tpm;xd;k wmcHae&w,f? vrf;pOfu, kd w f ifkd u f *d% k ;f zG@J z@kd / tpkz@JG z@kd tm;ay;aewm jzpfv@kd ygy?J trS m ;&J @ a&cH a jrcH ? yxra&cHajrcH? š ygwAD [du k kd atmufajcu t,Ht k =unfrahJ ewm =um+yD? ‘2 ESpt f wGi;f ppfEikd af &;’ trSm;vky+f yD; uwnf;u ay:aewmyg? yxrawmh wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfyJ eD;pyf&mrSm aqG;aEG;=uwmyJ? “'D acgi;f aqmifre_ @J awmh awmfveS af &;ratmifEikd b f ;l ? w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwrD mS armfpw D ek ;f ay:ovdk Auy rSmvnf; armfpw D ek ;f vdk acgi;f aqmifrsKd ;ay:rS atmifjrifrmS yJ” qdw k mudk }udw+f yD;aqG;aEG; =uw,f? ‘}uw d 0f ikd ;f ’ awG trsm;}u;D ay:ygw,f? ‘ppfwrf;’ awGvnf; a&;=uw,f? vuf,mbuf wdr;f !ïwo f al wGu “r ‘3’ vH;k ppfwrf;” vd/k ‘csr;f at;ppfwrf;’ vd[ k mrsKd ; a&;=uw,f? (‘r 3 vH;k ’ u *d% k ;f axmifw,f? ‘csr;f at;’ uawmh ol@taetxm;t& wud, k af wmfy?J ‘*d% k ;f ’ rzG@J Eikd yf gb;l ?) aemufq;kH awmh olw@kd tm;vH;k ‘vufeufcs’ =uw,f? š trsm;pkuawmh ‘armfpw D ek ;f ’ vdv k l &Sm=uw,f? rawG@ygb;l ? A[dak cgi;f aqmifpu k kd A[dk aumfrwDpn kH D tpnf;ta0;uyJ ðzwfcsEikd w f myg? A[dak umfrwDukd uGe*f &ufuyJ topfvEJ ikd f wmyg? uGe*f &ufu rac:wm =umcJ+h y?D A[dak umfrwDpn kH t D pnf;ta0;uvnf; rxdik Ef ikd w f m =um+y?D aemufawmh t,Ht k =unfr&St d qdu k A[dak umfrwDxt J xd a&mufvmw,f? 'kw, d a&cHajrcH? “1962 Zlvikd f 7 &uf” +y;D awmh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG awmcdv k mw,f? olw@kd u &efot l ay: odyjf ywfom;w,f? ygww D iG ;f tajctaeudv k nf; tm;r&bl;? 1963 rSm ae0if;eJ@ ‘aphpyfa&;’ udk ta=umif;ðy+yD; w±kwjf ynfu &JabmfawG jyefvmw,f? olw@kd Armjynfu xGuo f mG ;wke;f u tajctaersKd ; r[kwb f J tajctae edru hf saewmudk awG@w,f? olw@kd uvnf; tm;r&bl;? wwd,a&cHajrcH? 'guawmh w±kwjf ynfrmS ‘,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;’ qdw k m}uD; jzpfw,f? armfpw D ek ;f udk A[dðk ywJh awmfveS af &; trnfcH *d% k ;f awG ay:w,f? 'D ‘a&cHajrcH’ u txufrmS ajymcJw h hJ a&cHajrcHawGukd ‘xGu&f yfvrf;’ jyvdu k o f vdk jzpfomG ;w,f? yDuif;a&'D,u kd vnf; ‘4’ OD;*d% k ;f &J@ tmabmfawG v$iahf eawmh - toHvi$ w hf mem;axmif+yD; *d% k ;f *%tpkpw d "f mwfawG wzGm;zGm;ay:wmyJ? 'Da&cHajrcH (3) cku aygi;f pnf;rdomG ;awmh ‘ygww D iG ;f awmfveS af &;’ ay:wmyJ? (CPC) rSmu ‘,Ofaus;r_ awmfveS af &;’ udk xde;f csKyfEikd w f hJ ygwx D u J wjcm;tiftm;pkawG &Sw d ,f? (4) OD;*d% k ;f yJ&w dS m r[kwb f ;l ? (CPB) u|eaf wmfw@kd rm S uawmh xde;f csKyfEikd w f hJ wjcm;tiftm;pk r&Sb d ;l ? Armjynf&@J x;l jcm;csuq f +kd yD; ‘owf’ wmawGtxd vufveG u f ek w f ,f? [kww f ,fav? ArmjynfrmS u ðzwfxm; xkwx f m;olukd e,fEiS w f m/ tdrcf sKyfcswm/ axmifxw J nfw h m vkyEf ikd w f mrS r[kwb f ?J ‘owf’ ypfrS &wmyJ? tJ'v D ekd @J “Arm vsLa&Smufcs”D qdw k hJ (&Jabmf}u;D *d&k , S )f wd@k ‘Armwde@f a&Smifyif’ qdw k hJ (&JabmfaX;) wd@k towfc&H wmyJ? w±kwjf ynfrmS u wde@f a&Smifyiftppfu jyefay:vm 46

