Wave

November 2019
PDF

This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA

Overview

Download & View Wave as PDF for free.

More details

Words: 8,250
Pages: 42

Preview
Full text

?YL:A:
< gZc-rbjhd kfbkte b^_ylZ aZ nbabq_kdZ \tegZ ihqlb hq_\b^gh _ kj_^ \h^_sbl_ \ jZa\blb_lh gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ Fh`_ [b b ^g_k g_cgbyl _\jbklbq_g ihl_gpbZe \k_ hs_ g_ _ baq_jiZg \tij_db dZghgbabjZghlh ltedm\Zgb_ gZ FZdk;hjgaZnbabq_kdbykfbktegZΨ-nmgdpbylZqbclhfh^me kthl\_lkl\Z gZ \_jhylghkllZ aZ baf_j\Zg_lh gZ kt\dmighkl hl hij_^_e_gb klhcghklb gZ nbabq_kdb \_ebqbgb gZ ^Z^_g fbdjhh[_dl. B Ijb]h`bg B Kl_g`_j Gh\ZlZ \jtadZ F_lZfhjnhaZlZ gZ gZmdZlZKk 2 M. Born. Zur Quantmechanik der StoβYRUJ^QJH- Zeitschrift für Physik, 1926, Bd. 37, S. 863-867; Bd. 38, S. 803-827. M. Born. Zur Wellenmechanik der Stoβvorgänge. - Göttinger Nachrichten, 1926, S. 146

GZkhdZlZ gZ ih^h[gh jZa]e_`^Zg_ fh`_ ^Z k_ kdbpbjZ gZijbf_j k ihfhslZ gZ ^mZebafZ \tegZ-qZklbpZ H[bqZcgh _ lhab ^mZebatf ^Z k_ hl^Z\Z gZ g_aj_ehkllZ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ \ _^bg _lZi hl g_cghlh jZa\blb_ b ^Z k_ ijb_fZ q_ ltedm\Zgb_lh gZ FZdk ;hjg baykgy\Z ijhlb\hj_qb\hkllZ gZ lhab ^mZebatf dZlh fgbfZ Z bf_ggh gZebp_ _ \ktsghkl fbdjhh[_dl gblh qZklbpZ gblh \tegZ beb itd b qZklbpZ b \tegZ dhclh k_ hibk\Z hl Ψ-nmgdpbylZ KZfZlZ Ψ-nmgdpby _ ijbgpbighg_gZ[ex^Z_fZZfh`_^Zk_gZ[ex^Z\Zg_cggbyl fh^me \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ klZlbklbdZ gZ baf_j\Zgby gZ ijhkljZgkl\_gbeb\j_f_\bZgkZf[tehlfbdjhh[_dlb
160; M. Born. Das Adiabatenprinzip in der Quantenmechanik. - Zeitschrift für Physik. 1926. Bd. (40), 167-192. M. Born, V. Fock. Beweis der Adiabatensatzes. - Zeitschrift für Physik, 1928, Bd. 51, 165-180. M. Born. Physical aspects of quantum mechanics. - Nature, 1926, vol. 119, 354-357. GZihke_^td h[Zq_ _dki_jbf_glbl_ gZ\eyahoZ \_q_ \ kZfby f_oZgbatf gZ ^_dho_j_gpby l_ gZ jZaiZ^Zg_lh gZ dho_j_glgZlZ kmi_jihabpby gZ ktklhygby oZjZdl_jgZ aZ bahebjZgby fbdjhh[_dl ^h klZlbklbq_kdZ kt\dmighkl hl ktklhygby ih^ \ta^_ckl\b_lh gZ hdhegZlZ kj_^Z \` gZij : Schleich. Engineering decoherence. - Nature. Vol. 403 (2000), 256 G_shih\_q_dho_j_glgZkmi_jihabpbygZktklhygby\_q_ _ _dki_jbf_glZegh gZ[ex^Z\ZgZ b ijb fZdjhh[_dlb \` gZij G. Blatter. Schrödinger's cat is now fat. - Nature. Vol. 406 (2000), 2526) Dh]Zlh k_ ]h\hjb q_ fbdjhh[_dl gZijbf_j _e_dljhg bgl_jn_jbjZ kZf ktk k_[_ kb k_ bfZ ij_^\b^ q_ k_ gZ[ex^Z\Z bgl_jn_j_gqgZ dZjlbgZ gZ \j_f_\Z ihke_^h\Zl_eghklhl_^bgbqghbaimkdZgb_e_dljhgb

beb qZklbpZ BajZa_g gZ ih-kt\j_f_g_g _abd ^mZebaftl _ beb dho_j_glgZ kmi_jihabpby hl ktklhygby beb deZkbq_kdb klZlbklbq_kdb ZgkZf[te hl ktklhygby H[bqZcgh _ ^\ZlZ qe_gZgZ_^ghhlghr_gb_^Zk_jZa]e_`^ZlkZfhdZlh\k__^gh ijhkljZgkl\_gh ktiheh`_gb l_ ijb gZebqb_ gZ hlghr_gb_ g_y\gh k_ ij_^iheZ]Z q_ hl g_]h\hlh ZdlmZegh gZebqb_ g_ij_f_ggh ljy[\Z ^Z ke_^\Z ZdlmZeghlh gZebqb_ gZ ^\_l_ hlghkbfb :dh jZa]e_^Zf_ h[Zq_ gZijbf_j gydZd\h \k_ _^gh \j_f_\h hlghr_gb_ lh hl gZebqb_lh g_ fh`_f ^Z dZ`_f ZdlmZegh beb g_ gZ hlghr_gb_lh ke_^\Z ltdfh q_ ZdlmZegh gZebqgh _ _^ghlh b kZfhlh _^ghlh hlghkbfh Z bf_ggh hgh\Z dh_lh s_ hlg_k_f dtf gZklhys_lh Z ^jm]hlh g_ fh`_ ^Z k_ jZa]e_^Z dZlh ZdlmZegh gZebqgh ihg_`_ ijbgZ^e_`b gZ fbgZehlhbebgZ[t^_s_lh bjZdIjbgpbiud\Zglh\hcf_oZgbdbF-32.

lZab ktsghklgZ jZaebqghkl ]ZjZglbjZ nbehkhnkdZlZ ktsghkl gZlZdZjZa[jZgZlZbgnhjfZpby.

IjbeZ]Zcdblh\ZjZa]e_`^Zg_dtfkemqZygZ^mZebatf \tegZ-qZklbpZfh`_f^ZaZy\bfq_hl\tegZlZbhlqZklbpZlZ kZfh _^gZlZ _ ^_ckl\bl_egZ \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ gZklhys_ Z ^jm]ZlZ_\tafh`gZih^h[ghgZ[t^_s_bebfbgZehj_kibeb dho_j_glgZlZ kmi_jihabpby gZ ktklhygby beb deZkbq_kdb klZlbklbq_kdb ZgkZf[te hl ktklhygby
AZ nmg^Zf_glZegZlZ jhey dhylh k\tja\Z ihgylb_lh bgnhjfZpby b j_^bpZ hkgh\hiheZ]Zsb nbabq_kdb l_hjbb \dexqbl_egh b lZdb\Z \tagbdgZeb ih-jZgh hl kZfby l_jfbg bgnhjfZpby ij_ihjtq\ZfgZqblZl_ey/%ULOORXLQ6FLHQFHDQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7KHRU\ 1HZ :RUN HWF Jmkdh ba^Zgb_ E ;jbeex_gGZmdZbl_hjbybgnhjfZpbbF

gZimkdZkbkl_fZlZGZklhys_lhkihj_^lZabZgZeh]by[b^_cdb ^_ckl\bl_egh s_ ijbl_`Z\Z _^bgkl\_gh dbg_lbqgZ bgnhjfZpby l_ lZab dhylh k_ ij_^hklZ\y baetq\Z gZimkdZ Kthl\_lgh fbgZehlh b [t^_s_lh s_ ijbl_`Z\Zl kZfh ihl_gpbZegZ bgnhjfZpby Z kZfhlh \j_f_ s_ ij_^klZ\ey\Z ij_oh^tl hl ihl_gpbZegZ \ dbg_lbqgZ bgnhjfZpby ;bof_ fh]eb ^Z dZ`_f q_ ij_\jtsZg_lh gZ fbgZeh \ gZklhys_ kts_\j_f_ggh kydZr \k_ _^gh aZj_`^Z [t^_s_lh k ihl_gpbZegZbgnhjfZpby Kihj_^h[h[s_ghlhltedm\Zgb_gZhkgh\gbl_aZdhgbgZ l_jfh^bgZfbdZlZ b gZklhys_lh baeh`_gb_ gZjZkl\Zg_lh gZ _gljhibylZ gZ aZl\hj_gZ _g_j]_lbqgZ kbkl_fZ [b k_

?gljhibylZgZ_^bgd\Zglh\[blfh`_^Zk_hij_^_ebhl_^gZ kljZgZ ihkj_^kl\hf eh]Zjblfbl_ gZ fh^mebl_ gZ dh_nbpb_glbl_\kmi_jihabpbylZZhl^jm]ZdZlhdhfie_dkghlh qbkeh-jZaebdZ gZ dh_nbpb_glbl_ \ kmi_jihabpbylZ < itj\by kemqZchq_\b^ghgyfZ^Zk_hlq_l__gljhibylZ^te`ZsZk_gZ \tjl_g_lht]tetlf_`^m^\_l_dhfie_dkgbqbkeZ
hdlZ\b k_ h[jZam\Zl ^\_ gh\b hdlZ\b gZ djb\bgZlZ gZ ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by b gZ djb\bgZlZ gZ dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by

jZa[bjZeh dZlh aZj_`^Zg_ gZ lZab kbkl_fZ k ihl_gpbZegZ bgnhjfZpby kydZr hl \j_f_lh beb ih-lhqgh fZdZj b obihl_lbqgh hl ijb_lbl_ baetq\Zgby gZ dbg_lbqgZ bgnhjfZpbyhl^jm]bkbkl_fb IhlhabgZqbgbhlo_]_ebZgkdZlZljbZ^Zl_aZ-Zglbl_aZkbgl_aZ[bke_^\ZehjZa[bjZg_aZkbgl_aZlZdZlhkt\iZ^ZsZk \j_f_\hlhhlghr_gb_l_aZ-Zglbl_aZqbblhhlghkbfbgbdh]Zg_ kZ _^gh\j_f_ggh ZdlmZegh ^Z^_gb

