Water Resource-engineering Abatayo Reymark.pdf

WATERRESOURCEENGI NEERI NG Par t2-I r r i gat i on Name:Abat ayo,Reymar kC.

Dat eDue:THURSDAY-MARCH1 4,201 9

I I :PRACTI CALDI SCUSSI ON: 1 .I faweal t hyl andowneri nCebu r et ai nedyourser vi cesasanengi neerf ort hepur pose ofpl anni ngandl ocat i ngani r r i gat i onsyst em i nhi spr oper t y, 

Whatar et hecomponent s / hydr aul i cst r uct ur est obeusedi ft hesour ceof wat eri sar i verwhi chi s2ki l omet er sf r om hi sl and.Gi veabr i efi l l ust r at i onorj ust di scusshowt oi nst al lt hem. a.Ri verDi ver si onDam Met hods: 1 . Devel opr i pr ap/ aggr egat er ocksour ce 2.I nst al lt empor ar ywat ersuppl ysyst em 3.Per f or m gener alexcavat i onandconst r uctnew st r eam channel 4.I nst al l3000CYofapr onr ocki nr i verchannel ,gr outapr onr ock,and pl acel eanconcr et ef i l l 5. I nst al ll ar gespeci alpl acementr ock 6. I nst al lr i pr apanddr ai ngr avel 7. Const r uctnewconcr et er et ai ni ngwal l ,i nt akechut e,andscr eengal l eyst r uct ur e 8. Const r uctnewconcr et edam cr est 9.I nst al lsl ui cewaypneumat i cgat es ,i nt akescr een,andst opl ogassembl y 1 0.Connectwat ersuppl ypi pi ng,i nst al lpowersuppl y,i nst al lsecur i t ygat es,i nst al l dr ai nandsani t ar yl i nes 1 1 .Di sassembl eandr emovet empor ar ywat ersuppl y 1 2.Const r uctnewconcr et eboatr amp

 Enumer at et hei mpor t antf act or st obeconsi der eddur i ngt hei nvest i gat i onand sur veyf orapr oposedi r r i gat i onsyst em.

a. Soi l Sui t abi l i t yofal andf ori r r i gat edagr i cul t ur edependsonsoi lchar act er i st i cs,soi l pr of i l e,geol ogi caldeposi t s ,andsur f acet ext ur e.Cer t ai nsoi lcondi t i onsar eneeded f orpr of i t abl e,di ver si f i edcr oppr oduct i onundersust ai nedi r r i gat i on.Thesei ncl ude t hef ol l owi ng: 1 .Adequat emoi st ur ehol di ngcapaci t yf ort hepr oposedi r r i gat i onandcr oppi ng pat t er n 2.Adequat ei nf i l t r at i onr at et of aci l i t at er epl eni shmentofsoi l wat erl ostt hr ough evapot r anspi r at i on,t omi ni mi zeer osi on,t opr eventexcessi vedeepper col at i on undert hepr oposedmet hod 3.Adequat ei nt er naldr ai naget hr ought her ootzonef orpr operaer at i on, r epl eni shmentofs oi l wat err eser voi r ,andl eachi ngofsal t s 4.Suf f i ci entdept hofsui t abl esoi lpr of i l et oal l ow necessar ydevel opmentand pr ovi deadequat est or ageofmoi st ur eandpl antnut r i ent s 5.Sui t abl et ext ur e,st r uct ur e,andconsi st encyt oper mi tnecessar yf i el doper at i ons i nt i me 6.Absenceofhazar dousamountofaci di t y,sodi ci t y,sal i ni t y,oranyot hert oxi c el ement s b.Cl i mat e Cr opshavet hei ropt i mum cl i mat i cr equi r ement sf ornor malgr owt hand devel op ment ,andf r ui t i ng.Beyondt hedesi r edl i mi t ,cr opscannotgr owpr oper l y andpr oducef l ower .Someoft hei mpor t antcl i mat i cel ement sar emaxi mum t emper a t ur e,mi ni mum t emper at ur e,ni ghtt emper at ur e,anddayl engt h. At mospher i cwat erdemandorcr opevapot r anspi r at i onshoul dal sobet akeni nt o accountf ori r r i gat i onpl anni ng. c.Topogr aphy Topogr aphy,veget at i on,bi ol ogi calact i vi t y,andt i megi veasoi li t schar act er i st i csor soi lpr of i l e.Sui t abi l i t yofal andf ori r r i gat edagr i cul t ur edependsl ar gel yoni t s t opogr aphyasi tdet er mi nest hechoi ceofi r r i gat i onmet hod.I tcanal soaf f ectl abor r equi r ement ,i r r i gat i onef f i ci ency,dr ai nage,er osi on,si zeandshapeoff i el ds,r ange ofpossi bl ecr ops,andl anddevel opment .Oper at i onalexpensesi ncr easewi t ht he sur f acef eat ur e,f i el dsi ze,st oni nessorbush/ t r eecover ,andsur f acedr ai nage