_ynf o l h t m%m Edik w f ,f? ArmjynfrmS (emrnfay;cH&wJ)h wde@f a&Smifyifuawmh towfcv H u kd &f w,f? 'gvnf; xl;jcm;csuyf ?J ArmjynfrmS u t&Sed o f wfay;Edik o f l r&Sb d ;l ? cgwikd ;f rSmawmh ocifoef;xGe;f yJrmS ;/ olyJ trSm;jyifEikd cf w hJ myJ? tckawmh olu apmapmuyJ vky}f uHcv H u kd &f +yD; ocifZifw@kd / ocifcspw f @kd u trSm;udk ‘jrif’ OD;awmh ‘jyif’ zd@k rvG,af wmhygb;l ? ‘yJcl;±dk;r[m atmifajr’ qdkwJhtpGJ? txufArmjynfrmS xk;d ppf}uD;udk a&Smif&if;wdr;f &if;eJ@ (A[d)k u rd;k ukwb f uf a&mufvmw,f? jynfo@l &aJ bmfu vufeufcsomG ;vd@k a&mufvmwmyJ? rd;k ukwef ,frmS &Sw d hJ ygw&D @J ajymufusm;wyfe@J vnf; tqufr&bl;? A[d[ k m wu,fu h kd ‘vdyyf ufvuf’ b0yJ? qufajy;&if w±kwjf ynfxJ ajy;zd@k y&J w dS ,f? 'Dtcsed rf mS A[du k *k%af &mifajymifwq hJ ;kH jzwfcsuf csvu kd w f ,f? yJc;l ±d;k rudk UG vrf;uaeqif;zd@k qH;k jzwfw,f? PB awG vlc+GJ yD; qif;w,f? wavmu *sme,fwckxrJ mS 0rf;td0k rf;ausm0f if;armif&@J aqmif;yg; zwfvu kd &f w,f? &Jabmf}uD;*d&k , S u f kd rEWav;txd ac:xkwv f mwm olyv J @kd od&w,f? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? PB tm;vH;k yJc;l ±d;k rudk acsmacsmarmarm a&mufw,f? tJ'u D wnf;u yJc;l ±d;k rudpk eG @f &if qH;k ±H;_ w,f? yJc;l ±d;k r[m atmifajrqdw k t hJ pG}J uD; pGaJ wmhwmyJ? tpGeJ @J wif &yfae&if awmfao;w,f? ppfa&;vrf;pOftjzpfyg ocifoef;xGe;f u qH;k jzwfxm;cJah wmh OuUX ocifZif/ ocifcspw f @kd jyifv@kd r&awmhb;l ? yJc;l ±d;k rudk cGmcJzh @kd ta&S@ajrmufe@J &Sr;f jynfe,fu b,fvykd w J ifjyygap olw@kd rjyif0ahH wmhb;l ? 'Dppfa&;tjriftrSm;u used pf moifo h vdk jzpfawmhwmyJ? 'Dvekd @J yJ (jrif) csed f (jyif) csed rf & jzpfomG ;vk@d ‘zxo trSm;’ u a&&Sno f mG ;wmyJ? rD;pmukeq f cD ef;jzpfrS tvdv k kd +ird ;f oGm;&wmyJ? *Guswt hJ aetxm;? ocifAode;f wif/ ocifwifxeG ;f wd@k acgi;f aqmifwhJ ta&S@ajrmufa&m/ &Sr;f jynfe,fyg ðzwfxw k o f wf rSm;ae+yq D w kd mudk (CPC &J@ tultnDe@J ) odaewm =um+y?D ud, k t hf xufu (A[d)k udk ajymzd@k usawmh ody*f u G saew,f? A[d&k @J vrf;pOfrmS ;udk wdu k &f mrSm rwdu k w f wf&if ygwu D w JG wfygw,f? ('gvnf; CPC &J@ tultnD? olw@kd &@J tawG@tñuH t&ay;wJh t}uH^m%fy?J ) ocifZif/ ocifcspw f @kd ukd a&mufatmifyJ vkyyf g? a&mufvm&ifvnf; cifAsm;wd@k u ‘zxo vrf;pOfta=umif;’ wcGe;f rS r[yge@J ? CPC u olw@kd ukd w±kwjf ynfxJ tvnfvm&if óuqdw k ,fqw kd mavmufyJ ajymjyyg? w±kwjf ynfxJ a&mufrS olw@kd u ‘azsmif;zsajymqdyk gr,f’ qdw k mtxd enf;vrf;ay;ygw,f? w±kwjf ynfrmS uvnf; ±_yaf xG;aewmyg? ‘,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;’ uvnf; vkyq f yJ g? qdAk , D ufuckd mG +yD; tar&duefe@J &if=um;apha&;uvnf; vkyq f yJ ?J (4) OD; *d% k ;f uvnf; wefc;kd xGm;qJyg? ±_yyf gw,f? Edik if aH &;tuGuaf wG rsm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rodEikd w f hJ t±_yaf wGyg? OyrmwckyJ ay;ygr,f? 1971 rSm CPB u CPC udk o0%fvm$ ay;aeus xH;k pHtwdik ;f ay;ygw,f? a&;aeustwdik ;f yJ Armjynfu tajctaeudk a&;ygw,f? tar&duef&J@aemufvdkufacG; ae0if;ppftpdk;&qdkwm ygw,f? tJ'DawmhrS CPC u o0%fvm$ rSmygwhJ tar&duef&@J aemufvu kd af cG; qdw k mudk tjzpfreS ef @J rudu k v f @kd jyifay;ygv@kd ajymygw,f? (tJ'w D ek ;f u xH;k pHu o0%fvm$ udk (2) bufu wòyifwnf; toHvi$ w hf m/ rD', D mrSmwifwm vky&f vd@k rwwfombJ olw@kd u ajymvmwm jzpfygw,f?) Edik if aH &;t&ajym&if ae0if;ppftyk pf [ k m qdAk , D uf*% kd ;f udk rScD akd ewmyJ? b¾ma&;t&ajym&if *syefu tulnq D ;kH yJ? ppfa&;t&ajym&if tar&duef/ +Aw d ed /f tpPa&;vf pwmawGuyJ ulnaD ewmyJqw kd mudk axmufjy ygw,f? tJ'u D wnf;u ‘e,fcs@J aygi;f pHu k kd rScD akd ewJh ae0if;ppftyk pf ’k qdw k hJ toH;k tE_e;f udk ygwu D ajymif;oH;k wmyg? xm;ygawmh? ñuHv@kd a&;wmyg? ‘*Gusw’hJ taetxm;[m tJ'u D wnf;u pygw,f? ‘zxo a=umif’h *Guswm r[kwyf gb;l ? ppftpk;d &u CPB &J@ t"du&efojl zpfae+yD; CPC &J@ rdwaf qG jzpfaewm[m *Guswt hJ aetxm; jzpfapygw,f? ‘zxo ed*Hk;csKyf’ udk bma=umifh PB xJrSmyJ xm;&ovJ? zxo vkyw f mudk tm;ay;wJo h al wG&@J *% kd ;f CPC xJrmS &Sw d ,f? olw@kd a=umifyh J e,fpyfrmS tajccHa'oawG/ wyfawG azmfEikd w f myJ? tckraS wmh rxl;ygb;l ? &efou l vnf; cGx J u G af wGuwqifh odaewmrd@k ta&;r}uD;awmhygb;l ? [dw k ek ;f u 'gawGukd CPB u zGiahf jymvd@k rjzpfygb;l ? CPB [m nDtpfuykd gweD @J qufqaH &;udk v#Kd @0u S x f m;&ygw,f? 47

_ynf o l h t m%m ol@ta=umif;vnf; udk,frod Edkifyg bl;? odoavmufvnf; rajymoifh ygb;l ? wm0ef&&dS dS xde;f odr;f &ygw,f? w±kwf ‘,Ofaus;r_awmfveS f a&;’ u 1978 usr+S yD;w,fv@kd ajym&ygr,f? CPB &J@ PB u ‘zxo ed*;kH csKyf’ udk (1975) rSm vkyw f myg? 'g a=umifh PB u tJ'D ‘ed*;kH csKyfpmwrf;’ udk rjzef@ ygb;l ? xde;f odr;f xm;ygw,f? zH;k w0uf zdw0ufvnf; rvkycf sib f ;l ? ud, k ef @J xdawG@cJh&wmawGuvnf; wydkif; wpyJ jzpfw,f? CPC rSmu *d% k ;f tpkawG trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sw d ,f? ud, k o f w d m av;eJ@ wwfa,mifum; 0ifajymvd@k rjzpfbl;? ‘zxo’ uvnf; olwdk@ qD u twk , l x m;wmqd k a wmh ‘w±kwf,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;’ ta=umif; rajymvd@k r+y;D bl;? 'ga=umifh rxkwjf yefbJ xm;wmyg? tck a wmh ,Of a us;r_ awmfvSefa&;qdkwmu twdwfjzpf oGm;+y?D 'ga=umifh ‘zxo’ u &vdu k f wJh oifcef;pmudk (vdo k avmuf) a&;Edik f yg+yD? rwl&ifrwkeJ@qdkwJh yxroif c ef ; pm? wdik ;f jynfwjynfe@J wjynf rajymeJ@ ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfwjynfxrJ mS yifjzpfap c|wpf w G f - xyfwl jzpfw,f qd k w m avmurS m r&S d E d k i f y gbl ; ? (1939) (1940) (1941) awGwek ;f uvdk tjzpfrsdK; u|efawmfwdk@ ArmjynfrSm xyfrjzpfEikd yf gb;l ? qifw, l ;kd rSm;awmh jzpfEifkd yf gw,f? urBmhtajctaeuvnf; xyfrjzpfEdkifbl;? qifwl,dk;rSm;awmh jzpfEdkfifw,f? c|wfpGwf xyfwlawmh b,fawmhrS rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? 48