h[Zq_ lZdh\Z ltedm\Zg_ gZ O_]_eh\ZlZ ljbZ^Z _ oZc^_]_jbZgkdh ^hdhedhlh k\_`^Z kbgl_aZlZ ^h \j_f_\h hlghr_gb_jZa[jZgho_jf_g_\lbqgh AZ hq_jlZ\Zg_lh gZ lZdZ gZ[_eyaZgZlZ p_e s_ k_ ijhke_^b b^_ylZ aZ \tegZ \ deZkbq_kdZlZ f_oZgbdZ ki_pbZegZlZl_hjbygZhlghkbl_eghkllZbd\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ b s_ k_ ih^kdZ`_ b^_ylZ q_ \tegZlZ _ kem`_eZ ^Z k_ jZa]e_`^ZZdlmZegbylnbabq_kdbh[_dlaZ_^ghb\hlghr_gb_k g_]h\hlhfbgZehbebg_]h\hlh[t^_s_dh]Zlhg_]h\hlh[t^_s_ beb g_]h\hlh fbgZeh _ ijbgpbigh g_y\bfh l_ g_ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ y\e_gb_ \ gZklhys_lh ih ijbgpbi < lZab kfbkte ^jm]hlh gZ ^mZebafZ \tegZ-qZklbpZ s_ [t^_ b^_glbqghkllZ \t\ \j_f_lh qZklbpZ-qZklbpZ b hl lhab gZc-ijhkl kemqZc s_ aZihqg_jZa]e_`^Zg_lh , A:DHG G: >?L?JFBGBATFIJBQBGGHKL Ih^ljZ_dlhjbyh[bdgh\_ghk_jZa[bjZkt\dmighkllZhl lhqdb \ ijhkljZgkl\hlh dhylh hibk\Z ^Z^_gZ lhqdZ ijb ^\b`_gb_lh kb Hq_\b^gh g_y\ghlh ij_^iheh`_gb_ lmd _ q_ Fh`_f ^Z dZ`_f b lZdZ \ fbgZehlh beb [t^_s_lh g_sZlZ [b^_cdb kZfh \tafh`gb kZ lZdZ ^Z k_ dZ`_ _^bgkl\_gh lh]Z\Z kZfb ih k_[_ kb >_ckl\bl_eghkllZ babkd\Z ^_ckl\bl_eghkllZ gZ \kbqdh ijb dh_lh \ gZklhys_lh g_sZlZ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl kZfh k\tjaZgb k \kbqdh hklZgZeh b \ lhab kfbkte l_ g_ fh]Zl ^Z kZ \ lhab kemqZc kZfb ih k_[_ kb Ijb lh\Zk_gZ[_eya\Z_^gZiZjZ^hdkZegZhihabpby^_ckl\bl_eghlh gbdh]Zg__kZfhihk_[_kbihg_`__kth[jZa_ghkhklZgZehlh dh_lhitd_kZfhihk_[_kbgbdh]Zg__^_ckl\bl_eghZ_kZfh \tafh`gh ?^bg gZ]e_^ _ ^_dho_j_glbaZpbylZ gZ dho_j_glgZlZ kmi_jihabpby gZ ktklhygbylZ gZ fbdjhh[_dlb ih^ \ta^_ckl\b_ gZ hdhegZlZ kj_^Z ijb dh_lh dho_j_glgZlZ kmi_jihabpby k_ jZaiZ^Z^hdeZkbq_kdZklZlbklbq_kdZkt\dmighkl

ijb^\b`_gb_lhkblhqdZlZhklZ\ZlhqdZKthl\_lgh^\b`_shlh k_ lyeh fh`_ ^Z k_ jZa]e_^Z dZlh kt\dmighkl hl ^\b`_sb k_ lhqdb b aZ g_]h ktsh ^Z k_ hij_^_eb ljZ_dlhjby Ijb lZdt\ ih^oh^ ljZ_dlhjbylZ _ gZqbg aZ ij_^klZ\yg_ gZ ^\b`_gb_lh dZlh y\_ghkl l_ \kbqdb iheh`_gby k_ jZa]e_`^Zl _^gh\j_f_gghih_^gZdt\gZqbgdZlhgZklhysbLhqdh\hkllZ_ hgab fhf_gl gZ lt`^_kl\_ghkl dhclh iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ jZa]e_`^Z \j_f_\byl ijhp_k - ^\b`_gb_lh - dZlh g_\j_f_\b l_dZlh_^gZij_^klZ\_gZqj_aljZ_dlhjbylZy\_ghklBah[sh fhf_gltl gZ lt`^_kl\_ghkl gZ dZd\hlh b ^Z _ iha\hey\Z lh [t^_ jZa]e_^Zgh dZlh y\_ghkl b hllmd dtf g_]h ^Z k_ ijbeh`b eh]bdZlZ dZlh deZktl h[sb ijbgpbib gZ y\_ghkllZ < lZdt\ kemqZc gZmqgh hibkZgb_ s_ hagZqZ\Z hl^_eyg_ gZ lt`^_kl\_ghkllZ dhylh oZjZdl_jbabjZbamqZ\Zg_lhgZg_shb qj_ag_yihkljhy\Zg_gZkthl\_lgZy\_ghkl Hij_^_ey k_ nmgdpbhgZegZ aZ\bkbfhkl f_`^m f_klhiheh`_gb_lh gZ lhqdZlZ b Zj]mf_gltl gZ nmgdpbylZ \j_f_lh dhylh aZ\bkbfhkl k_ gZjbqZ aZdhg gZ ^\b`_gb_lh K\_ltl ijb lZdh\Z ij_^klZ\yg_ s_ [t^_ kt\dmighkl hl ljZ_dlhjbb ke_^h\Zl_egh hl aZdhgb gZ ^\b`_gb_lh GZklhys_lh s_ ij_^klZ\ey\Z fgh`_kl\hlh hl \kbqdb f_klhiheh`_gby ijb nbdkbjZg fhf_gl hl \j_f_lh Hq_\b^gh fbgZehlh b [t^_s_lh k_ jZa]e_`^Zl dZlh ^jm]h ktsh lZdh\Z gZklhys_Zbf_gghgZklhys_\^jm]fhf_glgZ\j_f_lh GZ k\hc j_^ f_`^m lhqdbl_ hl _^gZbktsZljZ_dlhjby \ta hkgh\Z gZ nmgdpbhgZegZlZ aZ\bkbfhkl hl \j_f_lh fh`_ ^Zk_hij_^_eb^jm]ZnmgdpbhgZegZaZ\bkbfhkl-f_`^m_^ghb ^jm]h f_klhiheh`_gb_ - dhylh hq_\b^gh ljy[\Z ^Z _ [b_dlb\gZ:eZZdh\_q_jZa]e_^Zf_ijhba\hegZlhqdZ\^Z^_g gZklhys fhf_gllhlyfh`_^ZijbgZ^e_`bgZih\_q_hl_^gZ

ljZ_dlhjbb b ihjZ^b lh\Z bah[jZ`_gb_lh hl fbgZeh dtf gZklhys_ s_ _ g_[b_dlb\gh ^hdZlh hl gZklhys_ dtf [t^_s_ bah[sh gyfZ ^Z fh`_ ^Z kts_kl\m\Z bah[jZ`_gb_ _^gZ gZklhysZ lhqdZ fh`_ ^Z kthl\_lkl\Z gZ ih\_q_ hl _^gZ [t^_sblhqdb Ijbgpbitlkihj_^dhclh_\bgZ]b\tafh`gh^Z k_ gZf_jb nmgdpbhgZegZ aZ\bkbfhkl f_`^m gZklhysh f_klhiheh`_gb_gZljZ_dlhjbylZbihjh^beh]hij_^r_kl\Zsh lZdZ q_ \bgZ]b dh]Zlh _ gZebp_ ij_^r_kl\Zshlh ktklhygb_ ljy[\Z^Z_gZebp_bgZklhys_lhgZc-q_klhk_jZa]e_`^ZdZlh kts_kl\_gZ qZkl hl b^_ylZ aZ ijbqbgghkl Lh]Z\Z \kydZ lhqdZ ijbgZ^e_`b gZ gydZd\Z ljZ_dlhjby dhylh kZfh hklZ\Z ^Z k_ hldjb_ B^_ylZaZljZ_dlhjbyfh`_^Zk_jZarbjbhlbaoh^gby kemqZc gZ aZdhg aZ ^\b`_gb_lh gZ f_klhiheh`_gb_ \ ijhkljZgkl\hlhkijyfh\j_f_lh^hh[sbykemqZcgZdZd\h^Z_ baf_g_gb_ dh_lh _ bahfhjngh beb ihqlb bahfhjngh gZ hibkZgb_lhqj_aljZ_dlhjby\ijhba\heghf_jghijhkljZgkl\hb kijhba\heghf_j_gZj]mf_gl :dh k\_ltl h[Zq_ k_ jZa]e_^Z dZlh kt\dmighkl hl g_ij_kbqZsb k_ ljZ_dlhjbb lh ih kbeZlZgZ[b_dlb\ghkllZgZ bah[jZ`_gb_lh gZ lhqdZ hl ljZ_dlhjbylZ \ lhqdZ hl ljZ_dlhjbylZ lh g_sZlZ [boZ [beb lZdZ ^Z k_ dZ`_ gZitegh ij_^hij_^_e_gbhlgZqZehlhb\h\_db\_dh\b\t\\k_db_^bg fhf_gl Lh\Z [b [be k\_ltl kZf ih k_[_ kb ^hdZlh g_hij_^_e_ghkllZ dhylh gZ[ex^Z\Zf_ nZdlbq_kdb [b k_ ^te`ZeZ gZ gZrbl_ l\tj^_ h]jZgbq_gb \tafh`ghklb aZ baqbke_gb_ Lhab lbi \ta]e_^b h[bdgh\_gh k_ ijbqbkey\Zl dtflgZjeZieZkh\^_l_jfbgbatf

GZ b^_ylZ aZ ljZ_dlhjby kthl\_lkl\Z b jZa[bjZg_ aZ \_jhylghkllZ dZlh \lhjbqgZ b ijhba\h^gZ mkj_^g_gZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ aZ fgh`_kl\h ljZ_dlhjbb Ijb lh\Z aZ nZdlbq_kdb kts_kl\m\ZsZ k_ ijb_fZ gydZd\Z klZlbklbdZ ^hdZlh kthl\_lgZlZ c \_jhylghklgZ dZjlbgZ - _^bgkl\_gh \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ ]jZgbpZ ijb dehg_g_ gZ [jhy kt[blby dtf [_adjZcghkll_aZl_hj_lbqgZb^_ZebaZpby Ktsh lZdZ hl deZkbq_kdZlZ f_oZgbdZ b hilbdZ kZ ba\_klgb ijbgpbibl_ gZ Fhi_jlxb b gZ N_jfZ kihj_^ dhblh ijb\ZjbZpbbhgghbaqbke_gb_gZljZ_dlhjbylZgZqZklbpZbgZ k\_lebg_g etq k_ hdZa\Z q_ l_ k_ ^\b`Zl ih itly gZ gZcfZedhlh ^_ckl\b_ gZc-fZedhlh \j_f_ l_ ih ljZ_dlhjbylZ hij_^_e_gZ hl mkeh\b_lh bgl_]jZetl gZ _g_j]bylZ jZaebdZlZ ^_ckl\bl_eghkl

