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THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
fc
WAKrAT-I JAHANGIRI.
First
FJihon
CaKulta 1875
:
First Pakistani Reprint Serial
:
No. of Publicafion
Edition
Lahore
1975
809 500
;
Reproduced by
:
SHEIKH MUBARAK \U. Publishers
Booksellers,
Inside Lohari Gate,
Telephone No
Expon
Price
:
64327
:
Price in Pakistan
Lahore (Pakistan)
:
Rs. 20,00
U.S.
$
2.50
•t)^
PREFACE Henry Miers Lodge,
Pinlico
Elliot
was son
was educated at Winchester William of
Wykeham
at the
ol'
in
remarkable that the examiners
honourary
an
class.
and shared
medals for the at
He had
to restore his
broken health
in
the
distincwin^
When
heJeit
Languages proved so
House placed him alone
the India
thus good
fortune
career
After performing
different places in India, he died at
h»s ;»ay Iheio.
in its
'jpeaking.
Oriental
Calcutta with a reputation that his future
maintain but to exalt.
vea^ 1808 and
During
silver
in
the
Venerable roiIek,c of
having gained both the
proficiency
in
and entered the
institutions
his
lohn EHiot Esq., of
Laic
age often years.
he devoted himself to the
Winchester,
ihe
He was born
Westminister.
to
arrive in
tended not only to
distinguished
services at
the early age of 45 while seeking
equable climate of the Cape of
Good Hope. In 1846, Sir
ment
to the
H. M.
Elliot printed the
first
Glossary of Indian Terms."
volume of
The Glossary
work then meditated and for which great had been made by the various local governments. pretentious
In
1849,
Sir
Ho M.
Elliot
publishsd
''Bibliographical Index to the Historians of
his
the
first
"Supple-
itself
was
.i
preparations
volume
Muhammadan
of
hi:i
India",
The history of the reign o[ Jahangir depends almost entirely on he memoirs written by himself or under his directions. It has long been known that there were different works claiming to be
I
autobiographies of Jahangir. Wakiat-i-Jahangiri was an important attempt which Sir H. M. Elliot undertook with the help of some other famous writers. He gathered the selected informations from the original memoirs (Tuzk-i-Jahangin) and compiled them in a very concised form giving the whole picture of the reign of Jahangir. ^'^^'>'^'
Publishers
January, 1975
>23138;20
1ST C
hapter
OF CONTENTS
:
WAKI'A'T-I JAHXNGIRI.
We At
now proceed we
the outset
to consider the authentic
are
met with a
to ascribe to this autobiography,
difficulty
the
name
and the matter has been slightly
alluded to in the preceding article. to
Memoirs of Jahangir. about the proper
The names which
are given
Memoirs, whether spurious or genuine, vary greatly.
Besides the Tdrikh-i Salim-Shdhi and Tuzak-i Jalidngiri, they are also called
Kdr-ndma
Jahdngir'i^ the Wdkfdf-i Jahdnf/iri, the
Baydz-i Jahdngir, the Ikbdl-ndma^ the Jahdngir-ndma,^ and the Makdidt-i Jahdngin.^
Muhammad Hashim, among
quotes
his
in the Preface to his
authorities
three
Muntakhabu-l Luhdb,
several
Jahdngir-ndmas
by Jahangir himself; second, that by Mu'tamad third, that by Mirza Kamgar, entitled Ghairat Khdn,
first,
that
Khan
;
which was composed
in
order to
which Mu'tamad Khan had specially entitled to the
fallen.
name, the
correct
^sundry
errors
first
*
is
being the " Memoirs,"
the second the Ikbdl-ndma^ Jahdngiri, and the third the dsir-i
into
Neither of these works
Ma-
Jahdngin.
Critical
Essays on Various Manuscript Workx, p. 40.
It is the
name given
to
and enterprises which was circulated by NaushirwSia subjects. Malcolm's History of Persia, vol. i. p. 95.
Ardishir's account of his travels for the *
by
improvement of
his
Ma-dsirurl Umard, Preface.
Muhammad Bakhsh
Ashob.
—
Crit. Essay, p. 39.
Preface to Tiirikh-i Shahddat,
Preface to the Akhbdr-i Muhabhat.
Preface to 4to.
Nddiru-z Zamdni, 3 Mir-dt-i Aftdb-mand, MS., p. 382. * This word, signifying " a record of prosperity," is a common term applicable to p.-iifgyrical history. It is adopted in India in imitation of the great poet J^iz^mf, the tccond part of his Sikandar-ndma being so entitled. vol. of Tdrikh-i
WAKI'AT-I .TAHANOnir.
2
work the WdkCdUi Jahdngiri, as being not
I prefer calling this
only in conformity with
the
usually given to the auto-
title
biography of Babar, but as being the one ascribed to
by the
it
author of the Mir-dt-i A'/tdb-numd, and as being in a measure authorized by a passage in the Memoirs themselves under the
Jahdngir-ndma and
transactions of the
first
Baydz would
appear to be not unauthorized by difierent
also
year of the reign.
passages of the Memoirs.
Perhaps Malfuzdi,
after the precedent
of Timur's Memoirs, might have been more appropriate
but no
;
author has ever quoted them under that designation.
who
Gladwin,
from the work
extracts
in
the
" Reign
of
Jahangir," published in a.d. 1788, speaks of them under the
name of the
which he says are the Commentaries
of Tiizak-i Jahdngiri^
Emperor written by himself
In the catalogue of Captain
Jonatliau Scott's Library the Tuzak
the Ma-dsir-i Jahdngiri^ which
The copy
of the authentic
tunity of examining
is
Smith, of the Bengal
and
at his
in
much
is
said to be the
same as
altogether wrong.
work which I have had an oppor-
the possession of Major-General T. P.
Army.
was copied
It
for
him
at
Lucknow,
by Saiyid Muhlammad Khan, who
desire collated
procured with
is
trouble copies for the purpose of comparison
from the Libraries of the King of Dehli, RAja Raghuband Singh, chief
Nawdb
of Ifchhaira,
several other places,
Faiz 'All
and completed
copy was sent to England
Khan
and
of Jhajjar,
his task in the year 1843.
for deposit in the
A
Library of the East
India House.
This work
Muhammad
is
prefaced by an Introduction and Conclusion by
Hadi, which will be noticed in another
The autobiography translated by
Major
is
article.
almost entirely different from the one
Price,
and
it
may,
considered worthy of being translated,
therefore,
if it
perhaps be
were only for the
purpose of displacing the spurious version already given world, and which has attracted
much
observation from
to the
its
sup-
posed authenticity. It is
written in the form of Annals, giving chronologically
EMPEEOR JAHANOrR.
3
Major
the occurrences of each year of the reign. lation,
Price's trans-
The
on the contrary, gives very few dates.
simple and inornate, and
style
is
some places the marks of
bears in
neo;ligence.
The only.
own
royal author speaks of two different copies of his
Memoirs, the
first
edition comprising the period of twelve years
In the transactions of the thirteenth year of the reign he
tells us,
when
that
the occurrences
[waMi)
of twelve years
wen
transcribed from the Jahdngir-ndma into a fair copy (bai/dz^), ht directed the writers of ihe
Royal Library
and then he
separate volume,
pendents
to
and
of the history of these twelve years,
distributed
first
them
them amongst
into a
his de-
for their observance.
copy which was prepared he presented to Shah Jahan,
after writing on the back of
A
place of presentation. year,
several copies
circulation throughout his dominion3, in order that
for
they might become a study and exemplar
The
make
to bind
we read of two more
with his own hand the date and
it
little
later, in
the annals of the same
copies being given away.
The twelve-year work ends with the King's arrrival Ahmadabid in Gujarat, which occurred at the beginning
at
the thirteenth year of the reign.
no
In the language there
and the complete Memoii-s, and
difference between that
is
of
in the
former there are very few omissions, not amounting to more than
500
lines, so
that
it is
evident that
it
was not re-compiled
purpose of being included in the complete work.
two
copies, both
commencing and ending
from several omissions, one was a third best contained
482 pages of 13
This smaller work of in his
'*
is
have seen
than the other.
;
but,
The
evidently the one whicli Gladwin speaks
Memoirs of Jahangir."
He
says
(p. 92),
" They con-
and private conduct of
his
from the. commencement of his reign to the end of the
twelfth year. elegance, »
less
I
same way
lines each.
tain a minute account of the political life
in the
for the
They
are
universally admired for the purity,
and simplicity of the
Uaually a commoa-place book.
style,
The word
and he appears
also
in genera'
means "paper/' " wkikness."
4
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGfRr. to
have exposed his own
candour and
When
fidelity.
and weaknesses with great
follies
he had completed the Memoirs of
twelve years, he distributed several copies of them amongst his
He continued these
children and the principal officers of his Court.
Memoirs with
his
own hand
the commencement of the
till
seventeenth year of his reign, when, finding himself from
ill-
health unable to proceed, he from that period to the time of his
death employed
Mu'tamad Khan
of the continuation
as his amanuensis.
exceedingly scarce
is
;
The whole
the compiler of this
history not having been able to procure a sight of any other
copy than the one which was lent him by his friend Colonel
PoHer." It will be observed hereafter that the is
name
wrongly given, and that the real Memoir
of the eighteenth,
of the continuator
is
extant to the end
beginning of the nineteenth
or rather the
year.
That Gladwin never saw the larger work style in
is
probable from the
which he speaks of the Memoirs above, and from his
extracting nothing from
them
after the twelfth year, as well as
from the tables of routes at the end of the history, which do not extend beyond Jahangir's arrival at
Mandu, which occurred
(he twelfth year of the reign, leaving out gresses to It
is
and from Gujarat, and
in
the subsequent pro-
all
Upper India and Kashmir.
doubtful whether Colonel Polier's copy, to which he alludes,
contained the continuation ascribed to continuation by the years, or merely the
man
Mu'tamad Khan,
Emperor himself beyond the Memoirs of these twelve
It is strange that the
a
in
or the
twelve
first
years.
author of the Ma-dsiru-l Umard,
of unusually large research, quotes in his
who was
Preface the
Jakdngir-ndma, written by the Emperor, " in which he details the occurrences of twelve years of the reign," so that he, too,
could not have been in possession of a perfect copy, and therefore consider the
Memoirs of eighteen years
work, almost unknown even in India Critical
Easay
is
among
the fewto
itself.
whom
it
we may
as a very rare
The author
of the
was known, because
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
5
saw a copy which
never
he says he
beyond the
extended
eighteenth year.
Respecting this more perfect work, Jahangir himself says in the annals of the seventeenth year of his reign, " On the 7th of the
month
dresses,
Shah 'Abbas, who had
of A'zur, the ambassadors of
been deputed several times to
and took their
Haidar Beg a
me, apologizing
An
received
Court,
honorary
Shah 'Abbas had despatched by
leave.
letter to
matter of Kandahar.
my
account of
it
conduct in the
for his
with the attendant
cir-
cumstances was entered in this Ikbdl-ndma, * * * " As I still suffered from the weakness which had affected during the
last
two years,
about the foul copies of
I
my
had neither heart nor head Memoirs.
was about
It
to
me
think
this time
that Mu'tamad Khan returned from the Dakhin and kissed the threshold.
himself to stood
me
He was a faithful servant and pupil, and conducted my satisfaction. He knew my disposition, and underin
every respect.
He was
write the occurrences (wakdf) of
my
employed
before this
and
reign,
I
to
now gave him
an order to continue the Memoirs from the date up to which
had
.been writing,
and place his narrative
copies (miisawiddt) .
I told
him
to write
(rozndmcka), and after submitting
it
it
for
at the in the
my
my mind
was seriously engaged
in
my it
was
Moreover, at this
making preparations
for
the expedition to Kandahar, and distracted by the anxiety sustained upon learning the disaffection and excesses of It does not appear that
Mu'tamad Khan
into effect the wishes of his royal master
;
I
foul
form of a diary
corrections,
afterwards to be copied into a book {haydz).
time
end of
I
Khurram."
ever strictly carried
and
it is
probable he
neyer did anything more than abridge his master's original, and after
adding the concluding events, he compiled, under his own
name, the work called Ikbdl-ndma^ which
will shortly
come under
review.
Jahangir seems
to
have rewritten the events subsequent
twelfth year about the
same period
that he
left
off
adding
to the to his
Journal, for he sometimes alludes* to events subsequent to that
ijf
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFEr.
5 In the account, for
the date of which he gives the occurrences. instance, of the
celestial
phenomenon, which he records
thirteenth year, he says the effects of
it
were
felt for
in
the
eight years
subsequently. Before concluding this notice,
nray be as well to observe,
it
that the probable reason for the rarity of this volume
found in the
that, in the latter parts of
fact
Shah Jahan towards
his
would not have been
father
is
it,
to be
so severely reproved that
copy the work, that
safe to
is
the conduct of
it
it
was conse-
quently suppressed through fear of Shah Jahan, and that after his long reign,
it
became almost forgotten,
mad Shah, when edit
it.
till
Muhammad
fortunately
the time of
Iladi
Muham-
undertook to
'
This
will
appear more probable,
we
if
consider the following
passage, which occurs in the seventeenth year of the reign, on
the occasion of Jahangir's march towards Thatta, to oppose his rebellious called
"
son.
I
he should be
directed that henceforward
'Wretch,' and whenever the word 'Wretch' occurs
this Ikbdl-ndma,
it
he who
is
is
in
I can safely assert
intended.
that the kindness and instruction which I have bestowed upon
him no King has ever yet bestowed upon a which
my
I exalted his
standard and drum, as
may
and the
fact
my own
which oppress
brothers
'I
me
all
grief,
favours
have shown
made him
titles,
lord of a
be seen recorded in this Ikbdl-ndma,
cannot be concealed from the readers of
pen cannot describe recount
my
respected father showed to
ever to his servants.
The
son.
that I
have done
^or
him, nor can I
or mention the aniiuish
in this hot climate,
which
health, especially during these journeys
am obliged to make in pursuit Many nobles, too, who have
of
i-<
The
it.
and weakness
>o injurious to
my
and marchings which I
him who
is
no longer
my
sou.
been long disciplined under me,
and would now have been available against the l/zbeks and the Kazilbashes, have, through his .perfidy, met with their due punishment.
May God
in
-against all these calamities
!
His mercy enable me
What
is
to
bear up
most grievous for
me
to
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
7 bear
is this,
that this
is
the very time
when
my
sons and nobles
should have emulated each other in recovering
Khurdsau, the
which so deeply
loss of
trust in
No
God
that I
may
would not apply
this
the only obstacle,
indefinitely postponed.
is
shortly be relieved of this anxiety
life
of
Shah Jahan.
to the twelve-year
I
"" !
The same
Memoirs, because
objection in
them
mentioned throughout in extravagant terms of laudation.
is
[The present autobiography by Major all
is
one could well have ventured to give currency to such
imprecations during the
he
Kandahdr
honour of
affects the
empire, and to effect which this 'Wretch'' so that the invasion of
Kandahar and
that
Price.
its
It is
is
longer than the one translated
a plain and apparently ingenuous record of
author deemed worthy of note.
The volume
contains
a good deal of matter quite uninteresting to a European reader,
Em-
such as the promotions and honours bestowed upon the
and the presents he gave and received
peror's followers,
taken as a whole, the work that Jahangir
him
is
for its authorship, it proves
have been a man of no common
to
but
very interesting, and assuming
mainly responsible
is
;
ability.
He
records his
weaknesses, and confesses his faults, with candour, and a perusal
work alone would leave a favourable impression both of
of this
and
his character
and estimated
talents.
their
Like his
mighty hunter, and took pleasure of his
life.
He
father,
value as a true
he was fond of jewels,
connoisseur.
in sport,
He
was a
even in the later years
was a lover of nature, both animate and inani-
mate, and viewed
it
with a shrewd and observant eye.
mentions the peculiarities of that he wntchec!
il:
i"
many
He
animals and birds, and shows
habits with diligence and
perseverance.
Trees and fruits and flowers also come under his observation,
and he gives one
his opinions
upon architecture and gardening
who had bestowed time and thought upon them.
like
The
Extracts which follow will enable the reader to form his opinion
They have been translated by various hands, some Elliot, much by his private munshi, some by a whose handwriting is unknown to the Editor, some by
of the work.
by
Sir
person
H. M.
— WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
8
the Editor, and from the beginning of the fifteenth year entirely
by the Editor
himself.
The MS.
translation of several years
appears to be nearly perfect, but only a small portion of
it
can
be printed in this volume.] Size.
— Small
containing 659 pages, of 15 lines to a page.
folio,
[The copy belonging
to the
823 pages, of 15
folio of
The commencement
jJ
sj'l ij:^l^\
Royal Asiatic Society
is also
a small
lines each.]
of both works
is
the same
_;bjJ ,u^j^ o;-?^ ^'^J^ 3
:
j^j^ \J'^^ 4?^^'*^
The Dwdzda-Sdla Ja/idngin concludes at about the 150th line Memoirs but as the same
of the thirteenth year of the perfect
sentence sion
is,
is
continued in them,
it is
;
probable that the real conclu-
as one of ray copies represents a few lines above,
he indulges
in
his
where
complaint of the climate of Gujarat, and
Ahmadabad, which he said should be called Gardabad, Samumabad, the City of Pestilential Winds, and Jahannamabad, the City of Hell. especially of
the City of Dust
The 9yyo
conclusion of the larger
l::-w;i
The copy Ibrahim copy
it
;
i\3tS
i^\
in the
Khan
j^U^L>-j
King
as part of
work
is
as follows
:
{jmy*\j j^U«iJJi i^j"-^
>-::-^-J^^
of Dehli's Library gives the answer of tiie
autobiography.
forms part of the continuation by
In General Smith's
Muhammad
Iladi.
EMPEROR JAHANGIR.
9
EXTRACTS.
[On Thursday, the 8th Jumada-s
sani,
1014 Hijra (12th
October, 1605), I ascended the throne at Agra, in the thirty-
eighth year of
my
age.]
The Chain of
[The
Justice.
order which I issued was for the setting up of a
first
Chain of Justice, so that
if
the officers of the Courts of Justice
should
fail in
and
granting them redress, the injured persons might come to
in
the investigation of the complaints of the oppressed,
and shake
this chain
it,
and
so give notice of their wrongs.
made
ordered that the chain should be thirty gaz long, with sixty bells
upon
The weight
it.
four Hindustani mans^ equal to thirty-two
end was firmly attached
of pure gold,
man? of
I
and be
of
it
was
One
'Irdk.
to a battlement of the fort of i^gra, the
other to a stone column on the bank of the river.]
The Twelve
^
Institutes.
[I established twelve ordinances to bo observed, and to be the
?ommon 1.
rule of practice throughout
Prohibition of cesses {zakdt).
my
—
dominions.
I forbad the levy of duties
inder the names of tamghd and mir-hahri^ together with the taxes of all descriptions which the jdgirddrs of every siiba
sarkdr had been in the habit of exacting 2.
for their
Regulation about highway robbery and
roads which were
the.
own
theft.
and
benefit.
— In
those
scenes of robbery and theft, and in those
portions of road which were far from habitations, the jdgirddrs
of the neighbourhood were to build a sardi or a mosque, and
they were to sink a well, tion,
and
'
Sec note,
^
[Price has
distinct, there ^^
to
be the' means of promot''j.T oultiva-
to induce people to settle there. sitpi-d, p.
If these places were
262.
"sermohary" instead
of mir-bahri ; but although his MS. is incan be no doubt that mir-bahri is the term used. His MS. reads
zakdt, mir-bahri,
part of the rubric.
found in his text.J
and tamghd." But in all, the MSS. of this version, '^ zakdt" is The words " three sources of revenue " which Price uses are not
^
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIRr. near to hhdlisa lands, the Government
10
officials
were to carry out
these provisions.
Free inheritance of property of deceased persons.
3.
No
—
Firstl3\
one was to open the packages of merchants on the roads
without their consent.
man
Secondly.
died in any part of
my
When
any
infidel or
Musul-
dominions, his property and effects
were to be allowed to descend by inheritance, without iuterfereuce
When
from any one.
there was no heir, then officers were to
be appointed to take charge of the property, and to expend
it
according to the law of Islam, in building mosques and sardis, in repairing broken bridges, and in digging tanks and
Of
4.
iviiie
and every
partaken of
sold
is
times took as
it
as
times
and
age, have regularly
craved for drink, I someliquor.
In
In the period of seven years I brought
My
Some-
times of drinking varied.
began when two or three hours of the day remained,
I
my
it
and a
at night
thirtieth year,
at present I drink
it
when
little in
I resolved to
So
the day.
it
was
drink only at night,
only to promote digestion of
my
food.
ProJdbition of the taking possession of houses, and of
5.
clitting
up
my
the
took great eflect upon me, and I set about
to five or six cups.
sometimes I took until
I
twenty cups of double-distilled
reducing the quantity.
down
and must
eighteenth year to
the thirty-eighth year of
many
course of time
my
In early days, when
it.
—Wine,
liquors.
forbidden,
is
although I myself have been ac-
;
take wine, and from
to
present, which
it
of intoxlcat'mg
all /ii)ids
made nor
neither be
customed
and
sort of intoxicating liquor
Avells.
of
'
the noses
his abode in the
and ears of
criminals.
dwelling of another.
—No one was I
made an
to take
order pro-
hibiting every one from cutting off the noses or ears of criminals for
any
never
oflbnce,
inflict this
and
I
made a vow
punishment on
to
heaven that
I
would
an}^ one.
—
The officers of the klidlisa lands 6. Prohibition of GhasbHand the jdgirddrs are not to take the lands of the ruigata by Commonly
used to signify wine, but spirits are included.
1
Sharcib,
*
lu law, taking the property of auolLcr without
lit.
drink.
his consent.
EMPEROR JAHANGTR.
I I
and cultivate them on
force,
own
tlieir
The
account.
collectors ol
the khdlisa lands and the Jdgirddrs are not without permission to
form connexions with the people in their
districts.
Building of hospitals and appointment of physicians tc Hospitals were to be built in large cities, and attend the sick. 7.
—
The expenses
doctors were to be appointed to attend the sick.
were to be paid from the royal treasury. 8.
Prohibition of the slaughter of animals on certain days.
In imitation of
my
honoured
—
father, I directed that every year
my
from the 18th of Rabi'u-1 awwal,
birthday, no animals should
be slaughtered for a number of days corresponding to the years of
my
age.
In every week,
from slaughter
:
the birthday of 9.
Sunday
blessed,
two days were
Thursday, the day of
my
Respect paid
to the Great
also,
my
exempted
and Sunday,
accession,
father.
Sunday.
to the
and
to
pay
it
— He (my
father) used to hold
great respect, because
Luminary, and because
Throughout
Creation was begun.
is
it
my
is
General confirmation of mansabs and
I
dedicated
interdicted.
general order that the mansabs tind/dytrs of
should be confirmed, and afterwards
it is
the day on which the
dominions this was to be
one of the days on which killing animals 10.
to be
jdg'irs.
my
—
I
issued a
father's servants
increased the old mansabs
according to the merit of each individual.
lie
who
held ten was
not advanced to less than twelve, and the augmentation was
sometimes as much as from ten to thirty or
the monthly pay of
all
my father
and connexions from ten 11.
and
The attendants upon the female
to twelve, or ten to twenty.
ma'dsh lands throughout
my
lands.
— The
aima and madad-
dominions, which are devoted to
the purposes of prayer and praise,
I
confirmed according to the
terms of the grant in the hands of each grantee. is
fifteen,
were advanced according to their position
Confirmation of aima
Jahdn^ who
The allowance
the domestics {shdgird-pesha) was from
ten to twelve or ten to twenty.
apartments of
forty.
the ahadis was advanced from ten to
('«//
Miran, Sadr-i
of the purest rjice of Saiyids in Hindustan,
and
;
WAKI-AT-I JAHANGIRr, held the look
up
of
Sadr
in the days of
father,
was directed
to
— All
all prisoners in
forts and in prisons of every
who had been long
prisoners
confined in forts or shut
in prisons, I ordered to be jet free.]
New names for [Gold and one of
were struck, to each
The
coin of 100 tolas I
gave a distinct name.
-vhicli'I
Nur-i daiilat;
mihr ; the 1
the 50
tolas.,
the 10 tolas,
tola, Ni'ir-i
Silver coins.
Raicaji.
Jakdng'iri;
—
the 5 tolas, Kaukah-i sa'd; the
Rai,
the I
the \ tola, Sultdni;
each received a name.]
tolas,
the 5 tolas, Niir-i
jahdni ; the | tola, Nurdni; the \ tola, I called the 100 tolas, Kaukab-i tali'
The copper
the 10th of a tola, Khair-kahul.
Hard as
Nur-i sultdni; the 20
Nur-i harm;
the 50 tolas, Kaukab-i bakkt; tola,
the Coins.
silver coins of various weights
called Nur-i shdhi;
1
my
the poor every day.