wdkif;jynfwjynfeJ@wjynf ord k i f ; jzpf a y:r_ wl z d k @ qd k w m yd k + yD ; a0;w,f? ‘zxo’ &J @ (yxrqH k ; trSm;) u w±kwjf ynfe@J Armjynf wl ovdv k kd yHw k u l ;l cswmyJ? w±kwef @J Arm rwlb;l qdw k mudk w±kwaf cgi;f aqmif }u;D awG odovdk u|eaf wmfw@kd e,fpyf u acgi;f aqmifawGuvnf; odaewm yJ? - w±kw, f Ofaus;r_ awmf vSeaf &;u awmfveS af &;atmifjrif+yD; (17) ESpaf erS vkyw f mjzpfw,f? csef au&Sw d u f xdik 0f rfajy;ae&+yD? tar &dum;u qdAk , D ufuykd J t"duxm;ae &+y?D u|eaf wmfw@kd uawmh awmf vSeaf &;u wtdtu d sqif;aewmyJ? ae0if;uvnf; rdik t f enf;i,fyaJ 0;wJh &efukefrSm txdkifusaew,f? yJcl; ±dk;rqdkwmu &efol0dkif;0dkif;vnfae w,f? rdred @J &efot l iftm;tcsKd ;tpm; u 1;1000 avmuf jzpfaew,f? ‘&efoluvnf; xdk;ppf rdrduvnf; xd;k ppf’ qdw k hJ ppfa&;vrf;pOfu urBm rSm b,fwek ;f urS r&Szd ;l wJh aoe*FAsL[m tjrifyJ? 'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyfudkifr_udk rzsufqD;eJ@qdkwJh 'k w d , oif c ef ; pm? uGejf rLepfygw&D @J pnf;±H;k a&; rl[m 'Dru kd a&pDA[dck sKyfuikd rf _ (DC) jzpfw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDukd zsuo f rd ;f &if ygww D iG ;f b0udk zsuq f ;D wmyJ? *d% k ;f awG/ tkyfpkawG/ }udwf0dkif;awG rkcs ay:rSmyJ? “ygwD&J@zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;” rSm ygwD0ifawG&J@ tcGifh ta&;awG azmfjyxm;w,f? (6) csuf

&Sw d ,f? ygwu D csrw S w f hJ vkyif ef;pOf/ vrf;pOf/ ay:vpD/ ajcvSr;f awGomru Edik if w H umh uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_e@J qikd w f hJ jy\emrsm;rSmyg ygw0D ifwikd ;f yg0if aqG;aEG;Edik cf iG hf ay;xm;w,f? trsm;pk &J@ qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd oabmrwl&ifvnf; rdrx d ifjrifcsuaf wGukd xde;f odr;f xm;Edik f w,f? rdryd g0ifwhJ ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rSm jzpfap/ txuftzG@J tpnf;od@k jzpfap wifjyEdik cf iG &hf w dS ,f? A[d&k @J qH;k jzwfcsuf udk oabmrwl&if jynfv;kH u|wyf gwD uGe*f &uftxd wifjyEdik cf iG &hf w dS ,f? ‘zxo’ u tJ'pD nf;±H;k a&; rlawGukd zsuq f ;D ypfwmyJ? ‘zxo’ umvrSm (A[d)k r&Sad wmhb;l ? w±kw, f Ofaus;r_ awmfveS f a&;rSmu (A[d)k udk zsuo f rd ;f rypfb;l ? zsufodrf;vdk@vnf; rjzpfbl;? olu w±kwjf ynf}u;D wckv;kH udk ud, k pf m;ðyae &wJh tpd;k & (tm%m&) ygwD jzpfw,f? &JabmfcsdKtifvdkif; OD;pD;wJh tpdk;& tzGJ@u tpdk;&wck&J@tvkyfudk yHkrSef vnfywfatmif vkyaf ewm jzpfw,f? u|efawmfwdk@u olykefx ae&wke;f yJ? ygwAD [drk &S&d if bmrSr&Sd awmhwmyJ jzpfr,f? ta&S@ajrmufrmS zxo rvkyfbaJ ewm[m wu,f awmh (A[d)k udk qef@usiw f myJ? wzuf uvnf; (A[dkppfppf) vkyfzdk@ wifjy aewmyJ? pifòyifA[dkaxmifcsif&if vG,fygw,f? udk,fhrSm wyf}uD;}uD; rm;rm; &Sdw,f? wnf+idrfwJhtajccH a'o}uD; &Sw d ,f? Edik if w H umhtquf toG,f &Sw d ,f? toHvi$ ±hf kH &Sw d ,f? pifòyifvyk cf si&f if vG,yf gw,f? 'gayrJh b,fvrkd S rvkycf b hJ ;l ? OuUXocifZif&@J rde@f ceG ;f awGukd (wnf;jzwf+yD;) v$iahf y; ygw,f? wnf;jzwfwm[m A[dck sKyf udkifr_udk tjynfht0 emcHwmawmh r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJh rwnf;jzwfvdk@