gZdbg_lbqgZlZbihl_gpbZegZlZ_g_j]by ih\j_f_lh^Z[t^_ fbgbfZe_g _dklj_fZe_g lh\Z s_ j_q_ q_ baf_g_gb_lh gZ _g_j]bylZ kijyfh \j_f_lh ih lZab ljZ_dlhjby _ beb gme_\h dhgk_j\Zlb\gb kbkl_fb beb _ g_hij_^_e_gh < gZkhdZlZ gZ gZklhysZlZklZlbyfh`_^Zk_dZ`_q_aZdhgtlaZaZiZa\Zg_gZ _g_j]bylZ aZ_^gh k ijbgpbibl_ gZ Fhi_jlxb b gZ N_jfZ h[jZam\Zl kt\dmighkl hl ljb _e_f_glZ \k_db ^\Z hl dhblh hij_^_eyl _^ghagZqgh lj_lby Ijb lh\Z h[Zq_ ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ij_^iheh`b q_ \k_db h[_dl _ _^gh\j_f_ggh qZklbpZ ih^qbgy\Z k_ gZ ijbgpbiZ gZ Fhi_jlxb b _ k\_lebg_g etq ih^qbgy\Zk_bgZijbgpbiZgZN_jfZ Ih^jm]gZqbgdZaZgh gZ \k_db k\_lebg_g etq fh`_ ^Z k_ ijbibr_ qZklbpZ Z gZ \kydZqZklbpZ-gZk\hcj_^k\_lebg_getq. Ba[tja\Zcdbfgh]hkbaeh`_gb_lhfh`_f^ZdZ`_fq_ ijbgpbibl_ gZ Fhi_jlxb b N_jfZ \ gZc-rbjhdh h[h[s_gb_ fh]Zl^Zk_baltedm\Zlq_j_ZegbljZ_dlhjbbkZkZfhhg_abih dhblh _gljhibylZ gZ _g_j]bylZ gZ h[_dlZ _ fZdkbfZegZ l_ _g_j]bylZ_bebdhgklZglgZbebk_baf_gyihgZc-jZ\ghf_jgby \tafh`_g gZqbg bgl_]jZetl ih \j_f_lh gZ jZaebdZlZ f_`^m dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by \ h[h[s_gb dhhj^bgZlb eZ]jZg`bZg _ fbgbfZe_g Z kthl\_lgh dbg_lbqgZlZ Lmd k_ bfZ ij_^\b^ ijbgpbitl gZ gZc-fZedhlh ^_ckl\b_ \t\ nhjfZlZ gZ OZfbelhg <` gZij < :jghev^ FZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^udeZkkbq_kdhcf_oZgbdbFk-57. <`gZijE^_;jhceJ_\hexpby\t\nbabdZlZKk 38-41. <` gZij < :jghev^ FZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u deZkkbq_kdhc f_oZgbdb F k Ijb lh\Z dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by \ h[h[s_gb dhhj^bgZlb aZ\bkb kZfh hl h[h[s_gbl_ bfimekb Z kthl\_lgh ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by - kZfh hl h[h[s_gbl_ dhhj^bgZlb \` B Ijb]h`bg B Kl_g`_j Gh\ZlZ \jtadZ

bgnhjfZpbyaZg_y-fbgbfZegZijbdhgklZglgZ_g_j]by^hjb gme_\Z Lh_kl j_Zegbl_ ljZ_dlhjbb gZ qZklbpZ beb k\_lebg_g etq \ deZkbq_kdZlZ nbabdZ kZ hg_ab ih dhblh ihl_gpbZetl gZ bgnhjfZpbylZ aZ _g_j]bylZ k_ aZiZa\Z fZdkbfZe_gfbgbfZe_g <_q_ \t\ nbehkhnkdZ ki_dmeZpby lh\Z fh`_ ^Z hagZqZ\Zq_h[_dltl\deZkbq_kdZlZnbabdZk_^\b`bltdfhih ljZ_dlhjbb ih dhblh _ \ gZc-]heyfZ kl_i_g kZf ih k_[_ kb Kt\dmighkllZ hl \bjlmZegbl_ \ZjbZpbhggb ljZ_dlhjbb gZ h[_dlZ h[jZam\Zl _^ghf_j_g dhglbgmmf kijyfh bgnhjfZpbylZ gZ _g_j]bylZ \ qbblh ^\_ djZcgb lhqdb kZ ^_ckl\bl_egbyl h[_dlbg_\_jhylgbylh[_dlkthl\_lghkgme_\hbk[_adjZcgh mkdhj_gb_gZbaf_g_gb_lhgZ_g_j]bylZ-klZ[begbylbgZitegh g_klZ[begbylnemdlmbjZsh[_dl Kts_\j_f_ggh h[Zq_ _ \tafh`gh b ^jm]h jZa]e_`^Zg_ gZh[_dlZ\deZkbq_kdZlZnbabdZ^hdhedhlhijbgpbitlgZgZcF_lZfhjnhaZ gZ gZmdZlZ K k H[h[s_gbl_ dhhj^bgZlbbh[h[s_gbl_bfimekbg_kZk\tjaZgbk_^ghagZqgZ \jtadZdZdlhh[bqZcgbylbfimek_jZ\_ggZijhba\_^_gb_lhgZ ijhba\h^gZlZ gZ dhhj^bgZlZ ih \j_f_lh mfgh`_gZ k fZkZlZ Z kZ g_aZ\bkbfb _^bg hl ^jm] iZd lZf k Ke_^h\Zl_egh ijbgpbitl gZ gZc-fZedhlh ^_ckl\b_ \t\ nhjfZlZ gZ OZfbelhg hagZqZ\Zq_ j_ZegZ _ ljZ_dlhjbylZ ih dhylh dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by gZc-[Z\gh gZc-[tjah ij_fbgZ\Z \ ihl_gpbZegZ b h[jZlghlh Hl bgnhjfZpbhggZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ lhab ijbgpbi ke_^\Z ^Z k_ ltedm\Z lZdZ ^_ckl\bl_egb kZ _^bgkl\_gh ljZ_dlhjbb gZ fZdkbfZegZ b gZ fbgbfZegZ _gljhiby gZ _g_j]bylZ l_ gZ gZc-[Z\gh beb gZc-[tjah ij_fbgZ\Zg_ gZ dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by \ ihl_gpbZegZ kthl\_lgh bgnhjfZpbylZ k_ ij_^klZ\y \ deZkbq_kdZlZ f_oZgbdZ hl \ZjbZpbhgghlh baqbke_gb_l_hlhlgZkyg_lhgZkt\dmighkllZhl\ZjbZpbbdtf _dklj_fZebl_

fZedhlh ^_ckl\b_ \t\ nhjfZlZ gZ OZfbelhg babkd\Z g_ lhqgh fbgbfZeghkl dZdlh _ \ ih\_q_lh kemqZb Z _dklj_fZeghkl l_ihgydh]ZfZdkbfZeghkl gZ^_ckl\b_lhl_ gZ bgl_]jZeZ hl ij_oh^Z \t\ \j_f_lh gZ dbg_lbqgZ \ ihl_gpbZegZ_g_j]by\h[h[s_gbdhhj^bgZlbLh\Zs_j_q_q_ lhab ijbgpbi ^himkdZ ljb mklhcqb\b ktklhygby Z bf_ggh Z ljZ_dlhjbygZgZc-[Z\ghij_\jtsZg_gZdbg_lbqgZlZ_g_j]by\ ihl_gpbZegZ b h[jZlghlh [ ljZ_dlhjby gZ fb]gh\_gh ij_\jtsZg_ gZ dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by \ ihl_gpbZegZ \ ljZ_dlhjby gZ fb]gh\_gh ij_\jtsZg_ gZ ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by \ dbg_lbqgZ Itj\byl kemqZc _ gZ deZkbq_kdb h[_dl kZf ih k_[_ kb \lhjbyl - dh]Zlh k_ baf_j\Z f_klhiheh`_gb_lh \ h[h[s_gb dhhj^bgZlb lj_lbyl - dh]Zlh k_ baf_j\Z bfimektl dZlh h[h[s_g bfimek ?^gh hl g_h[oh^bfbl_ mkeh\by aZ ^Z fh]Zl ljbl_ ktklhygby ^Z kt\iZ^Zl _ ^_ckl\b_lh ^Z _ g_ij_dtkgZlh l_ ^Z g_ kts_kl\m\Z d\Zgl gZ ^_ckl\b_ >jm]h mkeh\b_ _ ijb baf_j\Zg_lh gZ f_klhiheh`_gb_ dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by kthl\_lgh ijb baf_j\Zg_ gZ bfimek ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by bapyeh^Zk_ih_f_hlbaf_j\Zl_egbymj_^l_gbdZd\ZqZklhl g_y ^Z g_ k_ ij_\tjg_ \ ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by kthl\_lgh dbg_lbqgZ _g_j]by gZ baf_j\Zgby h[_dl b ih lhab gZqbg ^Z ij_\tjg_baf_j\Zg_lh\g_\Zeb^ghIjbgpbitlgZijhajZqghlh baf_j\Zg_ \ deZkbq_kdZlZ f_oZgbdZ ]ZjZglbjZ q_ lh\Z \bgZ]b _\tafh`gh. K[blh baeh`_gb_ aZ ijbeh`_gb_lh gZ oZfbelhgh\ZlZ bgl_jij_lZpby gZ deZkbq_kdZlZ \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ \` I >bjZdE_dpbbihd\Zglh\hcf_oZgbd_0-27. Bah[sh ijhlb\hihklZ\yg_lh gZ ^\b`_gb_ kj_sm baf_j\Zg_ oZjZdl_jgh aZ deZkbq_kdZlZ nbabdZ ljy[\Z ^Z k_ h]jZgbqb \

,,B>?YL:A:

lhqdZhlkj_^ZlZ\dhylhk_jZaijhkljZgy\Z\tegZ_pbdebqgZ Ly ba\tjr\Z i_jbh^bqgh ^\b`_gb_ lj_il_gb_ OZjZdl_jgb \_ebqbgbaZ_^gZ\tegZkZZfieblm^ZnZaZq_klhlZbi_jbh^ gZlj_il_gb_lhdZdlhbkdhjhklgZjZaijhkljZg_gb__g_j]bylZ bbfimektlgZ\tegZlZk_ba\_`^ZlhlbfimekZb_g_j]bylZgZ fZl_jbZegbl_ lhqdb
eZ]jZg`bZgtl _ g_ kt\k_f hij_^_e_g Bah[sh hlghr_gb_lh f_`^m dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by gZ _^bg fbdjhh[_dl _ ih^qbg_gh gZ g_hlkljZgbfb nemdlmZpbb k l_jfh^bgZfbq_g h[ebd bajZa gZ dh_lh b kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl Lh\Z s_ j_q_ q_ fbdjhh[_dltl _ ih-kdhjh nemdlmbjZsbyl kihj_^ kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl ihlhd gZ h[f_g f_`^m dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ fm _g_j]by Kthl\_lgh h[_dltl \ deZkbq_kdZlZ nbabdZ dhclh _ dhgk_j\Zlb\gZ kbkl_fZ b k_ ^\b`b k ihklhyggZ kdhjhkl _ \k_ _^gh \ l_jfh^bgZfbqgh jZ\gh\_kb_ f_`^m ihl_gpbZegZlZ b dbg_lbqgZ _g_j]by Gxlhgh\ZlZ kbeZ ijbqbgy\Z ltdfh hldehgy\Zg_ hl lh\Z l_jfh^bgZfbqgh jZ\gh\_kb_ baf_gycdb kthlghr_gb_lhf_`^mdbg_lbqgZbihl_gpbZegZ_g_j]by ;bof_ fh]eb ^Z dZ`_fq_kZfbylfbdjhh[_dl\k__^gh ij_h[jZam\Z dbg_lbqgZlZ \ ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by b h[jZlgh ih g__^ghagZq_ggZqbg-kg_hij_^_e_ghklkihj_^kthlghr_gb_lh -b\lh\Zk_ktklhbg_]h\hlhkts_kl\m\Zg_:dhbgnhjfZpbylZ \k_ iZd kts_kl\m\Z \t\ nbabq_kdb kfbkte lh ly kts_kl\m\Z ltdfhf_`^mg_kt\k_fhij_^_e_gZlZdbg_lbqgZ_g_j]bybg_ kt\k_fhij_^_e_gZlZihl_gpbZegZ_g_j]by\tij_dbq_lyogZlZ kmfZ _ kljh]h hij_^_e_gZ b dhgklZglgZ aZ dhgk_j\Zlb\gZ kbkl_fZ < lZab f_`^bggZ h[eZkl f_`^m dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by gZ fbdjhh[_dlZ \ZjbZpbbl_ gZ ljZ_dlhjbbl_ gyfZl _dklj_fZe ?^bg ^h[tj gZqbg - kihj_^ Klb\tg Ohdbg] - aZ \bamZebabjZg_ gZ \tegh\h-dhjimkdmeyjgby ^mZebatf _ l gZj kmi_jihabpby gZ bklhjbylZ \t\_^_g hl Zf_jbdZgkdby mq_g JbqZj^ NZcgfZg Ijb lhab ih^oh^ k_ ij_^iheZ]Z q_ gyfZ _^bgkl\_gZ bklhjby beb itl \t\ \j_f_ijhkljZgkl\hlh dZdlh _ \ deZkbq_kdZlZ d\Zglh\Z l_hjby
itl < lZdt\ kemqZc Zdh nbabq_kdb kts_kl\m\ZsZlZ bgnhjfZpby ij_^klZ\ey\Z hlghr_gb_ f_`^m jZaebdZlZ gZ ihl_gpbZegZlZ b dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by lh ljy[\Z ^Z k_ f_jb \ k_dmg^b j_ki \ o_jpb Lh\Z _ \j_f_lh aZ dh_lh bgl_]jZetl ih \j_f_lh hl jZaebdZlZ gZ dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by oZjZdl_jgb aZ fbdjhh[_dlZ ^hklb]ZlklhcghkllZgZdhgklZglZlZgZIeZgdGZc-]jm[h dZaZgh lh\Z \j_f_ s_ [t^_ lhedh\Z ih-fZedh dhedhlh ih]heyf_bfimektlih\bjlmZegbl_ljZ_dlhjbbbdhedhlhih\_q_ kZl_;bof_fh]eb^ZdZ`_fq_fbdjhh[_dltlkZfihk_[_kb ij_^klZ\ey\Z \tegZ k badexqbl_egh \bkhdZ q_klhlZ hij_^_e_gZhl\j_f_lh^_nbgbjZghih-]hj_kthl\_lkl\Zsh gZ nbabq_kdZlZ bgnhjfZpby Ke_^ lhab fhf_gl fbdjhh[_dltl fh`_^Z[t^_baf_j_g <jtadZlZ k h[bqZcghlh ^_nbgbjZg_ gZ bgnhjfZpbylZ dZlh [_ajZaf_jgZ \_ebqbgZ baf_j\ZgZ \ [blh\_ ^\hbqgb ba[hjb fh`_ ^Z k_ baltedm\Z nbabq_kdb lZdZ Nbabq_kdZlZ bgnhjfZpby baf_j_gZ \ k_dmg^b _ \j_f_lh g_h[oh^bfh ^Z k_ hkts_kl\b^\hbqgbyba[hjkts_kl\m\Zg_kts_kl\m\ZaZ _^bg fbdjhh[_dl AZ ih-dtk i_jbh^ hl \j_f_ \tijhktl ^Zeb ^Z^_g fbdjhh[_dl kts_kl\m\Z beb g_ _ g_hij_^_e_g \ lhab i_jbh^ fbdjhh[_dltl fh`_ ^Z [t^_ kZfh \tafh`_g b kthl\_lgh _^ghagZqgbyl ^\hbq_g ba[hj kts_kl\m\Z g_