r equi r ement . d.Wat ersour ce I npl anni nganddevel opi ngani r r i gat i onpr oj ect ,sour ce( s)ofwat ershoul dbe i dent i f i edsoast oensur econt i nuouswat ersuppl y.I nwat err esour cedevel opment , har moni zat i onoft hedi f f er entdemandsf orwat er ,est abl i shmentofi r r i gat i onpr i or i t y r i ght sbet weenupst r eam anddownst r eam user s ,andconsi der at i onoft her i ght sof t heexi st i nguser sofwat erf r om f l ood,whi chmaybemodi f i edbydams,i sessent i al . I tr equi r esaf or mali nst i t ut i onalappr oachbasedonl ocalexper i ence.I ft hepr oj ecti s basedongr oundwat err esour ce,sust ai nabi l i t yoft her esour ceshoul dbeconsi der ed.

e.Cr op( s)t obecul t i vat ed Dependi ngont hecr opt ype,t hewat err equi r ementvar i es.Hence,wat err esour ces shoul dbepl annedont hebasi soft hemaj orcr op( s)andcr oppi ngpat t er n.The f act or si nf l uenci ngt hechoi ceofcr opar et hel ocal / nat i onaldemand( t oensur esel f suf f i ci encyort odi scour agei mpor t ) ,pr of i t abi l i t yf act or( t oexpor t ,i nr esponset o f or ei gndemand) ,easeofmar ket i ngandmar ketdemand,et c.Themat er i al i zat i onof t hepl annedcr oppi ngpat t er ni samustf orpr ot ect i ngt hesoi l( agai nstsal i ni t y, al kal i ni t y,ar i di t y,et c. )andf orf eedi ngsuf f i ci entwat ert oi r r i gat i onnet wor kar eas.

f .Ener gy I fwat eri st obepumpedf r om t hesour cet ot hei r r i gat edar ea/ f i el d,t hent heener gy sour cef ort hepumpi ngi samaj orconsi der at i on.I fanel ect r i ct r ansmi ssi onl i nei st o beconst r uct ed,i twi l lr equi r eani nvest ment .I ft hepumpi st ooper at ewi t hadi esel engi ne,i twi l lcer t ai nl ycr eat eanenvi r onment alpr obl em.

g.Labor Fort hei mpl ement at i onofi r r i gat i onpr oj ect s ,ahugeamountofhumanl aborwi l lbe r equi r eddependi ngonwhet hert hepr oj ectwi l lbehumanl aborbased,ora mechani zedone.Thi spoi ntshoul dbet akeni nt oaccountwhi l epl anni ngf oran i r r i gat i onpr oj ect .

h.Capi t al Est abl i shmentofal ar gescal ei r r i gat i onf aci l i t yr equi r esl ar gecapi t ali nvest ment .