_ynf o l h t m%m rjzpfb;l ? wygwv D ;kH ‘zxo’ vky=f u qdw k mrsKd ;udak wmh wnf;&rSmyJ? jzwf& rSmyJ? 'g[m A[dck sKyfuikd rf u _ kd wpdwf wydik ;f csKd ;azmufwmvd@k qdEk ikd w f ,f? 'Dvdk csdK;azmufzdk@ vdkaevdk@ rwwf ombJ vky&f wmyJ? rD;pmukeq f cD ef; jzpf+yD; yJcl;±dk;rrSm (A[dk) r&SdawmhrS 1975 A[dkqdkwmudk azmfxkwfwm jzpfw,f? Auy tvHvv J @kd rjzpfb;l ? 'ga=umifh tvHxv l u kd w f myJ? 'kw, d uGe*f &uf (1945) u wifajr‡mufcw hJ hJ vufuseAf [dak umfrwDawGukd tajc cH+y;D wd;k cs@J vu kd w f m jzpfw,f? ygwo D pf axmifwm r[kwb f ;l ? 'kwd,uGef*&ufu 1945 rSm vkycf w hJ mjzpfv@kd =umcJyh g+y?D wwd, uGe*f &ufukd ‘75 A[dak umfrwD’ u 1985 usrS vkyfEdkifw,f? ESpf (40) =umoG m ;w,f ? uG e f * &uf u d k jzpfuwwfqef;vkyfvdk@ rjzpfygbl;? ocifpdk;u 1944 ckESpfrSm tJ'Dvdk jzpfuwwfqef; “v,fwu J eG *f &uf” vkycf v hJ @kd 1946 rSm tvHecD rJG _ ay:cJh wmyJ? 'Doifcef;pmudk b,fawmhrmS rarhz@kd vdyk gw,f? txl;ojzifh U/G umvrSm t"duacgi;f aqmif vkyaf e olu owd}uD;}uD;xm;&ygr,f? ygwD uGe*f &uf usi;f yEdik w f hJ tajctae&Sd ae&if ygwAD [du k uGe*f &uf ac:ay;& rSm jzpfovdk jzpfuwwfqef; uGe*f &uf rsdK;udkvnf; rvkyfrdzdk@ owdxm;& ygr,f? 1985 rSm ‘45 A[dak umfrwD’ u rsm;rsm;pm;pm; usefawmhwm r[kwfbl;? toufquf±Hkuav;yJ useaf wmhwmyJ? ¡vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG wdu k af ewJyh gwt D zd@k uGe*f &ufukd yHrk eS f usi;f yEdik zf @kd qw kd m rjzpfEikd yf g? 'Dvykd J Edik if w H umrSm vkycf =hJ uwm jzpfonf? 'DcsdK@,Gif;csufudk jyifwJhtaeeJ@ ‘75 A[dak umfrwD’ u ygwpD nf;rsO;f wGif

yk'rf (33) udk jyXmef;cJw h m jzpfonf? yk'rf (33) u 'Dvkd qdo k nf? “uGe*f &uf ac:Ed k i f o nf h t ajctaevnf ; r&S d / ygwAD [dak umfrwDukd wd;k cs@J z@JG pnf;&ef tylwjyif; awmif;qdak eom ta&; w}u;D tajctaersKd ;wGif A[dk aumfrwD onf æ æ A[dak umfrwDw;kd cs@J z@JG pnf; jcif ; ud k ¹cif ; csuf t aejzif h ðyvk y f Edik o f nf” vd@k a&;xm;onf? ,ckygwD u A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD COC udk zG J @ pnf ; xm;jcif ; [m xd k y k ' f r t& jzpfonf? pwkwu ˆ eG *f &uf usi;f yEdik w f hJ tcsed t f xd COC u A[dw k m0efukd ,laerSm jzpfonf? (Tum; pum; csyf)¢ wwd , oif c ef ; pmu *dk%f;tkyfpkzGJ@wmudk b,fawmhrS tm;ray;eJ @ ? ygwAD [du k kd r,H=k unfawmh &if *d% k ;f tkypf q k w kd m ay:p+rJyg? ygwD A[du k kd r,H=k unfawmhwmu ‘zxo’ ray:cifuwnf;uyg? (u) w±kwjf ynf rSm ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &;ay:wm (c) ae0if;u w±kwq f ef@usiaf &;vky+f yD; rl}u;D (5) csuu f kd csKd ;azmufay;wm (*) w±kwjf ynfygwrD mS ‘4’ OD;*d% k ;f u tm%mwpdwfwydkif;&aewm tJ'g awG (rawmfwq) aygi;f pyfro d mG ;vd@k ta&S@ajrmuf NE ay:wmyJ? NE ay:vmvd@k vnf; ‘Auy &J@oufwrf; &Snw f myJ’? 'D (uGi;f quf) udk tod trSwrf ðy&if rSm;ygw,f? ¡'D (uGi;f quf) udk odae&if bma=umifh ‘Auy’ rSm cGx J u G af wG ay:ovJ/ bmha=umifh w±kwu f eG jf rLepf tpdk;&u (e0w§etz) eJ@ &if;ESD; cspf=unfae&wmvJ qdkwmawG&J@ tajzu ay:vmrSmyg? (pum;csy)f ¢

t"du oifcef;pm}uD; (3) &yfukd wifjy+yD;yg+yD? aemuf q H k ; wif j ycsif w m? ygwD & J @ ouf w rf ; (70) twG i f ; rS m trS e f a wG / trS m ;awG trsm;}uD;vkyzf ;l ygw,f? 'gayrJh *k%f ,l+y;D ajymEdik w f mu trSm;awG b,fvkd yJ usL;vGeu f sL;vGef ‘&efolraysmuf ygbl ; ?’ ‘zxo’&J@ trSm;[m ao avmuf w J h t rS m ;yJ ? 'gayrJ h ol u ‘&efolaysmufoGm;wm’ r[kwfbl;? ‘jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g'’ om;pOfajr; quf b,fawmhrS ray:apzdk@qdkwJh (vGrJ mS ;wJ&h nfreS ;f csu)f eJ@ ud, k yhf gwD wGi;f rSm ‘&efo’l &SmcJv h @kd jzpfw,f? jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQ (ygww D iG ;f yËdyuQ) udk ‘&ef§ig yËdyuQ’ tjzpf jr‡iw hf if vdu k v f @kd rSm;wmyJ? wu,fu ‘ygww D iG ;f vrf; pOfwu kd yf ’JG udk ‘ygw&D @J pnf;rsO;f Oya'’ t& qifE$Jwmudk tm;ay;&rSmyg? ‘ygww D iG ;f rSm vrf;pOfwu kd yf ’JG u b,f awmhrqdk &Sad erSmyJ? r&Sed @J q+kd y;D uGy! f y‡ f vdk@ rjzpfygbl;? ‘'Drdkua&pDA[dkcsKyf udkifr_’ abmifxJrSm vrf;pOfwdkufyGJ wdu k w f mudk tm;ay;&ygr,f? ‘ygwD wGi;f vrf;pOfwu kd yf ’JG udk 'Dru kd a&pD vnf;&S/d A[dck sKyfuifkd rf v _ nf;&Sw d t hJ ajc taerSm wdu fk =f uzd@k tm;ay;&ygr,f? txl;ojzifh tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHawG urBmhpepfopf (NWO) vGeyf q JG aJG ecsed rf mS jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf; NLD-SPDC vGey fq JG aJG ecsed rf mS owd xm;&r,fh xm0&oifcef;pmjzpfa=umif; wifjyygw,f? 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345 1234567890123456789012345

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_ynf o l h t m%m

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“&efoludkrdwfaqGjzpfatmi tmiffvkyfa&;” eJ@ ywfoufwJh tawG;tac: (aqG;aEG;csuf)