S.Hauking. A Brief History of Time. Toronto, 1988, p. 60. Hlghkgh hkh[_gby oZjZdl_j gZ q_l\tjlhlh kthlghr_gb_ aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl gZ OZca_g[_j] f_`^m \j_f_ b _g_j]by \` gZijE^_;jhceKhlghr_gbyg_hij_^_e_gghkl_c=_ca_g[_j]Z b \_jhylghklZy bgl_jij_lZpby \hegh\hc f_oZgbdb F k 141-163, 310-324.

kts_kl\m\Z _ gZ k\hc j_^ gZitegh g_\tafh`_g Hl bgnhjfZpbhggZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ gZ lZab kblmZpby k_ ktihklZ\y hkh[_gh ^\hbqgh ktklhygb_ d\Zglh\ [bl dx[bl dhclh _ kmi_jihabpby k dhfie_dkgb dh_nbpb_glb gZ ^\_ hjlh]hgZegb ktklhygbydZdlhgZijbf_jijbRjvh^bg]_jh\ZlZdhldZ-`b\Z b ftjl\Z ijb iheh`_gb_ q_ kmfZlZ hl d\Z^jZlbl_ gZ fh^mebl_ gZ dhfie_dkgbl_ dh_nbpb_glb _ _^bgbpZ Ijb ^_dho_j_glgh \ta^_ckl\b_ gZ hdhegZlZ kj_^Z j_ki Lh\Z _ ijbgpbitl gZ kmi_jihabpbylZ \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ \` gZij 3 'LUDF 7KH SULQFLSOHV RI 4XDQWXP 0HFKDQLFV 2[IRUG Ihimeyj_g _ dZlh iZjZ^hdkZ aZ Rjvh^bg]_jh\ZlZ dhldZ dhylh _ \ kmi_jihabpby hl hjlh]hgZegbl_ ktklhygby `b\Z b ftjl\Z ( 6FKUödinger. Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantmechanik. Naturwissenschaften. Vol. 23 (1935), 807-812, 823828, 844-
^bkbiZpbygZd\Zglh\byZgkZf[te d\Zglh\ZlZbgnhjfZpbyk_ j_^mpbjZ^hklZlbklbq_kdhjZaij_^_e_gb_gZh[bqZcgb[blh\_ dZlh\k_dbdhgdj_l_gdx[blk_j_^mpbjZ^h_^ghhlk\hbl_^\_ hjlh]hgZegbktklhygby K[etkd\Zf_ k_ k ihebk_fby gZ ij_^klZ\ZlZ aZ \tegZ bf_ggh dZlh fbke_g_ aZ hlktkl\b_lh gZ ijhkljZgkl\_gh\j_f_\Z ehdZebaZpby qj_a ijhkljZgkl\_gh-\j_f_\Z ehdZebabjZghkl gZ \kbqdb lhqdb hl kj_^ZlZ AZ[em^_gb hl GZ[ex^Z\Zg_gZ^_dho_j_glghkl\f_ahkdhibqgZkbkl_fZ M. Brune. Observing the progressive decoherence of the metter in a quantum measurement. - Physical Review Letters (1986) 4887-4890. ?dki_jbf_gl aZ gZ[ex^Z\Zg_ g_ ^_dho_j_glghkllZ \ f_ahkdhibqgZ kbkl_fZ & 0\DWW HW al. Decoherence of quantum superpositions through coupling to engineered reservoirs. - Nature. Vol. 403 (2000), 269- L\tj^_ ex[hiblgh _ q_ k_ gZ[ex^Z\Z h[jZlbfhkl gZ ^_dho_jglbaZpbylZ ]jm[h dZaZgh ijb ihgZltlZrgh m\_ebqZ\Zg_ jZaf_jbl_ gZ f_ahkdhibqgZlZ kbkl_fZ J. Raimond. Reversible decoherence of a mezoscopic superpositions of field states. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 79. (1997), 1964-1967. L_hj_lbqgh ij_^kdZaZgb_ b h[ykg_gb_ gZ lZab h[jZlbfhkl 6 Wilkinson. et al. Experimental in quantum tunneling. - Nature. Vol. 387 (1997), 575- < gZkhdZlZ gZ fhylZ klZlby fgh]h \Z`gh _ h[ykg_gb_lh gZ ^_dho_j_glghkllZ dZlh ^bkbiZpby ' :DOOV 0 Milburn. Effect of dissipation on quantum coherence. - Physical Review. Vol. A. 31 (1985), 2403- H[sh b ihimeyjgh aZihagZ\Zg_ k ^_dho_j_glghkllZ : 6FKOHLFK (QJLQHHULQJ decoherence. - Nature. Vol. 403 (2000), 256-257. GZebp_ _ ih-kdhjh djt] hl y\e_gby qbylh f_lZnhjZ _ \tegZlZ:gZebatlihdZa\Zq_hkfbkeyg_lhgZnbehkhnkdbl_ ij_^ihklZ\db klZ\Z qj_a baihea\Zg_ gZ f_lZnhjb Z g_ gZ ]hlh\b nbehkhnkdb dZl_]hjbb dhblh f_lZnhjb ke_^ lh\Z k_ hkfbkeyl jZpbhgZebabjZl qj_a nbehkhnkdb dZl_]hjbb Qj_a l_abf_lZnhjb\a_lbhldmelmjgbynhg^bmihlj_[y\Zgb\fgh]h rbjhdkfbkteih-e_kghgh\hlhagZgb_k_\dexq\ZdtfklZjhlh dtf \_q_ ba\_klghlh Qj_a l_ab rbjhdh baihea\Zgb f_lZnhjb ij_^klZ\bl_ebl_ gZ _^gZ gZmdZ k_ fbkeyl \_q_ dZlh

lt`^_kl\_gby beb l\tj^_ [ebatd fZl_fZlbq_kdbnhjfZebatf gb_kf_kdehggb^ZhqZd\Zf__^gZd\Zbebkoh^gZb^_ykdjblZ aZ^-gZijt\ih]e_^-jZaebqgby\e_gby >h \tegZ \bgZ]b k_ ijb[y]\Z dh]Zlh ljy[\Z eh]bq_kdb kljh]hl_\dZq_kl\hlhgZy\_ghkl^Zk_ij_^klZ\b^mZebaftl gydt^_-gZ\kydt^_ :eZ fZdZj q_ ^mZebaftl \tegZ-qZklbpZ \ d\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZba]e_`^ZZgZeh]bq_ggZ^mZebafZgydt^_gZ\kydt^_ \ktsghkl klZ\Z ^mfZ aZ ^mZebatf ih-lhqgh bajZabf dZlh fbgZeh-gZklhys_ \tafh`ghkl-^_ckl\bl_eghkl beb g_y\_ghkl-y\_ghkl :dh ^mZebaftl gydt^_-gZ\kydt^_ bfZ dZlh bg\ZjbZgl _g_j]bylZ qj_a dhclh k_ hibk\Z _^ghh[jZagh ehdZebabjZgZlZ qZklbpZ b g_ehdZebabjZgZlZ \tegZ lh aZ \lhjby lbi ^mZebafZ dhblh s_ h[h[sy dZlh \j_f_\b aZ jZaebdZ hl itj\bl_ dhblh s_ gZj_dZ ijhkljZgkl\_gb bg\ZjbZgltl s_ [t^_ bgnhjfZpbylZ Ihkj_^kl\hf g_y klj_f_`tl_^Zk_hibr_dZlhy\_ghke_^h\Zl_egheh]bq_kdb kZfhlh y\y\Zg_ Hl ijZ]fZlbqgZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ \ ^_ckl\m\ZsZlZ d\Zglh\Z l_hjby Zfieblm^ZlZ gZ \_jhylghklgbl_ \tegb bfZ ^\hyd kfbkte ly hij_^_ey klZlbklbdZlZ gZ ihy\y\Zg_lh gZ hij_^_e_gb klhcghklb gh _^gh\j_f_gghklh\ZoZjZdl_jbabjZbktklhygb_lhgZ_^bgbqgZ qZklbpZ ij_^b \aZbfh^_ckl\bylZ c k fZdjhmj_^Z dZlh kmi_jihabpbyhl\kbqdb\tafh`gbktklhygby Fh`_ZnhjbklbqghaZk_aZdexqbq_^hdZlhaZ\h^gZlZ a\mdh\ZlZ b ijhqb_ \tegb kj_^ZlZ gZ jZaijhkljZg_gb_ k_ ktklhbhlfZl_jbZegblhqdbaZ_e_dljhfZ]gblgZlZ\tegZ-lh\Z _kZfhlhijhkljZgkl\hlhaZ\tegbl_gZ\_jhylghkllZkj_^ZlZ