Amnesty for
12. kind.
office
aft> r
12
\_Legends on the
tola,
Aishydri;
coins in like
manner
coins.~\
who had received from my father the title of Rdi me that of Raja Bikramajit (after one of the
Ildyan, and from
most celebrated Rajas of Hindustan, the founder of an Indian Observatory), was honoured by distinjction.
tions to keep 50,000 gunners
my father''s
among
it
was
in a
He
was
to
the exalted grade of diwdn, and
the nobles of the Court.
tute of gallantry
As
of artillery, with direc-
and 3000 gun-carriages always
time examiner of the expenditure on the elephants,
and was afterwards raised enrolled
with marks of the highest
Bikramajit was a Khatri by caste.
state of readiness. in
me
made him commandant
I
my
old dependents of
He
was not
desti-
and judgment. intention to satisfy, as far as possible, all the
my
every one of them
father, I issued orders to the ba/chshis, that
who wished
to
obtain a Jdgir in his
country must apply for a grant to that
effect,
and
own
that, in ac-
cordance with the Institutes of Changiz, he should be rewarded
with an Altamghd grant, and enjoy the same without appre-
EMPEEOR JAHANGIR.
13
My
hension of change or removal.
wished to bestow a
j'dgir in proprietary right,
grant with an Altaynghd is
applied.
I
used to stamp the
which means one
seal,
whenever they
ancestors,
to
which red ink
ordered that the place of the seal should be covered
with gold-leaf, and then stamped with the Altamghd I named
Altuntamghd
it
— that
Hence
seal.
the gold seal.
^s,
Mirza Sultan, the favourite son of Mirza Shah Rukh, and grandson of Mirza Sulaiman, the descendant of Mirza Sultan
Abu
Badakhshan, was elevated to the grade of
Sa'id, chief of
my
I had asked
1000.
Hence
lishment.
Bhao Singh, the
father to allow
him
my
to be on
estab-
brought him up, and treated him as a son.
I
ablest son of
Man
Raja
a mansab of 1500, retaining his former
Singh, was rewarded by office,
and Zamana Beg,
Ghayur Beg Kabuli, had gained the dignity of 500, by He now, having serving me when I was Prince as an Ahadi. received the title of Mahabat Khan and a mansab of 1500, was son of
nominated paymaster of
my
household. Kaja Nar Singh Deo, one
of the Bundela Rajputs, stood high in brave, kind-hearted, and pure as any
him
to the dignity of 3000.
murder
favour.
was as
I elevated
cause of his elevation was the
my
father''s reign,
for his talents
and wisdom.
was summoned from his appointment
Royal Court. evil intentions
He
About the
Abu-1 Fazl, wearing upon his plausible
exterior the jewel of probity, which he sold to price,
He
of his age.
Abu-1 Fazl, a descendant of one of the Shaikli^ of
of
Hindustan, distinguished close of
The
my
man
was not
my
friend.
my
in the
He
father at high
Dakhin
to the
inwardly nourished
towards me, and did not scruple to speak
ill
of me.
Murder of Abu-l Fazl. The
details
described
:
of the murder of Shaikh
Certain vagabonds
between me.,and convinced
me
my
fatiier
The bearing
in his
are thus
of the Shaikh fully
that if he were allowed to arrive at
would do everything
my
father./
Abii-l Fazl
had caused a misunderstanding
power
to
Court, he
augment the indignation of
against me, and ultimately prevent
my
ever appearino-
'^
WAKPAT-I JAHANGfRr. Under
before him.
Deo,
this apprehension, I negociated with
Nar Singh
His country lay on the high road of the Shaikh from the
Dakhin, and he at that period was engaged on a plundering expedition.
him a message,
sent
I
inviting
him
to annihilate
Shaikh Abii-l Fazl on his journey, with promises of favours and
Nar Singh Deo agreed
considerable rewards.
Shaikh passed through his
and
They were
his followers.
When
my
in a short time put to flight, to
me
and
at Allahabad.
father was exasperated at this catastrophe, yet in
the end I was able to visit sion,
the
Raja closed upon him
His head was sent
he himself murdered.
Although
territory, the
and God
to this,
rendered his aid to the success of the enterprise.
and by degrees
him without any anxiety
or apprehen-
his sorrow wore away, and he received
me
with friendliness.
Discussion with learned Hindus.
One day
observed to some learned Hindus
I
that
if
the
foundation of their religion rested upon their belief in the ten incarnate gods,
was entirely absurd
it
became necessary
to
;
because in this case
admit that the Almighty, who
must be endowed with a
definite breadth, length,
is
and depth.
they meant that in these bodies the supreme light was is
equally visible in
and that of
if
all
things,
it is
it
infinite,
If
visible, it
not limited to them alone
;
they said that these incarnate gods were the emblems
His particular
the people of
attributes,
all religions,
it is
also not admissible, for,
there have flourished persons
amongst
who
per-
formed miracles, and were possessed of much greater power and talents than others of their time. at last admitted
form, and of
that there was a
whom
God who had no
corporeal
They
said that
they had no definite notion.
as to understand that singular
and
their comprehension, they could not
by the means of some natural
made
After a long discourse, they
invisible
Being was beyond
form any idea of
objects,
Him
but
and therefore they had
these ten figures the medium- of raising their minds up to
VOL. Tl.
19
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
15 the Supreme God.
them
I then told
that they could not attain
that end by this means.
Portrait of the Emperor Akbar.
My
men
to hold discourse with learned
father used
of
all
persuasions, particularly with the Pandits and the intelligent
Though he was
persons of Hindustdn.
illiterate,^
yet from con-
stantly conversing with learned and clever persons, his language*
was so
no one could discover from his conversation
polished, that
He
he was entirely uneducated.
that
elegancies of poetry
and prose so
conceive any one more proficient.
He
of his person.
even the
understood
well, that it is impossible to
The
was of middling
following
is
a description
stature, but with a
tendency
to be tall, wheat-colour complexion, rather inclining to dark than fair,
black eyes and eyebrows, stout body, open forehead and
chest, long size of
arms and hands.
a small pea, on the
There was a fleshy wart, about the which appeared
side of his nose,
left
exceedingly beautiful, and which was considered very auspicious
by physiognomists, who
said that
it
was the sign of immense
He
riches and increasing prosperity.
had a very loud
and a very elegant and pleasant way of speech.
and habits were quite his visage
was
full
different
voice,
His manners
from those of other persons, and
of godly dignity.
First
Year
of the Reigx.^
Remission of Transit Duties.
As
I
had removed the practice of levying
amounted territories,
to
many I
also
transit duties,
krors of rupees, tliroughout e
ctended
the
all
which
the protected
same indulgence
to
all
the
commercial places on the way between Kabul and Hindustan, '
[The word used
is
^\ "one who
can neither read nor Wiite, an idiot."]
[Jahangir counts the years of his reign by of his reign as commencii^g on the Xew Year's *
tlie
Day
solar reckoning,
entrance of the Sun into Aries, which corresponded with A.H. (10th March, 1606 a.d.).].
and the
first
year
next after his accession, with the th;
11th Zi-1 ka'da, 1014
16
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFIir. the
duties
transit
of which
were collected annually to
the
The whole
arnount of one Jcror and twenty-three lacs of dams.
Kabul and Kandahar, were
transit duties of both provinces, viz.
paid to the public treasury, and they formed the principal part of the income of those provinces.
I
removed the practice
gether, and this contributed niuoh to the prosperity
alto-
and benefit
of the people of I'ran and Tiiran.
Flight
[In the
first
and Rehellion of Prince Khusru}
year after
my
by
accession Khusru, influenced
the petulance and pride which accompany youth, by his want of experience and prudence, and by the encouragement of evil companions, got
my
fiither's
some absurd notions illness
In the time of
into his head.
some short-sighted men, trembling
crimes and despairing of pardon, conceived the
ide'a
for their
of raising
him
to the throne, and of placing the reins of the State in his hands.
They never
reflected that sovereignty
managed and regulated by men
and government cannot be
of limited intelligence.
The
Supreme Dispenser of Justice gives this high mission to those
whom
he
chtjoses,
and
it
is
not every one that can becomingly
wear the robes of royalty.
The vain dreams
Khusru and
of
end in nothing but trouble sovereignty, I confined
apprehensions. to him,
and
Still
to cure
liis
foolish
and disgrace;
{(jirifta)
so
companions could
when
him, and quieted
I obtained the
my
doubts and
I was anxious to be kind and considerate
him
of his ridiculous notions
;
but
it
was
all
At length he concocted a scheme with his abettors, and in vain. on the night of the 20th Zi-l hijja, he represented that ho was going to interest
A little
visit
came
the touib of
my
father.
Fifty horsemen in his
into the fort of A'gra, and went off in that direction.
afterwards, intelligence was brought that
Khusru had
1 [This account of Khusr&'s rebellion has been translated by the Editor. It is the Emperor's own version of this important episode of his reign, and it will afford the means of comparing the two different versions of his Memoirs. See the account of the same transaction from the other version, mprn^ p. 264.]
EMPEROR JAHANOrR.
17
The Amiru-l umard having
escaped. intb
my
urgent
thought that perhaps some news had come from
I
When
the Dakhin or from Gujarat. I said,
What
then
is
to be done, shall I
Khurram
shall I send if I
me on an
private apartments, desiring to speak with
affair.
"
ascertained the fact, sent
The Amiru-l umard
?'*
would give him permission, and
I said,
would go
said he
"
Be
He
so."
it
" If he will not be persuaded to return, and force
said,
becomes necessary, what
you may do
am
as a fault
do?"
I to
way without
return to the right
said, a
it is
I said, " If
he will not
fighting, do not consider
—sovereignty
of father and son, and relation."
heard what had occurred,
I
mount and pursue him, or
what
does not regard the relation
king should deem no one his
After having spoken these words, and settled some
other matters,
I
sent
him
It
off.
then came to
that Khusrii had a great hatred of him.
He
my
recollection,
(the Amiru-l
umard)
consequence of the position and dignity that he holds,
also, in
God
envious of his peers, destroy him
So
!
I
sent to call
Shaikh Farid Bokhdri on the
is
and
forbid lest he should be malicious
him back, and I despatched
service, directing
the mansabddrs and ahadis he could collect.
I
him
to take all
determined that
it was day. * * The news came Khusru was pressing forward to the Panjab, but the thought came to my mind that he might perhaps be doing this
I
in
myself would start as soon as that
as a blind, his real intention being to go elsewhere.
Raja
Man
who was in Bengal, was Khusru's maternal uncle, and many thought Khusru would proceed thither. But the men who
Singh,
had been sent out
in all directions confirmed the report of his '
going towards the Panjab.
Next morning I arose, and placing my reliance on God, I mounted and set off, not allowing myself to be detained by any person or anything. father,
which
is
When
the aid of his protecting
Rukh
Mirzd,
brought
in.
I
spirit,
who had formed I
reached the tomb of
about three kos distant,
I offered
my
honoured
up prayers
for
Mirza Hasan, son of Shah
the design' of joining Khusru, was
questioned him, but he denied the intention.
I
WAKI'AT-I .TAHANGFRr.
them
ordered
assistance vouchsafrd 1j
At some
mid-day, when trees,
and carry him back on an took as a good omen of the blessed
to biud his hands,
This capture
elephant.
(g
and
I
it
I
me by
that departed spirit.
became hot, I
i-ested
under the shade of
observed to Khdn-i 'azam, that
I
had been so
engrossed with this unhappy matter that I had not taken the allowance of opium I usually took in the fore-part of the day,
and that no one had reminded me of the thought that
become
my
my
if I
him, dissatisfied and turbulent
would of his own accord go
and thus dishonour would
distress arose
from
without any cause or reason, had
son,
enemy, and that
My
it.
did not exert myself to capture
men would
support him, or he
off to
the
Uzbeks
or Kazilbashes,
upon
my
throne.
Determined on
fall
the course to be pursued, after a short rest, I started from the
pargana
of Mathurd, which
is
twenty kos from
A'gra,
and
after
travelling two kos farther, I halted at one of the villages uf that
pargantty in which there was a tank.
When Khusru
arrived at Mathura, he met
Badakhshi, who had received favours from
Hasan Beg Khan
my
father,
and was
The Badakhshis are by nature quarrelsome and rebellious, and when Khusru, with his two or three hundred men, fell in with him, Khusru .made him commander of his men.^ Every one whom they met on the road they plundered, and took from him his horse or goods. Merchants coming from Kabul
and
travellers
to wait
upon me.
were pillaged, and wherever these insurgents went,
there was no security for the
women and
children.
Khusru saw
with his own eyes that a cultivated country was being wasted and oppressed, and their atrocities
a thousand times preferable.
but to join them.
If fortune
made people
The poor had been
feel
that death was
people had no resource
at all friendly to him, he
would have been overwhelmed with shame and repentance, and v-ould have veil
come
known how
to
me
without the least apprehension.
It is
I pardoned his offences, and with what great
indness and gentleness I treated him, so as to leave no ground '
A
very involved and obscure passage.
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
19
When, during the days of my father, by designing men to entertain improper aspira-
for suspicion in his breast.
he was incited tions,
he knew that the
he showed
no. trust in
fact
my
in the
His mother even,
had been communicated
to
me, but
kindness.
days when
was a
I
prince, being
grieved by his very unseemly acts, and by the unkindness of
her younger brother can
Madhu
excellent understanding,
How
Singh, took poison and died.^
her excellences and good nature
I describe
and her
She had an
!
affection for nie
was such that
she would have given a thousand sons or brothers as a ransom
She frequently wrote
for one hair of mine.
tirged
was
upon him the proofs of without
all
knowing
to
effect
my
set her heart
Rajput pride was
go, her
From
upon death.
her mind wandered, and her father and brothers telling
me
she was insane.
but on the 26th
it
and when she found that there was no
;
what lengths he would
wounded, and she
Kliusru, and
to
kindness and affection, but
Zi-1 hijja,
time to time agreed in
all
After a time she appeared to recover,
1013
h.,
she, in a state of aberration, took
when I had gone out hunting,
an excessive quantity of opium,
and died soon afterwards, hoping that her
fate
would bring her
my
first
bride,
undutiful son to contrition.
married to her in youth. the
title
After the birth of Khusru,
Shkh Begam.
of
She was Unable
such an
herself from
pleasure in
life.
was
life,
and so
Her death took
vexation and sorrow.
upon me that I did not care
effect
I
gave her
to endure the ill-conduct of
her son and brothers towards me, she gave up her relieved
and I
to live,
For four nights and days, that
is
and had no
for thirty-two
watches, in the depth of distress and sorrow, I did not care to «at or drink.
When my
father lieard of
kindness and affection, he sent
me
he had worn- upon his own head. wjiter on the flaming fire of
comfort.
By
his
But the
my
unfilial >
state, in his
extreme
a robe and the turban which
This great favour
affliction,
recital of all this
wicked and
my
and gave
had no
effect
me
fell
relief
]ik3
and
upon Khusru.
conduct he had caused the death jf
ISeesuprd,
p.
112.]
WAKrAT-I JAHANGIRr. and
his mother,
fancy, he all
for
no reason, but from mere freak and vicious
had broken out
duty and obedience.
and
duct,
20
and thrown
in rebellion against me,
off
was necessary to punish his evil con-
It
he carried matters to such a length that he was
at last
placed in confinement.
On
the 2nd Zi-1 hijja I halted at Hindal, and sent Shaikh
Farid Bokhari with some men
him the command
to take care of i^gra,
departed from Agra,
I
was going
dhvdm
gave
I
Muhammad treasure. When I
I sent
and of the palaces and
Dost
that city in charge of 'Itimadu-d
left
daula and Waziru-1 Mulk. as I
Khusru, and
in pursuit of
of the advance force.
I
to tlie Panjab,
now
Dost
told
Muhammad
that
and that province was under the
of 'Itimadu-d daula, he was to send the latter to me, and
that he was to seize and keep in confinement the sons of Mirzd
Muhammad Hakim, who act in the
sons?
way he had
were in A'gra; for
if
my own son could my uncle's
done, what might I expect from
Muhammad,
After the departure of Dost
Mulk
Mu'izzu-1
became bahhshi. I
halted at Palol and Faridabad, and on the 13th reached
Dehli.
There
I visited the
and distributed alms
tomb of
Nizamu-d din Auliyd, and there
among the poor and
On
grandfather I
had
went
my
twi.
set fire to this sardi,
and then
the 16ib i liaJted in the j^atyana of Panlpat,
importaut victories
li
Ilimu by
my
honoured
Dehli and got to Pauipat, reached that place.
it
my
ancestors,
d been won by them
the victory gained by I'idbar over Ilrahim Lodi victory over
tomb of
bounty dispensed
a place which h^id always been a fort mate one for
and where
Humayun,
to the
the 14th Ramazdn, I halted at
Khusru had
the sai'di of Narlla.
passed on. * *
also I
On
needy.
my
Then
to the poor.
father.
;
:
one,
the other, the
When Khusru
left
happened that Dildwar Khan had
The Khdn
received a short warning of his
approach, and immediately sent his sons over the
Jumna, while
he pressed forward to throw himself into the fortress of Lahore before
Khusru could
arrive there.
About the same
Kahini arrived from Lahore at the same place.
time, 'Abdu-r
Dilawar
Khdn
;
2\
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
advised
him
own
Pilawar's
send his sons over the river
to
sons,
to await
and himself
in
my
company
the
He
arrival.
of
was
alarmed and timid; he could not resolve upon this course: but
he delayed
till
Khusru
arrived,
and then he waited upon
hini
and joined him.
Khan
Dilawar
On
bravely pushed on towards Lahore.
his
every Government servant, and every krori
way he informed
merchant or other traveller he met, of the rebellion of Khusru.
Some he
took with him, and some he warned to keep out of the
After this the people were saved from the violence of the
way.
It seems very probable that, if SaLyid
rebels.
Kamdl
in
Dehli,
and Dilawar Khdn
at Panipat,
had shown any vigour, and had
thrown themselves
in the
way
of Khusru, the disorderly party
which accompanied him would have been unable resistance,
to
make any
and would have broken up, when Khusru would have Their courage did not serve them on this
been taken prisoner. occasion, but both of
them made up
for the deficiency afterwards,
Dilawar Khan, by rapid marching, reached Lahore before
Khusru, and exerted himself
to put the fortress in
Kamal
defence to repel the rebel.
the rebel, as will be noticed in Zi-1 hijja I reached Karndl,
also
its
where
had done
a state of
his best to stop
proper place.
I halted. * *
On the 18th On the 19th I
stopped at Shahabad, where there was great scarcity of water
now
but a heavy rain
Aloda
Shaikh Farid, and
rupees for expenses.
pay
On
arrears,
I
and
in.
I also
Two
I also
gave 18,000 fiv<3
to
of them
who had
having underlaken to serve him, and till
At
by them 40,000 to
Jamil Beg,
Mir Sharif Amali.
;
entered into his service
the other three denied the}'-
were placed under
the truth could be ascertained. * *
Farwardin, a messenger arrived from Dilawar that
*
of Khusru's followers were captured
ordered to be cast before elephants
restraint
sent
Seven thousand were given
the 24tli ZI-l hijja
and brought
and gladdened every one. *
Abu-i Bani Uzbek with fifty-seven ma7isahddrs
I sent
to the support of
to
fell,
Khusru was threatening Lahore, and
Khan to
On
the 24th
to inform
warn me
me
to be
22
•WAKFAT-I JAHANGFRr.
On
cautious.
secured,
that
same day the gates of Lahore were closed and
and two days afterwards Dilawar Khan few men.
fortress with a
He
the place, repairing damages,
and making
mounting guns on the ramparts,
preparations for a siege.
all
entered the
immediately began to strengthen
There was but a small
were earnest, and had been
force of troops in the place, but they
The men
appointed to their respective posts.
of the city also
were loyal and zealous.
Two
days afterwards, when the preparations were complete,
Khusru
arrived before the city, and
commenced
operations.
any way they
directed his followers to burn one of the gates in could,
and he promised them that
He
after the capture of the fortress
the place should be given up to plunder for seven days, and that the
women and
The
children should be their prisoners.
villains set fire to
one of the gates, but Dilawar
desperate
Khan and
the
other officers inside the walls raised up another barrier^ at the gate.
Sskid
Kh4n, who was encamped on the Chinab, being
formed of these movements, marched rapidly to Lahore.
in-
On
reaching the river Ravi, he informed the garrison of his presence,
and requested them fortress.
They
means of bringing him
to find a
sent twenty boats, and brought
into the
him and some of
his followers in.
On
proach of the Imperial army in
Khusru was informed of the appursuit of him and his adherents.
Having no
it
forces.
the ninth day of the siege
resource, he
Lahore
is
deemed
desirable to encounter the royal
one of the largest
cities in
the course of six or seven days a great
got together.
of
to
march away from Lahore, and
night attack on the van of
my
army.
it
was raining heavily,
and on the following morning reached Sultanpur. >
to
make a
This intelligence reached
on the night of the IGth, in the garden of i^gha Kuli.
the night of the 20th, although
[A doubtful word.
leaves a blank.]
in
men had been
I had been well informed that 10,000 or 12,000
men were ready
me
Hindustdn, and
number
Two MSS.
have
^:l.s^,
another
^^
.1
I
On
marched,
I
remained
-sr^
and a fourth
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
23 there
till
mid-day, and just at that time a great action began
between the royal army and the rebels. just brought
me some
when the news of the although I had
mouthful
for
and
food,
I
was about
very good appetite,
"a,
enjoy myself,
to
Directly I heard
me.
battle reached
Mulk had
Mu'izzu-1
Aware of the
good luck, and then mounted.
my
ness of the force engaged, find anxious to bring up
determined to press on with for
my
speed night and day.
all
great coat; but nobody brought
had were a javelin and sword.
At
day imminent.
gave the I
officer title
I
I
first
and bad.
my
battle
escort did
was on that
my men numbered
After crossing the bridge,
The man who brought it named Shamshir, and to him I Khush-khabr Khdn. Mir Jamalu-d din, whom
intelligence of victory
was an
At
the bridge of Govindwal
four or five hundred, good
men,
I called
and the only arras
and no one knew that a
fifty horse,
small-
Confiding myself to the favour
of (rod, I started without hesitation.
not exceed
it,
it,
merely swallowed a
I
reached me.
of the wardrobe
of
had before sent
to
warn Khusru, arrived just
same time,
at the
and he spoke so much about the numbers and strength of Khusru, that n.y
men were
frightened, until the news of victory was con-
firmed by successive messengers. fellow.
He
This Saiyid was a simple
would not believe the
incredulity that an
army such
report,
had
as he
but expressed
seeii
his
could have been
vanquished by so small and unprepared a force as that of Shaikh Farid.
But when the
of
litter
Khusru was brought
in
by two eunuchs, he then believed, and alighting from he placed his head at
my
feet,
Shaikh Farid had acted
and
He
fidelity.
distinguished Jalal,
himself,
died in a few days. fifty
with the greatest zeal
and they fought most bravely.
Mahmud Khan,
another of the
not exceed
his congratulations.
placed the Saiyids of Barha, the heroes of the
age, in the advance,
son of Saiyid
and offered
in this battle
attended
his horse,
Saif
and received eighteen wounds. tribe, received
The
Kh4n,
the chief of the tribe, greatly
an arrow
in.
Saiyid
the head, and
Saiyids of Bai'ha in this action did
or sixty in
number.
These Saiyids repulsed
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIRr.
24
the attack of 1000 horse and 500 Badakhshis, and w^ere cut to
Saiyid Kamdl, with his brothers, was rent to support
pieces.
enemy vigorously in King " bore
the advanced force, 'and he attacked the
The
flank.
right wing:, shouting, "
Long
live the
!
down, and the enemy, stricken with panic, broke and Nearly 400 of the enemy were
directions.
killed,
fled in all
and Khusni's
chest of jewels and trinkets, which he always carried with him, was captured. * *
Mahabat Khan and 'All Beg Akbarshahi in comKhusru wherever he should go. I
I placed
mand
of a force to pursue
also determined that if he
and not return
till
I
went
to
Kabul,
had got him into
my
I
would follow him, If he should
hands.
not stay in Kabul, but go off to Badakhshan and those parts, I
would leave Mahabat Kiian lest
my
in
Kabul, and follow him thither,
he might ally himself to the Uzbeks, and bring disgrace to throne. * *
On the 28th my camp rested at Jahan, seven kos On that day Khusru came with a few followers to the Chinab.
from Lahore. the banks of
After his defeat, the opinions of those who escaped
with him differed.
The Afghans and
the Hindustanis,
who were
mostly his oldest adherents, wished to turn back to Hindustan, and there raise disturbances.
Husain Beg, whose wives and children
and treasure were
in the direction of
towards Kabul.
When
Kabul, was
in
favour of going,
he resolved upon the latter course, the
Afghans and Hindustanis separated from him.
Upon
reaching
the Chinab, he wanted to cross at Sliahpur, one of the regular ferries
;
but as he could not get boats, he went to the ferry of
Siidhara.