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(1) &efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmifvyk w f hJ tawG@tñuHawG rdrw d @kd rmS vnf; &Syd gw,f? jynfytawG@tñuHawGvnf; avhvmzl;ygw,f? awG@&&dS wmu rdrw d @kd &efyx JG uf yd+k yD;}uD;us,w f hJ +cdr;f ajcmufr}_ uD;/ tEW&m,f }uD;udk (2) bufpvH;k u jrif=urS/ todtrSwðf y=urS rdwaf qGjzpfatmifvyk af &; atmifjrifwmyJ? 1938 - 39 u rdrw d @kd e@J t*Fvyd [ f m &efbufy?J 'gayrJh *syefzufqpf0g'&J@ +cdr;f ajcmufr}_ uD; tEW&m,f}u;D ay:vmawmh rdwaf qGjzpfa&;udk pwif+y;D óu;pm;cJw h myJ? t*Fvyd b f ufu tifwifwifvyk cf ahJ yr,fh aemufq;kH usawmh rdwaf qGjzpfomG ;=uwmyJ? 'gu ud, k yf ikd t f awG@tñuH jzpfw,f? jynfytawG@tñuHukd avhvmawmhvnf; 'Dvykd J awG@&wmyJ? ±k&mS ;eJ@t*Fvyd f &efbufjzpfaewm uae [pfwvmemZDw@kd &@J +crd ;f ajcmufr}_ u;D ppftEW&m,f}u;D usa&mufvmawmh rdwaf qGjzpfomG ;=uwmyJ? tdref ;D csi;f w±kwjf ynfuakd vhvmawmhvnf; 'Dvykd J awG@&w,f? tckq&kd if w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD (CPC) eJ@ ulrifwef (KMT) wausmjh yef+yD; rdwzf ufjzpfae=ujyef+yD? bma=umifv h ?J yd}k uD;wJ+h cdr;f ajcmufr}_ uD;udk (2) bufpvH;k u jrif=uvd@k y?J (2) bufpvH;k u jrif=urS/ todtrSwðf y=urSvnf; atmif jrifwmyJ? wzufwnf; jrifaevd@k uawmh bmrSjzpfrvmEdik b f ;l ? (2) vufawG@ususpOf;pm;&r,f? e0w§etz u NLD udk “bH&k efo”l vd@k owfrw S x f m;w,f? xGuo f r# pme,fZif;rSm a&S@q;kH uae+y;D azmfjycdik ;f xm;w,f? acsre_ ;f =u&r,fv@kd vnf; qdw k ,f? 'Dvo kd abmxm;&So d u l kd ‘rdwaf qG’ jzpfatmif b,fvrkd S rvkyEf ikd yf gb;l ? 'ga=umifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; &if=um;aph&atmifv@kd NLD u tmaygurf wwf ajymaewmyJ? SPDC Adv k o f ef;a&$w@kd uawmh tJ'v D kd rjrifb;l ? ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ &J@tm%m oufa&mufvm&if “acwfrzD @HG òz;wd;k wufwhJ Edik if aH wmfopf” jzpfvmr,fv@kd jrifaew,f? ‘jynfwiG ;f jynfy tzsuo f rm;awGukd bH&k efot l jzpf’ acsre_ ;f ypf&r,fv@kd aqmf=oaew,f? vufawG@vnf; vkyaf ew,f? tckq&kd if tif;pdeaf xmifxrJ mS NLD acsre_ ;f a&; vkyaf ew,f? rdwaf qGjzpfvmzd@k aeaeomom &efyu JG yd+k yD;}uD;vmr,fh tajctae &Sad ew,f?

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(3) ol@bufu rjrif&ifvnf; jrifwb hJ ufu av#mah y;vdu k v f @kd ajym&ifawmh tJ'g[m ‘rl’ rJw h hJ ausat;a&;yJ? opPmazmufryl J jzpfvrd rhf ,f? ‘rl’ ay:rSm }uH@}uH@cikd /f enf;emrSmaysmah ysmif;zd@k yJ vdw k ,f? ‘rl’ rJw h hJ ausat;a&;vky&f if jynfou l vufrcHb;l ? '%fcwfvrd rhf ,f? OD;Ek ‘yxp’ tusemwmudk oifcef;pm ,l&r,f? OD;Ekvnf; ‘&efou l kd rdwaf qGz@GJ cw hJ myJ’ r[kwv f m;? 'Dt&ifuvnf; ‘apmpdeaf rmf’ tusemcJw h ,f r[kwv f m;?

_ynf o l h t m%m

(4) &efou l rdwaf qGjzpfz@kd q&kd if “jynfwiG ;f jynfy tzsuo f rm;rsm;tm; bH&k efot l jzpf acsre_ ;f =u” qdw k hJ oabmxm;udk ðzwfay;wmu tpcsyD g? 'kw, d u “Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k v$waf y;yg?” wwd, ajcvSr;f u “aphpyfaqG;aEG;yg?” tJ'aD jcvSr;f (3) vSr;f SPDC u vSr;f &if rdwaf qGjzpfz@kd eD;pyfyg+yD? etz u 'DajcvSr;f vSr;f r,fh t&dyt f a,mifrawG@ygb;l ? 'DajcvSr;f (3) vSr;f omvSr;f &if b,foel @J rqdk rdwaf qGjzpfrmS yJ? (5) ‘vufawG@Eikd if aH &;’ axmifu h csO;f uyf+y;D wJah emufrmS tawG;tac: (tbd"rRm) axmifu h csO;f uyf=unf=h u ygO;D pd@k ? uGejf rLepfawG ,H=k unfwmu qef@usib f ufcsi;f aygi;f pnf;a&; (nD!w G rf )_ [m tajctaewckom jzpfygw,f? ,m,Dom jzpfygw,f? Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f &om jzpfygw,f? qef@usib f ufcsi;f wdu k cf u kd rf u _ awmh tºuif;rJjh zpfw,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? nD!w G rf ,fq&kd if bmtwGuf nD!w G rf mS vJ? &efjzpf&rSm a=umufomG ;vd@k vm;? ysi;f oGm;vd@k vm;? ud, k b hf ufu ±H;_ rSmyJ xifv@kd vm;? tJ'v D kd nD!w G af &;rsKd ;qd&k if =um&Snrf cHygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J OD;ode;f az (jrif)h [m ‘&Suu f ;kd &Suu f ef;rmhupf 0f g'’D tjzpfe@J yJ b0ed*;kH csKyfomG ;&ygw,f? ol[m OD;Ek/ OD;ausm+f idr;f / Adv k af e0if;wd@k e@J rdwaf qGjzpfcyhJ gw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f uqd&k if ‘Auy’ udk rw&m;oif;ra=unmbJ xm;yg ao;w,f? OD;ode;f az (jrif)h u ‘Auy’ udk tydik pf ;D Edik v f rd rfh ,f xifv@kd yg? tJ'OD ;D ausm+f ird ;f &J@ vSnu hf u G af =umifyh J txufArmjynfrmS jy\emay:zl;w,f? uGejf rLepfzrf;yGu J ae xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufvmwJh c±dik af cgi;f aqmifawG rwfv 30 &ufae@rmS ‘rd;k pyfawmifaqG;aEG;yG’J vkyw f ,f? ‘3’ c±dik f jrif;+c/H ppfuikd ;f / ausmufqnfuvlawG wufygw,f? trsm;pku vufeufuikd w f u kd zf @kd ajym=uw,f? jrif;+cHoHr%darmifarmif (udkatmifol) uawmh ygwDudk rw&m;oif;a=unmwm r[kwfbl;? A[dk&J@ !ïe=f um;csuf (vufeufuikd w f u kd yf w JG u kd zf @kd ) vnf; r&Sb d ;l ? vuf0u J |aH ewJh cifAsm;wd@k uo kd m zrf;wmyJ? òr@ay:rSm ygwq D ikd ;f bkwaf wG ðzwfrypfbx J m;wm =unfyh g? 'ga=umifh oluawmh jrif;+cHjyefr,f? A[dek @J qufr,f? cifAsm;wd@k ukd vuf0u J |w H v hJ al wGtjzpf ygwu D xkwyf pfwhJ a=unmcsuf xkwrf ,fv@kd ajym+yD; jrif;+cHjyefomG ; wmyg? aemufusrS od&wmu olrEWav;axmifxJ a&mufaew,fqw kd m od&wmyJ? udo k ed ;f az tjzpfr&Srd eS ;f udak usm+f idr;f odrS rw&m;oif; a=unmwmyJ? 'Dupd aP &;wmu ‘NLD’ tpOf;pm;rrSm;zd@k a&;wmyJ? (6) tck zqyv wd@k / qd&k , S v f pfygww D @kd jyef+yD;xlaxmifr,fq&kd if etz tay: olw@kd &@J oabmxm;vnf; od&&if tm;ay;rSmyg? 'gukd ‘&efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmif’ vkyw f myJv@kd ajym&if &ygw,f? xm0&&efo/l xm0& rdwaf qGqw kd m r&SEd ikd yf gb;l ? b,fordik ;f wauG@rmS b,fv&kd yfwnfovJqw kd mudyk J =unf&h rSmyg? jynfya&;&mrSm qd&k ifvnf; 'Dvykd J csO;f uyf&ygr,f? ordik ;f qdw k m aemufjyef&pf=unfv h @kd om &ygw,f? a&S@u&kd pf=unfv h @kd r&ygb;l ? 'Dupd P aemifrmS aqG;aEG;oifh aqG;aEG;=uwm aumif;ygw,f? tckawmh ypPKy`eef @J tem*wfuykd J =unfw h m aumif;ygvrd rhf ,f?