Expendi t ur ef ori r r i gat i onconsi st sofcapi t ali nvest ment sandr ecur r ent expendi t ur esf oroper at i onandmai nt enance.I tshoul dbecheckedwhet hert he moneyi savai l abl ef r om t hel ocal / cent r algover nment ,apubl i cagency,orf r om a f or ei gndonor .Af t erensur i ngt hatmoneyi savai l abl e,t hepr oj ectshoul dbest ar t ed.

i .Commodi t y/ pr oductmar ket Anappr opr i at emar ket i ngsyst em orf aci l i t yofmar ket i ngt hepr oduct st obe pr oducedf r om t hei r r i gat i onpr oj ectar eashoul dbeconsi der edf oraneconomi cal l y sust ai nabl epr oduct i onsyst em.Thepr oducer sar eobl i gedt ocul t i vat ecr opswi t h r el at i vel yhi ghpr of i t abi l i t yandmar ketguar ant ees.Lackofvi abl epr oductmar ket s andmar ket i ngi nst i t ut i onsar emaj orpr obl emsf orsust ai ni ngpr oduct i onand ef f ect i vei r r i gat i ondevel opment .Gover nmentor gani zat i onsandot heri nst i t ut i ons shoul dbedevel opedt oover comemar ket i ngpr obl ems .Thesl owgr owt hofmar ket s f orhi ghval uecr opsshar pl yr educest hepr oj ect edpr of i t abl ecr opmi xt hatwoul d war r antt hef r equent l yhi ghcost sofi r r i gat i oni nvest ment s .

j .Nat i onalpol i cyandpr i or i t y I r r i gat i ondevel opmentori mpl ement at i onofi r r i gat i onpr oj ect sl ar gel ydependson t henat i onal / gover nment alpol i cyandpr i or i t yi ssues .Thegover nmentmaypr omot e i r r i gat i ondevel opmentt oi ncr easeandst abi l i zef oodpr oduct i oni nt her egi on. Des pi t eapr oposedi r r i gat i ondevel opmentpr oj ectbei ngnoteconomi cal( i nt er ms ofest i mat ednetr et ur nandcost ,andeconomi cr at esofr et ur n) ,t hegover nment canest abl i shsuchapr oj ectconsi der i ngr egi onal / nat i onalf oodsecur i t y,l ocal empl oy mentoppor t uni t y,oppor t uni t yofest abl i shmentofl ocali ndust r y,andl ongt er m savi ngsi nf or ei gncur r ency

k.I nst i t ut i onali nf r ast r uct ur e Newconst r uct i onorr ehabi l i t at i onofexi st i ngi r r i gat i onsyst emsr equi r esoper at i on andmai nt enance,andf i nanci ngandcostr ecover y.Ani nst i t ut i onalf r amewor kand i nf r ast r uct ur ei snecessar yf oranal yzi ngpol i cydeci si onswi t hr espectt opr oj ect sect i on,desi gnandconst r uct i on,oper at i onandmai nt enance,costr ecover y,and admi ni st r at i on.

l .Economi cf act or

Amaj orpr obl em af f ect i ngi r r i gat i ondevel opmentpr oj ect si st hehi ghcostof const r uct i onyi el di ngl owbenef i t sf r om agr i cul t ur e.Toachi eveef f i ci ency,i r r i gat i on i nvest ment smustbef ul l yr ecover abl e,t hati s,t hepr esentval ueofpubl i cr evenues t obegener at edf r om t hepr oj ectmustbeatl eastequalt ot hepr esentval ueofcost . Whoshoul dpayf ort hecost( andi nwhatpr opor t i on)dependsont hedi st r i but i onof benef i t sf r om i r r i gat i on.Thebenef i ci ar yf ar mer smustpayt hecosti npr opor t i ont o t hebenef i t st heyr ecei ve.Sever alf act or saf f ectt hebenef i t sf r om ani r r i gat i on pr oj ect :l owpr i ceoft hecr ops ,t hepr evai l i ngl owyi el ds ,andt hehi ghi nputcost sar e exampl es.Al lt hesef act or sar el i nkedt ot hemanagementl evel ,andmayvar yf r om l ocat i ont ol ocat i on,andr egi ont or egi on.Tr ul yf unct i oni ngcr edi tsyst emsf ors mal l scal ef ar mer soref f ect i veagr i cul t ur alext ensi onser vi cesmayi nf l uencet he pr evai l i ngsi t uat i ons.