There they found one boat without boatmen, and
another boat made of wood and straw.
Khusru, an order had been issued
Before the defeat of
to all the jdgirddrs,
road-
keepers, and ferrymen of the Panjdb, informing them of what
had happened, and warning them
to be careful.
In consequence
of this notice, the ferries and rivers were watched.
was about
to take the
just at this juncture, a
Husain Beg
two boats and send Khusru over.
But
chaudhari of Sudhara came up, and saw
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
25
men were going
that a party of
He
to cross over the river
by
night.
expostulated with the boatmen of the wood and straw boat,
and told them that the Emperor's order was, that no boat should
The
pass over by night. of
men
together,
contention and noise brought a
Abu-1 Kdsim Kh^n, who
and no one would convey them over. had charge of the ferry party of
men wanted
when he was informed that a
at Gujarat,
to cross the Chinab, proceeded to the place
Husain Jeg
with his sons and some horsemen. boats,
and attempted
to cross
director of
The
the zdminddrs.
now came up Khusru.
force
I
which
I
men
Next day
I
assisted to capture
riding on elephants
heard of his capture,
immediately sent the Amiru-l umard to bring Khusru to
presence.
In matters of Government and State
it
frecj^uently
Of
happens that one has to act upon one's own judgment. councils I have held, ihere are two which are remarkable.
when,
in opposition to
the counsel of
abad, and went to wait upon liis
by
had sent under Sa'id Khan
the 29th of the month,
him.
who was
eastern bank was occupied
most opportune time, and
in boats secured
and
my
On
A
at a
Khizr,
and secured the
the boatmen, assembled a party
western bank of the river.
and
;
* * got four
but the last one stuck on a sand-
At drybreak Abu-1 Kasim and Khwaja
bank.
number
and the boat was taken away from the boatmen,
Khusru, and not
Second,
to rest
my
when
till I
First,
friends, I left Allah-
through which
;iy father,
pardon, and became King.
to pursue
all
the
I
I
obtained
resolved instantly
had taken him. * *
On
presence in the garden of
Khusru was brought into my Mirza Kamran, with his hands bound
and a chain on
and he was led up from the
the Srd of JMuharram, 1015
his leg,
a.h.,
according to the rule of Changiz Khan. right,
and 'Abdu-l
trembling
and
"'Aziz
weeping.
on his
left
;
they did not allow him to continue.
and
I
his
he stood between them,
Husain Beg, suspecting
would make a scape-goat of him, began
left side,
Husain Beg was on
+h"":
they
to speak sorri\\ fully, but
I gave
Khusru
into custody,
ordered these two villains to be inclosed in the skins of
a cow and an ass, and to be placed on asse^, face to the
tail,
and
—
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIEr. round the
SO to be paraded
As
city.
26
the sldn of a cow dries
quicker than the skin of an ass, Husain Beg lived only to the
'Abdu-1 'Aziz, who was in the
fourth watch- and then died. skin,
and had moisture conve}ed
From
the last day of Zi-1 hijja
consequence of bad weather,
Mirza Kamran. tion
to
him/
to
I
till
ass's
survived.
the 9th Muharrain, in
remained
garden
the
in
of
I attributed the success gained in this expedi-
Shaikh Farid, and
To
Murtaza Khan.
dignif.ed
I
him with the
strengthen and confirm
my
title
of
rule, I directed
that a double row of stakes should be set up from the garden to
who had
the city, and that the rebel awaimdks,^ and others
taken part in this revolt, should be impaled thereon, and thus
most excruciating punishment.
receive their deserts in this
land-holders
their loyalty, I rewarded
madad-madsh.
lands as
The
by giving
to each
still
was a hot-bed of
remained unsettled. disaffection,,!
should be cleared of dangerous persons,
of
one of them some
* *
Khusru
disposal of
vicinity of i^gra it
The
between the Chinab and Behat who had proved
As
the
was desirous that
lest these pretensions
Khusru should be backed up and kept alive. So I directed Parwez to leave several sarddrs to carry on the campaign
my son
against the Rana, and to proceed himself with A'saf
200 others
and there
to A'gra,
But
tection of the city.
before they arrived there,
been crushed to the satisfaction of
attempt
liad
directed
Parwez
to
I entered Lahore.
Khan and
to undertake the control and pro-
come and meet me.
My friends
On
my
Khusru's
friends, so I
Muharram advised me to
the 9th
and well-wishers
return to Agra, because Gujarat, tho Dakliin, and Bengal were all in
a disordered state.
to me, because
I
had
But
this advice did not approve itself
learnt from the lettei-s of
Shah Beg Khan,
excess of his impudence be drew a dog's skin over his face {i.e. he acted and as he was led through the streets ^-nd bazars, he ate cucumbers and anything else containing moisture that fell into his hands. He survived tlie day and Next day the order was given for' taking him out of the skin. There were night. 1
[" In
tlie
like a dog),
man) maggots »
in his skin, but he survived
[See supra, p. 267.]
it all."
Ikbdl-ndma.'\
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
'27
the ruler of Kandahdr, sundry facts
amirs of
the
Kandahdr.
of
frontier
*
*
the
Intelligence
tending to show that the
all
Kazilbdshes had designs upon
reached
me
at
Lahore, that the
Kazilbashes had inclosed the fort of Kandahar on three sides,
and
it
was evident that further delay would be dangerous
sent a force thither under the * * *.
With
mined
to
command
of
;
so I
Ghdzi Beg Khan and
a view to prevent the threatened danger, I deter-
my
Kabul, and to postpone
proceed to
proposed
excursion round about Lahore.]
Second Year of the Reign.
[The second new year of 22nd
Zi-1 ka'da,
my
1015 a.h. (10th March, 1603 Journey
On
the 7th of Zi-1
of Lahore,
auspicious reign began on the
hijja, at
to
a.d.).]
Kabul.
a prosperous hour, I
and crossing the Rdvi, alighted
dmez, and stopped there for four days.
left
the fort
at the garden of Dil-
passed Sunday, the
I
19th of Farwardin, which was the day of the Sun's entry into
Some of my servants were favoured with Ten thousand rupees in cash were given to Husain
Aries, in that garden.
promotion.
Beg, the ambassador of the ruler of I'ran.
I
left
Kalij
Khdn,
Miran Sadr-jahan, and Mir Sharif i^mali at Lahore, and authothem to conduct all transactions in concert with each other.
rized
On Monday
I
marched from the garden
Haripur, three and a half kos from the
my
flap-s
mine.
waved
in
to the village called
city.
On
Tuesday,
Jahangirpur, which was a hunting-ground of
I^ear this village a minaret
was raised by
my
orders over
an antelope of mine, called "Raj," which was not only the best
my possession, but was the best decoy Muhammad Husain of Kashmir, who in
fighter in
Mulla
celled all persons of his
profession,
for wild ones.
caligraphy ex-
had engraved the following
words on a piece of stone: "In this delightful spot an antelope
was caught by the Emperor Nuru-d. din
Muhammad
Jahangir,
28
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGfRr. which
it,
Out of regard
and that their flesh should be considered as unlawful
as that of a
cow
Hindus, and as that of a hog
to the infidel
The
the Musulmans.
stone of
tomb was carved
its
to
into the shape
I ordered Sikandat Mai, the jdgirddr of the
of a deer.
and was
entirely tame,
the royal antelopes."
all
ordered that no one should hunt antelopes in
to this animal I this for.
month became
the space of a
in
considered the best of
pargana,
to erect a fort in Jahangirpiir.
On
Thursday, the 14th, we encamped in the pargana of Chand-
wala, and, after one intervening stage, arrived on Saturday at
HaGzabAd, and put up
in the buildings erected
who
intendence of
Mir Kiranu-d
that station.
In two marches more
din,
I
held the
under the superof h'ori at
office
reached the banks of the
Chi nab.
On
Thursday, the 21st Zi-1
bridge of boats, and pitched
When
the
other side of
beeii hitherto
to
the river, and
Kashmir, he
made
The
the
Giijars live chiefly
built
(xiijars,
The
devoted to plunder, dwell there.
was consequently named Gujarat, and formed pargana.
the river over a
tents in the pargana of Gujarat.
Emperor Akbar was proceeding
a fort on the
who had
hijja, I crossed
my
place
into a separate
upon milk and curds, and
seldom cultivate land.
On Friday we
arrived at Khawaspur, five kos from Gujardt,
which was peopled by Khawas Khan, a servant of Sher
Beyond
Pathan.
of the Behat,
it,
after
Khan
two marches, we reached the banks
and pitched our tents there.
In the night a very
strong wind blew, dark clouds obscured the sky, and
it
rained
so heavily that even the oldest persons had never seen such rain
within their memory. stones,
wliich
were as
The
rain
large
as
ended with showers of hens' eggs.
The
water and the wind combined broke the bridge. ladies crossed the river in a boat,
boats for the other ,wait
till
men
to
embark
hail-
torrent of I
with
my
and as there were but very few on, I ordered that they should
the bridge was repaired, which was accomplished in a
week, when the whole camp crossed the river without any trouble.
EMPERO^; JAHA'NGrR.
29 The
a snake, and
The name
mj
in
It
and caves, are
poppy-seed be throv/n
There are very
is
be visible
As
it.
I
in
The
breadth.
Its water
is
so clear
beyond estimation, yet
said to be
in, it will
fine fish in
life-
numerous chambers made of
in the neighbourhood.
depth
its
snake
an octangular form,
in a basiii, of
rises
vestiges of the abodes of devotees,
that although
language
about twenty kos from the city of
is
about twenty yards in length, by twenty
stone,
Kashmir,
in
Hindi
the
I visited this source twice during the
father.
The spring
Kashmir.
a fountain
ia
signifies
appears that at one time a very large
it
haunted the spot, time of
Behat
river
of the
source
called Virneg.
if
a
reaches the bottom.
till it
was told that the fountain was
unfathomably deep, I ordered a stone to be tied to the end of a rope and thrown into
and thus
it,
not exceed the height of a
it,
was found that half
After
and the stream which flowed from
it
were raised on each side of the basin, that there it
depth did accession,
to be
it
edifices
scarcely any-
is
throughout the inhabited world.^
expands much when
made
to be similarly
Such elegant chambers and
decorated on both sides.
thing to equal
its
my
paved with stones, a garden
I ordered its sides to be
round
it
man and a
The
river
reaches near the village of Pampur, which
ten hos from the city.
is
All the saffron of Kashmir
Perhaps there so
is
produced
the
:
all
Its
it
flower
is is
where
saffron
annually yielded
I visited this place once with
see they first get the
the flower.
when
quantity
village.
500 maunds of Hindustan, or 4000 maunds of
{wildyat).
the season in which the plant
we
the product of this
is
no other place in the world
abundantly
there, being
Kabul
is
But
only
it is
about
blossoms.
In
mj
all
father in
other trees
branches, then the leaves, and after
otherwise with this plant.
two
inches
It blossoms
high from the
ground.
of a bluish colour, having four leaves and four
threads of orange colour, like those of safflower, in length equal ^
Compare
Forster's Journal^ vol.
Vigne's Kashmir, vol.
i.
p.
333
;
ii.
p. 4
;
Von
Hiigel's Kaschmir, vol.
Moorcroff s Travels,
vol.
ii.
p. 250.
i.
p.
291
;
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
The
to one joint of the finger.
30 are sometimes
fields of saffron
a kos^ sometimes half a kos in length, and they look very beauIn the season when
a distance.
tiful at
it
is
collected,
such a strong smell that people get headache from
had taken a glass of wine, yet
was
has
it
Although
it.
by
also affected
it.
I
asked the Kashmirians, who were employed in collecting
it,
I
whether reply,
took any
it
effect
I
upon them, and was surprised by the
which was, " they did not know even what the headache
was." that flows from the fountain of Virnag
The stream Behat
Kashmir, and becomes a large
in
many
joined by
through the
on both
other smaller ones
In some places
city.
drmk from Behat,
it
is
Nobody drinks
very dirty and unwholesome.
a tank called Dal, which falling
after
into
near the
is
takes
this tank,
it
is
It runs
sides.
breadth does not exceed
its
the reach of an arrow shot from a bow. water, because
called
is
when
river,
its
its
All people
The
city.
river
through
course
Barah-Mulah, Pakali, and Damtaur and then enters the Panjab. There are many lar, is
which joins the Behat at the
the best of
in
it,
in
is
and
the land
is
'Abidin,
He
is
village of
a piece of verdant
afford a deep
trees,
who
it.
The
ruled
village
firmly over
many
miracles.
seen
1
ill
;
nearly a
Tiie su-face
of
requires no carpet to
there
for
fifty-two
Great King.
He
years. is
said
The remains of his many and among these there
;
Lanka, which he
built with great
the middle of the lake called Ulur (Wulur), about
[The Tabakdt-% Akbari calk
VOL. VI.
it
Kashmir
to be
a building called Barin^
are
was founded by Sultdn Zainu-I
buildings are
still
there
Kashmir
in
branches of which inter-
the
called there Baroshah, or the
diflSculty
Shahabu-d dinpur,
and extensive shade.
to have performed
is
land,
so covered with green that
be spread on
Kashmir, but Darah-
one of the most famous places
hundred handsome plan^ lace
in
the streams.
all
This village
and
and fountains
rivulets
it
Zain-laiik^.
Suprd, Vol. V.
p. 465.J
20
3
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
I
three or four kos in
To form
deep.
This lake
circumference.
exceedingly
is
the foundation of the building, boat-loads of
stone were thrown into
the lake
but
;
as
proved of no
this
some thousands of boats laden with stones were sunk,
use,
and so with great labour a foundation of a square was side of
above
raised
the water,
hundred yards
and smoothed.
were erected a palace and a place
it
for the
On
one
worship
of God, than which no finer buildings can anywhere be found.
Generally he used to come to this place his time
Almighty God.
there to the worship of
many
that he passed
One day one
a boat, and devoted
in
It
said
is
periods of forty days in this place.
of his sons
came
into the
sacred place, with
a drawn sword in his hand, with the intention of killing him.
But
as soon
of the
as
his
eye
upon him, the natural
fell
affection
and the royal dignity of the parent struck him
son
with dismay, and diverted him from his purpose.
After a short
time the King came out, and having embarked in the same boat
with his son, returned towards the son that he had
left
return in a skiff and bring
back
He
to the building,
fell
at his feet,
The King
is
it
to
When
him.
for
told his
the Prince went
what he had done, and imme-
soliciting forgiveness
said to have performed
assume any form he
that he could
Midway he
he was amazed to find the King also there.
was exceedingly sorry
diately
city.
behind him his rosary, and asked him to
habits and manners of his sons,
liked.
his
for
many such
conduct.
miracles,
and
Reflecting on the
and knowing that they were
very impatient and anxious to ascend the throne, he told them that with
that
him
it
was easy
to resign the
they could do nothing after him,
would not
last long,
off eating
manner.
He
their
to die, but
government
and but few days would elapse before they
would see the reward of thejr conduct. left
crown and for
Having
and drinking, and passed forty days
said this, in the
he
same
did not even doze during this interval of time, but
like a great saint
he directed his whole attention to the worship
of the Omnipotent God.
On
the fortieth day he delivered his
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGfRr.
32
and met with the mere}' of
soul to the angel of death,
his
Maker.
He
They
Khan.
quarrelled
dominions of their father.
hands of a
the
common
Adam Khan,
three sons, viz.
left
class
among The
called
Three
soldiers.
Haji Kh^n, and Bahram
themselves, and at last lost the
sovereignty of
Kashmir
Chaks, who were
fell
into
formerly
but
rulers of this tribe constructed three
buildings on the remaining three faces of the foundation which
was
laid
them
is
by Zainu-1
Kashmir spring.
is
first
one built by that King.
autumn and
a delightful country in the seasons of
I visited
charming than
I
it
in the former season,
had
the 1st of
and found
it
even more
I never was there in spring,
anticipated.
but I hope some time or other to be
^On Saturday,
thei-e
during that season.
Muharram, I marched from the bank
The
of the Behat to Rohtas, with one stage intervening.
of Rohtas
is
one of the buildings of Sher
constructed amongst the ravines, wliere
it
is
fort
Khan Afghan, and
is
was scarcely conceiv-
able that so strong a position could have been obtained. tract
none of
'i^bidin in the lake of Ulur, but
so substantial as the
As
this
near the country of the Gakkhurs, a troublesome and
turbulent race,
it
came
into his head to build this fort for the
purpose of overawing and controlling them.
Sher
Khan
died
when only a portion of the work was done, but it was completed by his son Salim Khan. Over one of the doors the cost of the fort is engraven on a stone, which is set in the wall. The amount is 16,10,00,000 dams and something more, which is 34,25,000 rupees of Hindustan,^ 120,000 tumdns of Tran, or 1,21,75,000 hhdnis of Turan.
On Tuesday, to Tillah,^ 1
H. M.
[Sir
2 It
is
modern
the 4th, I marched four kos and three-quarters
which means "a hill" Elliot's
own
worth bearing
in the
Gakkhur language.
translation.]
this comparatively
travellers rarely place
it
moderate estimate in mind, for our and one has it as high as
under 100,00,000,
500,00,000 rupees.
The
Tillah must be meant, which bears the meaning and though the lofty Tillah cannot itself be meant, yet the halting ground sufficiently close to udmit of its deriving its name from that conspicuous hill. 3
ascribed, is
original reads Bilah, but
33
empehor jahangfr.
From
that place I marched to the village of Bhakra,' which
same people
in the language of the
the name of From Tillah
is
white flowers without any odour.
marched the whole way through the bed of a
a shrub with to
Bhakra
river,^ in
which
water was then flowing, and the oleander bushes were in bloom, and of exquisite colour, like peach blossoms.
dustan this evergreen
many growing
always
is
flower.
in
full
In Hin-
There were very
my
stream, and I ordered
at the sides of this
I
personal attendants, both horse and foot, to bind bunches of the flowers
those
in
turbans, and
their
who would
directed that the turbans of
I
not decorate themselves in this fashion should
be taken off their heads.
I thus got
up a beautiful garden.
On Thursday, the 6th, Hatya^ was On this march a great many Palas^ This shrub
blossom.
dustan.
It has
oran
no fragrance
The trunk
possible to take one's eyes
and
as, in
As
In short,
wine.
V This is
now
I
I
it
was im-
the air was very charming,
veil of clouds
the sun, there was a slight shower,
fiery
flowers are the size of
was such a sight that
ofl" it.
consequence of a
The
black. It
of Hin-
which are of a
in its flowers,
is
a red rose, or even bigger.
shrubs were found in
peculiar to the jungles
also
is
the encamping ground.
obscuring the light of
indulged myself in drinking
enjoyed myself amazingly on this march.
called Bakrala, correctly Bekkrala.
The
local
name
for this flower
more common at Bakiala than elsewhere in the neighbourhond, and I could get no one to acknowled;^e iliat this was, or could be, the origin of the name; so I suspect that the royal is
I'hakra, elsewhere it
is
ordinarily called Haft-chingara.
It is not
autobi-'grapher has been deceived by his informants. 2
This
'
This
is
Dhamak,
the Kahan, a troublesome stream,
is
full of
quicksands.
a few miles beyond the usual encamping ground at present, which
a most impracticable
name
of which to obtain the true pronunciation.
is
In
and by the same men I have heard it variously given as Damak, Dhamak, Tam'ak, Taniiak, Tamihak, the d. and t being convertible in these parts, It was here that Shahibu-d din Ghori was assassias "an/a." for " anrf&," an egg. niitfd, and in the lines which record the dates of his death, given in the Lnbbu-t the
villiige
DaiiiilKik,
Tawurilch, the place is called Damyek. fne of our road books (in the Bengal and Agra Guide) renders the confusion worse confounded, by attempting to be specific, and recording it as " Tamako, near Dhamack." Dhamak appears the most correct.
The *
ziiiinnddra are of the
Generally called
'*
A wan
tribe.
Dh&k," Butea fwndosa.
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr. This place
34
Hatyd because it was founded by a Gakkhur The country from Margalla to Hatya is called
called
is
named Hdti.
Pothuwdr.^ Within this tract there are but few crows to be found.
Between Kohtas and Hatyd
same
are of the
On
Friday
stock,
is
marched four kos and three-quarters
I
so called because
it
has a sardt built of baked bricks
in the Hindi language means " baked."
dust on the road perienced, I found
most of the
On
and
;
and Pakka
;
annoyances
brought from Kabul got injured.
sorrel
means " broken ground"
This country
language.^
On Sunday
Rawal, and Pindi
^
very bare of
is
my camp
I pitched
Pindi, so called because
It
so called
is
in the
trees.*
was founded by a Hindu named
it
in that language
means "a
now, or rather Pathwar, but the pronunciation
is
contains, in consequence of the frequent depopulation
was under Kashmir, the
it
boundaries.
its
One
is,
that
There are
it
has undergone.
Another,
collections used to be ca'rried there in bags,
Another, because the laud
called pithu.
form
not distinct,
the proper name, on account of the mixed tribes which this table-land
is
when
Near
village."
water in a ravine, which
Various origins are ascribed to the name, none of them smtiBfactory.
Phtitw&r
Gakkhur
on the other side of Rdwal
this place there is a stream of flowing
that
ex-
I
In this place
Saturday, the 8th, I marched four and a half hos to a
place called Khar, which
'
Pakka,
to
There was nothing but
in consequence of the
a very troublesome march.
it
who
the country of the Bugyals,^
and connected with the Gakkhurs.
patiodr, or level between the hills
is
which
India, as those under the Siudian and
tracts in
Sulaimani Hills, called P&t, for this reason but the ground here can only be called by comparison, for it is intersected by ravines in every direction, and this very fact is assigned as another origis of the nam?', the soil being phidwdr, or broken. ;
level
As
this
conspicuoiusly the
Ls
most
nunciation omits the aspirate wilh the 2
This tract
is
now
the
case all
disposed to look on this aa the
called BiJsySl
way from Dhamak
proS?3!bif
origin,
to
though
M&rgalla, the
present
am
I
pro-
j?.
from
fclhti
Gakkhur
tribe of that
name, descendants
of Sultan B^ga. 3
Spelt "
ascribed to
Kor " it
in
in the originnl, but
Khor must be meant,
the text, though there
as it bears the
meaning
no village of that name. The present the celebrated Buddhist tope, of which it is
is
encamping ground is M^nikyala, where is surprising that Jah&ngir makes no mention. *
A
later traveller,
speaking of this country,' says truly,
a country so dovoif^ of flp.y pretension to beauty." 5
It can
unknown
scarcely be called
to the cast of the
Ilindf.
Jumna.
— Baron
"I
never passed through
Hiigel's Travels, p. 238.
It prevails throughout the Panjib, but
is
35
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
As
empties itself into a tank.
charms,
remained
I
short
a
there for
Gakkhurs what the depth specific answer,
the place was not destitute of time.
We
and added, "
have heard
enter it."
I
swam round
and on
it,
our fathers
frotn
wound and
that there are alligators in this water, which
every animal that goes into
asked the
I
They gave no
of the water was.
no
this account
kill
dares
ofie
ordered a sheep to be thrown into the vater, which
came out
the whole tank, and
ordered a swimmer to go therefore evident that
in,
and he
emerged
was no foundation
there
The breadth
Grakkliurs asserted.
also
After that I
safe.
of this water
It
save.
was
what the
for
about a bow-
is
shot.
On Monday
encamped
I
The Gakkhurs
Kharbuza.
at
in
former days erected a domed structure here, in which they used
As
to collect tolls from travellers.
melon,
On means a
was
it
the
dome
shape like a
is in
Kharbuza.
called
Tuesday, the 11th, the camp moved to Kala-paRi, which in Hindi " black water." On this march there occurs
hill called
Mar,
Margalla.^
in
Hindi, signifies " to rob on the
liighway," and galla^ " a caravan,"
Up
caravans are plundered.
the country
— that
this
Gakkhurs.
the
of
to
is, it
is
extend;-
a place where
the boundary of
These fellows
strange
are
animals, always squabbling and fighting with one another. did
all
" The
I
life
could
to
of fools
is
On Wednesday, Abdal.
About a
effect
a reconciliation, but without
held very cheap in troublous times."
encamping ground was
our
kos to the east of
tliis
road to Kabul there
'
no stream
like
this,
are two or three of the
Singh raised a small the water flows.
is
edifice in
a cascade,
is
On
the wJiole
but on the road to
same kind.
Raja
Man
the middle of the basin whence
There are several
The road has been improved
Baba Hasan
place there
over which the water flows with great rapidity.
Kashmir thence
I
effect.
fish in
it,
of half or a quarter
since this Emperor's time.
There
is
a substantial
stone pavement through the pass, which from a Persian inscription on a rock appears to
have been erected iu a.h. 1084, by "the strong-handed
Khin Mahibat
Shik.oh."