xm0&&efo/l xm0& rdwa f qGqw kd m r&SE d i kd y f gbl;? b,fordi k ;f wauGr ΠmS b,fv& kd yfwnfovJqw kd mudy k J -unf& h rSmyg? 51

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ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD jzwfoef;cJw h hJ ESpf (70) twGi;f u xl;jcm;wJh ordi k ;f umvrsm; 1939 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 15 &ufae@rmS pwifwnfaxmifcw hJ hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygw[ D m 2009 ckEpS rf mS ESpf 70 jynfch +hJ yD jzpfygw,f? ygwD jzwfausmcf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f (70) twGi;f &&Scd w hJ hJ tawG@tñuHe@J oifcef;pmawG trsm;tjym;&Sdygw,f? tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;tajymif;tvJ trsKd ;rsKd ;udk ñuHc&hJ ovdk awmfveS af &;tajctae trsKd ;rsKd ;udv k nf; jzwfoef;cJ&h ygw,f? ñuHvm&wJh tajctaetrsKd ;rsKd ;rSm ygw[ D m wdik ;f jynfe@J tzdEydS cf jH ynfov l x l &k @J tusKd ;udk a&S@±+_ y;D taumif;qH;k pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfum &J&&J if&h if&h ifqikd w f u kd yf 0JG ifcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvt kd awG@tñuH awGxu J 1948/ 1968/ 1989 ckEpS u f mvrsm;&J@ tjzpftysuaf wG[m xl;jcm;xif&mS ;wJh ordik ;f tauG@tcsKd ;rsm; jzpfcw hJ m awG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? 1948 -- 1939 rSm ajratmufygwt D jzpf pwifz@JG pnf;cJw h hJ ygw[ D m t*Fvyd f e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ *syefe,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;rsm;rSm a&S@wef;u &J0phH mG yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? zufqpf *syef awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktoD;oD;eJ@twl wdkufyGJcJhwJh ygwD[m *syefawmfveS af &; atmifjrif+y;D qH;k oGm;csed w f iG f Oya'wGi;f rSm w&m;0ifay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? Oya'wGi;f jzwfoef;cJw h hJ tcsed u f mv twGi;f tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ òr@aeqif;&Jom;/ 0efxrf;aygi;f pHu k kd pnf;±H;k +yD; tajccHvw l ef;pm;rsm;&J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd cf hJ ygw,f? wdik ;f jynfe@J tajccHvw l ef;pm;rsm;&J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf jynfov l x l u k kd pnf;±H;k wdu k yf 0JG ifvmwJh Oya'wGi;f umv (3) ESpf twGi;f rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J vrf;pOfukd axmufcHwhJ vlxktiftm; wpwp wdk;rsm;vmcJhygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfolvlxkaxmufcHr_ wpwp wdk;rsm;vmwJh tajctaeudk zqyv tpdk;&u olwdk@twGuf tEW&m,fvdk@ =unfjh rifygw,f? Oya'wGi;f rSm twdu k t f cHòyifbuf ygwt D jzpf ae&mray;vdyk gb;l ? 'ga=umifyh J ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd tjywfacsre_ ;f zd@k vkyaf qmifygw,f? 1948 rwfv 28 rSm wjynfv;kH u uGefjrLepfygwD0ifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;cJhygw,f? 'DumvrSm wyfrawmfxJu uGefjrLepfygwD0ift&m&SdwOD;&J@ owif;ay;r_t& ygwD&J@xdyfydkif; acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk a&Smifwrd ;f Edik cf w hJ myg? a&Smifwrd ;f vGwaf jrmufvmwJh ygwx D yd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f aqG;aEG;yGðJ yvky+f y;D zqyv tpd;k &&J@ 'Dvkd t=urf;zuf acsre_ ;f wdu k cf u kd rf u _ kd wH@k jyefz@kd enf;vrf; &SmazGc=hJ uygw,f? 'g[m ygw&D @J Oya'wGi;f w&m;0if wnf&+dS yD; 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us vlxu k kd pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ; wdu k yf 0JG ifru _ kd vH;k 0ydwyf ifacsre_ ;f vdu k w f m jzpfygw,f? ygw[ D m 'Dtwdik ;f om iH@k cv H u kd &f if ygww D nf&rdS _ ysupf ;D oGm;rSmjzpf+y;D jynfov l x l k tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk qufvufO;D aqmif wdu k yf 0JG ifay;r_vnf; &yfqikd ;f oGm;awmhrmS jzpfygw,f? 'DtajctaersKd ; ta&mufrcHEikd w f hJ ygwaD cgi;f aqmifp[ k m Oya'wGi;f &yfwnfwu kd yf 0JG ifciG hf r&awmh&ifvnf; &wJeh nf;eJ@ ckcH qef@usifwdkufyGJ0if+yD; &yfwnfoGm;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcsuf cscJh=uygw,f? 'DvdktajctaersdK;rSm wdik ;f jynfe@J jynfov l x l &k @J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf qufvuf wdu k yf 0JG ifr,fq&kd if 'Dvrf;a=umif; uvG+J y;D wjcm;vrf; a&G;p&mr&Syd g? 'g[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J *k%af jymifwhJ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;udk ay:ayguaf pcJw h m jzpfygw,f? rmhupf v f eD if0g'eJ@ armfpw D ek ;f tawG;tac:udk