ij_^klZ\bl_eb gZ pyeZ dmelmjZ B :ihklheh\Z GZmqgb h[sghklbbnbehkhnkdbij_^ihklZ\dbKk :I_ljh\bKI_ljh\D\Zglh\Zf_oZgbdZKk

gZ jZaijhkljZg_gb_ _ \j_f_lh LZdZ dZdlh \ djZy gZ fbgZehlh klhe_lb_ hibltl _e_dljhfZ]gblgZlZ \tegZ ^Z k_ ij_^klZ\b ihkj_^kl\hf obihl_lbqgZlZ kj_^Z _l_j b lZdZ ^Z k_ k\_^_ ^h \_q_ ba\_klgbl_ \b^h\_ \tegb ij_ltjiy djZo Z \f_klh lh\Z _g_j]bylZ ijb^h[b hglheh]bq_g klZlml ^g_k hiblbl_ \tegbl_ gZ \_jhylghkllZ ^Z k_ ij_^klZ\yl ihkj_^kl\hf obihl_lbqgbl_ kdjblb iZjZf_ljb ih ih^h[b_ gZ gZdyd\Z ijhkljZgkl\_gb \tegb s_ k_ aZ[jZ\yl Z \f_klh lh\Z bgnhjfZpbylZ s_ ijb^h[b_hglheh]bq_gklZlml ,,, >
H[sbyl \ta]e_^ aZ ^\b`_gb_lh dhclh h[_^bgy\Z l_ab l\tj^_ieh^hl\hjgbhiblb_nbabq_kdbl_aZdhgbk_hkgh\Z\Zl gZ _^bgkl\hlh gZ ^\b`_gb_lh >\b`_gb_lh _ _^bggh b nbabq_kdbl_aZdhgbljy[\Z^Zk_hlgZkyldtfg_]h\byjh^Zg_ dtf hl^_egbl_ fm \b^h\_ Hk\_g lh\Z ^\b`_gb_lh k_ ko\ZsZ dZlh hlghr_gb_ l_ g_ dZlh k\hckl\h dZdlh ijb :jbklhl_e f_`^m ihg_ ^\_ hlijZ\gb kbkl_fb ^\ZfZ gZ[ex^Zl_eb
imgdlZ

ZebhlijZ\gZkbkl_fZk\tjaZgZktkk\_lebgZlZ[b [beZbg_jpbZegZ" :dh g_ _ \tafh`gZ lZdZ\Z hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ aZsh hlijZ\gbl_kbkl_fbk\tjaZgbkqZklbpbkZijb\be_]bjh\Zgb" G_ ijb\be_]bjh\Zl eb kZfbl_ ihgylby hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ b gZ[ex^Zl_e bf_ggh qZklbpbl_ dZlh baoh^gh gZqZeh\tahkgh\ZgZdh_lhljy[\Z^Zk_hibk\Zl\tegbl_":dh lh\Z_hijZ\^ZghaZshlh\Z_lZdZ" :dh _ \tafh`gZ hlijZ\gZ kbkl_fZ k\tjaZgZ ktk k\_lebgZlZ b ly _ bg_jpbZegZ ^Zeb ehj_gph\bl_ ljZgknhjfZpbb kZ ^hklZltqgb aZ ^Z hibrZl bg\ZjbZglghkllZ gZ aZdhgbl_ b kijyfh lhab gh\ lbi bg_jpbZegb hlijZ\gb kbkl_fb" :dhfZdZjb\tafh`gZhlijZ\gZlZkbkl_fZk\tjaZgZ ktk k\_lebgZlZ g_ _ bg_jpbZegZ ^Zeb kts_kl\m\Zl ih-h[s deZk ljZgknhjfZpbb dhblh ^Z aZiZa\Zl aZdhgbl_ bg\ZjbZglgb ktshlZdZbkijyfhlyo" >Zeb bg\ZjbZglghkllZ b kijyfh hlijZ\gb kbkl_fb k\tjaZgb ktk k\_lebgZlZ gyfZr_ ^Z ^h[eb`b Zdh g_ b ^Z b^_glbnbpbjZ ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjby gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ b d\Zglh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ?

Ktsh lZdZ G ;hj >bkdmkby k :cgsZcg \tjom _ibkl_fheh]bqgbijh[e_fbgZZlhfgZlZnbabdZ-<Gbek;hjb ZlhfgZlZnbabdZK-280. Ih-ih^jh[gh \` < I_gq_\ ?dabkl_gpbZegZ nbabdZ NbehkhnkdbZel_jgZlb\b-DtfgZklhysbyfhf_gl kZfh [bo ^h[Z\be q_ gZ \kydZ lhqdZ hl ijhkljZgkl\_gh

\j_f_\bydhglbgmmfkthl\_lkl\Zd\Zl_jgbhg\dhclh\j_f_lh_ kdZeZjtl Z ljbl_ ijhkljZgkl\_gb dhhj^bgZlb hij_^_eyl \_dlhjZ \ d\Zl_jgbhgZ Hl g_]h fh`_ ^Z k_ ihemqb ijhba\h^_g d\Zl_jgbhg qj_a ^bn_j_gpbjZg_ ih kdZeZjZ dhclh s_ ij_^klZ\ey\Z fhf_glgZlZ kdhjhkl GZc-k_lg_ Zdh _^bgbpbl_ gZ d\Zl_jgbhgZk_jZa]e_^ZldZlhnmgdpbbhldh_nbpb_glbl_dhblh kZ q_lbjb ^_ckl\bl_egb Zj]mf_glZ s_ k_ ihemqb d\Zl_jgbhg \tjom ijhba\hegZ jbfZgh\Z ih\tjoghkl H[Zq_ \k_db d\Zl_jgbhg \ _\deb^h\h ijhkljZgkl\h ^himkdZ b _^ghagZqgh ij_^klZ\yg_dZlhd\Z^jZlgZfZljbpZhldhfie_dkgbqbkeZkjZg] ^\_ ijb dh_lh qbkeZlZ ih ]eZ\gby ^bZ]hgZe kZ kij_]gZlb dhfie_dkgb qbkeZ Z ih ^jm]by kZ k lt`^_kl\_gb bfZ]bg_jgb qZklb b ijhlb\hiheh`gb j_Zegb :dh k_ ba\tjrb ghjfbjZg_ k ijhba\_^_gb_lh hl kdZeZjZ \j_f_lh ih kdhjhkllZ gZ k\_lebgZlZ ijb ihklmeZlZ aZ g_cgZlZ g_gZ^\brbfhkl lh gZ \kydZ ijhkljZgkl\_gh-\j_f_\Z ehdZebaZpby d\Zl_jgbhg s_ kthl\_lkl\Zl ^\Z d\Zglh\b [blZ bgnhjfZpby l_ ^\_ g_ agZf dZdt\ _ nbabq_kdbyl kfbkte gZ lh\Z ^\_ kmi_jihabpbb k dhfie_dkgb dh_nbpb_glb hl ^\_ hjlh]hgZegb dhfie_dkgb _^bgbqgb ktklhygby \kydh hl dhblh gZ k\hc j_^ k ^\_ hjlh]hgZegb_^bgbpb L_abg_ba\_klghaZsh^\Zd\Zglh\b[blZ s_ kZ bg\ZjbZglgb hlghkgh ehj_gph\ZlZ ljZgknhjfZpby b hl]h\ZjylgZkfygZgZagZdZgZitj\bl_^\_hldhfihg_glbl_gZ kdhjhkllZ fZdZj q_ kijyfh ehj_gph\ZlZ ljZgknhjfZpby _ bg\ZjbZglgZ kfygZlZ gZ agZdZ gZ ijhba\he_g [jhc dhfihg_glb gZ kdhjhkllZ Z ^hjb b gZ \j_f_lh GZc-k_lg_ Zdh jZa]e_^Zf_ ijhba\hegZ fZljbpZ hl dhfie_dkgb qbkeZ k jZg] ^\_ lh gZ g_y s_ kthl\_lkl\Z d\Zl_jgbhg \ gydZd\h jbfZgh\h ijhkljZgkl\h Ghb\lhabkemqZcfh`_^Zk_ba\tjrbghjfbjh\dZdZlhgZlZab fZljbpZ s_ kthl\_lkl\Z _^gh qbkeh gZ D_eb hdlZ\Z b r_kl d\Zglh\b [blZ bgnhjfZpby dhblh bah[sh s_ kZ ba\h^bfb hl q_lbjbl_nmgdpbbgZhjlh]hgZegbl__^bgbpbgZijhkljZgkl\_gh\j_f_\by d\Zl_jgbhg hl q_lbjbl_ ^_ckl\bl_egb Zj]mf_glZ dh_nbp_glbl_ij_^_^bgbpbl_ Bah[shl_abnmgdpbbs_[t^Zl ^_k_l l_gahjZ hl dhblh ihke_^gbl_ q_lbjb kihf_gZlb s_ kZ g_aZ\bkbfb Z r_kll_ - aZ d\Zglh\bl_ [blh\_ bgnhjfZpby aZ\bkbfb Hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ Zdh k_ jZa]e_^Z g_aZ\bkbfh dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by dZdlh babkd\Z kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl \ oZfbelhgbZgZ hlgh\h s_

>jm]Z ]jmiZ \tijhkb fZdZj b dhk\_gh k\tjaZgZ k \_q_ ihkhq_gbl_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ ihklZ\yl \t\ \jtadZ k :cgsZcgh\hlh hij_^_e_gb_gZ_^gh\j_f_gghkllZ k_ihemqbhdlZ\ZBhllmdfh`_f^ZijbjZ\gbfl_gahjbl_kihj_^ kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl k l_ab hl jZa]e_`^Zg_lh \tjomijhba\hegZjbfZgh\Zih\tjoghklIhl_gpbZegZlZ_g_j]by s_ k_ bajZay\Z dhgljZ\ZjbZglgh qj_a dhhj^bgZlbl_ b dh\ZjbZglghqj_abfimekbl_h[jZlghijbdbg_lbqgZlZ_g_j]bydhgljZ\ZjbZglgh qj_a bfimekbl_ b dh\ZjZglgh qj_a dhhj^bgZlbl_ Ba]e_`^Z q_ jtdh\h^gZlZ gbrdZ _ m^Zqgh ^_nbgbjZgZ d\Zglh\Z bgnhjfZpby ^Z k_ aZiZa\Z ijb lZdb\Z l_gahjgb ij_h[jZam\Zgby Bah[sh ij_h[jZah\Zgb_lh gZ Evh`Zg^tj dh_lh iha\hey\Z ^Z k_ ij_fbg_ hl EZg]jZg`h\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ dtf lZab gZ OZfbelhg nZdlbq_kdb hagZqZ\Z itj\h ij_fbgZ\Zg_ hl ljb Zj]mf_glZ f_klhiheh`_gb_ kdhjhkl b \j_f_ ijb dh_lh itj\bl_ ^\Z kZ aZ\bkbfb hl lj_lby dtf ^\Z g_aZ\bkbfb Zj]mf_glZ dZghgbqgh f_klhiheh`_gb_ b dZghgbq_g bfimek \lhjh hl hibkZgb_ gZ ktklhygb_lh qj_a ^\Z d\Zl_jgbhgZ _^bgbyl hl dhblh _ gZitegh ba\h^bf hl ^jm]by \j_f_ f_klhiheh`_gb_ _^bgbyl \j_f_ kdhjhkl ^jm]byl dtf hibkZgb_ qj_a ^\Z d\Zl_jgbhgZ \ h[sby kemqZc gZitegh g_aZ\bkbfb _^bg hl ^jm] \dexqbl_egh b ih _^bgbpbl_ kb ke_^h\Zl_egh qj_a hdlZ\Z HibkZgb_lh gZ ktklhygb_lh qj_a hdlZ\Z bfZ gZ k\hc j_^ ^\_ gZ ijt\ gh kZfh gZ ijt\ ih]e_^ gyfZsb gbsh h[sh ihf_`^m kb ke_^kl\by Z bf_ggh \tafh`ghkl aZ emnl f_`^m ihl_gpbZegZlZ b dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by ijb aZiZa\Zg_ gZ lyogZlZ kmfZ kthlghr_gb_ aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl ij_^klZ\yg_ gZ hdlZ\ZlZ dZlh d\Zl_jgbhg \ ijhba\hegh q_lbjbf_jgh jbfZgh\h ijhkljZgkl\h oZjZdl_jbabjZsh k_ k q_lbjb g_aZ\bkbfb ]jZ\blZpbhggb l_gahjZ gZ ihl_gpbZeZ b r_kl aZ\bkbfb AZ\bkbfhkllZ f_`^m itj\bl_ q_lbjb b \lhjbl_ r_kl iha\hey\Z ihke_^gbl_ ^Z k_ hij_^_eyldZlhd\Zglh\h-[blh\bnmgdpbbGZc-k_lg_hdlZ\ZlZgZ kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl ktsh lZdZ ^_nbgbjZ \ h[sby kemqZc q_lbjb g_aZ\bkbfb b r_kl aZ\bkbfb l_gahjZ < gZo\tjeygZlZ kdbpZ ljy[\Z qj_a m^Zq_g ih^[hj gZ hij_^_e_gb_lh aZ bgnhjfZpby itj\bl_ r_kl aZ\bkbfb l_gahjZ b\lhjbl_r_klaZ\bkbfbl_gahjZ^Zk_ijbjZ\gyl