36
WA'KrAT-I JAHANGIRr. I stayed three days at this charming spot,
of a yard long.
drank wine with iny intimate companions. sport in
the
way
of fishing.
thrown the Safra
and
which
net,
ceeded in getting twelve
and
them go again
let
and people acquainted
in
noted spot there
Mir Khusru may
of
pure and
Khwafi, who was
fields
man
for a long
erected a small
in the
Kliwaja Shamsu-d din
time the minister of ray respected
summer-house there/ and excavated a
and jiardens with the means of
domed tomb
built a
for himself, but
flows,
was not
Hakim Abu-1 Fath
Humam, who
were the most intimate friends of
whom" he entrusted
all
supplying the Close to
irrigation. it
buried there.
to
foot of the
depth of night could see the
which the water of the spring
cistern into
Hasan Abdal was, The most
and the following verse " The water is so it,
clear,
sand at the bottom."
particles of
father,
IJaba
specific information.
well be applied to
transparent, that a blind
small
who
where a spring issues from the
is
It is exceedingly
hill.
I asked the inhabitants
the water.
me any
to this time " Bhanwar Jdl'
strung pearls in their noses,
I
witli history
but no one could give
call
with
it
fish.
and
had some
To throw this net is a mattei my own hand, and suc-
one of the commonest kind.
is
of some difficulty, but I tried
also
had never, up
I
Hindi they
in
I
Gilani and his brother
his secrets,
it
he
his fate to be
my
Hakim
father,
and
were buried there by his
orders.^
On
the 15th I
encamped
Amardi, a most extraordinary
at
green plain, in which you cannot see a kind.
At
this place
and
in the
mound
or hillock of
any
neighbourhood there are seven
It is probable that this is the place now occupied by Sikh Granthis, who have up there the panja, or hand, of Btiba Xanak, and have established the cistern as Considering at what a late period this place a sacred spot where the}' feed fat fisli. came under the dominion of the Sikhs, it is cuiious that popular feeling should concur iu the new belief that BabO. Nanak visited the spot and performed the miracle ascribed to him, which is recorded by our mcdurn travellers who have visited '
set
the spot. 2
There
is
an old tomb in this situation, -now domcless, which
lace indicated.
The inhabitants say some prince
Jahan Bcgam, but she
is
is
is
no doubt the
buried there, some say
NQr
buried not far from Jahangir, at Shahderah, in au elegant
structure like a bdrddari (summer-house),
now
falling rapidly to ruin.
—
37
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
or eight thousand houses of Khat'irs
and Dilazaks, who practise
every kind of turbulence, oppression, and highway robbery.
I
gave orders that the sarkdr of Attak, as well as this tract of
made over to Zafar Khan, the son of Zain Kh4n Koka, and I gave him directions, that before the return of the royal camp from -Kabul, he should march off the whole of country, should be
the Dilazaks towards Lahore, and should seize the chiefs of the
Khaturs, and keep them in prison and
On Monday,
fetters.^
the 17th, I encamped near the fort of Attak,^
on the banks of the river Nilab, after making one march intermediately.
of 2500.
the
At
this place I
This
direction
fort,
which
full,
is
to the
rank
very strong, was constructed under
and superintendence of Khwdja Shamsu-d din
my
Khwdfi by order of very
Khan
promoted Mahabat
In these days the Nilab was
father.
insomuch that the bridge consisted of eighteen boats,
The
over which people passed with great ease and security..
Amiru-l Umara was
so
weak and
sick, that I left
and as the country around Kabul was not able
him
at Attak,
to subsist so large
His orders appear to have been faithfully executed, for there are now no There are some in Hazara, who call themselves Turks. Of the Khaturs there are still several villages, such as Wake, Kate, etc., and the fertile plain of Khatur is still called after their name. They called themselves Mughals, and also say they were converted R&jpCits, whose original seat was Dehli. Others say their name is owing to their being converted Khattris, others because they pnictise ^
Dilaz4ks here.
agriculture {kheti).
The
little
can give about themselves Dilazaks Elphinstone says
is
:
information which the people of this neighbourhood as remarkable
— "All
now
as in
Jahangir's time.
Of
the
the lower valley of the Caubul. all the plain of
Pesh&wer, with part of Bajour, ChuBh Huzaurab, and the countries east of them, as far as the Hydaspes, belonged to the
The country between
Afghaun
tribe of Dilazauk,
which
is
now
Hindoo Coosh on both sides of the Indus, formed the kingdom of Swaut, which was inhabited by a distinct nation, and ruled by Sult&n Oneiss, whose ancestors had long reigned over that country. The Ghorees descended to Peshawer in the reign of Cawmraun, the son of Baubar, and with the assistance of that prince drove the Dilazauks across the Indus of that numerous and powerful tribe, there are now only two or three villages to the west of the Indus. There are, however, some thousand Dilazauks on the Indian side of the river." Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii. almost extii-pated.
the Dilazauks and the range of
;
pp. 12, 56. ^
At
that period the place
was
called Attak Ban&ras, as it is
now
in the vicinity
[See suprd. Vol. V. p. 443.] Ban&ras is a small ruinous town, about a mile to the east of the fort, where the tomb and garden of Bair5.m Beg, the
of the place
itself.
guardian of Akbar, are
still
conspicuous.
*
WAKI'AT-I JAHANOmr. a camp as accompanied one
uie, I
to cross the river except
main camp being ordered
On Wednesday,
38
ordered the hakhshis to allow no
my own
to wait at
and household
friends
Attak
till
my
;
the
return.
the 19th, I embarked with the Prince and a
few attendants on a
and passing over the Nilab
raft,
^
in safety,
landed on the bank of the Kama,'-^ the river which flows under
These
Jalalabad.
and placed on
Here they
bamboos and
I gave 12,000 rupees to left
grass,
them
Jdl^^
safer
than boats.*
call
where there are many stones, they are
rivers
were
are composed of
rafts
inflated skins.
Mir Sharif KmdXi and the
and
officers
on duty at Lahore, to be distributed to the poor
;
in
who and
Razak M'amurl and Bihari Das, make arrangements for supplying party who had been left behind with
orders were given to 'Abdu-r
paymaster of the Ahadis,
to
with every necessary the Zafar Khan.
From that ground we moved, one march intervening, to my camp near Sarai Bara. On the opposite side of the river Kama there is a fort,^ built by Zain Khan Koka, when he was appointed to
exterminate the Yusufzal Afghans.
It
Naushahra, and nearly 50,000 rupees were expended
They
struction.
report
that
His
Majesty
wolves in these parts, and I have heard
my
is
called
in its con-
Humdyun
hunted
father say, that he
' The river is not now known by this name, since the town of NiUib has declined, and Attak has risen. From the north-east downwards it is called Abbasfn, and from Attak to K&labagb, the Attals. By the Ilindtis of that neighbourhood it is frequently called the Sind, under which name they read of it in their iShfisters.
^
This name
is
derived from a fort nearly opposite Jalalabad, at the junction of
the Kuiier with the river which Englishmen call the also called the
the
Kima,
is
K&ma
now
;
Kabul
river.
The Kuner
is
but the lower part of the K&bul river, which Jahangir calls
generally
known
as the
Lundyc, or Landa.
The Lundye proper
Panjkora country, and flows nearly due south into the Kabul river, Lieut. Macartney says that the stream is called the Kama from opposite Peshawar. Jalalabad as far as Peshawar. •Elphiustone's Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii. p. 473. rises in the
—
' *
now the term. Any one who has tried
Juld
is
these convenient floats can testify to this.
Panj&b an inverted bed then cviWQa- Kha-ndo, " a bed-boat."
rivers of the
'
In the upper
usually placed on two skins, and the float
is now a Naushahra on either side of the bank the Kala-paui enters the Lundye.
There
Yiisufzai
is
river.
is
Near the town of the
39 had
EMPEROR JAHANGFR. liimself attended
father two or three times
his
on these
excursions.
On
Tuesday, the 25th, I moved to
Beg Kabuli,
S?.r&i
Ahmad
Daulatdbad.
the jdgirddr of Peshawar, brought the Yusufzai
and Ghoryd-khail
chiefs
was not pleased with
As
with him to pay their respects.
his
services,
I
I
removed him from the
government of that country, and bestowed
upon Sher Khan
it
Afghan.
On Wednesday,
the 26th, I arrived at the garden of Sardar
Khan, near Peshawar. amongst the Jogis,
Ghorkhatri, a famous place of worship in this neighbourhood,
is
in the possible chance of seeing
I
might derive advantage; but such a man
Philosopher's Stone or tlie^Anka; and
small fraternity without any
and
went to see
I
some/a^ir, from whose society
it
all
rare as the
as
is
that I saw was a
knowledge of God, the sight of
whom filled my heart with nothing but regret. On Thursday Jamrud was our encamping ground. On Friday we went through the Khaibar Pass, and encamped at 'All Masjid.i * * *
A On
Hindu Murderer.
the same day (3rd Safar) Kaliyau, son of E,4ja Bikramajit,
arrived from
Many
Gujarat.
mean and
reported of this other atrocities
is
heinous deeds
vicious
that he kept a
hamniadan persuasion
his
in
of villany
house, and for fear of being dis-
covered, he killed her father and mother, and buried
house.
he should be fed at
the same
and that
mess as the dog-keepers and
Sir
H. M.
Elliot's translation.
A
note states that he deemed
Baty to carry the translation of this itinerary further.] *
life,
*
sweepers.
/
in his
After conviction I ordered that his tongue should
be cut out,* that he should be kept in prison for
[End
them
ordered him to be imprisoned until the facts were
I
ascertained.
•
were
One among his character. common woman of the Mu-
[This excision of the tongue
is
not mentioned in some
MSS.]
it
unneces-
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
40
Bdbar's Memoirs.
With
the object of acquiring information about the history of
Kabul, I used to read the Wdki'dt-i Bdba four parts {juzw),
was written with
•/,
which,
his (Babar's)
except
all
own hand.
To
complete the work I copied these parts {ajzd) myself, and at the
end
added some paragraphs
I
Hindustan, yet
am
I
Turkish language, to show
in the
Although
that they were written by me.
was brought up
I
in
not deficient in reading and writing Turki.
Prince Khusru.
On
the 12th I
summoned Khusru
my
to
presence,
and ordered
the chains to be put off from his legs, and that he should be
allowed to walk in the garden of Shahr-ard, for ray paternal affection
had not
so far departed as to induce
indulgence. * * *
me
to deprive
him of this
Although Khusru had been repeatedly
guilt}'
of improper actions, and was deserving of a thousand punish-
ments, yet paternal affection did not allow
To
me
to take his
life.
bear with such wicked proceedings was incompatible with the
rules of
government and policy
;
yet
I
overlooked his offences, and
he was kept in great comfort and ease.
had sent people
to several vile
It
was discovered that he
and wicked characters, and by pro-
mises had instigated them to raise disturbances, and to attempt
my
Some
life.
of these wretched, shortsighted people conspired
together and formed the design of destroying in
hunting at Kabul and
vidence
is
its
vicinity
;
me
while engaged
but as the favour of Pro-
the protector and preserver of kings, they found no
opportunity to commit that crime. at Surkhab,
Tbe day on which
Kuraishi, the diwdn of Prince Khurram, and said 50(y
I
halted
one of the conspirators hastily came to Khwaja
insurgents, with
Fathu-Ua,
Niiru-d din, son of Ghiyasu-d din
son
of
Hakim
that about
Abii-l
AH, Asaf Khan, and
Fath, Sharif,
son of Ftimadu-d daula, were, at the instigation of Khusru, on the watch for a suitable opportunity of
me.
The Khwaja immediately
making an attack upon
reported the matter to
Khurram,
^'
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
who
in great perturbation instantly
came and informed me.
I
blessed the Prince, and resolved to take measures for the appre-
hension of
those imprudent persons, and for treating
all
But again
with every kind of severe punishment. that as I was
now on
them
thought
I
a journey, their pursuit would cause the
disturbance and dispersion of
my
camp, and accordingly only the
chief insurgents were captured.
Fathu-lla
Khan was
placed in
some trustworthy persons, while the two
prison, in charge of
with three or four more ringleaders of those
other wretches,
cursed revolters, were killed.
Third Year of the Reign. The
third
Nauroz
my
after
happy
occurred on Thursday, the 2nd of Zi-1 the
of Farwardin,
1st
accession hijja,
the throno
to
corresponding with
and the world-enlightening Sun,
leaving the sign of Pisces, entered that of Aries.
The
of Nauroz was celebrated in the village of Rankata, which the distance of five kos from the city of Aigra. * * *
As I
now went
if I
consider that I went to visit
determined that
I therefore
and then,
my
my
the magnificent sepulchre of
thought that
birth,
manner
I
as
my
also
upon
would proceed
my
was on
it
my
road,
direct to the city,
with his vow respecting
foot from Aigra to Ajmir,
head
at
ignorant people would
I
a distance of two and a half Acs. this distance
it,
only because
walk from the
is
father was on the road,
it
father, in accordance
had gone on would
to see
after
festival
in
the same
city to his splendid sepulchre,
Would
t]\^A I
could have gone
!
n Saturday, the 5th of the month, at noon, in an auspicious
hojr, I set out towards the city.
5000 rupees
to the beggars,
along the whole way,
On
till
I
who
As
I
went,
I distributed
about
lined both sides of the road
entered
my
palace within the fort.
Nar Shigh Deo brought to me a white Though among animals of other species, both qiiad-
the same day. Raja
leopard.
rupeds and birds, there
may
be some of white colour, distinguishes
WAKrAT-I JAHANOrRr. by the name of touighun^^ yet a
up
to
tliis
On
who
lield
8th of Muharram, a.h. 1016, J:ilalu-d dni
tbe rank of 400, and was not destitute of
shown valour which was more
courage, and in several actions had
nearly allied
between
fifty
and took
leopard I bad never seen
Vvliite
time.
Thiirsc' \y, tbe
Mas'iid,
42
it
rashness, e::pired of dysentery at
to
He
and sixty years. breaking
after
often received
was piucb addicted
to
age of
opium,
He
into small pieces like cheese.
it
When
from the hands of his mother.
it
tlie
gvew worse, and symptoms of death were
visible,
his illness
she took a large
quantity of the same opium which she used to give him, and died
To
a few minutes after he departed this world. matei'nal love for a son has never been heard
amonsr the Hindus that
this time such It
of.
women burn themselves
is
a custom
alive after the
death of their husbands, cither through affection, or for the sake of the honour and reputation of their fathers and relations
known
a thing like this was never
whether among the
On
MuhammaJans
the 15th of the
horses on Kaja,
Man
I entertained for iiim.
son of Raja
Man
As suir,
which
of 80,000 rupees on account of one
mchak}
Mukarrab Kiian
which was so beautifully made that
any work of the Faringis equal to
On
sent
mv
Seraglio,
I
had never seen
before.
and the nuptial ceremonies were performed
in the residence of Mariam-i
which Raja
As
it
the 4th of Rabi'u-l awwal, the daughter of Jagat Sing
entered
I
kj
»j
Man
siud in the
[I'riseutatiou of
Among
other valuables
Singh sent with her were sixty elephants.
was very anxious is
Zaman.
to extirpate the liana, I
Turki Dictionary
not tound in Uictiardson's Diction ry. *
tlie affection
from the Port of Kambhait (Kambay) a piece of European
tapestry,
is
my
bestowed the finest of
had asked Jagat Singh, the eldest
I
of the nuptial ceremonies, called
*
I
Singh, for the hand of his daugiiter, I sent to
the Kaja, on the 16th, a
me
done by any mother,
consequence of
in
but
or Hindus.
same month
Singh
to be
;
Bimm
to the bride.]
to
mean
determined
exclusively a white
hawk.
It
43
EMPEROR JAHANOrR.
Kh4n
send Mahabat
to
command,
besides
eighty
or
camel-swivels, and sixty elephants.
twenty
Khan-khdnan, who was
my
He
was
visit.
know whether he
to
and
elephant
ordered a treasure of
my
came from Burhanpur,
so -anxious to see me, that he did
feet.
raised up his head with
took him in
preceptor,
cam.e on foot or head.
my
in great agitation at I
I also
and
artillery
lacs of rupees to be sent with this army.
and paid me a not
guns,
liorse,
under his
officers,
500 Ahadis, 2000 musketeers,
number of seventy
the
and placed 12,000
ap^ainst liim,
with some experienced
perfectly equipped,
my
With
Tie threw himself
great kindness and favour
much
hands, and with
arms and kissed
He
his face.
affection
presented
me
with two rosaries of rubies and pearls, and several rubies and emeralds, to the value of three lacs of rupees, besides
many
other
articles of all sorts. * * *
On
the
tanks in
Kdsim
22ud Xsaf Khan presented me with a rnby seven weight, which was purchased by his brother Abu-l
in the
port of
Kambhait
for
and form were exceedingly good, but
75,000 rupees. in
my
Its colour
opinion
w^o not
it
worth more than 60,000 rupees.
On
24th the sons of Khan-khanan, who
the
after liim, also arrived
me
and paid their
On
with 25,000 rupees.
sented
me
which freely allowed
itself to
There
of.
is
cominir
also pre-
This day a doe was brought,
be
milked,
Such a doe
I
and produced four
had never seen or heard
no difference of taste between the milk of a doe
and that of a cow or a female for
w^ere
They presented
same day the Khan
ihe
with ninety elephants.
sers of milk every day.
respects.
buffalo.
It is said to be a
remedy
asthma.
On
the 11th
tions for the
was ordered
Raja
Man
Singh, -in order to
make
equipment of the army of the Dakhin, to
native country.
proceed, I
his prepara^'ji'Vitr
he
asked for leave to go to Amber, his
granted his request, and gave him an elephant,
which was called Hushiyar Mast.
On
the 21st
Khan-khanan, having undertaken
to suppress all
WAKI'AT-I
44
.TAHi^LNGFRr.
the disturbances which had arisen in the territory of Nizamu-1
Mulk
at the death of the Late
which he engaged that
if
Emperor, wrote ajocument,
he did not successfully perform this
two years, ho would confess himself
service within
in
liable to
punishment, provided only that, besides the army which was already in the province, a force of 12,000 horse and a treasure of ten lacs of rupees be placed at his disposal.
he should immediately be provided
army, and gave him leave
wHh
ordered that
I
every equipment for the
to proceed to his duty.
As Kishen Singh, the youngest maternal uncle of Khurram, had rendered many valuable services while with Mahabat Khan, and in the engagement with the army of the Rana had received a spear-wound in his foot, had killed twenty of the Rana's distinguished
officers,
and captured about 3000 men, he was now
2000 personal
raised to the rank of
salary,
and the command
of 1000 horse. * * *
On Tuesday sepulchre of
upon
vow
my
the 17th, T went on foot to see the resplendent
my
If
father.
eye-lashes or
my birth,
respecting
on a pilgrimage to the
my
could, I
I
had gone on
When
eyes.
tomb, an I
if I
1
were to go I
father,
this
it
this distance
when he made a
from Fathpiir to Ajmir
foot
slirine of the great
Chishti, a space of 120 Aos, and
very oreat
would travel
My
head.
would
Khwaja Mu'iim-d din be nothing
therefor-e
short distance upon
my
had obtained the good fortune of
head or
visiting the
had examined the building which was erected over
did not find
it
to
my
liking.
My
intention vras, that
it
it,
should
be so exquisite that the travellers of the world could not say
they had seen one like
While the work was
it
in
any part of the inhabited
in progress, in consequence of the rebellious
conduct of the unfortunate Khusru,
towards
own
''".ahore.
taste,
earth.
The
I
was obliged
builders had built
it
to
march
according to their
and had altered the original design
at
their
dis-
The whole money had been thus expended, and the work had occupied three or four years. I ordered thao clever architects, acting in concert with some intelligent persons, shoyld cretion.
EMi^EROli JAHANGFR.
45 down the
pull
parts which I pointed
objectionable
By
out.
degrees a very large and magnificent building was raised, with
a nice garden round
entered by a lofty gate, consisting of
it,
The
minarets made of white stone.
me
building was reported to
and
'Irak,
to
forty-five Jacs o^ khdnis of
On Sunday,
the 23rd,
I
went
who had not
I
seen
it.
each way, and by
its
50,000 tumdtis of
to
Turan. house of liakim 'Ali, to
to the
which was made
see the reser'^oir, like one
father in Lahore.
expense of this large
total
amount
time of
in the
was accompanied by a body of attendants
The side
size of the reservoir
was
it
through the
water, but not a drop could penetrate the chamber. large that ten or twelve persons could sit in
me
to
honoured the
examine
Hakim
it,
I
Timur.
It
articles
returned
Portuguese believed
tlie
to
was so pre-
he could produce
my
palace,
all
my
having
with the rank of 2000. * *
the 6th of Zi-1 hijja, Mukarrib
stating that
It
The Hakim
it.
After seeing the chamber, and allowing
at the time.
On
money and
there with what
attendants
six yards
was made a chamber, which was ex-
ceedingly well lighted, and which had a passage to
sented
my
Khan it
to
sent
me
a picture,
be the portrait of
was represented that, at the time when Ilderim
Bayazid was taken prisoner by the victorious army of that Emperor, a Christian, who was then the governor of Istambol, sent an ambassador with presents to offer terms of submission.
He
was accompanied by a painter, who drew a portrait of the
Emperor, and on his return carried
to his
away with him.
If this
my opinion there could not have been a more ouriositj' in my possession but ac it bore no resemblance
had been valuable
it
true, in
;
royal descendants,
I
was not
at all satisfied of the truth
of the statement.
Fourth. Year of the Reign. [The Nauroz of the Fourth Year
fell
on tha 14th ZI-1
hijja,
1017 (llth March, 1609). It
had now becoive manifest
that, to secure the settlement of
—
WAKrAT-I JAHANGrRr.
46
the Dakliin, one of the Princes must be sent thither, and I
accordingly resolved upon sending Parwez.^]
Fifth Year of the Reign. [The Nau-roz of the Fifth Year
on the 24tli
fell
Zi-1 hijja,
1018 (10th March, 1610).] Outbreak at Patna.
[On the 19th
my
of TIrdibihisht, in the fifth year of
wonderful event took place in Patna, which
When
of the governor of the province of Bihar.
reign, a
the chief residence
is
Afzal Khan,
the governor of the province, was about to march to Gorakpur,
which had been recently conferred on him at about sixty kos distance from
in jdgir,
and which
the city in charge of Shaikh Banaras- and Ghiyas Zain the diicdn, and other mansahdars
no enemy in the country,
It
happened that
person of tTch, by
;
and
city.
absence a turbulent and
in his
name Kutb, came
made
friends with
prison, he
some people of notorious
Khusru, and said
had come there
him should share
;
seditious
in the habit of a fciki)\
into the territory of TJjjainiya, which lies near Patna,
himself to be
KhanI
but thinking that there was
never thought of making provision
lie
for the security of the fort
character, declared
having
that,
and having
escaped from
and that those who joined and helped
in his success.
With such
false
words, he
assured those foolish people of the truth of his pretensions.
had been branded
his eyes
lies
Patna, he placed the fort and
in
As
days gone by, he told those people
•hat while he was in prison hot cups had been tied over his eyes,
which had lecting a
left
that mark.-
number
By
tiiese
of horse and foot.
means he succeeded
As
in col-
had Khan's absence from Patna, they the opportunity, and having entered the city, these insurgents
received intelligence of Afzal
took advantage of '
Khan was
[Asaf
sent with
him
as his atdlik or tutor.
Ikbdl-ndma, Ma-dsir-i
JahdugiriJ] ^
[An attempt had been made
to blind KhusrCi.
See
iiifrd,
Extract from I)ttikhdb-i
Jdhdiigir-Sltdh /.]
VOL. VI.
21
;
EMPEROR JAHANOrR. 47 made an attack upon the fort. On one occasion Shaikh Banarasi, who was in the fort, being confounded, came down to the gate Then but the enemy pushed in, and would not let him close it. he went with Ghiyas, and getting out of a window on the side,
they procured a boat, and endeavoured to make
to Afzal
The sion of
A
way
Khan. with success, entered the
rebels, flushed all
the property of Afzal Khan, and
number
The
suburbs also joined with them.
Khan
arrived
also
took posses-
city
and
intelligence of this outrage
Gorakpur, and
in
fort,
the royal treasure.
all
and adventurers of the
of the vagabonds
reached Afzal
Ghiyas
river-
their
Shaikh Banarasi and
Several letters from the city
by water.
stated that the pretender was only an impostor, and had falsely
Afzal Khan, depending upon
assumed the name of Khusni.
God and
the favour of
my
the aid of
marched against the insurgents. Patna.
The enemy having
left
marched out both horse and
fortunate star, immediately
In
lie
arrived at
one of their leaders
in the fort,
Punpun,
fort,
A
evening.
They
impostor at
The Khan,
when
helpless, to
and
shot about thirty
last,
had become
Khan,
Afzal
his
into confinement.