m.Envi r onment alaspect Ont heonehand,di ver si onofexi st i ngr i ver f l ow i nt hedr yzonemayaf f ect downst r eam user si nt er msofquant i t yorqual i t yorbot h.Ont heot herhand,wet zoner i ver smayhavel ar geunut i l i zedwat err esour cesf l owi ngt hr oughheavi l y popul at edar eas.I nsuchacase,anyl ar gescal ewat err esour cedevel opmenti n t hesear easwoul di nvol vedi spl acementofpeopl eandpr oper t y,whi chi ssoci al l y andpol i t i cal l yundesi r abl e.Thesepoi nt sshoul dbet akeni nt oconsi der at i onandt he r egi onalornat i onalbenef i t sshoul dbeopt i mi zed.Ot herenvi r onment ali ssuessuch asdr ai nageef f l uent s,si l t at i onandsedi ment a t i on,wat erl oggi ng,devel opmentof sal i ni t yandaci di t yi nsoi l s,emi ssi onofmet hanegasf r om agr i cul t ur alf i el ds, di st or t i onofnat ur alhabi t atandbi odi ver si t y,et c.shoul dbeconsi der edwhi l e pl anni ngani r r i gat i onpr oj ect

n.Soci ocul t ur alaspect Thei mpl ement at i onofi r r i gat i onpr oj ect swi l lbr i ngchangesi nl andusepat t er nand i nt ensi t y,l andandl aborpr oduct i vi t y,househol dr esour cer equi r ement s ,andt enur e i ssues,whi chr equi r emanagementandi nst i t ut i onalconsi der at i on.These soci oeconomi candi nst i t ut i onalf act or saf f ecti r r i gat i ondevel opment . 2.Whati sr eal l yt hepur poseofi r r i gat i on? I r r i gat i oni sdef i nedast hear t i f i ci alappl i cat i onofwat eront ocr opl andf ort hepur poseof sat i sf yi ngt hewat err equi r ement snecessar yf orgr owi ngcr ops.I r r i gat i onpl aysakeyr ol ei n st abi l i zi ngf oodpr oduct i oni nanumberofcount r i esbyei t hersuppl ement i ngorr epl aci ng t heneedf ornat ur alpr eci pi t at i onf ort hepur poseoff oodpr oduct i on.