_ynf o l h t m%m udik pf w JG hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D Armjynf&@J tzdEydS cf H tvk y f o rm;/ v,f o rm;eJ @ jynf o l w &yf v H k ; &J @ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf Oya'yrSm qufvuf &yfwnf+yD; vufeufuikd cf ck pH pfyJG qifEcJ$ w hJ m jzpfygw,f? ygwAD [d&k @J wjynf v H k ; &S d ygwD t zG J @ tpnf ; toD ; oD ; ud k &&m vufeufqu JG ikd +f yD; tkypf ;dk ol zqyv tpd;k &udk qef@usif wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@ aqmf=ocsufa=umifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;&Sd&m a'otoD;oD;rSm vufeufuifkd w f u kd yf rJG sm; tus,t f jyef@ jzpfay:cJyh gw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ESpf (70) vH;k vH;k &Sifoef&yfwnfEdkifcJhwm[m &efol&J@ zdESdyfr_udk iH@k rcHbJ jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiw f u kd yf 0JG if&w J hJ pdw"f mwf &Scd v hJ @kd jzpfygw,f? 'g[m Oya'wGi;f ygwt D jzpfuae vufeuf udik f awmfveS w f hJ ygwt D jzpf ajymif;vJomG ;cJ&h wJh ordik ;f tauG@tcsKd ;wck jzpfygw,f? 1968 -- 1948 u pcJhwJh vufeufudkif awmfveS af &; c&D;=urf;[m ESpf (20) twGi;f twuftus trsdK;rsdK;udk ñuHcJh&ygw,f? vufeufudkifwyftiftm;/ ygwD&J@ ttajccHv_yf&Sm;Edkif&ma'o/ twdk;tavsmh/ twuftus trsdK;rsdK;udk &ifqdkif+yD; tqufrjywf qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if&if; ausmv f m$ ;cJyh gw,f? 1967 rSm awmh Adv k af e0if;ppftyk pf [ k m w±kwq f ef@usiaf &; zefw;D cJh ygw,f? 'g&@J tusKd ;quftjzpf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwu D kd w±kwu f eG jf rLepfygwu D Edik if w H umhtultnDawG AH;k ayg vatmay;cJ h w J h t ajctae ay:ayguf v mcJ h y gw,f ? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J ordik ;f wav#muf b,fwek ;f urS r&Scd zhJ ;l wJh vufeufc, J rf; t}uD;ti,frsKd ;pHu k kd &&Scd +hJ yD; ordik ;f wav#muf r&Scd zhJ ;l wJh wyftiftm;/ tajccHa'oawG jzpfay:vmcJyh gw,f? t&ifu rodczhJ ;l wJh vlrsKd ;pktiftm;pk awG[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw0D ife@J wyfrawmfom;awG jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? ygwt D iftm;r&Scd zhJ ;l wJh Armjynf&@J tpGef tzsm;a'oawGrSm }uD;rm;wJh wyftiftm;eJ@ tajccH a'oawG ESpt f csKd @twGi;f ay:xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? 'Da'o rsm;twGi;f jzpfay:cJw h hJ ppfa&;wdu k yf rJG sm;rSm &J0phH eG @f pm;pGm wdu k cf u kd cf rhJ &_ @J &v'frsm; jzpfygw,f? &efo[ l m jynfwiG ;f ppf twGif; rñuHzl;wJh xdcdkufqHk;±H_;r_awG tajrmuftjrm; ñuHawG@cyhJ gw,f? 'Dumv jynfrrSm&Scd w hJ hJ ygw&D @J tiftm;eJ@a'o rsm;&J@ tajctae[m tvGeftiftm;csnfheJ@wJh tajc tae jzpfaeyg+yD? ðzwfxw k o f wf vrf;pOftrSm;a=umifh acgi;f aqmiftiftm; ,kwaf vsmch +hJ yD; ygw&D @J tiftm;pk

tm;vHk; EdkifiHa&;t&/ pnf;±Hk;a&;t&/ tiftm;t& ,kwaf vsmah ecsed f jzpfygw,f? 'DtajctaerSm &&Sv d mcJw h hJ Edik if w H umhtultnD[m ygwt D wGuf wefz;kd }uD;rm;vS ygw,f? 'DtcGiahf umif;udk qkyu f ikd +f yD; ygw[ D m vufeuf udik af wmfveS af &; t&Sed u f kd jri‡ w hf ifEikd cf yhJ gw,f? jynfwiG ;f u awmfveS af &;tiftm;pk toD;oD;udk wdu k ±f u kd ef @J o, G 0f u kd f tultnDawG ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkif tiftm;pk toD;oD;udv k nf; }u;D rm;wJh ±ky0f wˆK tultnD awG ay;Edik cf v hJ @kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;t&Sed f jrifrh m; vmcJyh gw,f? 1968 tjzpftysu[ f m xl;jcm;wJt h ajctae a=umifh a&Smifwcif ay:ayguv f mcJw h m jzpfygw,f? tcGihf aumif; ñuHóuufcsed rf mS jynfwiG ;f awmfveS af &; tiftm; rsm; csnehf @J ae+yD; vlxu k kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;xJ yg0ifvmatmif pnf;±H;k Edik rf _ rvHak vmufcv hJ @kd atmifyJG &onftxd rcsw D ufEikd cf ahJ yr,fh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taeeJ@ 'DtcGifhaumif;udk taumif;qHk;aygif;pyf+yD; awmfveS af &;twGuf tusKd ;&Sad tmif vkyaf qmifcyhJ gw,f? 'g[m vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tajctaeedrahf e&mu jrifrh m;vmcJw h hJ ordik ;f tcsKd ;tauG@wckygy?J 1989 -- ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ ordkif; wav#mufrSm rñuHzl;wJh tjzpftysufawG ay:ayguf vmcJw h EhJ pS w f ESpyf gy?J 1981 ckEpS rf mS ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwD&J@ EdkifiHwumhtajctaeeJ@ jynfwGif;tajctae tay: oH;k oyftuJjzwfcsurf sm;t& ArmjynfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzdk@ vkyf aqmifoifw h ,fv@kd ,lqr_&cdS yhJ gw,f? 'Dajrmfjrifr&_ v'f tjzpf rqv eJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;vkyzf @kd jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu Armjynf&J@ tusKd ;udk ar#mu f ;kd +yD; r+yD;pD;Edik w f hJ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd &yfpJ Edik zf @kd enf;vrf;rsm; wifjycJyh gw,f? 'Dwifjycsuaf wGxrJ mS ArmjynfrSm ‘ygwDpHpepf’ usifhoHk;zdk@ wifjywm yg0if ygw,f? taumiftxnfray:cJyh gb;l ? +ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG; yGu J kd Adv k af e0if;u wzufowf&yfqikd ;f ypfcyhJ gw,f? 'Dvkd aqG;aEG;yGJ ysuo f mG ;ayr,fh ygw[ D m “ygwpD pkH epf” ay: ayguaf &;udk enf;y&d,m,fwcktjzpf qufvufusio hf ;kH cJh ygw,f? 'Denf;y&d,m,ft& jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;tiftm; pk toD;oD;udv k nf; pnf;±H;k cJyh gw,f? 1987 ckEpS /f rwfv 28 &uf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;ae@rmS rqv tpd;k &udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D ,m,Dtpd;k &w&yfxal xmif=uzd@k ygwAD [du k 53