In panic they rushed
there
men with
held
I
the
The
to the presence of Afzal
Khan.
him
to death
on the same
who had been captured
was informed of
this outbreak, I
Shaikh Ban4rasi, Ghiyas Rihani, and the other to Agra.
till
and he
rebellion, put
I
out
their arrows. to hell,
day, and sent several of his followers
When
so closely, that
companions were going
came out
quash the
number of them Aed
Khan pursued them
bat Afzal
he prevented them from shutting the gate. into the house of
in array of battle.
the insurgents, after a slight resist-
ance, took to flight in consternation.
back into the
and took post
foot to oppose him,
at four kos from the city, on the river
The engagement began, and
days
five
officers
had
brought
then ordered that their heads and beards should be
shaved, and that they should be dressed in sordid garments, and
be paraded round the city on to
them and
as a
warning
tlie
backs of asses, as a punishment
to ethers.]
WAKI'AT
T
TAilANGrRr.
43
Affairs of the Dakhin.
[On the 2nd before me.
I
Khan-khanan eame
i^ban,
to present himself
had received many complaints, true or untrue,
about him, so I was estranged from him, and did not treat him
with that kindness and attention which I had ever shown him,
my
and which I had seen
venerable father show him.
He had
been sent on service to the Dakhin for a certain time, in attend-
He
ance upon Prince Parwez. this important
duty
and other amirs had started on
but when he arrived at Burhanpur, regard-
;
time being unfavourable for operations, and the want
less of the
Parwez and the army
of supplies and necessaries, he led Sultan to the Balaghat.
amirs,
and
Ill-feeling
and discord prevailed among the
at length the grain
The men were reduced
be obtained for money. there was no
was exhausted, and none was to
means of
c^irrying the
to distress,
matter further.
camels, and other quadrupeds sank exhausted.
up a
sort of peace with the
and the army back
me many
brought
to
but I did not believe
from
Khan
all
So he patched
enemy, and conducted Sultan Parwez
Burhanpur.
letters
and
Horses,
This reverse and distress
of complaint against Kiian-khanau,
A
that was stated.
letter also
came
Jalian, in which he said, "All the disasters have
happened through the bad management of the Khan-khanan. Either confirm him in his command, or recall him to Court and appoint
me
to
perform the service.
a reinforcement, recover
all
I will
undertake in the course of two years to
the Imperial territory from the enemy, to take
har and other fortresses on the part of the Imperial dominions.
the period named,
As
If 30,000 horse are sent as
I will
the relations between
were unsatisfactory,
frontier,
and
to
Kandamake Bijapur a
If I do not accomplish this in
never show
my
face at
Khan-khanan and
I did not think
it
tiie
Court again." other sdrdars
right to uphold him, so I to the command. * *
removed him, and appointed Khan Jahan
From
the time of the conquest of
Ahmadnagar by my
late
brother Daniyal to the present, the place had been under the
command
of
Khwajd Beg Miiza
Safawi,
a relation of
Shdh
49
EMPEROR JAHANGfR. of Persia; but since their late successes, the Dakhini;
Tahmasp
had invested the town. Every eftort was made to defend the place, and Khan-khanan, and the other amirs who were with Parwez
Prince
Through the
Burhanpur,
at
marched*
relieve
to
fortli
and dissensions of the
jealousies
it.
and
leaders,
from want of supplies, the army was conducted by improper roads through mountains and difficult
time
was disorganized, and so much
it
was compelled
to retreat.
on this
and
force,
its
The hopes
retreat
filled
want of
and encourage them
them with
despatches arrived, and
it
They
despair.
did his best
but in vain, so he capitulated
;
When
on terms, and retired with his men to Burhanpur.
the
found that the Kliwaja had fought
I
bravely and done his best,
a short
in
food, that
of the garrison were fixed
Khwaja Beg Mirza
desired to evacuate the place. to console
and
nasses, in
T
promoted him
to a
mansah of 5000,
and gave him a suitable y^f/i/-.]
Sixth Year of the Reign.
[New Year's Day
of the sixth year
1020 (12th March, 1611).] * *
One
of the royal slaves,
carver, presented
ingenuity.
It
me
fell
on the Gth Muharram,
*
who was employed
was such a marvel as I had neither seen nor heard
of before, and therefore a brief description of
He
.ing.
had fixed within the
ivor}^, wliich
as an ornamental
with a most extraordinary instance of his
it
will be interest-
shell of a filbert a piece of
he had divided into four compartments.
contai-ns five individuals.
Two
painted
The
first
are wrestling with each other.,
the third stands with a spear, the fourth bears a heavy stone,
and the
fifth is sitting
a bow, and a
with his liands on the ground, with a
,<;up J>efore
him.
The second
port
staff,
reprcs.'^nt'?
throne, on which a king sits under a magnificent canopy, leg
is
back". frlie
crossed over the other, and he has a cu.shion behind
a
die hi.s
Five servants are in attendance round about him, and
shade of a tree spreads over the whole.
exhibits a party of rope-dancers.
Tliere
is
The
third part
a long bamboo Bvp-
WAKFAT-I JAHANGfRr. ported by three ropes.
One man
extraordinary attitude.
He
head by his
his
left
'dances upon the rope in an
holds his right leg at the back of
There
hand.
is
The second man
top of a stick.
cQ
a goat also standing on the a
beats
drum which hangs
round his neck, while the third person stands holding up his hands and looking at the rope.
Five individuals are also stand-
The
ing by him, one bearing a stick in his hand.
represents a large tree, under which Jesus Christ
man
is
bowing his head at the
sitting.
of Jesus, while an old
feet
Four other men
talking with him.
is
is
fourth part
are standing
by
One
man
his side.
In acknowledgment of this wonderful piece of workmanship, I
rewarded the
artist
with a handsome present and an increase of
his allowances. * * *
Regulations. It
had repeatedly come
frontier posts
were
rules
my
hearing, that the amirs at the
in the habit of requiring certain observances
which they had no
to
to
paying no regard to the established
right,
Accordingly, the bakhshis were ordered
and ordinances.
them from observing
to i&^ne farmans prohibiting
practices which are peculiar to emperors.
jharoka or window.^
2.
Not
1.
to give the amirs
in future those
Not
to sit at the
and sarddrs serving
under them the annoyance of their own chair or of requiring obeisance to the chair.^ to punish
nose or ears cut
Not
off.
5.
Not
Musulmdni) on any
{taUif-i [Not
1
3.
to
to
have elephant
any person by ordering him
show themselves
fights.
to be blinded, or to
4.
Not
have his
to forcibly
impose Musulmdn burdens
oue.^
Not
at tine
window
<^_jJ»-
^y^
6. to
to grant titles to their
he people, as was the practice of
emperors.] 2
[The words are JuuJ"
i^u:Jj
^*r>-
isLlt^lj
.
»
'—•^h^^ \,.S^T L^V
'^ 3
f*
-
The Ma-dsir repeats the exact words. The Ikbdl-ndma substitutes
^-Ua:»j
(servants of the State) for the
leaves out the second ehauki (chair).
The meaning
is
to sit in state themselves nor to require obeisance to
first
part of the sentence, and
perhaps this:
"They were not
an empty chair placed Ir
ilio
Emperor."]. ^
[This prohibition
is
not iepc(ited either iu the Ikhdl-tidma or Ma-dsir-i
/((/«;.,,
'
/.]
—
EMPEROR JAIIAXCrR.
51
8.
bow Not to
trouble the singers and musicians to give chairs after the
manner
servants.
Not
7.
require
to
tlie
servants of the State to
their bodies or to touch 'the ground before tbem.^
of a darhar?
9.
Noi
their going out. to
to
have the drums beaten at the time of
When
10.
they presented a horse or elephant
any man, whether a public or private servant, they were not
to require obeisance from
phanfs goad placed npon servants to walk on seals
upon
letters
him with a his back.
horse's bridle or an ele-
Not
11,
12.
foot in their retinue.
addressed to royal servants.
were promulgated under the
title
to make the royal Not to. place their
These
rules,
which
of A'in-i Jahdngt)% are
now
in force.
Seventh Year of the Reign.
[New
Day
Year"'s
seventh
of the
year
on the 17th
fall
Muharrara, 1021 (12th March, 1612).]
War
in Bengal.
[Just at this time, a despatch arrived from Islam Khan, with intelligence of the defeat of the
enemy, and the deliverance of
'Usman
the country of Bengal from the sway of
Before entering upon
Bengal may be recorded.
Chatgam
It is
Its length is
the second clime.
an extensive country, situated
450
(the port of Chittagong) to Garhi,
220
kos.
Its revenue
former times,
its
^
^
[To make kornish or .iS\i^
breadth, from
Madaran (Midnapur),
to sixty krors of ddms.^
1000 elephants, and 400 or 500 war
the time of Sher
[jkiiilj
its
In
governors always maintained 8000 horse, one
lac of foot soldiers,
From
amounted
and
in
from Bandar
kos, extending
the northern mountains to the province of is
the Afghan.
this subject, a few particulars respecting
Khan Afghan and
his sor^
boats.
Salim Khan,
taslim.'\
S^>- _
p-1^."
The n-hdl-ndma omits
,
this
interdict.
The
Ma-dsir transposes the words " chauki dddan " and reads " dddan-i chauki." There •would seem to be some conventional meaning of the words " takllf chauki," which was not generally understood even when these works were written. J *
[One kror and
fifty lacs
of rupees.
Jkbal-ndma.]
—
WAKI-AT-I .TAnANGrRr.
Lad remained
this country
When my Hfindustan,
he appointed an army
it
subdue
to
Strenuous
it.
conquest were for a long time maintained, and
was wrested from the hands of Daud Kirani, the
last vuler of the country,
and scattered by
From
the possession of the Af<^hans.^
in
revered lather mounted and adorned the throne of
efforts to effect its
at length
52
Khan
who was
and
killed,
his forces defeated
Jahan.
that time to the present the country has been governed
by servant* of the Empire, excepting only a remnant of Afghans
who remained
By
and on the borders of the country.
in the recesses
dejirees these fell into trouble
and
distress,
country was annexed to the Imperial
ascended the throne, in the
Man
my
kohaltd&h Kutbu-d din
my
When
reign,
of the country, and
him.
succeed
to
I
I recalled
Soon
he was assassinated by one of the turbulent
after his arrival,
who met with
characters of the country, killed.*
year of
who had long been governor
Singh,
appointed
first
and the whole
dominions.
whom
Jah^n^ir Kuli Khan,
his
reward and was
had made a commander
I
of 5000, was governor of the province of Bihar, and was near to Bengal, so I ordered sion of the country.
d,farmdn
him
Islam
to Liin, granting
and directing him
Islam
Khan
On
Khan was
him
and take posses-
then at i^gra, and
1 sent
the province of Bihar in jdgir^
to proceed there.
not been long there when he the climate.
to proceed thither
fell ill,
Jahangir Kuli
Khan had
and died from the
effects of
receiving intelligence of his death, I appointed
to succeed
ceed thither with
all
him, and sent directions for him to pro-
speed, leaving Bihar in charge -of Afzal
Khan.
On my servants
appointing him to made remarks upon
this
great
service,
hia youth and
some of
my
want of experience,
but I perceived that he had nobility of character and talents, so I selected him. 1
2
The
result has been, that
he has brought the
["After the death of Salim Kh&n, SulairaSin Kir&ni ruled over [Sher-Afgan,
ndma.'}
first
husband of N(ir
Jabkn.— See
it.
post, Extracts
"
Ikhdl-ndma.\
from the Ikhdl.
EMPEROR JAIIANOrR.
53
country into a state of order, such as no one of his predecessors
had ever been
in the office
signal services has been
During the reign of
my
One of his most 'Usman the Afghan.
-able to acconipHsli.
suppression of
tlie
had continual
father, the royal forces
encounters with this man, but were unable to subdue him
Islam Klian took up his quarters at Dacca, to bring the zaminddrs of that vicinity to submission, and he formed the design of sending an army against
make
to
'Usman and
his country, to induce
profession of allegiance, or else to exterminate
Khan was at this time with was appointed to command the force ap-
his turbulent followers.
Islam Khan, and he
Shuja'at
Several other of the servants of the
pointed for this service. State, such as *
*,
When
were sent with him. * *
they arrived
near 'Usman's fortress and country, some able speakers
him
to advise
good subject
to,
vv'ere
sent
renounce his rebellious habits, and to become a
but he was too proud and ambitious.
;
him
him and
He
cherished
the design of subduing tbis country, and had other projects in
He
his head.
He
battle.
would not
surrounded by water and attack,
to
a word, but got ready for
to
listen
took a position in a village on the bank of a ndla^
and arranged
'Usman had not intended
marsh. his
Khan
Sluija'at
forces
tbeir respective places.
in
to fight that
determined
day
;
but wben he heard
that the Imperial forces were in motion, he mounted and rode to
the bank of the ndla to arrange
The first
battle began,
and the
men.
iiis
fight
and encountered the advanced
force.
commanders of the attacking
force
commander
the
and was
killed
After a sharp struggle, the
were
Iftikhar
killed.
fighting, while his
In the
men fought
left
wing
also
desperately
till
Kishwar Klian
after performing great deeds of valour.
Although the enemy had
lost
many men,
their intrepid leader
conceived a well-devised and skilful movement.^ V
Khan,
of the right wing, showed no want of gallantry,
they were cut to pieces. fell,
At the very
waxed warm.
the bold rebel, mounted on a fierce elephant, pushed forward
[He was very
fat
and heavy, and rode ou an elephant
in a
He knew
howda.
that
— Ikbul-ndma.]
54
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr. the commanders of the advance and of the right and
had
fallen,
but that the centre remained.
dead and wounded, he made a
fierce assault u^ion
The
sons and brothers and
some
others, cast themselves in his
and fought desperately tooth and slain,
and such
The
cuts,
One
them were
one, attacked
it
care for that ? it
Shuja'at
He
then wounded
it it
did not turn, but sought
to bear down both the Khan and his horse. from his horse, he shouted " Jahangir Shah
fore-legs with a
of
Shuja'at drew his sword and gave
?
twice with his dagger, but even then
to his feet.
and panthers,
with his spear, but wliat does such an
it
but what did
many
nail, till
leading elephant, a very fierce
animal care for a spear
like lions
the centre.
were severely wounded.
as survived
Khan, and he wounded two
way
wings
Khan, with
Shuja'at
relatives of
left
So, he~ed)ess of h'S
As !
he was thrown
" and then sprung
of his attendants struck the elephant on his
two-handed sword, and brought him
to his knees.
Shuja'at and his attendant then threw his driver to the ground,
and with the same dagger he wounded the elephant
in the
and forehead so that he shrieked with pain and turned back. animal had received so
many wounds,
that he
fell
trunk
The
on reaching
the enemy's ranks. Shuja'at Khan's horse got up unhurt
;
but while he was mount-
ing, the baffled foe drove another elephant against the standard-
"bearer of Shuja'at
Khan,
to
overthrow both horse and standard.
Shuja'at raised a shout of warning to the standard-bearer, and cried,
"Act
like a
man,
I
am
yet alive."
Every man near the
standard directed his arrow, his dagger, or his sword against the Shuja'at Khan bade the standard-bearer arise, and elephant. calling for another horse,
made him remount and again
raise the
standard.
During rebel
this struggle, a musket-ball struck the forehead of the
commander, but the hand which
though .inquiry was made.
'Usman
fell
back, for he
watches and a
half,
As
knew
fired
it
was never known,
soon as he received the wound,
was mortal. Still for two wound, he kept urging his
tliat it
in spite of his
EMPEROR JAHi^NOrR.
55
men
and the
on,
the foe
and slaughter was continued.
fight
gave way, and the troops pursued them
they had
Still
fortified.
At
length
to the position
they kept up a discharge of arrows
and muskets, and prevented the royal Torces from obtaining an entrance.
When Wall
Mamrez
the brother, and
the son, of 'Usman, and
wound he had
other of his friends, were informed of the severe
knew
received, they
that he could not survive
made
that if after sucli a defeat they broke and nesses, not one of
them would escape and
in their position for the night,
day
to their fortresses.
and
in the following
leaving
Upon
all
;
so
they also reflected
;
they resolved to remain
to escape just before break of
At midnight 'Usman
hearing of their
made
Khan
flight, Shiija'at
Islam, son of
proposed to pursue
pursuit.
Khan and came
but the exhaus-
With
these fresh troops he started
of this,
{^resolved to
rebels,
ask for peace).
on
Shuja'at
the other officers accepted the proposition, and granted
with other tribute.
and the sons and
AVali,
into the Imperial
relations of
'Usman,
camp, and presented forty-nine elephants,
Khan
Shuja'at
then
left
some
the country held by the enemy, while he carried
Afghan
'Abdu-1
chagrin.
Wall, who was now the leader of the
Next day
terms.
;
arrived with several officers,
informed
being
great
his
and
Mu'azzam Khan, now
GOO horse, and 400 gunners. in
to
his body,
and the tending of
tion of the troops, the burying of the dead,
wounded, prevented him,
off"
off to their strongholds.
them, and not give them time to draw breath
the
departed, to hell,
watch the enemy, carrying
their equipage standing,
for their fast-
forces to
watch
Wall and
his
prisoners to Jahdngir-nagar (Dacca), which he entered
on the 6th Safar, and waited on Islam Khan. * * In reward of this service, I raised
gave Shuja'at
Khan
mansah of 1000.]
On one of
Islam the
title
to the dignity of 6000, and I " of Kustam of the age," with a
* * *
the 16th of the
my
Khan
month
chief, confidential
of Farwardin,
Mukarrab Khan,
and oldest nobles, having received
WA'KI'AT-I JAII.VNGI'Iir.
5^
command of 2000 horse, gained the presented to me on his arrival from Kambay. considerations induced me to depute him to the
the dignity of 3000, and the
honour of being Certain political
seaport town of Goa,^ to visit the ivazir or ruler of that place. I
further asked
which might
him
to purchase certain articles procurable there,
my
suit
In obedience to orders, he set out
taste.
directly for that harbour,
and resided there
for a long time.
He
did not regard the expense, but purchased several articles from
the Feringis, at any price they asked.
On
his return,
a few animals which excited
No
seen before.
curiosity,
and which
in his
Memoirs given an
But
life.
rarity,
these were
had never
able descrip-
and pictured representation of several animals
most probable he never ordered the painters the
I
one even knew their names.
The Emperor Babar has tion
my
he presented
Amongst
the precious things he had bought in Goa.
as the animals
now
before
drawn
but
it
is-
draw them from
me were
of such exquisite
I wrote a description of them, and order
pictures should be
;
to
1
that their
in the Jahdngir-ndyna, with the
view
that their actual likenesses might afford a greater surprise to the
One
reader than the mere description of them.
resembled a peahen, but ^yas a
When
a peacock. his tail
and
and
feet
little
he was desirous of pairing, he used to spread
feathers,
and danced about
like a peacock.
resembled those of a barn-door fowl.
and throat changed their colour every minute to pair,
of the birds
larger in size, though less than
;
His beak
His head, neck, but when anxious
he became a perfect red, and seemed to be a beautiful
piece of coral.
After some time, he was as white as cotton, and
sometimes he got as blue as a turquoise, and
in short turned all
The piece of flesh which is attached to his head looked like the comb of a cock. But the curious part of it was this, that piece of flesh, when ho was about to pair, colours like a chameleon.
^ Though this is spelt Goa, or rather Goh, in the original, it is most probable that Goga is meant and indeed in one copy it is spelt Goda, whore the d may have been inserted for ^. Goa was much beyond Mukarrab Khan's jurisdiction whereas Goga was in it. Goga is the seaport of Ahmadubad, and was at one time the chief p6rt of the Gulf of Kambay. See Briggs's Citii^ •/ Uujariahlan, p. 281. ;
;
—
1
EMPEIIOR JAUANGFR.
57 hung down a span
and when
long, like the trunk of an elephant,
ao;ain restored to its
position,
was erected over his head to the
it
The
height of two fingers, like the horn of a rhinoceros.
part
round his eyes remained constantly of a blue colour, and was never subject to change, which was not the case with his wings,
which were always changing their colour, contrary to those of a peacock.^ * * *
put the ttkd on the forehead of Dalpat with
I
my
Royal
hands, selected him as the successor of his father, and conferred
upon him the jdgir and country of the deceased Rai Singh.
_A
liandsome ornamented inkstand and pen was this day given by
Ttimadu-d daula.
Lakhmi Chand, in the hills,
the Raja of
Kamaun, one
was son of Raja Rai, who,
of the chief Rajas
at the time of waiting
the late King, sent a petition, asking that the son of
Mai might
lead
him
to the royal presence,
Lakhmi Chand now
complied with.
Raja Todar
and his request was
likewise begged
me
the son of I'timadu-d daula to conduct him to the Court
meet his wishes, I sent Shahpur
to bring
him
into
my
to order
of his mountains for
my
acceptance.
and
;
to
presence.
had brought a great number of the valuable
Tlie hill-chief
upon
rarities
Amongst them were
beau-
called Guts, several hawks and falcons, numerous pods of musk, and whole skins of the musk-deer tiful
strong
ponies
with the musk in them.
He
is
the richest hill-chief, and
in
Jiis
it
me
with various
Jcatdra.
This Raja
also presented
swords which were called Jihandah and is
said that there
is
a gold mine
territory.
•As Khwaja Jahan had greatly distinguished himself tecture, I sent
him
to
Lahore
to build a
handsome
in archi-
palace for me.
Defeat in the Dakhin. [Affairs in the
Dakhin were
in a
very unsatisfactory
state, in
consequence of the bad generalship and want of care of Khan-i J
This description
is
evidently
p. 133.
—
meant for a turkey-cock which, strange to say, is Uind Tdughi. See David's Turkish Grammar,
in Turkish ascribed to India, and called
—
WAKI'AT-I TAIIANGrRr.
58 Khan.
'azam, and a defeat had been suffere'd by 'Abdu-lla
summoned Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan
my
to
and
presence,
I
after
inquiry, I ascertained that the disaster was attributable partly to
the conceit and rashness of 'Abdu-lla
and want of co-operation among the
Khan and
'Abdu-lla
Khan, and partly
to discord
a?nirs.
who had been appointed
the officers
to
serve under him, marched with the army of Gujarat by way of
Nasik Tirbang. from 10,000
This force was well equipped
to 14,000,
and the
;
numbers were
its
serving in
officers
it
were *
*,
It
had been arranged that another force should advance from the under the command of Raja
side of B'i^v
Jahan, the Amirn-l Umard, and other were
to
other's in
Man
officers.
Singh,
Khan-
These two armies
keep up communications, and to be informed of each
movements, so
upon the enemy.
tliat
they might at an appointed time close
If this plan
and cordially without jealousy, God's grace
it
had been carried out frankly is
it
very probable that under
would have succeeded.
'Abdu-lla Khan, having passed the Ghats, entered the country of the enemy, but to
movements armies. if
made no arrangements
intelligence
obtain
in
He
he could
for sending
of the other force, and
messengers
to regulate
his
concert, so as to place the enemy between the two
own power, and thought
trusted entirely to his
effect
the victory himself,
it
Acting upon this view, he paid no heed
would be
to
Raja
all
Man
that
the better.
Singh when
the latter wished to settle a concerted plan.
The enemy kept a sharp watch over his movements, and sent a who skirmished witli him all
large force of Mahrattas {bargiydn),
day, and harassed him at night with rockets and other fiery projectiles, till
the main body of the
enemy drew
near,
and he was
quite unaware of their proximity, although he approached Daulat-
abad, a stronghold of the Dakhinis. * * 'Ambar the black-fiiced,
who had
placed himself in
brought up reinforcements
command till
of the enemy, continually
he had assembled a large
force,
and he constantly annoyed 'Abdu-lla with rockets and various kinds of fiery missiles (dtash-bdzi), till he reduced him to a sad
59
EMPEROr. JAiIANGFR,
ments, and the enemy was
and prepare
to retreat,
unanimous
own
great force,
in
it
received no reinforce-
was deemed expedient
for a
new campaign.
this,
and before dawn they began
favour of
in
The enemy
back.
army had
So, as the Imperial
condition.
them
pressed upon
But a party of our
own.
and 'Ali Marh'in Khan,
wounded
left
After anotlier day,
when they reached
in the
* *
the frontier of Raja
Baharjiu, an adherent of the Imperial throne, the
Khan
after a
hands of the encmy.^
valorous conflict, was
and 'Abdu-lla
to fall
to the boundaries of their
territory, but either side held its
force courted a serious encounter,
All the chiefs were
proceeded to Gujarat.
It
enemy
seems
retired,
clear, that if
proper precautions had been taken, and the two forces had been kept in co-operation, the objects of the campaign would have been
On
accomplished.
ihe retreat of 'Abdu-lla, the army, which
marched by way of Birar, had no alternative but retreated
it
On
pur.
so
and joined the camp of Prince Parwez, near Burhan-
receiving this information, I was greatly excited, ai^d
But Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan remonstrated send Khan-khanan * *. The Dakhinis now made fessed
were
and
amity,
*
*,
and I resolved
proposals for peace.
promise \
the
if
affairs
'Adil
officers.
left it to
I
did not come to any decision on the matt'
[The eighth New Year's Day
Muharram, 1022 Journey the
[He was
to
A
my
1613
reign
fell
on the 26th
a.d.)-]
person
replied, "
A
Malik 'Ambar appointed a surgeon
saying of
his,
to attend continues the Ikbdl-ndma, has
attending him observed, "Victory
Truly victory
'\d.