Fhbl_ ktfg_gby kZ k\tjaZgb k nZdlZ q_ kZfhlh ^himkdZg_ gZ kts_kl\m\Zg_ gZ jZpbhgZegb ijbgpbib \ _^gZ l_hjby dZdt\lh _ kemqZyl b ktk ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjby gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ_k\tjaZghkfbke_g_lhgZijhba\hegZlhqdZ \ dh_ ^Z _ ijhkljZgkl\h b \j_f_ \ lq b \ ijhkljZgkl\h\j_f_lh gZ Fbgdh\kdb dZlh b^_glbqgZ k lhqdZlZ lmd b k_]Z GhZdhZafbkey^\_lhqdb_^gh\j_f_gghih_^gZdt\gZqbglh ij_^iheZ]Zf b^_glbqghkllZ bf dZlh j_ZebabjZsZ k_ gZ ijbgpbiZ gZ ^Ze_dh^_ckl\b_lh ^hdZlh j_Zegbl_ nbabq_kdb \aZbfh^_ckl\by [b ke_^\Zeh ^Z g_ gZ^\brZ\Zl kdhjhkllZ gZ k\_lebgZlZ Fh`_f eb k _^gZ fyjdZ ^Z baf_jbf nZdlb dhblhklZ\Zl\jZaebqgbk\_lh\_" :ijbhjgZlZ kp_gZ dhylh kydZr babkdZ ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjby gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ ih-kdhjh ijbebqZ gZ gxlhgh\bl_ Z[khexlgb\j_f_ijhkljZgkl\hb^Ze_dh^_ckl\b_bkthl\_lgZ gZ g_]h _^gh\j_f_gghkl gZ dhblh ^Z k_ y\b ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjbygZhlghkbl_eghkllZdZlhhibl_gnZdlItj\hljy[\Z^Z ihklmebjZf_ _^gZd\hkllZ gZ g_sZlZ gZ\kydt^_ b \bgZ]b ke_^ dh_lh ^Z mklZgh\y\Zf_ lyogZlZ _fibjbqgZ _^gZd\hkl beb g__^gZd\hkl _^gh\j_f_gghkl beb g__^gh\j_f_gghkl ihkj_^kl\hf k\_lebggb kb]gZeb Ba]e_`^Z kydZr hglheh]bylZ gZ dhylh ihqb\Z ki_pbZegZlZ l_hjby gZ hlghkbl_eghkllZ ^Z kt\iZ^Z k hglheh]bylZ gZ hlj_q_gZlZ h[h[s_gZlZ hl g_y gxlhgh\Z f_oZgbdZ \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ ki_pbZegZ nbabq_kdZ l_hjby Lh\Z g_ _ eh]bq_kdh ijhlb\hj_qb_ gh ba]e_`^Z gydZd g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_egh:dhhglheh]bylZgZgxlhgh\ZlZf_oZgbdZ _ lhedh\Z `beZ\Z fh`_ [b bfZ g_sh \ ^Ze_dh^_ckl\b_lh < I_gq_\ Eh]bq_kdZ b nbabq_kdZ _^gh\j_f_gghkl NbehkhnkdbZel_jgZlb\b :ImZgdZj_HgZmd_Fk

gZj_^ k [_akihjgh ^hdZaZghlh hiblgh [ebadh^_ckl\b_ B lZdZ gbdZd\h ijhkljZgkl\h - ibr_ :\]mklbg - g_ fh`_ ^Z \dexqb _^bgkl\hlh b Zdh lh ijbktkl\m\Z aZ hgh]h\Z dhclh ij_p_gy\Z lh lh]Z\Z _^bgkl\hlh g_ _ jZaijhkljZg_gh gbdt^_ \ ijhkljZgkl\hlhgh_\kbeZgZ\j_^ ,9 B>?YL: A:

:\]mklbgAZbklbgkdZlZj_eb]by-<:glheh]byih kj_^gh\_dh\gZnbehkhnbyKk : :cgsZcg
qZklbpZ ?j\bg Rjvh^bg]_j \ k\hylZ \tegh\Z f_oZgbdZ ^himkdZ q_ \kbqdb fbdjhh[_dlb kZ j_Zegb \tegb Gbek ;hj nhjfmebjZ ijbgpbiZ gZ ^hitegbl_eghkllZ b ^mZebafZ \tegZqZklbpZ Fh`_ [b _^bgkl\_gh badexq_gb_ _<_jg_jOZca_g[_j] qbblh hkgh\gb ijbghkb - kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl b fZljbqgZlZf_oZgbdZ-kZk\tjaZgbij_^b\kbqdhkh[h[s_gb_ gZ eZ]jZg`h\ZlZ b oZfbelhgh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ gh g_ b k b^_ylZ gZ\tegZgZdhylhj_rbl_eghk_ijhlb\hihklZ\y:eZihb^_y gZ IZmeb ^hdZaZgZlZ hl @hj^Zg fZl_fZlbq_kdZlZ _d\b\Ze_glghkl gZ fZljbqgZlZ f_oZgbdZ gZ OZca_g[_j] b \tegh\ZlZf_oZgbdZgZRjvh^bg]_jihijZ\y]j_rdZlZ GZc-k_lg_ FZdk ;hjg ij_^eZ]Z h[shijb_lhlh ^g_k ltedm\Zgb_ gZ ijbl_`Z\ZsZlZ \tegh\ h[ebd dhfie_dkgZ ΨnmgdpbylZ g_cgbyl fh^me _ ietlghkl gZ \_jhylghkllZ aZ baf_j\Zg_ gZ _^gb beb ^jm]b klhcghklb gZ \_ebqbgbl_ oZjZdl_jbabjZsbfbdjhh[_dlZ
<`gZij/GH%URJOie. La physique nouvelle et les Quanta. Paris, 1937, 139-145; L. de Broglie. Physique et microphysique. Paris, 1947, 78-Hlghkghl_hjbylZgZ^\hcghlhj_r_gb_L. de Broglie. Etude critique des bases de l'interpretation actuelle de la mecanique ondulatoire. Paris, 1963, 37-50; 71-80. W. Pauli. Über Gasentartung und Paramagnetismus. - Zeitschrift für Physik, 1927, Bd. 41, 284-303. P. Jordan. Über neue Begründung der Quantmechanik. Zeitschrift für Physik, 1927, Bd. 40. 809-838.

nbabq_kdZ j_Zeghkl ZgZeh]bqgZ gZ bamqZ\Zgbl_ ^hlh]Z\Z \tegb B^_ylZ aZ \tegZ ih-kdhjh ij_qb ^Z k_ jZ^bdZebabjZ \ta]e_^Z aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkllZ b \_jhylghklghkllZ lZdZ q_ ^Z k_ \b^b q_ klZ\Z ^mfZ aZ gh\Z nmg^Zf_glZegZ nbabq_kdZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ kjh^gZ ih k\hylZ \k_h[o\Zlghkl k _g_j]bylZ :dh kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl k_ jZa]e_`^Z - dZdlh ijZ\b [te]Zjkdbyl bake_^h\Zl_e :lZgZk Kljb]Zq_\ - dZlh aZdhg aZ aZiZa\Zg_ lh lh\Z _ aZdhg aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ g_hij_^_e_ghkllZbhllmdgZ\_jhylghkghkllZbbgnhjfZpbylZ Ljy[\Z eb \k_ iZd ^Z ]h\hjbf aZ \tegb lh kfylZf q_ kj_^ZlZ gZ jZaijhkljZg_gb_ gZ d\Zglh\h-f_oZgbqgbl_ \tegb _ \j_f_lh JZa[bjZ k_ iZjZf_ljbl_ gZ \kbqdb \tegb aZ\bkylhl\j_f_lhGh\kemqZy]jm[hdZaZgh\j_f_lhaZ\bkb hl l_ab \tegb <j_f_lh k_ hij_^_ey hl bgl_]jZeghlh hlghr_gb_ f_`^m jZaebdZlZ gZ dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]byhl_^gZkljZgZbdhgklZglZlZgZIeZgdhl^jm]ZLh\Z _\j_f_lhaZdh_lh\tafh`ghlhklZ\Z^_ckl\bl_eghg_y\_ghlh - y\_gh fbgZehlh - gZklhys_
gZ hlghr_gb_lh f_`^m \tafh`gh b ^_ckl\bl_egh l_ gZ bgnhjfZpbylZ Ih-lhqgh_^Zk_dZ`_q_dbg_lbqgZlZbihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by gZ _^bg fbdjhh[_dl - ltdfh ih kbeZlZ gZ kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl - g_ fh]Zl ^Z [t^Zl _^gh\j_f_ggh baf_j_gb Hl ^jm]Z kljZgZ kihj_^ aZdhgZ aZ Hkgh\gZlZ b^_y gZ gZklhys_lh jZa]e_`^Zg_ gb hlijZ\y dtf jZ[hlZlZ gZ :cgsZcg : Wcgrl_cg D kh\j_f_gghfm khklhygby ijh[e_fubaemq_gby -<Kh[jZgu_gZmqgu_ljm^uL F - Pyehklgh h[kt`^Zg_ gZ ih^oh^Z b ke_^kl\bylZhlg_]h\:Dh`_\gbdh\Wcgrl_cgh\kdZynhjfmeZ nemdlmZpbc b dhjimkdmeyjgh-\hegh\hc ^mZebaf - < Wcgrl_cgh\kdbc k[hjgbd -F - >Z jZa^_ebf gZfbjZsZlZ k_ \ lhiebggh jZ\gh\_kb_ ijb l_fi_jZlmjZ L l_jfh^bgZfbqgZ kbkl_fZ gZ ^\_ g_jZ\gb qZklb ?^gZlZ hl lyo ^hklZltqgh fZedZ ih-gZlZltd s_ gZjbqZf_ kh[kl\_gh kbkl_fZ Z hklZgZeZlZ - j_a_j\hZj H[f_gtl gZ _g_j]bylZ f_`^m kbkl_fZlZ b j_a_j\hZjZ s_ ijb\_^_ ^h nemdlmZpby gZ _g_j]bylZ gZ kbkl_fZlZ hdheh gydZd\h kj_^gh agZq_gb_?fh]Zl^Zk_ihklZ\yl\kthl\_lkl\b_^\ZgZitegh jZaebqgb fh^_eZ - fh^_etl gZ baetq\Zg_ dZlh b^_Ze_g ]Za hl qZklbpb k _g_j]by Kν \lhjbyl deZkbq_kdZlZ ij_^klZ\Z aZ baetq\Zg_lh dZlh kbkl_fZ hl \tegb k q_klhlZ ν NemdlmZpbbl_ \tagbd\Zlkthl\_lghbebdZlhnemdlmZpbbgZ[jhygZqZklbpbl_ \ h[_f 9 beb ihjZ^b bgl_jn_j_gpbylZ gZ \tegb ktk kemqZcgb Zfieblm^bbnZabIZdlZf-103.) Fbdjhh[_dltl\k__^gh ij_^klZ\ey\Z nemdlmZpbbl_ gZ gZfbjZsZlZ k_ \ lhiebggh jZ\gh\_kb_l_jfh^bgZfbqgZkbkl_fZhldbg_lbqgZlZkb_g_j]by ih-]hj_kh[kl\_ghkbkl_fZlZ bihl_gpbZegZlZkb_g_j]byih]hj_ j_a_j\hZjZ >mZebaftl ij_^klZ\ey\Z ^\hckl\_ghkllZgZ nemdlmZpbbl_^hdhedhlhl_kZnemdlmZpbbbgZihl_gpbZegZlZ b gZdbg_lbqgZlZ_g_j]byIh^q_jlZghlhljy[\Z^Zk_jZa[bjZ lZdZ fZdZj kmfZlZ hl ihl_gpbZegZlZ b dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by kihj_^ oZfbelhgh\bl_ dhhj^bgZlb b bfimekb ^Z _ jZ\gZ gZ kmfZlZ hl dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by gZ fbdjhh[_dlZ lh \k_ iZd ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by gZ fbdjhh[_dlZ g_ _ lZab