_ynf o l h t m%m a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? rqv &J@ (16) ESpf oufwrf;twGif; bufpHkratmifjrifr_awGudk pdwfukef+yD; tajctaeopfukd ar#mv f ifah ewJh jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &; tiftm;pka[mif;/ tiftm;pkopfrsm;eJ@ ygw[ D m vufwJG v_y&f mS ;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'Dvkd Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;&J@ tiftm;&S&d dS v_y&f mS ;r_&,f/ 16 ESpv f ;kH vH;k rqv vufatmufrmS zdEydS cf aH e&wJh vlx}k uD; w&yfv;kH &J@ rauseyfra_ ygi;f pHak =umifh qef@usit f ºkH uvdrk &_ ,f/ rqv wGi;f rSm Adv k af e0if;&J@ vrf;pOfeJ@acgif;aqmifr_udk pdwfukefvm=uwJh 0efxrf;aygif;pHkwdk@&,f aygif;qHkrd+yD; 1988 rSm vlxktHkºur_}uD; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gw,f? ygw[ D m 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_}u;D twGi;f rSm 'Dumv&J@ enf;y&d,m,ft& ,m,Dtpd;k &w&yf ay:ayguf a&;udk OD;wnfvyk af qmifcyhJ gw,f? 'DO;D wnfcsuu f kd taumif txnfrazmfEikd rf D e0w ppftyk pf &k @J tm%modr;f r_ ay:ayguv f mcJw h ,f? 1988 vlxk tHºk ur_}uD;[m &nfreS ;f csuf ra&mufbJ qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if&zd@k jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? 1968 up+y;D ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J acgi;f aqmifra_ tmufrmS ygvm=uwJh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ou vlrsKd ;pk vufeufuikd t f iftm;pk toD;oD;rSm awmfveS af &;&Sn=f umr_a=umifh awmfveS af &;tay:rSm +iD;aiG@pw d "f mwfusvm ae=uwm 1988 rwdik rf u D wnf;u jzpfygw,f? Edik if w H umhtajctae tajymif;tvJrsm;t& w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepf ygwu D ay;aewJh Edik if w H umhtultnDrsm; &yfqikd ;f oGm;cJw h m[mvnf; pdw"f mwfusqif;r_twGuf ta=umif;tcsuf wck jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taeeJ@Eikd if w H umhtultnD&rS awmfveS af &;vkyrf ,fqw kd hJ pOf;pm;r_rsKd ; r&Scd zhJ ;l yg? ta=umif;tcsuw f ckcak =umif/h tajctaewckcak =umifh tultnD&vmcJ&h if,+l yD; tiftm;&S&d edS @J qufvufwu kd yf JG 0ifomG ;rSm jzpfovdk tultnDr&awmhwhJ tajctaerSmvnf; &Sw d t hJ ajctaet& qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;rSmom jzpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfygww D &yftaeeJ@ tiftm;csnehf @J omG ;vd@k tav#mah y;tnHch o H mG ;±d;k xH;k pH r&Syd gb;l ? Armjynf jynfoal wGb0 rvGwaf jrmufao;ygb;l ? rzG@H òz;rwd;k wufao;ygb;l ? ppftyk pf ek @J aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;eJ@ taygi;f ygrsm;om csr;f omºu,f0zG@H òz;wd;k wufaewm jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD taeeJ@ 1988 vlxt k ºkH ur_}u;D t+y;D rSm atmifyJG r&bJ qufwu kd zf @kd jyifqifaecsed rf mS yJ ygw&D @J ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ou tiftm;pktoD;oD;[m ygwaD cgi;f aqmifr_ atmufuae cGx J u G o f mG ;=u+y;D ppftyk pf ek @J aygi;f oGm;=uygw,f? 'Dvkd vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm; qH;k ±H;_ oGm;wJh Armjynf uGejf rLepfygw[ D m ajratmufygwt D jzpf ajymif;vJ&yfwnf+y;D qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifcyhJ gw,f? 'g[m 1989 rSm jzpfay:cJw h hJ vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;qifEaJ$ ewJh ygwt D jzpfrS ajratmufygwt D jzpfo@kd ajymif;vJc&hJ wJh ordik ;f tcsKd ;tauG@wck jzpfygw,f? 'Dordik ;f jzpf&yf 3 ckukd =unfv h u kd &f if ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m awmfveS af &;twGuf ta&;}u;D wJt h ajctae ñuaH wG@vm&csed rf sm;rSm wdik ;f jynfe@J jynfov l x l &k @J tusKd ;udk OD;wnfaqmif&u G Ef ikd rf ,fh awmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;udo k m jywfjywfom;om; a&G;cs,af v#mufvrS ;f cJw h mudk awG@&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dae@ 1989 +yD;aemuf ESpf (20) &Sv d mcJch sed rf mS jynfwiG ;f &J@ Edik if aH &;wdu k yf [ JG m qufvufjyif;xefaeqJ jzpfygw,f? etz ppftyk pf [ k m rqv ppftyk pf v k ykd J tajrmftjrifenf;yg;vGe;f ygw,f? Adv k af e0if;vdyk J ppftyk pf t k usKd ;udk =unfv h eG ;f ygw,f? 'Dae@acwf&@J Eikd if w H umhtajctaet&/ jynfwiG ;f tajctaet& jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;tiftm;pk toD;oD;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDenf;vrf;usus aphpyfaqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f +yD; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH +idr;f csr;f om,m zG@H òz;wd;k wufEikd rf ,fh vrf;a=umif;udk av#mufv@kd &aeygvsuef @J rav#mufyg? jynfwiG ;f u Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktoD;oD;udk xdyw f u kd q f ef@usif xdef;csKyf+yD; emrnfcH±kyfao;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ ppftkyfpkeef;quf a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udk tmrcHr,fh/ emrnfcH t&yfom;tpd;k &w&yf ay:ayguaf &;udo k m acgi;f rmpGm qufvufvyk af qmifaeygw,f? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw[ D m 'Dae@umv&J@ tajctaet& wnf&v dS mr,fh tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ vufw+JG y;D ppftyk pf k rif;quf w&m;0ifwnf&adS &; jyXmef;xm;wJh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya'udk ysuo f nftxd qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f? ygw[ D m ESpf (70) ordik ;f twGi;f ordik ;f tcsKd ;tauG@rsKd ;pHrk mS &Sio f ef&yfwnf+yD; wdik ;f jynfe@J tzdEydS cf H jynfov l x l t k usKd ;twGuf &yfwnfwu kd yf 0JG ifcahJ =umif; vufawG@tjzpftysurf sm;u azmfjycJ+h yD; jzpfygw,f? 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG mvrSm jzpfwnfvmr,fh tajctaersm;t& qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;zd@k jyifqif+yD; jzpfygw,f? 54

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