Agra, with the intention of paying
I left
carried to Daulatab-^d, and
He
r,
.
Ajmir and Campaign against the
2nd Sha'ban
become famous.
of
a.h. (8th March,
him, but he died in a few days.
heaven."
pro-
Dakhinis
Khan-khanan.]
Eighth Year of the Reign.
[On
Khan
of the
to
him, that he would restore sundry districts to the
left to
Imperial
1
;
inclined to proceed thither myself to retrieve the position.
felt
but
to retire
is
is
vilb heaven, but the battle
hands of man."]
in the is
for
^^
WAKI'AT-I JAIIA'XGrEr. a visit to Ajmi'r, having two objects in view.
One,
to
pay a
visit
tomb of Khwaja Mu'inu-d din Chishti, whose blessed
to the
had operated
influence
powerfully
so
on the fortunes of
my
Amar
who
Second, to overcome and subjugate
dynasty.
Singh,
was the greatest of the zdmincars and rdjds of Hindustan.
All
him and The sovereignty and For fam'ly for a long time.
the rdjds and rdis of the country have acknowledged his ancestors to be
their chief
government have been held by
many title
and head. this
years they held rule in the east country, and then had the
of Rdjd. Aftervvards they
upon the Dakhin, and brought
fell
the greater part of that country under their sway,
took the
title
when they
of Riip, " handsome," instead of that of Rdjd. After
that they overran the mountain land of Mewat, and
still
advanc-
ing they got possession of the fortress of Jaipur.
From
my
that date
reign,
up to the present year, which
^
1471 years have passed.
have reigned over a period amounting
this race
Avho have borne the title of
RdivJ.
the eighth of
is
Twenty-six individuals
From
to
ot
1010 years,
the time of Eahab,
who was the first to assume the title of Rana, to Rana Amar Singh, who is the present Rana, there have been twenty-six oersons, who have reigned over a period of 4G1 years. During till one of them had bowed the neck in submis-
this long period nut
sion
to
always
They were nearly
any King or Emperor of Hind. in
a state
of insubordination and
rebellion.
So, in the
days of the Emperor Babar, the Rana Sanga, having assembled all
the Rdjds and Rdis of this countrj^, with 180,000 horsemen
and several hundred thousand infantry, fought a vicinity of
Bayana
against the victorious
and suffered a signal
defeat.
The
full
army
Musulmans,
particulars of this battle
are given in that most trustworthy work, the
by the Emperor Babar himself
battle in the
of the
My father
Wdkidt, written
also devoted himself
with great .^rdour to the subjection of this unruly race.
Several
times he sent expeditions against them, and in the twelfth year *
[It does not distinctly appear
seem
to signify the
time
when
the
what " that date title
"
liiip
" means.
" was used.]
Inferentially
it
ol
would
^'
EMPEROR JA^nANGFE.
his reign
he marched
in person to effect the reduction of Chitor,
one of the strongest fortresses in the world, and to subdue the After a siege of four mouths and ten
country of the Kana.
men
days, he overpowered the
fortress, and then returned.
A mar
of
Singh's father, took the
Repeatedly he sent armies against
the Rana, and each time they pressed him so hardly that he was
reduced to the brink of ruin, when something occurred to save
him from
Near the end of
destruction.
his reign,
my
father,
having directed his own attention to the conquest of the Dakhin, sent
me
army and
with a large
For reasons too lengthy
trusty leaders against the Rana.
to be here
entered upon, both these
enterprises failed.
When
the Empire devolved upon me, as this conquest had
my
been half effected under foreign service
Rana.
My
resources of
after
my
was
this
son Parwez was appointed to
my
army I sent upon army against the command, and all the
leading, the first
accession
government were applied to the
Ample
service.
treasure and abundant artillery were ready to be sent
was stopped by the unhappy outbreak of Khusru. obliged to pursue him to the Panjab, and the capital and
all
of the country were denuded of troops. to Parwez, directing
him
Rand was
suspended.
quashed Khusru's
;
so the
When, by
I
was
interior
I was obliged to write
to return to protect A'gra
bourhood, and to remain there
when
off,
and the neigh-
campaign
a^^ainst the
the favour of God,
rebellion, I returned to A'gra,
and
I
had
I then sent
Mahabat Khan, 'Abdu-Ua Khan, and other amirs against the Rana; but until I started from Ajmir, the Imperial forces had not achieved any success of importance. There was nothinf' to detain
me
in i^gra,
and I
assured that nothing of any im-
felt
portance would be accomplished
At
the time appointed, I
of Dahra.
left
The next day was
till
I myself went thither.
A^ra and encamped
in the
garden
the festival of the Dasahra, and
according to rule the horses and elephants were decked out and
paraded before me. »
The mothers
^
{wdlidahd) and sisters of
It has already been recorded (page 294) that Khusrfi's
mother had poisoned heraelfi
WAKrAT-I JAHANGIEr. Ehusra for
0.
represented that he was exceedingly contrite and sorry
what he had done.
tion, I called
him
come every day
into
to
Having thus
my
presence,
pay his respects
excited
Khw4ja Jahan
that Rajd
Basu had
at Rup-bas,
now called Amanabad.
formerly the j'dgir of Rup, but after him I gave son of Mahdbat Khan, and his
name.
ordered that
I
was one of
It
its
the 2nd Mihr, intelligence arrived
died at Shahabad, on the Rana's frontier.
On the 10th I encamped
by
having ap-
1 started,
the charge of the capital, with
to
On
palaces and treasures.
affec-
me. I stayed in the garden
to
twenty days, and on the 21st day of Mihr pointed
my paternal
and arranged that he should
my
went out hunting every day.
it
it
It
was
Am4nu-lla
to
should be called
regular hunting-grounds, so -I
In these few days 158
deer,
were killed. * *
and female, and other kinds of game
male
On
the
10th Ramazan intelligence arrived of the death of Kallj Khan, one of the oldest servants of the State, in his eightieth year.
He
was engaged
at
Peshawar
in controlling the Afghans.] * * *
In this month (i^zur) news an-ived that the Europeans in Goa, in defiance of their engagements,
had plundered four ships engaged
in the foreign trade of the port of Surat
great
many Muhammadans
possession of their
prisoners,
money and
goods.
had
It
and having made a
;
at the
gave
same time taken
me much
displeasure.
Mukarrab Khan,.the governor of that harbour, received a dress of honour, besides an elephant and horse, and was commanded to proceed to put a stop to such outrages.
of^zur.
He
started on the 18th
* * *
Cainpaign against the Rand. [After visiting the tomb of the saint Mu'inu-d din Chishti, the matter of the
Ran4 was
again taken into consideration, and I
now determined to stay at Ajmir, and to send my dear son Khurram on the expedition. On the 6th I gave him leave to Besides the men who depart, and made him many presents.^ had already been sent on this service under Khan-i 'azam, I now placed 12,000 horse under the command of the Prince, and after >
TOL. Ti.
[The t«xt
specifies
them.]
22
63
EMPEROR. JAHANGFR.
.
granting
presents
Khdn was requested
me
spirit,
still
I despatched
officers,
them.
Khurram on this service, and the Prince him with much attention, he did not show a proper
and acted
letter, * *
went on
in
an unsatisfactory matter.
but
my
words had no way.
in a foolish obstinate
I wrote
effect
desirable to keep
him
When Khurram
there,
me
and that
to
Muhammad
Taki Diwan
received a despatch from
to proceed
to
He
ordered
I
I
Mandisor and
On
the 16th, I
Khurram, informing me that an elephant
which the Rani, was very fond, and seventeen
taken.
was
it
go to I/dipur and bring him away, and
convey to Ajmir his children and dependents. * *
of
that
found
his relations
So
with Kliusru were the cause of His misbehaviour.
Mah^bat Khan
him a very
upon him, and he
that he was not hearty in the work, he wrote to
by no means
ordered
Fidai
to send
himself treated
kind
the
to
appointed Bakhshi. * * Although Khdn-i 'azara had
others,
had been
added that their master would soon be a prisoner.]
Ninth Year of the Reign, [The New Year's Day
of the ninth year of
my
reign
a day corresponding with the 9th Safar, 1023 h. (1614
Mahabat Khan, who had been his son 'Abdu-lla, arrived.
Khan,
I
the 18th TJrdibihist,
sence.
In consequence of
cations of his mothers
I
consigned Kh4n-i 'azam to Asaf
honourably treated.
cast, so I forbad his
spirit,
coming
my
pre-
naternal affection, and the suppli-
sisters,
should come to pay his respects to
no signs of frankness of
a.d.).
forbad Khusru' to come to
my
and
on
sent to fetch Khan-i 'azam and
to custody at Gwalior, but to be
On
fell
I
me
had given orders that he every day.
I?ut he
showed
and always seemed sad and down-
to see me.]
*Atr
of Hoses.
I'Atr of roses, the roost excellent of perfumes,
was discovered
in
The mother of Nur Jahdn Begam conceived the idea my of collecting the oil which rises to the surface when rose-water is reign.
heated, and this having been done, the oil was found to be a most
powerful perfume.]
:
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
64
Submission of the Band. [In the month of Uahraan, intelligence came in of the submis-
Rana Amjtr
sion of
Singh, and of his willingness to pay homage
The
to the Imperial throne.
My
particulars of the matter are these
Khurram had
dear and fortunate son Sultan
established
several military posts, especially in places where, from the in-
salubrity of the climate, the
many
difficulty of access,
station.
By
movement
bad quality of the water, and the
persons deemed
it
impossible to form a
and by keeping the Imperial
this,
forces in continual
against the enemy, regardless of the intensity of the
heat and the abundance of rain, he had captured the families of
many Singhs, and had brought the enemy to R4na perceived he could hold out only a
the
such
straits,
that
little
longer,
and
that he must either flee from his country or be
Being
helpless,
he resolved
sent his maternal uncle his
most trusty and
to
made a
prisoner.
succumb, and to do homage.
He
Subh Karan, and Hardds Jhald one of
intelligent servants, praying
my
son to over-
him an assurance of safety under he would then wait upon him in person to pay
look his offences, and to give the princely seal
;
to the Imperial
homage, and would send his son and heir-apparent Court, so that he might be classed
throne like
all
He
other rdjds.
also
among
the adherents of the
begged that on account of
old age he might be excused from proceeding to Court.
My son sent
these persons to
me
in charge of
Mulla Shukru-lla,
his diwdn, who, after the settlement of this matter,
with the
title
of Afzal
was dignified
Khan, and of Sundar Dds, who afterwards
received the title of Rai
Rayan.
lars in a despatch. * *
My
son wrote
me
Rana Amar Singh and
the particu-
his ancestors,
relying upon the security of his mountains and his home,
had
never seen one of the kings of Hindustan, and had never shown obedience to
make
;
but
now
in
my
his submission.
fortunate reign he had been compelled
In compliance with
my
son's letter, I
overlooked the R4na's offences, and wrote him a kind and reassuring /rtrman' under to
my own
the R4u4's son, desiring
him
seal.
I also wrote a kind letter
to specify the
way
in
which he
EMPEROR JAHANGIR.
65 would come
pay his
to
and assuring him that
respects,
My
should be made pleasant for him.
all
my
son sent
things
letters to
the liana, to comfort him, and to gratify him with the expectation
my
of
and
and kindness, and
flavour
it
was arranged that the Band
have an interview with
his sons should
my
son on the 28th
Bah man. 1 Good
The second happy
Ne7vs.
was the death of Bahadur, son of
tidings
the chief of Gujarat, and the
God
turbulence.
and
leaven of insubordination
of his mercy destroyed him, but he died a
natural death.
The
happy
third
was the defeat of the Portuguese
tidings
who had made every
{Warzi),
An
port of Surat.
who had sought
English,^
vessels were burnt
between them and the
place
Most
refuge in that port.
by the English, and not being able
the contest, the^^ took to
Khan, the governor
preparation for the capture of the
action took
and sent a message
fliglit,
to
of their to
stand
Mukarrab
of the ports of Gujarat, suing for peace,
and
representing that they had come witii peaceful views, not to fight,
and that the English had been the
first
to quarrel,
[Another piece of intelligence that came was, that the Rajputs
who had selves
resolved to kill (Malik)
till
'Ambar had
one of them gave him an ineffectual wound. escort of
home.
'Ambar
A
coiicealed
they found an opportunity of approaching
very
killed the JBijput, little
them-
when
hira,
The men
in the
and carried their master
more would have made an end of
off
this-
cursed fellow.]
[At the end of the month, while of Ajmir,
Muhammad Beg
2Cth
Bahman
witii all
'
'
was hunting
with a letter from
the letter' in
in the environs
it
and paid
my
son
appeared that on the
his respects to
my
son,
the observances required by the rules of the Imperial
An/jrezun.
book.
the
arriv^ed
From R4na came
Sultan Khurram. *
I
This
ib
perhaps
llie liibt
occasion oi the use of iLat word iu a natiT«
;
WAKFAT^I JAHANGrRr.
He
Court.
his family,
presented as tribute a celebrated ruby belonging to
and *
*.
My son
received
and wherf the Rana advanced pardon
^^
for bis oflfences, the
him with great kindness
to kiss the Prince's feet,
cheer him, and presented him with a jewelled sword, It is
is
the practice
among
and beg
Prince raised him up, did his best to etc., etc.
who
zaminddrs, that they, and the Son
heir-apparent, never present themselves before kings together
so the B4ri4
ha^ not brought
But the Prince wished
his son
to depart
Karan, who was his
on that same day, so the
;
heir.
Ean4
took his leave, and sent his son Karan to wait upon Kliurram,
and on the same day he started with the Prince on his journey to the Imperial Court.]
Tenth Year of the Reign. [The New Year's Day of the 8th 1 Safar, 1024 h. * *
my
tenth year corresponded with
Karan (son of the Rdna) was granted a mansab of 5000, and I
gave him a small rosary of emeralds and pearls with a ruby
Hindi
in the middle, such as in
is
called Sniarani. * *]
Dnnking.
[The 25th of De was the day of the annual weighing of my He was now twenty-four years of age, a married
son Khurram,
man, and the father of a addicted to drinking wine.
him,
I said to
him, "
My
famil}',
but yet he had never been
This being the day for weighing boy, you are the father of children,
and kings and princes drink wine. To-day is a festival, and I wine with you, and I give you leave to drink on feast
will drink
days, on
New
Year's Day, and at great
always with moderation intellect is
;
entertainments, but
for to drink to excess
avoided by the wise
;
in fact,
and weaken the
some good and
benefit
ought to be obtained from wine-drinking."
Up
to
my
fourteenth year I had never drunk 'wine, except two
or three times in childhood,
me some as a remedy >
for
when my mother
or nurses
some childish ailment.
had given
Once
also
[This ought to be the 18th, correspon(}ing to 10th March, 16ir>.]
my
;
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
67
some
father called for
mixing
spirit ('araA:) to the
In the days when
cough.
me
with rose-water, made
it
my
father
(Indus), I one day went out hunting. tired,
I
me
I
met with many mishaps,
would
it
relieve
Hakim
From
day
to'ok
day
if
and
I sent a
'Ali for a refreshing drink.
sweet taste in a small bottle, and I drank
to
that
fatigue
He
about a cup [piydla) and a half of yellow wine of
pleasant.
effect
me
told
my
was young, and prone to indulgence, so
I
servant to the house of
brought
in the field against the
when one of my attendants
would drink a cup of wine,
weariness.
was
and was encamped near Xtak, on the Nildb
Yiisufzdi Afghans,
and was very
amount of a tola, and it as a remedy for a
drink
it.
The
result
was
that time I took io wine-drinking, and from
more and more, until wine of the grape had no
upon me, and I resorted
to spirit-drinking.
In the course, of
nine years I got up to twenty cups of double- distilled spirit, fourteen of which
I
drank in the day, and the remaining six at
The weight of this was six sirs of Hindustan, equal to one man of Tr^n. My food in those days was one fowl and some bread. No one dared to expostulate with me, and matters
night.
reached such an extreme, that
my
cup
cup for me. brother of attendants,
me
and
my
life is
state
dear.
As
directed that
I
was greatly
[Tbis word
doubt, tUe
name
this
affected
my
way
months
for six
His advice was good,
by
his words,
and from
potations, but I took to eating
my
my
should be mixed with wine of the grape
spirits
in the
it
va,
I lessened
two parts wine and one reduced
hold
drank, but others held the
would be past remedy.
that day I began to diminish
faluhd}
in liquor I could not
without concealment, and told
that if I went on drinking spirits
longer,
'
I
At last i sent for the hakim (doctor) Humam, Hakim Abu-1 Fath, who was one of my father's and placed my case before him. With great kind-
ness and interest, he spoke to
me
when
shaking and trembling.
for
drink, I increased the faluhd
spirit.
Lessening
my
;
and
allowance daily,
I
I
course of seven years to six cups, each cup
is
\aiUons\y vfiitten faluhd, faluhdn,falumt/d,falu)n)/dn.
of
some intoxicatiug diug or preparation ; perhaps bhdng.}
It
is,
no
68
WAKI'ATll JAHANGrRr. weighing eighteen miskdk and a quarter.
have now kept to I take
it
and on Friday, which
do not think
in the week, for I
in heedlessness^ and to
fail in
years I less.
being the day of
my accession,
my
months
Now
solar reckoning,
right to pass these nights
that
my
that
;
These
father's birthday.
After some time, instead of
my
age
is
aud
forty-six years
and forty-seven years nine months
lunar style, I take eight surkhs ^ of opium
day have passed, and
the most holy
on Sunday I eat no meat
this
days are held in great honour. /aluhd, I took to opium.
it
is
giving thanks to the Almighty for
On Thursday aud
his blessings.
four
jfifkeen
more nor
at night, except on Thursday, that being the day of
accession to the throne,
day
For
this quantity, taking neither
when
five
hours of the
hour of the evening.]
six sm'khs after one
Vi-ctories.
Towards the end of the year, tidings of victory arrived from ail
quarters of
my
The first victory was that won who had Ion<j been in rebellion in the
dominions.
Ahdad
the Afghdn, mountains of Kabul. * *
over
Another victory was achieved over the army of the wretched
The
'Ambar.
foilowiuji
is
a brief account of
Some good
it.
officers
and a body of Bargis (Malirattas), a very hardy race of
people,
who
movers of opposition and
are great
strife,
offended with 'Ambar, desired to become subjects to
my
being
throne.
Having received assurances from Shahsawar Khan, who was with the royal army at Balapur, Adam Khan, Ydkut Khan, and other chiefs, with the Bargis Jadu R4i' and Baba Jukayath, came
to see him,
robe,
and
and be gave them each a
brought them
into the interests of the throne, he
them from Balapur against 'Ambar.
On
opposed by an^ army of the Dakhinis
;
it, '
horse, an elephant, a
cash, according to their respective ranks.
and drove the men [The tiirkk or rati
is
tlius
way they were
but they soon defeated
camp of 'Ambar.
In
tHe seed of tbe Ab»-ns preeatoriiis, wiiich averages about
of a grain Troy (Wilson). as 1-30 (Thomas).j
in panic to the
their
Having
marched with
The
old rait
was 1-75
gr.
;
his 1
->q
Akbar'a coin rati raa as high,
69
EMPEROR JAlIANGfR.
my
vanity and prido, he resolved to hazard a battle with
To
rious array.
own
his
Khdn and Kutbu-1 Mulk, and meet the royal army
to
victo-
forces he united the armies of 'Xd\\
till
with a train of artillery he marched
he came within
five or six kos of
it.
On Sunday, the 25th of Bahman, they came to an engagement. At about three o'clock in the afternoon the fight commenced with and guns, and
rockets
at last
Ddrab Khan, who commanded the
division, with other chiefs and warriors, drew their
foremost
swords and vigorously attacked the enemy's advanced
force.
Their bravery and courage soon put their opponents to
confii-
Without turning
sion.
aside,
they then
upon the
fell
centre.
In the same manner each division attacked the division which
was before went on
it,
for
and the
was
terrible to behold.
army,
to withstand the royal
'Ambar, unable
and had
fight
The
battle
about an hour, and heaps of corpses were formed.
from the
fled
field,
enemy would army pursued
not been a very dark night, none of the
it
The
have escaped.
great warriors of the royal
the fugitives for about two or three kos,
unable to move.
The enemy was
and the warriors returned
to their
camp.
with 300 camels laden with rockets,
and munitions of war
to
till
horse and
The
were
All the enemy's guns,
many
elephants,
an incalculable extent,
hands of the victorious army.
man
and dispersed,
totally defeated
fell
horses, into the
and wounded were
killed
innumerable, and a great number of chiefs were captured
alive.
Next day the array having moved from Fathpur, marched towards Kiiirki,
which had been the shelter of the rebels
them was found.
encamped
It
there,
;
but no trace of
and learnt that the enemy
were completely disorganized.
The tlie
possession
Khan.
was that by which diamond mines were taken
third conquest achieved in those days
territory of,
The
of
Kokrah and
its
through the enterprising exertions of Ibrahim territory
Patna, and through
it
belongs
to
the province of Bihar and
there runs a stream, from which diamonds
are extracted in a very peculiar manner. tiie
water
is
low,
and
is left in little
"
In the days when
holes and trou
WAKI'At/i JAHANGrRr. whose business
it is
expertness in the
they observe
diamonds, and who have great
to extract the
art,
many
search out for those portiows from which
little insects
whole course of the stream which
is
with a wall of stones, and then dig
mud
and
which are called
issue like gnats,
These
in the language of those people ch'ika.
to about one
70
accessible, it
parts,
along the
they fence round
up with spades and axes,
yard and a half deep, and search among the stones
which -are brought up.
In such
soil
both large and
small diamonds are found, and sometimes so large that they are
worth even a
lac
In short, this territory and the
of rupees.
stream from the bed of which diamonds are extracted were in the possession of Durjan Sal, zaminddf.
Although the gover-
nors of the province of Bihar had several times led their armies to invade his dominions, yet, on account of the impassable roads
and thick
forests,
they were obliged to return, being contented
only with two or three diamonds which he presented to them.
When
the governorship of the province was transferred from
Khan
Zafar
to
Ibrahim Khan, I instructed the
latter,
on his
departure to the province, to invade the dominion of that refrac-
Accordingly, Ibrahim, imme-
tory chief, and dispossess him.
diately after his arrival in the province, collected a force
marched against the zammddr ; who, sent
and
as on former occasions,
him some diamonds and elephants
j
but the
Khdn
did not
accept them, and having proceeded with all speed, invaded his
Before the enemy could collect his force, Ibrahim
dominions.
penetrated into his territory, and before the news of his approach reach
could
resided.
was at
him, attacked the
last
found
in a valley
women, among whom was father.
a.
of his brothers
and he
and some
mother and other wives of his
fell
'
and
into the hands of the royal army.
mansah of Ibrahim Khdn was the personal salary of 4000 and the conmiand of 4000
reward
raised to
with one
his
and the valley where he to search for him,
All the diamonds which they liad were taken,
twenty-three elephants
A«
hill
Ibrahim ordered his people
for this service, the
horse, with the title of
Fath-Jang.
In like manner promotions
EMPEROR JAHANCrR.
71
were ordered to be made in the rank of
all
those
who had shown
distinguished bravery in the accomplishment of this undertaking.
The
territory
under the possession of the
is still
ojficers of this
and diamonds which are extracted from the stream Becently, a diamond was found, the are brought to this Court.
government
;
amount of 50,000 rupees, the search be continued, more excellent
value of which was estimated at the
and
hoped that
it is
diamonds
will
if
be placed in the repository of the crown jewels.
Eleventh Year of the Reign. The Nau-roz
of the eleventh year of
my
reign corresponded
with the 1st Rabi'u-1 awwal, 1025 h. (10th March, 1616 a.d.). In this year, or rather in the tenth year of plague (tcabd) broke out in
many
my
reign, a dreadful
parts of Hindustan.
It first
appeared in the districts of the Panjdb, and gradually came to
Hindus.
It spread
dependent
its
many Muhammadans and
It destroyed the lives of
Lahore.
through Sirhind and the Doab to Delhi and
districts,
Now
miserable condition. old men, and
it is
and reduced them and the it
has wholly subsided.
villages to a It is said
also clear from the histories of former times,
I
that this disease had never appeared before in this country.
asked the physicians and learned as for
two years
in
men what was
the cause of
it
was
it,
had suffered from
succession the country
Some
famine, and there had been a deficiency of rain. that
by
said
to be attributed to the impurity of the air arising
from drought and scarcity
;
but some ascribed
God knows, and we must patiently submit Before this
date,
it
to other causes.
to his will.^
some thieves had plundered the
public
treasury of the kotwdlt^ and after a few days seven vagabonds
were apprehended, with their chief named Namal. the treasure was also recovered.