I r r i gat i oni sakeyt ot heabi l i t yofmanyf ar mer s ,andevennat i ons,t of eedt hemsel vesand pr ovi deanadequat est andar dofl i vi ng.I r r i gat i onnotonl ypr ot ect sagai nstdr oughtbut br i ngswi t hi tnumer ousot herbenef i t saswel lasoccasi onalpr obl ems . I r r i gat i oncanr esul ti nanumberofbenef i t sf ort hef ar merandhi sorhercommuni t y. I r r i gat i onst abi l i zesf ar m pr oduct i onbypr ot ect i ngagai nstdr oughtandbyi ncr easi ngcr op yi el dsandqual i t ywhenr ai nf al li si nsuf f i ci ent .I tper mi t sf ar mer st ogr owmoi st ur esensi t i ve, hi ghval uecr opsandcr opst hatwi l li mpr ovet hei rdi et .I nsomear easwi t hpr opercl i mat es, i r r i gat i onal l owsf ar mer st or ai set woort hr eegoodcr opsi nayear .I tal l owst hem t opl ant ont i me,t husopt i mi zi ngmar ketcondi t i ons .I nsomear eas,i r r i gat i onsyst emsar eusedf or f r ostpr ot ect i on.Ther ear enumer ouspr obl ems ,howevert hatcanbecausedbypoor des i gn,cons t r uct i on,andmanagementofi r r i gat i onsyst ems.Sal i ni zat i onandwat er l oggi ng ar eot herr esul t s.Poordesi gnandmanagementofsyst emsof t enr esul ti ni r r i gat i onofonl y onehal foronet hi r doft hepot ent i alar ea.Thus ,cost speruni tar eamaybever yhi gh,and t hebenef i t sofi r r i gat i onmayext endt oonl yapor t i onoft hef ar mer swhocoul duset he wat er . I r r i gat i oni sonl yoneofmanyi nput st oaf ar mer ' ssust ai nabl eagr i cul t ur alsyst em.Cul t ur al pr act i ces,f ar merr esour ces,f ar merpr ef er ences ,andot herf act or swi l laf f ectt hesel ect i on, des i gn,cons t r uct i on,andoper at i onofani r r i gat i onsyst em.Ther ef or e,i ti sver yi mpor t ant t hatt hosewhowor ki ni r r i gat edagr i cul t ur eunder st andcl ear l ynotonl yt hebenef i t sand consequencesofi r r i gat i onbutal sowhati tt akest omaxi mi zeoropt i mi zet hebenef i t s . 3.Whatar et het ypesofappl yi ngi r r i gat i on? a.Sur f acei r r i gat i onconsi st sofabr oadcl assofi r r i gat i onmet hodsi nwhi chwat eri s di st r i but edovert hesoi lsur f acebygr avi t yf l ow.Thei r r i gat i onwat eri si nt r oducedi nt ol evel orgr adedf ur r owsorbasi ns ,usi ngsi phons ,gat edpi pe,ort ur noutst r uct ur es,andi s al l owedt oadvanceacr osst hef i el d.Sur f acei r r i gat i oni sbestsui t edt of l atl andsl opes,and medi um t of i net ext ur eds oi lt ypeswhi chpr omot et hel at er alspr eadofwat erdownt he f ur r ow r ow oracr osst hebasi n. b.Spr i nkl eri r r i gat i oni samet hodofi r r i gat i oni nwhi chwat eri sspr ayed,orspr i nkl ed t hr ought heai ri nr ai nl i kedr ops .Thespr ayandspr i nkl i ngdevi cescanbeper manent l yset i npl ace( sol i dset ) ,t empor ar i l ysetandt henmovedaf t eragi venamountofwat erhasbeen appl i ed( por t abl esetori nt er mi t t entmechani calmove) ,ort heycanbemount edonbooms andpi pel i nest hatcont i nuousl yt r avelacr osst hel andsur f ace( wheelr ol l ,l i nearmove, cent erpi vot ) . c.Dr i p/ t r i ckl ei r r i gat i onsyst emsar emet hodsofmi cr oi r r i gat i onwher ei nwat eri sappl i ed t hr oughemi t t er st ot hesoi lsur f aceasdr opsorsmal lst r eams.Thedi schar ger at eoft he emi t t er si sl ow sot hi si r r i gat i onmet hodcanbeusedonal lsoi lt ypes. d.Subsur f acei r r i gat i onconsi st sofmet hodswher ebyi r r i gat i onwat eri sappl i edbel owt he