aZiZa\Zg_ gZ _g_j]bylZ fh`_ ^Z k_ hij_^_eb g_baf_j_gbyl qe_g Lh]Z\Z ih^ jZaebdZ f_`^m dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by s_ k_ jZa[bjZ Z[khexlgZlZ klhcghkl gZ jZaebdZlZ f_`^m itegZlZ _g_j]by gZ fbdjhh[_dlZ kihj_^ aZdhgZ aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ _g_j]bylZ b kmfZlZ hl g_]h\ZlZ ZdlmZegh baf_j_gZdbg_lbqgZbebihl_gpbZegZ_g_j]by bkthl\_lgZlZc kihj_^ kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl ihl_gpbZegZ beb dbg_lbqgZ_g_j]by Ke_^h\Zl_eghnbabq_kdZlZbgnhjfZpby kihj_^oZfbelhgh\bl_fmdhhj^bgZlbZdbg_lbqgZlZfm_g_j]by g_ _ kihj_^ oZfbelhgh\bl_ fm bfimekb ih ^jm] gZqbg dZaZgh fZdZj oZfbelhgbZgtl ^Z _ bg\ZjbZgl_g aZ fbdjhh[_dlZ eZ]jZg`bZgtl g_ _ Ke_^h\Zl_egh ktklhygb_lh gZ fbdjhh[_dlZ k_hij_^_eyg_dZlhlhqdZ\r_klf_jghlhnZah\hijhkljZgkl\h Z dZlh hdlZ\Z ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by ljbl_ dhhj^bgZlb dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by ljbl_ dhfihg_glb gZ bfimekZ Ijb lh\Z bgl_]jZetl gZ jZaebdZlZ nemdlmZpbylZ f_`^m dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by ^hklb]ZdhgklZglZlZgZIeZgdaZ\j_f_ _^ghagZqgh k\tjaZgh k q_klhlZlZ gZ ZlZrbjZgZlZ dtf fbdjhh[_dlZ \tegZ
k_ baf_j\Z qj_a \j_f_lh aZ dh_lh bgl_]jZetl gZ g_^hklb]ZsZlZ beb baebrgZlZ _g_j]by s_ ^hklb]g_ ih klhcghkl ^_ckl\b_lh kthl\_lgh gZ dhgklZglZlZ gZ IeZgd Nbabq_kdbyl kfbkte gZ lZdZ hij_^_e_gZlZ bgnhjfZpby _ jZ\ghf_jghkl gZ ij_oh^Z f_`^m dbg_lbqgZ b ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by Dhedhlh ih-]heyf _ emnltl j_ki aZklti\Zg_lh ^\_l_ nZab Ltdfh _g_j]bylZ gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_lh gZ dbg_lbqgZlZbihl_gpbZegZlZ_g_j]byhlg_k_gZdtfdhgklZglZlZ gZ IeZgd ^Z\Z \j_f_lh q_klhlZlZ dhylh oZjZdl_jbabjZ dZlh nbabq_kdZ fyjdZ bgnhjfZpbylZ ?g_j]bylZ gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_lh f_`^m nZabl_ kZfh k ihl_gpbZegZ b kZfh k dbg_lbqgZ _g_j]by gZ fbdjhh[_dlZ hlg_k_gZ dtf _g_j]bylZ gZ kbkl_fZlZ hl ^\_l_ nZab _ fyjdZ aZ _gljhibylZ gZ _g_j]bylZ Hllmd qj_a dhgklZglZlZ gZ ;hepfZg fh`_f ^Z ihemqbf [jhc beb ijhp_gl \_jhylghkl gZ \bjlmZegbl_ ljZ_dlhjbb dhblh bfZl lZab _g_j]by gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_lh f_`^m dbg_lbqgZ b ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by :dh lh\Z jZa]e_`^Zg_ k_ ijb_f_ aZ \Zeb^ghlhnbabq_kdZlZbgnhjfZpbygZfbdjhh[_dlZljy[\Z^Z k_f_jbih-kdhjh\k_dmg^b^hdZlhkthl\_lgZlZfmnbabq_kdZlZ _gljhiby-\o_jpb :dh lZab jZ\ghf_jghkl gZ ij_oh^Z f_`^m dbg_lbqgZ b ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by k_ gZjmrb lh ih kbeZlZ gZ aZdhgZ aZ aZiZa\Zg_gZ_g_j]bylZljy[\Z^Z\tagbdgZlbeb^Zk_ih]tegZl _^bgbebgydhedhfbdjhh[_dlZl_^Zijhl_q_\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ MjZ\g_gb_lhf_`^mjZaebdZlZ\_g_j]bylZbijhba\_^_gb_lhhl dhgklZglZlZ gZ IeZgd b q_klhlZ gZ ih]tegZlZ k\_lebgZ _ agZf_gblhlh mjZ\g_gb_ gZ :cgsZcg aZ h[ykg_b_ gZ nhlh_n_dlZKtshlh\Zkthlghr_gb_k_obihklZabjZhlEmb^vh ;jhce ^h \tegZ dhylh fh`_ ^Z k_ ZlZrbjZ gZ \kydZ qZklbpZ Kihj_^ gZklhys_lh ltedm\Zgb_ aZ fbdjhh[_dlZ _ oZjZdl_jgh kZfh gydZd\h \j_f_ hl kthlghr_gb_lh aZ g_hij_^_e_ghkl \j_f_ k jZaf_jghkl \j_f_ gZ fbgmk itj\Z l_ q_klhlZ \_q_ kihj_^ dhylh q_klhlZ b ^jm]bl_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb gZ fbdjhh[_dlZ _g_j]bybfimekbij fh`_^Zfmk_ijbibr_gydZd\Z\tegZ[beZ ly ZdlmZegZ Rjvh^bg]_j :cgsZcg ^_ ;jhce beb itd \_jhylghklgZFZdk;hjg Nbabq_kdbylkfbktegZlh\Z\j_f__ q_hl_^gZkljZgZlh\Z_\j_f_lhaZdh_lhljy[\Z^Zk_j_rb

f_`^m dbg_lbqgZlZ b ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by lhedh\Z ihg_jZ\ghf_j_g _ ij_oh^tl lhedh\Z ih-]heyfZ bgnhjfZpbylZ lhedh\Z ih-[tjah bgl_]jZetl gZ jZaebdZlZ emnlZ beb aZklti\Zg_lh s_ ^hklb]g_ ^h klhcghkl kthl\_lgZ gZ dhgklZglZlZ gZ IeZgd :dh emnltl j_ki aZklti\Zg_lh _ gmeZ bgl_]jZetl gZ jZaebdZlZ gbdh]Z gyfZ ^Z ^hklb]g_ ijZ]h\ZlZ klhcghkl Z fbdjhh[_dltl gbdh]Z gyfZ ^Z klZg_ ^_ckl\bl_e_g :nhjbklbqghfh`_f^ZaZdexqbfZdhfbdjhh[_dlbl_k_ ih^qbgy\ZoZgZaZdhgbl_gZfZdjhk\_lZk\_ltlijhklhgyfZr_ ^Zkts_kl\m\Z 9NBABQ?KDBKTS?KL<M<:S:L:BGNHJF:PBYB <J?F?LH Pyehlh h[kt`^Zg_ ^hk_]Z bfZr_ ij_^\b^ dZghgbqgb h[h[s_gb dhhj^bgZlb b bfimek dhblh kZ ebg_cgb hi_jZlhjb bah[jZ`_gby ijb lh\Z g_dhfmlZlb\gb Lh_kl j_amelZltl hl ihke_^h\Zl_eghlh ijbeZ]Zg_ aZ\bkb hl j_^Z gZ ijbeZ]Zg_lh Baoh^ghlh fgh`_kl\h _ kZfbyl fbdjhh[_dl Z hi_jZlhjtl ]h bah[jZay\Z \ gh\h fgh`_kl\h ijb dh_lh gZ[ex^Z_fbl_ klhcghklb gZ \_ebqbgZlZ dhylh kthl\_lkl\Z gZ hi_jZlhjZ kZ ^Zeb s_ bfZ nbabq_kdh \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ beb g_ Z hl ^jm]Z lh ijhdZj\Z ]jZgbpZlZ f_`^m bgnhjfZpbhggbl_ nbabq_kdb ijhp_kb b _g_j]_lbqgbl_ nbabq_kdb ijhp_kb f_`^m \tafh`ghlh b ^_ckl\bl_eghlh :dh \k_e_gZlZ k_ jZa]e_^Z dZlhktklZ\_gZhl^\_qZklb-fbdjhh[_dlZb\kbqdhhklZgZehb kihj_^ _^bg hl ihklmeZlbl_ gZ d\Zglh\ZlZ dhkfheh]by q_ \kydh jZa^_e_gb_ gZ \k_e_gZlZ gZ ihg_ ^\_ qZklb ^_nbgbjZ \j_f_ lh jZa]e_`^Zghlh \j_f_ q_klhlZ _ lZdZ ^Z k_ dZ`_ \j_f_lh k dh_lh jZaiheZ]Z fbdjhh[_dltl ^Z ijb\_^_ \ kthl\_lkl\b_ dbg_lbqgZlZ kb _g_j]by ktk k\hylZ ihl_gpbZegZ [_a^Zk_gZjmrbaZdhgtlaZaZiZa\Zg_gZ_g_j]bylZhl_^gZkljZgZb\ jZfdbl_gZkthlghr_gb_lhaZg_hij_^_e_ghklhl^jm]Z