I
was incensed
Some
of
at the bold
conduct of these scoundrels, and consequently I was determined to punish *
them
[A few pages
severely.
before,
Each
of
and in the tenth year of
cf his nobles died in the Dakhin of cholera
them got a his reign,
{haiza).']
fitting punish-
Jah&ngir records that one
72
WAKI'AT-I .TAHANGrRr. ment, and
was ordered
chief
tlieir
He
of an elephant.
petitioned to
to be trodden
me
under the
feet
that he would rather fight
with that formidable animal than suffer the agony of being trampled under his feet. to him,
and
I
vicious, prostrated
he had
consented to
A
this.
dagger was given
and notwithstanding that the elephant, which was wild
him
several times,
and notwithstanding
been witness to the late of his associates, yet, with un-
daunted courage, he managed to recover his
wounds with
several
in driving the
animal back.
It
was truly an
bravery, and I therefore spared his
made
liis
escape.
It
gave
inflict
life,
act of wonderful
directing at the
same
After some time, he ungrate-
time he was to be taken care of fully
and
feet,
upon the trunk, and succeeded
his dagger
me much
annoyance.
I issued
orders to the jdginidrs o? the neighbourhood for his apprehension,
and when caught he was hanged by the neck.
On
the afternoon of Saturday, the 1st of Zi-1 ka'da, corre-
sponding with 21st of i^ban, I marched in sound health from
Ajmir
in a
European carriage drawn by four horses, and
several nobles to
I
ordered
make up carriages similar to it,^ and to attend About sunset I reached my camp in the
upon me with them. village
Deo Rana,
It
customary
is
a distance of nearly two kos.^ in India,
when a
king, prince, or noble under-
takes an expedition towards the east, to ride on an elephant with
A
Khurram, he had given sit and ride in it." These are the only remote allusions made throughout the work to the embassy of Sir T. Roe, whose residence in Jahangir's camp lasted from the 10th Januaiy, 1616, to ^
little
him "a
above he
tells us,
that on the departure of Blkb&
carriage of the Feringi English fashion, that he might
the2l8t January, 1618.
Thomas Roe thus mentions the mode of departure from Ajmir " Thus richly King went into the coach, which waited for him under the care of his new English servant, who was dressed as gaudily as any plaj'er, and more so, and had 2
Sir
:
accoutred, the
trained four horses for the draught, which were trapped and harnessed all in gold.
This was the
first
England, and so
coach he had ever been
like it that I only
knew
in,
made
in imitation of that sent from
the difference by the cover, which was of
* * Next followed the English coach, newly covered and which he had given to his favourite queen, Nourmahal, who sat in the After this came a coach made after the fasliion of the country, which I inside. thought seemed out of countenance, in which were bis younger sons. This was followed by about twenty spare royal elephants, all for the ELing's own use,"—
gold velvet of Persia. richly trimmed,
(K^'rr's Volioction
of Voyages and Travels, vol.
ix. p.
312.)
EMPEROR JAIIANGFR.
73
when towards the west, ta ride on a horse of one when towards the north, to go in a litter or pdlld ; when
long tusks colour
;
;
towards the south, to go in a carriage drawn by bullocks.
remained at Ajmir there
five
days
less
At
than three years.
Khwaja Mu'inu-d
the holy shrino of
is
I
that place
Ajmir
din,
is
situated within the limits of the second climate. * * *
A
Among them
large tray of fruits was brought before me.
were the celebrated melons of Kdrez, Badakhshdn, and Kabul.
Grapes from the
latter place as well as
The
from Samarkand.
sweet pomegranates of Yazd, and the subacicl ones of Farrah.
Pears from Samarkand and Badakhshan. Apples from Kashmir,
Kabul, Jalalabad, and Samarkand were also there.
Pine-apples
from the seaports of the Europeans were also in the tray. There were some plants of at
private gardens
Agra, and after some time they produced several thousands
The
of that fruit.
Bengal
it is
was
liauld
than an orange, and
to
my
this latter fruit placed in
produced
in
also
among them, which
abundance.
I
is
smaller
In the province of
of sweet juice.
full
had no
sufficient
words
thank Almighty Cod for the enjoyment of these delicious
My
fruits.
father the late
King was exceedingly fond
especially melons, pomegranates,
and grapes
;
of fruit,
but in his reign,
the melons from Karez, which are of the best quality, the pome-
granates from Yazd, which are celebrated
all
over the world,
and pears from Samarkand, were never brought therefor'e,
father
when I
see
and enjoy those luxuries,
to
India, and,
that
I regret
my
not here to share them. * * *
is
When
I was Prince,
I
had promised
miyid of Kazwin, and two of his sons. throne,
I gave
journey
I
an Altamghd Mir Zidu-d din, a
to give
grant of the district of Mdlda in Bengal to
When
I
ascended the
him the name of Mustafa Khan, and
had the pleasure of
fulfilling
my
in this
promise.
Mandu.
Mandu
is
the total of
one of the divisions of the province of M&lwa, and its
revenue
is
one hror thirty-nine
laca
of dams.
WAKI'AT-I JAIIA'NGrEr.
The
was
city
for
Many
country.
74
allong time the capital of the^Jcings of this
buildings and relics of the old kings are
24th, I rode out to see the royal edifices.
very lofty building, and erected entirely of hewn stone. has been standing 180 years,
Afterwards
I visited
the Khilji dynasty,
It is a
Although
looks as if built to-day.
it
'
the sepulchres of the kings and rulers of
among which
there
also the
is
tomb of the
eternally cursed Nasiru-d din, son of Sultan Ghiyasu-d din. is
the
First I visited the
jdmi' masjid which was built by Sultan Hoshang Ghori.
it
still
On
standing, for as yet decay has not fallen upon the city.
It
notorious that this graceless wretch twice attempted to kill
by poison when he was
his father .
age
The
in the eightieth
but the old monarch saved his
;
year of his
by the use of bezoar.
life
own hand, a cup of sherbet it. The
third time he gave him, with his
mixed with poison, and told him that he must drink
father, seeing his son s determination, took the bezoar off his
and placed
it
before him.
Maker, and
tion before his
at the age of eighty.
prosperity,
and
Then he bowed said,
"
O
Lord
humble supplica-
I
have now arrived
!
All this time I have passed in ease and
in a state of pleasure such as has been the lot
my last, and to hold my son Nasir answerable for my blood. be deem^ a natural death, and may my son be This moment
of no monarch.
Having
for it."
What
expired.
said this, he
is
eighth year of his age, his friends
May my
death
not held answer-
drank the poisoned draught and
and
when he succeeded
all
this
:
In the forty-
to the throne,
he said
associates, that in the time of his father
had spent thirty years of his and had done
I pray thee not
he meant by saying that he had enjoyed such
luxury and pleasure as no king ever did was
to
arm,
in
life in
the
command
that was required of a soldier.
he
of the army,
Now
that the
sovereignty had devolved upon him, he had no desire for conquest,
his only wish
pleasure and luxury. his harem.
and
all
arts
He
was
to pass the
It is said that
built a city
remainder of his he had 15,000
life
in
women
in
which was inhabited only by women,
and sciences were taught them.
The
posts of
75
EMPEROR* J AH ANGFR,
governor, judge,
Whenever he heard
rested
till
He
he obtained her.
often
required
offices
in
in
was exceedingly fond of
which he had collected
amused himself
in
hunting
sport,
all
company of women. As he had from the first mined, he made no invasion during his whole reign of two years, and spent
It
;
Khan
reported that Sher
is
reign,
this time
all
in
came
Afghdn,
tomb of Nasiru-d
to the
din,
deterthirty-
enjoyment, and
ease,
and no enemy made any attack upon
kinds
in this park,
in the
pleasure
the
of a girl possessing beauty, he never
and had made a deer park,
He
all
wete held by persons of the female
city,
sex.
of animals.
and
magistrate,
management of a
his dominions.
in the course of his
and although he had a
brutal disposition, yet on account of the shameful deed above stated,
he ordered his people to beat the tomb with their
When
I
went
to the tomb, I also kicked
ordered
my
satisfied
even with
attendants also to spurn this,
I
it
it
several times,
with their
was very wrong
fire is
a part of the eternal
to pollute
it
light,
by
temper
and the dust of
Nerbudda, because
in the
It is well
and
Not
it is
But then and that
his
it
I also
so doing a remission
be made in his punishment in the next world.
into the
fire.
with that filthy matter,
hesitated from burning his remains, lest
his decayed bones
feet.
ordered the tomb to be opened, and
the remains of that foul wretch to be thrown into I remembered that
sticks.
I ordered that
body should be thrown
said that as he
had a very hot
days of his youth, he always remained in water.
known
that one day, in a
fit
of intoxication, he threw
himself into the tank of Kaliyidah, which was very deep.
Some
of the servants of the palace caught hold of his hair and dragged
him
out.
When
he came to his senses, and learnt what had
happened, and that they had dragged him out by the hair, he
was oflF.
pull
so
angry with them that he ordered their hands to be cut
The next time he fell into the tank, nobody attempted to him out, and so he was drowned. Now, at a period of 110
years after his death,
it
had come
were also mixed with water.
to pass that his rotten
remains
WAKI'AT-I JAHANOnir.
One
same time
it
my
occurred to
birds which I
had
the gamekeepers and other
all
my
ordered
all
on the
At
the
the animals and
coming
to reason
the news-writers,
officers to ascertain
and write out a
of all the various animals and birds I had killed, and to
show it
mind whether
I therefore
courtiers
I formerly was.
it
killed since the time of
could not be calculated.
list
my
night I turned the discourse of
and told them how fond of
chase,
76
it
me.
to
Accordingly a paper was prepared, from which
appeared that from the twelfth year of
the end of the last year, the eleventh of fiftieth
my age, a.h. 988, to my reign, and the
my age, 28,532 animals and birds were my sport, of which 17,168 were graminibirds I had shot or killed with my own
lunar year of
killed in the course of
vorous animals and
hands, and the following
is
a detailed account of them.^
Tv^^LFTH Year of the Reign.
The Nau-roz
of
my
twelfth
year corresponded with 12th
Rabi'u-1 awwal, 1026 (10th March, 1617 a.d.).
Prohibition of Tobacco.
As
health and
mind of many
its
I'ran.
My
persons, I ordered that no one should
Shah 'Abbas, also being aware evil effects, had issued a command against the use of it in But Khdn-i 'Xiam was so much addicted to smoking, that
practise the habit.
of
^
the smoking of tobacco had taken very bad effect upon the
he could not abstain from
brother
it,
but oftened smoked.
Prince Khurram at Court.
On
Thursday, the 20th Mihr, and the twelfth year of
reign, corresponding to the
three o'clock after noon, Prince
audience in the fort of
Court
Mandu.
Khurram
He
arrived
and obtained
had been absent from the
months and eleven days. After he had paid me called him in the window where I was sitting, and
for eleven
his respects, I 1
[Sir
my
11th of Shawwal, a.h. 1026, at about
H. M.
Elliot gives a sunmiary of
it
in a note, infrd.'^
EMPEROR JAHAXGFR.
77
with the impulse of excessive paternal affection and Iotc, I immediately rose up
and took him
his reverence
and respect
in
for
my arms.
I ordered
creased towards him.
him
more he expressed
Tlie
my
me, the more
tenderness in-
He
by me.
to sit
presented
me with 1000 gold mohiirs and 1000 rupees. * * Formerly at* the conquest of the Kana, a manmb of 20,000 and the command of 10,000 horse bad been conferred on Prince Khurram, and when he was sent to the Dakhin, he was honoured with the
title
service, his
command
Now,
of a Shdh.
in consideration of his present
mansab was promoted to a mansab of 30,000 and the I also conferred
of 20,000 horse.
on him the
title
of
was also ordered, that henceforth a chair should
Shah-Jahan.
It
be placed for
him
my
Court next to
in the
throne, an honour
which was particularly conferred on him, and had never before been
A two
known report
girls
in
my
family.
came from Kashmir, that
were born who had teeth
in the
in their
house of a silk-dealer
mouths, and who were
joined together by the back as far as the waist,* but their heads,
hands, and feet were
and then
separate.
all
They
On Monday,
the 2nd of the month, I drank wine in an as-
sembly at the banks of a tank where
Journey
On
my
tents were pitched.*
to Gujarat.
Friday, the 1st of De, I marched three
quarters, and
which I
is
hm
and three-
encamped on the banks of the tank of Jhanud.
At this place Ral Man, Rahu fish and brought date
lived only a little time,
died.
the best of
I
2
Rai
[This
me.
I
was
defile of
I
Man is
verj-
fond of this
the fishes found in India.
Chanda up
had not been able
every search was made. day, and granted
to
it
all
had passed the
of eleven months,
the head of the royal footmen, caught a fish,
Since the
to this time, a space
to procure
it,
althoo'^h
was highly pleased at receiving a horse.
but one of many similar entries.]
it
this
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrEr.
78
Tliough the country from the pargana of Da-liad belonging to Gujarat, yet
a marked difference in
The people and I
was only from
it
things, both jungle
all
full
and
saw
cultivation.
The jungles which
their tongue were different.
saw on the roadside were
reckoned as
is
this stage that I
of fruit trees, such as those of
The fields are protected by The cultivators, in order to separate the lands of their respective possessions, make hedges of these thorns round their fields, and between them leave a narrow the mango, khirni, and tamarind. the thorns of the
zakum
path for wayfarers.
As
ment
tree.
the
soil is
very sandy, the least move-
in a party of travellers raises so
see another's face with difficulty,
mind, that thenceforth
much
dust, that one can
and therefore
Ahmadabad should
it
came
into
my
not be called by that
name, but Gardabad.
Kamhay.
On
Friday we travelled a distance of six
the tents were pitched on the sea-shore. is
ho!^
and a
half,
Khambait (Kambay)
a very ancient port, and according to the Brahnihis
thousand years have elapsed since ning
it
many
In the begin-
foundation.
its
and
was called Trimbavvati, and Raja Nar Singh Makhwar was
would be very tedious
It
its ruler.
to detail the account of this
To be brief, when the chiefship devolved on Raja Abhi Kumar, who was a descendant of his, by
Raja
as given
by the Brahmins.
the will of heaven a great calamity
of dust and dirt
fell,
and buried
all
fell
destroyed a great number of people. this catastrophe, an idol,
upon
this city.
A
shower
the houses and buildings, and
Before the occurrence of
which the Raja used
to worship, ap-
peared to him in a dream, and informed him of the approaching misfortune. vessel,
Consequently, he embarked with his family on a
and he
supported
it
also took with
behind.
him the
idol
and the
It so liappened that the vessel
pillar wIhcIi
was battered
by a storm; but as the Raja was destined to live some time longer, he, by means of that same pillar, brought the ship and himself safe to land.
He
then set up that pillar as a mark of
EMPETIOII .lAHANGFR.
79 his intention to rebuild in
Hindi
and newly people the
Asa
place.
was hence
called Khanib, the city
is
called
pillar
Khainba-
was gradually worn down by constant use
wati, which
This poit
Eliambait.
is
one of
largest in Hindustan,
IJio
situated on one of the estuaries of the sea of
breadth of this estuary
is
into
and
is
'Uman. The average
estimated to be seven
Icos,
and the length
about forty.
Ships cannot enter this branch, but are anchored
in the port of
Goga, which
bait,
and
is
is
one of the dependencies of Kliam-
near the high sea.
From hence
the cargoes are
transported to Khanibait on boats (ghardb, grabs), and in the
same manner merchandize intended the ships.
Before the arrival of
for exportation is carried to
my
victorious arms,
several
boats had come to Khanibait from the ports of Europe, and the crews, after selling and purchasing goods, were on the point of
On Sunday,
returning.
the 10th, having decorated their boats,
they displayed them before me, and then took their departure towards their destination.
On Monday,
on a boat, and sailed about one
the 11th, I embarked
kos.
In the time of the Sultans of Gujarat, the tamghd or customs
duty levied from the merchants was very large
but
;
it
is
now
ordered that no more than one part in forty should be taken. other ports the custom officers
and give
all sorts
of trouble
^
and annoyance
and sometimes even more than that
what the
to the
merchants and
In Jedda, the port of Mecca, one-fourth
travellers.
;
hence
it
may
is
taken,
bo inferred
duties at the ports of Gujarat were in former reigns.
Thanks be
to
God, this liumble creature of the Almighty has
dispensed with levying the tamghd, which amounted to a
beyond
calculation,
the very
In
take the tenth or twentieth part,
name
throaghout the
territories
under
his rule,
sum and
of tamghd has disappeared from his dominions.
Coins.
It was also ordered in these days, that tanhas of gold and silver,
ten
and twenty times heavier than the current gold 1
[^UshurgaSf\\i^\:\\\). 'i'Ling-mcn.]
"WAKi'Av-i
mohur and of
sliould be
rnpeo,
A
jA'xorEr.
80
The legend on
struck.^
face
tlio
golden ianhi was " Jalian^ir Shah, a.h. 1027," and on
tlie
the reverse,
''
Struck at Ivhamba.it, the 12th year of H. M. silver tanka, on one side. " Jahiingir Shah, a.h.
For the
reign,"
1027," with a verso round coin
'
it,
the meaning of which
" This
is,
On
was struck by Jahangir Shah, the ray of victory."
the
other side was impressed, " Struck at Khambait, the 12tli year
H.
of
jNI.
reign," with this verse round
came from Mandii
of the Dakhin. ho before this
had
tanl:as
to
"After the conquest In no reign
Gujarat,"
The
been coined except of copper.
of gold and silver were inventions of Jahdiig'iri
it,
my
own, and
faiihris
them
I called
tankanr
Conquest of KIrarda. Intelligence arrived from the eastern provinces that
Mukarrani
who had been appointed to the had conquered the territory of Khurda
Elian, son of INIu'azzam Kliiin,
governorship of Orissa,
and that
its
;
Haja had
As
Eaja Mahcndra.
sought
protection
at
a reward of this service,
the tl
e
Court
of
Khan was
favoured with a manual) of 3000 personal allowance and the com-
mand
of
2000
He
horse.
was
also
honoured with a kettle-drum,
Between the province of Orissa and
a horse, and a hhiVaf.
Golkonda, there were the territories of two znminddrs,
The
Raja of Khurda and the Ixaja Mahendra.
viz.
former have been taken possession of by the servants of
Government, and
it
is
Emperor's prosperous added
the
territories of the
my
hoped that through the influence of the star, that
of the latter will also be soon
to the protected countries.
^ In the sixteenth year of the rei,u:ii, ho gives to the Persian ambassador a gold mohur, called Ki'n-jaJwni, Aviigliing 100 tolas. In the tweiflh year, he gives to the vakils ofAdil Khin a gold mo/nir, called kaitkab tola, equal to 500 current gold mohuis..
the tontli year he gives one of the same weight to the ambassador of 'Adil
Id.
but ^
calls it a
Khan,
Xkr-jahdni.
[This statement
is
certainly not true, so far as regards the silver taiiJca;
seems to have puzzled the copyists, for in several instead of it*>^ (copper),
MSS.
making the whole passage
nonsense was preferred to error.]
the
word ^j,^
unintelligible.
(I) is
and
it
written
But perhaps
EMPEROR
31
JMI.VNCrR.
The Jam of Gujarat.
Wlien the royal tents were pitched on the banks of the Malii, zammddr (called) Jam attended at Court. Having obtained
the
the honour of kissing the ground, he presented ntohios,
which
title,
He
is
His
held by every
is
man who
one of the greatest zammddrs of
territory
is
6000 horsemen
;
succeeds to
Jam tlie
He
chiefship.
has always 5000 or
but in time of war he can collect 10,000 or
There are plenty of excellent horses in his
12,000.
was his
province of Gujarat.
tlie
bordered by the sea.
100
fifty horses,
His name was Jasa, and
and 100 rupees.
and a Kachi horse
is
sold at as high as
2000
or
territory,
3000 rupees.
I
bestowed a khiVat upon him.
Thirteenth Year of the Eeign.
On Sunday
night, the 23rd of Rabi'u-l awwal, a.h.
1027
(10th March, 1618), at about two hours after sunset, that great
luminary which benefits the world with the
first
sign of the Zodiac.
This
its
New
bounty entered Aries,
Year's
Day which gave
light to the world, brought to a close the twelfth year of this
humble servant of God, which had been passed
now
in happiness,
On
Thursday, the 2nd of Farwardin, the
festival of
weighed against metals on the lunar anniversary of occurred
May
;
and the happy
upon
liis
goodness
my my
birth
year of mj^ age commenced.
my
be spent in occupations con-
life
God, and no moment pass without !
being
fifty-first
the remaining days of
sistent with the will of
tion
and
a new, auspicious and prosperous year began.
reflec-
After the ceremony was over, a wine
party was convened, and the most familiar servants of the throne, being favoured with draughts of wine, became merry.
The Tuesday
night, 21st of the month, I
towards Ahmaddb^d.
As
atmosphere were very grievous to
had
distance
my return
tlie
to be travelled before
camp
followers,
and a great
wo could reach ^gra,
it
oc-
me that I had better remain at Mandu during this liot As I had heard much praise of the rainy season of Gujarat,
curred to season.
marched on
the excess of heat and the oppressive
82
WA'KI'AT-T JAHA'NGmr.
and as there was no comparison between the
and that of Mandu.
I at last
The Almighty God always and assistance
and protection
shown from the
city of
Ahmadabad
determined to remain in the former.
to this
extended his
in all places has liis
humble creature
very time
fact that at this
it
and
j
was reported
this to
is
me
that a pestilential disease {wabd) had broken out in i^gra, and
numbers of men had perished.
my
confirmed in
For
reason I was fully
this
my
resolution of postponing
Agra, which had occurred to
my mind
march towards
by the divine
inspiration.
Coins.
Formerly
it
was customary
my name
to strike
on one side of
the coin, and that of the place, and the month, and the year of the
on the obverse.
reign.,
name
of the
now occurred
It
my mind
to
that, instead
of the month, the figure of the sign of the Zodiac
corresponding to the particular month should be stamped.
month
instance, in the
Urdlbihisht that of a Bull, and so on
which a coin mioht be struck, the
it.
This was
my own
;
that
is,
month
in every
in
of the constellation in
fisfure
which the Sun might be at the time side of
For
of Farwardin the figure of a Earn, in
sliould be impressed on one
innovation.
had never been done
It
before.
Drinlimg.
,
On
Thursday, 20,000 darabs were granted to
Zaman, and 100 gold mohurs and 1000 rupees
As they to
my
well
knew
mm
would be at onco remove?!, I derived great benefit
imm
Ilbiess
On \i!
V
Saturday
I
thai
if 1
w
vould diminish a ich I took,
Accog'^ilihglj^ i>*ueir
my
little
the
complaint
on the very
first
day
advice.
of Jahdngir.
had a severe headache, which was followed by
That night midnight
Hakim Masihu-z Hakim lliihu-Ila.
that the air of Gujarat was very uncongenial
health, they told
usual quantity of wine aud opium
fover.
to
I
did not take
tlie effect
of
my
my
usual quantity of wine.
abstinence became apparent, and
EMrEROR JAHANGFR.
83
my
aggravated the fever with which I was tossing about on
In the evening of Sunday the fever decreased
morning.
till
bed ;
and by the advice of some physicians of Multan, I took my They also repeatedly recommended me usual quantity of wine. some gruel made of pulse and
to take
From
to do so.
the time
I
had no
it
When my
again.
inclination to take
In short,
it.
Although
three days and three nights.
day and one night, yet I was as weak as
my
time laid up in
bed.
I
could not
drunk such broth, and
never, so far as I recollect,
never be obliged to drink
but
rice,
hope
I
meal
I
may
brought,
"^vas
I fasted altogether
had fever only one
I
if I
had been
had no appetite at
I
manage had
arrived at years of discretion, I
I
a long
for
all.
Akmaddbdd. I
am
at a
to conceive
loss
what beauty and excellence the
founder of this city saw in this wretched land, that he was in-
duced
to build a city here
and how
;
spend the days of their precious
wind always blows
here,
already mentioned that is
cit}^ is
wells
;
very
little
also should
water.
Hot
I liave
is
exceedingly bad and dis-
and the river which runs along the outskirts of the
always dry, except during the rains.
is
The water
and brackish, and that of the tanks
bitter
becomes
skirts
is
him others
in this dirty place.
very sandy, and that the atmosphere
The water
loaded with dust.
agreeable
and there
it is
after
life
like buttermilk
washermen leave have reservoirs
in
it.
of the
in the
out-
from the mixture of soap which the
Those people who are somewhat
in their houses,
affluent
which are filled with rain-water
during the rainy season, and they drink from this supply during the whole year.
which there
is
It
is
manifestly very injurious to drink water
never fanned by a breeze, and stagnates in a place where
is
no passage for exhalation.
Outside of the
of verdure and flowers, all the ground (thorn-trees),
thorns
is
abad.