soi lsur f ace.Thespeci f i ct ypeofi r r i gat i onmet hodvar i esdependi ngont hedept hoft he wat ert abl e.Whent hewat ert abl ei swel lbel owt hesur f ace,dr i port r i ckl ei r r i gat i on emi ssi ondevi cescanbebur i edbel owt hesoi lsur f ace( usual l ywi t hi nt hepl antr ootzone) . 4.Howt oopenr i cef i el d?Gi vet hest eps . Landpr epar at i oni si mpor t antt oensur et hatt her i cef i el di sr eadyf orpl ant i ng.Awel l pr epar edf i el dcont r ol sweeds ,r ecycl espl antnut r i ent s ,andpr ovi desasof tsoi lmassf or t r anspl ant i ngandasui t abl esoi lsur f acef ordi r ectseedi ng. a.Cl eart heFi el d 1 .Atdr yf i el dcondi t i on,appl ygl yphosat et oki l lweedsandf orbet t erf i el dhygi ene. 2.I r r i gat et hef i el d2−3daysaf t ergl yphosat eappl i cat i on. 3.Mai nt ai nst andi ngwat erat2−3cm l evelf orabout3−7daysorunt i li ti ssof tenoughand sui t abl ef oranequi pmentt obeused. 4.Pl oworr ot ovat et hef i el dt oi ncor por at est ubbl esandhast endecomposi t i on. 5.Fl oodt hef i el d.Keepi tsubmer gedf oratl eastt woweeks.Lett hewat erdr ai nnat ur al l yt o al l ow vol unt eerseedsandweedseedst oger mi nat e. b.Wetpr epar at i on Wetpr epar at i onmaybeappr opr i at ei f : 1 .Myf ar m hasaccesst oi r r i gat i on. 2.Myf i el di ssur r oundedbybundst hatenabl ef l oodi ng. 3.Myf ar m hasal oamyt ocl ayt ypeofsoi l . 4.Ihaveequi pmentf orpr i mar yt i l l age,secondar yt i l l age,andl evel i ng. c.Dr ypr epar at i on Dr ypr epar at i onmaybeappr opr i at ei f : 1 .Idonothaveaccesst oi r r i gat i onandwat ers uppl yi sl i mi t ed. 2.Ihaveequi pmentandmachi ner yavai l abl ef ort i l l ageand/ orl abori sal i mi t i ngf act or . 3.Myf ar m hasacoar se,sandyt ypeofsoi l . 4.Myf i el dhasawel l est abl i shedhar dpan,Ihavepl ant edr i ceoni tmanyt i mesandIcan cont r olweedswi t hmet hodsot hert hanf l oodi ng.

5.Whent oi r r i gat et her i ce? St ep1 :Det er mi net her ef er encecr opevapot r anspi r at i on:ETo St ep2:Det er mi net hecr opf act or s :Kc St ep3:Cal cul at et hecr opwat erneed:ETcr op=EToxKc St ep4:Det er mi net heamountofwat erneededf orl andpr epar at i on:SAT I nt hemont hbef or esowi ngort r anspl ant i ng,wat eri sneededt osat ur at et her ootzone.The amountofwat erneededdependsont hesoi lt ypeandr oot i ngdept h. St ep5:Det er mi net heamountofper col at i onandseepagel osses:PERC Theper col at i onandseepagel ossesdependont het ypeofsoi l .Theywi l lbel owi nver y heavy,wel l puddl edcl aysoi l sandhi ghi nt hecaseofmor esandysoi l s .Theycanbestbe det er mi nedl ocal l y. St ep6:Det er mi net heamountofwat erneededt oest abl i shawat erl ayer :WL Awat erl ayeri sest abl i s hedaf t ert r anspl ant i ng.Theamountofwat erneededf or mai nt ai ni ngt hewat erl ayerhasal r eadybeent akeni nt oaccountwi t ht hedet er mi nat i onof t heper col at i onandseepagel osses. Al soacommonpr act i cei st odr ai nal lt hewat erf r om t hef i el dbef or eappl yi ngf er t i l i zer s andt or eest abl i sht hewat erl ayeraf t ert hef er t i l i zerappl i cat i on.Thi s ,ofcour se,hasa si gni f i cantef f ectont het ot ali r r i gat i onwat erneedoft hepaddyr i ce. St ep7:Det er mi net heef f ect i ver ai nf al l :Pe St ep8:Cal cul at et hei r r i gat i onwat erneed:I N