g_]h\bl_ kh[kl\_gb klhcghklb Lh\Z q_ dZghgbqgbl_ dhhj^bgZlb b bfimek kZ g_dhfmlZlb\gb fh`_ ijhklh ^Z k_ baltedm\Z dZlh aZ\bkbfhkl f_`^m bah[jZ`_gbylZ Lh_kl ijbeZ]Zg_lh gZ _^ghlh bah[jZ`_gb_ ijhf_gy j_amelZlZ hl ijbeZ]Zg_lh gZ \lhjhlh bah[jZ`_gb_ - \k_ _^gh g_ kZ g_aZ\bkbfb hiblb Bah[sh g_dhfmlZlb\ghkllZ _^ghagZqgh fh`_^Zk_bgl_jij_lbjZ\l_jfbgbl_gZ\_jhylghkllZZhllmd b gZ bgnhjfZpbylZ GZ dhfmlZlb\gbl_ hi_jZlhjb kthl\_lkl\Z g_aZ\bkbfhklgZhiblbl_ < deZkbq_kdZlZ f_oZgbdZ nbabq_kdbl_ \_ebqbgb kZ dhfmlZlb\gb b kthl\_lgh g_aZ\bkbfb baf_j\Zg_lh gZ _^gZlZ gbdh]Z g_ \eby_ gZ baf_j\Zg_lh gZ ^jm]ZlZ \ d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ \eby_ kZfh Zdh kZ kij_]gZlb ih^h[gh gZ bfimek b dhhj^bgZlZ). Hq_\b^ghg_dhfmlZlb\ghkllZgZhi_jZlhjbl_ktshlZdZ _ lykgh k\tjaZgh k g_h[jZlbfhkllZ gZ \j_f_lh K g_h[jZlbfhkllZ gZ \j_f_lh _ lykgh k\tjaZg ij_oh^tl hl \tafh`gh dtf ^_ckl\bl_egh hl \_jhylgh dtf kb]mjgh GZck_lg_ ih-]hj_ k_ ih^kdZaZ q_ g_dhfmlZlb\ghkllZ gZ hi_jZlhjbl___^ghagZqgh\_jhylghklghij_^klZ\bfZ < kn_jZlZ gZ qbklh nbehkhnkdZlZ ki_dmeZpby _ ^himklbfh ^Z k_ ij_^iheh`b q_ _^bg h[_dl fh`_ ^Z [t^_ baf_j_g beb ^Z \e_a_ \t\ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ jZa[jZgh

hi_jZlhjbk_\t\_`^Zl\k_dbitldh]Zlhih_^gZbeb^jm]Z ijbqbgZljy[\Z^Zk_bae_a_ba\tgihgylb_lhaZljZ_dlhjbyb^Z k_ ij_fbg_ dtf klZlbklbq_kdh hibkZgb_ ijb lh\Z dZdlh \ d\Zglh\ZlZ lZdZ b \ deZkbq_kdZlZ f_oZgbdZ. ... Kts_kl\_ghlh_q_hldZatlhlljZ_dlhjbbl_bk\tjaZgbylk lyo f_oZgbklbq_g ^_l_jfbgbatf \h^b ^h b^_ylZ aZ hi_jZlhj B Ijb]h`bg b B Kl_g`_j Gh\ZlZ \jtadZ F_lZfhjnhaZ gZ gZmdZlZK

klZg^Zjlgh - dZlh h[f_g gZ _g_j]by kZfh dh]Zlh k_ gZkt[_j_ ^hklZltqgh \_jhylghkl ^hklb]g_ k_ ^h nhjfZegby ijZ] gZ ^_ckl\bl_eghlh - \_jhylghkl _^bgbpZ GZ lhab nhjfZe_g fZl_fZlbq_kdb fh^_e kthl\_lkl\Z gZkt[bjZg_lh gZ bgl_]jZeZ gZ jZaebdZlZ h[kt`^ZgZ ih-]hj_ ^h klhcghkl kthl\_lgZ gZ dhgklZglZlZgZIeZgd Gh ij_^b ^hklb]Zg_lh gZ lhab ijZ] ba]e_`^Z kZ \tafh`gb \aZbfh^_ckl\by ijb dhblh _g_j]by ijbgpbigh g_ fh`_ ^Z k_ h[f_gb - fbdjhh[_dltl g_ kts_kl\m\Z ^_ckl\bl_egh - gh \tij_db lh\Z _ \tafh`gh h[f_gyg_lh gZ Ih^ nbabq_kdh kts_kl\m\Zg_ gZ bgnhjfZpby bgnhjfZpbylZ k_ jZa[bjZ bf_ggh lh\Z LZdt\ ba]e_`^Z ijbgpbitl gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ \ ihl\tj`^Z\Zg_lh gZ iZjZ^hdkZ gZ :cgsZcg-Ih^hekdb-Jha_g g_jZ\_gkl\ZlZ gZ ;_e hiblbl_ gZ :ki_ =jZg`b_ b Jh`_ ljb nhlhggZlZ g_ehdZeghkl kieblZg_lh gZ =jbcg[_j]Hj-Ohjg-A_ebg]_j) b^jm]bih^h[gb. <` gZij iZjZ]jZn G_jZa^_ebfhkl \ : IhebdZjh\ Gbek ;hj b ZlhfgZlZ nbabdZ - < Gbek ;hj b ZlhfgZlZ nbabdZ K 1987. 22-27. L_ fbke_gbyl hibl ij_^eh`_g \ klZlbylZ : :cgsZcg ; Ih^hekdb b G Jha_g Fh`_ eb d\Zglh\hf_oZgbqghlh hibkZgb_ gZnbabq_kdZlZj_Zeghkl^Zk_kfylZaZitegh"-<::cgsZcg Ba[jZgb ijhba\_^_gby K k - Hjb]bgZegZ im[ebdZpby $ (LQVWHLQ % 3RGROVN\ 1 5RVHQ &DQ 4XDQWXPMechanical of Physical Reality be Considered Complete? - Physical Review, vol. 47 (1935) 777-780. J. Bell. On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. - Physics. Vol. 1 (1964), 195-200. D. Bouwmeester et al. A. Obserwation of threephoton GreenbergHorne-Zeilinger entanglement. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 82 (1999), 1345-1349.J. Pan et al. Experimental test of quantum

:nhjbklbqgh fh`_ ^Z k_ h[h[sb bgnhjfZpbylZ ltq_ \j_f_lh 9,L?JFH>BG:FBD:G:?>GBQ?GH;?DL<J?F?B BGNHJF:PBY

nonlocality in three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement. - Nature. Vol. 403 (2000) 515-519. <` gZij ' *UHHQEHUJHU HW DO %HOO V WKHRUHP ZLWKRXW inequalities. - American Journal Physics. Vol. 58 (1990) 1131-1143. AZ aZihagZ\Zg_ ktk kt\j_f_gghlh ktklhygb_ ih ijh[e_fZ \ ojhgheh]bq_gj_^::RRWHUV:=XUHN$VLQJOHTXDQWXPFDQQRW be cloned. - Nature. Vol. 299 (1982), 802-803; D. Dieks. Communication by EPR devices. - Physical Letters. Vol. A 92 (1982), 271-272; H. Yuen. Amplification of quantum states and noiseless photon amplifiers. - Physical Letters A. Vol. 113 (1986), 405-407; C. C. Benett et al. Teleporting an unknoun quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels (1993) - Physical Review Letters. Vol 70. (1993), 1895-1899; V. Buzek, M. Hillery. Quantum copying. Beyond the no-cloning theorem. Physical Review. Vol. A 54 (1996), 1844-1852; V. Buzek et al. Quantum copying: A network. - Physical Review. Vol. A 56 (1997), 3446-3452; D. Boumeester et al. Experimental quantum teleportation. - Nature. Vol. 390 (1997), 575-579; N. Gisin, S. Massar. Optimal quantum cloning machines. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 79 (1997), 2153-2156; L. Duan, G. Guo. A probabilistic cloning machine for replicating two non-orthogonal states. - Physical Letters. Vol. A 243 (1998) 261-264; L. Duan, G. Guo. Probabilistic cloning and identification of linearly independent states. Physical Review Letters. Vol. A 243 (1998), 4999-5002; D. Boschi et al. Experimental realization of teleporting an unknown pure quantum state via dual classical and EinsteinPodolsky-Rosen channels - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 80 (1998), 1121-1125; A. Furusawa et al. Unconditional quantum teleportation. Science. Vol. 282 (1998), 706-709; A. Pati. Quantum superposition of multiple clones and novel cloning machine. - Physical Review Letters. Vol. 83. (1999), 2849-2852; W. Zurek. Schrödinger's sheep. Nature. Vol. 404 (2000), 130-131. EZ\bghh[jZaghlh m\_ebqZ\Zg_ gZim[ebdZpbbl_\lZabh[eZkl_kZfhihk_[_kbihdZaZl_egh

Ih gZqZeh \kydh l_jfh^bgZfbqgh jZa]e_`^Zg_ k_ hlgZky ^h ZgkZf[eb hl ^bgZfbqgb kbkl_fb AZlh\Z bajZatl l_jfh^bgZfbdZ gZ _^bgbq_g h[_dl ba]e_`^Z ]j_rdZ ih hij_^_e_gb_
gZklhys_ kts_kl\m\Zg_lh gZ \k_db fbdjhh[_dl \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ l_jfh^bgZfbqgh jZ\gh\_kb_ f_`^m g_]h\hlh fbgZeh dbg_lbqgZlZ _g_j]by b g_]h\hlh [t^_s_ ihl_gpbZegZlZ _g_j]by

gZklhys_lh fh`_ ^Z k_ hkts_kl\y\Z aZ kf_ldZ gZ ZdlmZegZ ihl_gpbZegZ_g_j]by
hibk\Z hl \j_f_\h hlghr_gb_ f_`^m gZitegh hij_^_e_gZlZ ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by ]hjgZ ]jZgbpZ gZ gZklhys_lh b g_hij_^_e_gZlZ dbg_lbqgZ _g_j]by beb f_`^m gZitegh hij_^_e_gZlZ dbg_lbqgZ _g_j]by ^hegZ ]jZgbpZ gZ gZklhys_lh b g_hij_^_e_gZlZ ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by beb f_`^m g_ kt\k_f hij_^_e_gbl_ dbg_lbqgZ b ihl_gpbZegZ _g_j]by gydt^_ f_`^m ^hegZlZ b ]hjgZlZ ]jZgbpZ gZ gZklhys_lh
fh`_^Zk_ij_\jtsZ\bgnhjfZpbybh[jZlghgyfZaZdhgaZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ _g_j]bylZ Z bfZ aZdhg aZ aZiZa\Zg_ gZ bgnhjfZpbylZLZdZdZdlh\gZqZehlhgZ^\Z^_k_lhlhklhe_lb_ k_ hdZaZ q_ \_s_kl\hlh _ ih-kdhjh ]b]Zglkdh kljmi\Zg_ gZ _g_j]by lZdZ \_jhylgh ^g_k s_ k_ hdZ`_ q_ _g_j]bylZ _ h]jhfgZbihjZ^blh\Zl\tj^_bg_jlgZbgnhjfZpby Dh]Zlh qh\_q_kl\hlh jZa[jZ q_ \_s_kl\hlh _ _g_j]by lhkta^Z^_ZlhfgZlZ[hf[Z:eZdh]ZlhjZa[_j_q__g_j]bylZ_ bgnhjfZpby

Wave

Overview

More details

Related Documents

Wave

Wave

The Wave

Wave Prof

Wave Photogallery

Wave Propagation