Now
well I
and the
known.
effect I
is
city, instead
covered with zakum
of the air which blows over these
have previously called this city Gard-
do not know what
to call it
— whether
Samumistan
——
;
WJlKI'AT-I jauksgtrt,
84
home of tLe simoom), Bimaristan (place of sickness), Zakumdar (thorn-brake), or Jahamiamabad (hell), for all these
(tbe
names are appropriate. Poefiy. It
was reported in these days that Khan-khanan, the com-
my
mander-in-chief and
had composed a ghazal
preceptor,
in
imitation of the well-known verse " For one rose the pain of a hundred thorns must be suffered."
And
that Mirza
Rustam Sa&wi and
also tried their talents in the
A cup of wine should be quaffed The
clouds too are thick,
Of my
it is
who were
courtiers
Murad
follow-
in the presence of one's beloved.
time to drink deep."
present, those
who had a
turn for
poetry composed ghazak and repeated them before me. fiistr-mentioned
had
his son
my mind
ing couplet occurred to
"
Mii-za
same manner. Instantly the
verse
The
a very celebrated one, composed by
is
Maulana 'Abdu-r Rahman Jami. but except that verse, which
I
is,
have read the whole ghazal
as
it
were, a proverb on the
tonnes of all people, the others are not of any great They are, indeed, very plain and homely.
elegance.
Pictures.
This day Abu-1 Hasan, a painter, who bore the
title
of Nadiru-z
Zaman, drew a picture of my Court, and presented it to me. He had attached it as a frontispiece to the Jahdngir-ndma. As it was well worthy of
was an elegant
painter,
celebrated artists
would do him father,
Aka
his son
and had no match
full justice for his
bom
in
my
superior to the father. care to cultivate his
He
favours.
in his time.
Abd-1 Hai and Bihzad were now
If the
alive,
they
exquisito taste in painting.
His
Raza, was always with
was
him with great
praise, I loaded
me
household.
while I was a Prince, and
However, the sou
is
far
I gave him a good education, and took
mind from
his
youth
till
he became one of
—
!
EMPEEOR JAHANGTR.
85
the most distinguished
by him were
beautiful.
men of his age. The portraits furnished Mansur is also a master of the art of
drawing, and he has the
my
father
and
my
these two artists.
own, there have been none to compare with I
am
very fond of pictures, and have such
discrimination in judging them, that I can
whether living or dead.
artist,
finished
Even
by several
Tn the time of
of Nadiru-l Asli.
title
artists, I
tell
the
name
If there were similar portraits
could point out the painter of each.
one portrait were finished by several painters,
if
of the
I could
mention the names of those who had drawn the different portions In
of that single picture.
whom
the brow and by
fact, I
whom
could declare without
by
fail
the eye-lashes were drawn, or
any one had touched up the portrait
after
it
if
was drawn by the
first painter.^
Publication of the
As
Emperors
Memoirs;.
the events of twelve years forming part of the Jahdngir-
ndma had been written down, I ordered the tnutasaddis of my library to make a volume of them, and prepare a number of copies, to be distributed among the chief servants of the throne, and
also to be sent to all parts of the country, that great
influential
men might make
Friday, one of
my
it
their study
and
On
and exemplar.
writers having finished a copy
and bound
it,
As this was the first copy, I gave it to Prince Shah Jahan, whom I considered in all things the first of all my sons. On the outside of it I wrote with my own hand that it was
brought
it
to
presented to
me.
him on such a date and
be favoured with the
which shall obtain
for
ability
of
at such a place.
May
knowing the contents of
him God's grace and the
blessinfjs of
he it,
His
creatures '
" In his time there were found, in the Indies, native painters,
who
copied the
might vie with the originals. He was partial to the sciences of Europe, and it was this which attached him to the Jesuits. He caused a church and a residence to be built for them at Lahore." Catrou's History of the Mogul Dynast y, p. 178. See also Sir T. Roe in Kerr's Collection of Voyages and Travels, vol. ix. pp. 279-289. finest of
our European pictures with a
fidelity that
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIEr.
86
Executions.
At
was brought before me, and
this date a certain prisoner
The
gave orders for his execution.
I
executioner acted very
promptly, carried him to the place of punishment, and gave
my order. my courtiers,
After a
effect to
one of off.
my
orders arrived.
granted his
I
But according
cut
while, at the intercession of
little
life,
but ordered his feet to be
he had been beheaded before
to his destiny,
Although he deserved death, yet
I regretted
the circumstance, and ordered that henceforth, in the event of
any person being sentenced to death, notwitiistanding that the orders might be imperative, yet they should not be carried into effect till sunset,
issued, the
and
if
up
to that time
punishment should be then
A Bazar On Tuesday dence.
at
no reprieve should be
inflicted
on the criminal.
Court.
night, the 19th, a bazar was held at
Before this,
it
my own
was an established custom that the
resi-
sellers
of manufactured goods of the city should bring and expose them for sale in the courtyard of
implements, and
were if
all
my
palace.
on these occasions.
to be seen
Jewels, inlaid articles,
kinds of cloths and stuffs sold in the bazars, It
came into
my
mind, that
the market were held in the night-time, and plenty of lanterns
were lighted before each shop,
In
tion.
pated
;
it
fact,
whqn
it
it
was done,
would be a very pretty exhibiit
was exactly as
was altogether a novelty.
I
had
antici-
the shops, and
I visited all
purchased what jewels and ornamented articles and other things appeared good to me. Drinklna.
The
my
climate of this part of the country was not beneficial to
health,
and the physicians had advised me
quantity of wine
began to do
so.
I
usually drank.
deemed
to lessen
the
this prudent,
and
In the course of one week
quantity about one cup. «acl)
I
Formerly
cup containing seven
tolas
I
I
reduced the
took six cups every night,
and a half of
liquor,
that
is.
EMrEROR JAHANGrR.
87
alt^other;^ but now each cup contained six and
fortj-five tolas
one-third of a
iota,
the whole being thirty-seven tolas and a half.
Renunciation of Hunting.
my life,
was one of the remarkable events of
It
that
when I was
about sixteen or seventeen years, I made at Allahabad a vow to
God, that when I should arrive at the
would leave
I
creature.^
off
shooting, and
arrived at that age,
day
give no
Mukarrab Khan, who was one
was acquainted with
officers,
fiftieth
could not freely draw
tion, recollected
conform to
my
breath,
In this state
that account.
I
had
visit
my
what
I
most confidential I
had
I
tomb of
to
I resolved within myself, that
and the expiration of the
under the guidance of Almighty God,
fixed, I would,
the
I
suddenly, through divine inspira-
had promised, and now I determined
my
father, and,
having invoked the aid of
would entirely abstain from that habit.
as these ideas occurred to
my
pain to any living
my
and was very much troubled on
former resolution.
his holy soul, I
my
mind,
I
and found myself fresh and happy.
pain,
at^e,
year had commenced, one
after the lapse of this the fiftieth year,
go to
my
In short, now that
this vow.
and the
of
year of
happened, that through the excess of smoke and vapour,
it
time
fiftieth
As
soon
was entirely relieved of I
immediately indulged
tongue by expressing thanks to the Almighty God, and I
trusted that he would assist
me
in
my
resolution.^
[Rather more than an Imperial pint.] His passion for shooting is shown by the statement which he makes at the close of the events of the eleventh year. He there says that as the discourse happened one night to turn upon sport, he directed his news- writers and huntsmen to make out a statement, showing how many animals he had killed during his life. It appeared that he had been present, from the twelfth year of his age to his fiftieth, at the death of no less than 28,532 animals, of which 17,168 had been killed with his own hand, 'i.e., 3203 quadrupeds, comprising, amongst others, 86 tigers, 889 nilgdos, 1372 deer, 36 wild buffaloes, 90 wild boars, 23 hares and 13,9G'l birds, including 10,348 pigeons, and 156 waterfowl. The number is made up of crows, owls, doves, and other birds, which do not enter into the catalogue of English sport. ^ [The Emperor subsequently retracted his resolution, and gives his reason for so doing but it is not consistent with what is here stated to be the cause of his resolve He fre()uently went out hunting. In the eighteenth year of his see infra, p. 384. '
*
;
;
reign,
a tiger
;
and ]
:-'ty-sixth of his age,
he records that ho went out on horseback and shut
88
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrnr.
A In the next marcli
had been thrown over boats
fit
Bridge.
I
crossed the
it.
Although
for building bridges,
flowed forcibly, yet
throngli
Hasan Mir Bakhshi,
Mahi by
of testing
management
the good
of Abi'i-l
a very strong bridge of 140 3'ards in length in
only
strength) I ordered one of
its
were no
and the water was very deep and
and four yards in breadth was prepared
way
the hriclge whicli
in this river there
my
By
days.
tiiree
largest elephants
with three other female elephants to be taken over
The
it.
bridge
was so strong that the weight of the mountain-like elephants did not shake
in the least.
it
A
Comet} Several nights before this, a
Saturdaij, 17th Zi-l hcCda.
little
before dawn, a luminous vapour, in the form of a column,
made hour
its
appearance, and every succeeding night
earlier
than on the preceding night.
development,
its full
it
a
with
edge towards the
had
arose half an
it
had attained
looked like a spear ^ with the two ends
thin, but thick about the middle.
reaping-sickle,
When
it
back
its
On
nortli.
It
was a
towards
little
the
curved like
south,
and
the date above mentioned,
The astronomers measured
three hours before sunrise.
it
its
rose
its size
with their astrolabes, and, on an average of different observations, it
was found
to extend
empyrean heaven, but
24
degrees.
Its course
had a proper motion of
it
was retrograde
—
its
was
in the
own, indepen-
first
appearing in
the sign of the Scorpion, then in that of the Scales.
Its declina-
dent of that firmament, as
tion
it
Astrologers call such a phenomenon a spear,
was southerly.
and have written that
it
portends evil to the chiefs of Arabia, and
the establishment of an enemy's power over them.
knows
if this
be true
Sixteen nights '
'^
^
[This passage
is
^
the
God only
!
after its first appearance, a
work of
Sir
H. M.
comet appeared in
Elliot.]
This word might also be translated a " porcupine." Literally, " Up to the above date after sixteen nights since the phenomenon
.AiH-i," to
which
it is difficult
to assign
any exact meaning.
EMPEROR JAHANOrR.
89
the same quarter, having a shining nucleus, with a
pearance about two or three yards long, but in the
Up
no light or splendour. years have elapsed since
to
appears, I shall take care to record
have resulted from
the
way
it dis-
as well as the effects
which
Story.
passed through a
I
when
appearance, and it,
it.^
A On
ap-
there was
the present time, nearly eight
first
its
tail in
tail
field
of jmcdr, in which every
plant had no less than tweU^e bunches of corn, while in other fields there is generally
my
only one.
mind the
It excited
my
astonishment,
King and the Gardener. A King entered a garden during the heat of the day, and met a gardener there. He inquired of him whether there were any and
recalled to
tale of the
pomegranates, and received a reply that there were. told
him
His Majesty
to bring a cupful of the juice of that fruit,
on which the
She was
gardener told his daughter to execute that commission. a liandsome and accomplished tliat
beverage, and covered
and asked the
it,
with
much
girl
why
it
She brought the cupful of
girl.
with a few leaves.
she had put the leaves
readiness replied, that she had done
His Majesty drinking too
fast, as
her,
and wished
said
to take
how much
300 dinars.
lie
He
to
it
prevent
drinking of liquids just after
a fatiguing journey was not good.
gardener
The King drank over it. The girl
The King
her into his
palace.
fell
in love
He
asked the
derived each year from his garden.
then asked
how much he
with
He
paid to the
was the discovery of a similar phenomenon, namely a nev star in Cassioijcia, roars before this, which introduced Tycho Brahe to the notice of the world as an as: nomcr. The star he discovered, however, only lasted from November, 1572, to Marc. 1574. The greatest of Grecian astronomers, Ilipparchus, is said to have become an observer through the discovery of a similar phenomenon. As Jahangir's star, if it was one, appeared in the Ecliptic, it must have been noticed by European astronomers, especially as the discoveries effected by Galileo's telescope were at that ^
not
It
fifty
,
The statement given in the time attracting general observation to the heavens. Extract from the Ikbdi-ndma is much more probable than this. In that there is
no mention of
its
continuance, and merely the effects which were visible for eight
years arc recorded, according to the superstitious notions of the time.
90
WAKI'AT-I JAHANOrRr. diicdn.
He
trees, b'
t
gave answer that he did not pay anything on
whatever sum he derived from his agriculture, he paid
His Majesty
a tenth part to the State.
said within himself,
my
" There are numerous gardens and trees in if I fix
fruit-
dominions
;
and
a revenue of a tenth ca them, I shall collect a great deal
of money."
He
pomegranate
juice.
then desired the
She was
girl to
bring another cup of the
late ia bringing it this time,
and
His Majesty asked her the reason
was not much she brought.
this deficiency, observing that she brought
it
quickly the
first
it
for
time
now she had delaj^ed long, and brought The daughter replied, " The first time one pomegranate sufficed. I have now squeezed several, and liave not been The Sultan was astonished, upon able to obtain so nmch juice," and
in great plenty, that
but
little.
entirely dependent
which her father replied that good produce
is
on the good disposition of the Sovereign
that he believed that
was a King
his guest
;
;
and that from the time he inquired respect-
ing the produce of the garden, his disposition was altogether
and that therefore the cup did not come
cliano-ed;
The Sultan was impressed with
juice.
upon relinquishing the
After a
tax.
desired the girl to bring a third cup of
time the
girl
his remark, little tiie
time,
full
of the
and resolved His Majesty
same beverage.
came sooner, and with a cup brimful,
Tliis
whicli con-
vinced the King that the surmise of the gardener was sound.
The Sultan commended the gardener's penetration, and divulged to him his real rank, and the reflections which had been passing in his mind.
Ho
then asked to be allowed to take his daughter
in marriaoo, in order that a niemorial of this interview and
circumstances might remain for the instruction of short, will
tlie
and
justice of the Sovereign.
Thanks
to tlie
I
gave orders that
if
any one were
to
tain
may
cause
tlic
mind
good and pure intentions
I
In
good
my
reign
;
plant a garden in
cultivated land, he was not to pay any revenue.
Almi'dity
tiie
Almighty God,
that no revenue on fruit-trees has been taken during
and
world.
the abundance of produce depends entirely on
its
I
pray that the
of this liunible creature to enter-
.
EMPEHOR JADANOrR.
91
Banthamhor
On
Moiulay,
There are two
Srd De,
tlie
went
I
to see tlic fort of Hantliambor.
adjacent to each other, one
hills
is
called
of Ranthamboi'
formed by the connexion of the two names.
is
Although the
fort is
the
Ran
called
hill
fort can be
Ran, and
The name
the other Tlianibor, and the fort stands on the latter.
very strong, and has
much water
in
it,
yet
stronger and better situated, and the
is still
taken only from that side.
FOUIITEENTH YeAII OF THE ReIGN.
—
[The Nan-roz of my fourteenth year corresponded with Rabi'u-1 akhir, 1028 h. (10th March, 1619 a.d.).] Niir Jahcin shoots
[IMy huntsmen reported to
hood
(of
tants.
I
Mathura) a
tiger,
Tiger.
that there was in the neighbour-
which greatly distressed
tiie
inhabi-
ordered his retreat to be closely surrounded with a
number of
Towards evening
elephants.
mounted and went animal with
my own
would not stand
I
made and
as a
marksman, has effect.
my
and
atte.'idants
Nur Jahan
to
fire,
to kill
my
any
musket.
the elephant very restless, and he
to
take good aim from a howda
Mirza Rustani, who
difficult feat.
I
had made a vow not
hands, I told
still,
very
back without
As
out.
Tlie smell of the tiger
the
me
a
fired three or four shots
Nur Jahan,
me
after
is
a
has no equal
from an elephant's
however, killed this tiger with
first shot.]
'Abdu-l
[Shaikh 'Abdu-1 accomplished sented to India.
me
men
Hakk
Hakh
Dehlawi,^ one of the most learned and
of the time,
came
to wait
upon me, and
a book which he had written upon the
He had
suffered a ov^od deal of trouble,
retirement at Dehli, resigned to
was an
Delilawi.
excellent
man, and
'his lot
1
[See suprd, p. 175.]
-jihs of
in
God.
was very agreeable.
showed him great attention and courtesy.]
pre-
and was living
and trusting
his society
.!>
in
He I
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrRf.
Journey
to
92
Kashmir.
On Tuesday, the 14tL, tlie royal camp halted As an account of this road and a description of ^
my
been already given in the narrative of will not repeat tliem here
record
my
time of
;
but from this place to Kashmir
in fifty-eight
marches and one
most translucent
As
halt.
I
my Maker,
there are at
filled
my
age commenced, in
full
of hills
and
all
passes, ravines
and ascents, and the royal party would have found it
place
and with every prospect of happiness. As
the road. I was going to take was
together,
tliis
with water of the
celebrated the lunar anniversary,
fifty-second lunar year of
gratitude to
all
the
remained here two days.
clearness, I
Thursday, the 16th,
march
I will
From
!
have travelled 178 hos during sixty-nine days,
I
a fountain, a small cascade, and a basin
and the
God
I
disembarking from boats at Akbarpur up to reaching
Hasan Abdal,
On
Hasan Abdal.
the stages have
expedition to Kabul,
occurrences, stage by stage, please
all
at
it difficult
to
was determined that the lady Maryamu-z
Zamani, and the other bcgams, should remain behind a few days,
and come on
at their ease afterwards
;
and the Prime Minister,
rtimadu-d daula al-Khakani, Sadik Khan Bakhshi, and Sa'adat
Khan Mir Saman,
should also come on subsequently with the
household and establishments. For the same reason Mirza Safawi
and Khan-i 'Azam were sent on with a party of
by way of Punch, and few of
my
I
my
attendants
myself went accompanied by only a
personal friends, and the servants
who were
absolutely
necessary.
On Here
Friday
I
intelligence
marched three Zos and a half was received of liana
and
it
in
Sultanpur.^
having died
Jagat Singh, his grandson, and Bhini, his son,
a natural death.
who were
to
Amar Singh
attendance upon mo, were honoured with khiraf-^,
was ordered that Kaja Kishan Das should convey
Kunwar Karan
a farmdn, conferring the
1
[Translated by Sii
2
This village
lies
H. M.
title
Elliot.]
on the southcru bank of
tlie
to
of Rana, with a
Ilarroh river.
—
EMrSROE JAHANCrR.
93
and a horse from
khil'af,
my own
and congratulate him upon heard from
I
of thunder
tlie
stables,
hill
the neighbourhood,
in
though there might be at the time no sign of
They
lightning.
now
to be
therefore call th's
mentioned
As the story is a very strange God knows whether it is true.^
On On
this stage
in
one, I
Saturday, the 18th, I marched four
This sound
we entered the pargana
Icos
of
my
is
have
I
father's pre-
have recorded
it,
and a half to Sahl.
Hazara Farlgh.*
Sunday, the 19th, we encamped at Naushehra,^
ling three hos
As
Garaj.
hilj
sence.
During
rain, or cloud, or
heard every year, or certainly every two years.
also heard this matter frequently
but
him honour,
8o do
people of this country that a noise like that
upon the ear from a
fell
and
his succession.
after travel-
and three-quarters, where we entered Dhamtaur.
far as the eye could reach, the
blossoms of the ihal kamval and
other flowers were glowing between the green foliage.
It
was a
beautiful scene.
On
km and a hal^ I Mahabat Khan presented jewels and
IMonday, the 20th, after a march of three
arrived at Salhar,^ where
arms
inlaid
to the value of G0,000 rupees.
In this tract
I
saw
Tliis is still comniojily reported in tlie rieiglibourhood,
^
tut the sounds are said to twenty years, since the fort of Srihote was built on the The mountain is no dout)t that which is now called Gandgarh,
have ceased within the
last
summit of the hill. composed of clay-slate capped but the local tradition
is,
that
The name of Garaj is not now known, was once called Ganjgaih (evidently Garajgarh), but to Gandgarh " the bald," on account of its apparent
\rith limestone. it
Emperor changed it The sounds are said to proceed from a Eakas, or demon, whom ilaj^ Easalu, tlie King Arthur of the h-aditions of the Upper Sind Sagar, imprisoned in a cavern, lie was t!ie son of Salbahan, and is said to have built the tope at PhaUur, that some
barre'.ii'css.
near Usnu'iu Khiitur. llazaru
*
in
ruus
is
not so called from the famous
Tlic fertility of this valley
it.
is
Mughal
tribe, as there are
none of them
A
celebrated esptx;ially for wheat.
local distich
:
"
Cliacli Ilaz'tra kanaka bhaly&n, Dhanne khubi gain Sur Sikesar te ghorc bhale, Ishnor doabe te dbaen," the wheat of Chach Hazara, the cows of Dhanni, the horses of Sikesar ;
That
is,
(salt range), the rice of Il;ishtnagar (near 3
this »
Peshawar), are all excellent. on the eastern b:ink of the river Dhor, but the distance between place and Sultanpur is greater than here represented.
The
village is
'I'his
place
Mount
Sirbau.
is
on the eastern bank of one of the feeders of the same
river,
under
;
94
VAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr. a flower red and
another, that
(marsh-
khitm'i
So many flowers were blooming near one
appeared to be
it
form of a gul
in the
fiery,
mallow), but smaller.
On
that of the apricot.
all
The
one flower.
the slope of this
hill
tree
is like
there were
many
wild violets, of exceeding fragrance, but their colour was paler
than that of the usual variety.
On
Tuesday, the 21st, we travelled three
On
Malgalll.i
government at Bangash, and an elephant from
A-os,
my
gave him a
I
/i/iil'at,
a postin^ and
Snow fell muddy and very
rained also at night.
it
morning, and as the whole road was
slippery, the beasts
at
to his
During the whole march
private stables.
there was drizzling rain, and in the
and encamped
day Mahabat Khan was despatched
this
which happened
to be at all
every direction, and were not able to
weak
fell
in
Twenty-five
rise again.
elephants belonging to the illustrious Government were lost upon
the occasion. for
As
the weather was very cloudy, I halted here
two days.
On Thursday,
the 23rd, Sultdn Husain, the zaminddr of Pakli
(or Pakhah), obtained the
we had
entered Pakli.
honour of kissing the earth,
It is
ray father was here, snow also
fell
ae
it
when
did on this occasion
whereas for several years past there had been no also
for here
an extraordinary thing that,
fall,
and rain
had been very scanty.
On
Friday, the 24th, I marched four kos to Tawydkar.
was much mud on and guava
trees
this road also,
There
and the whole way the plum
were in blossom, and the pine-trees also were
ravishing to the sight.
On
Saturday, the 25th, I travelled over nearly throe kos and
a half to the neighbourhood of Pakli.
On
Sunday, the 26th,
tridges.*
mounted and rode down some par-
I
Towards evening,
at the request of Sultan Husain, I
well known as an encamping ground, more The Afjh&ns often ride down partridges in
*
Still
*
•'
execution than one would imagine.
makes a shun
flight
and
sits
Two
generally called Maiij^li.
a
way which
is
much
easier of
or more horsemen put up a partridge, which
down; a horsemau then
puts
it
up
airaiii.
The hunters
95
EMPEROR JAHANGrR.
went
and honoured him
to his residence,
My father also
compeers and friends.
some
and
horses, swoi'ds, hawks,
birds,
and returned the other
Sarkiir Pakli
breadth.
On
raucli In the eyes of his
visited him.
the
east
presented
thinjis.
thirty-five kos in length,
is
He
I accepted sonic of the
falcons.
by twenty- five
in
has the mountains of Kashmir, on
it
the west Attock Benares, on the north Kator, on the south the
country of
the Ghakkars.
It is said
that
when Tlnuir was
returning to Tiiran from the conquest of Hindustan, he
The
of his followers here. origin Farsis
but they cannot
(?),
tell
some
left
people themselves say they
ai'c
what was the name of
by
tli< ir
They are now called Lahori, and their speecli is that of the Jilts. The same may be said of the people of Dhanitaur. In the time of my father Shah Rukh was the zaiiiiivhu- of Dhamtaur. His" son Bahadur is now zconin^ldr. Although the people of Pakll and Dhamtaur intermarry and communicate leader.
freely,
yet they are always quarrellino-, like otlicr zanihi'Jdrs,
These people have always been well affected
about boundaries.
Mahmud,
Sultan
towards our family.
the
Husain of Pakli, and Shah Bukh, both came
my
of Sultan
to visit
me
Notwithstanding that Sultan Husain
accession.
years old, he
fiither
is
to all appearance strong
j
is
before
seventy
he can ride and take
exercise.
In this country
liqaor the people call
but it
si>\
They drink nothing but considered to be the best the people keep houses.
it
tied
They then
year
old.
much
up
very
much
rice,
with their food, and the oldest
in jars for
two or three years
ten years. ;
Mahmud
but
it
If
it is
as i.
it
should never be
used to take a cup of
runs, or
p. 375.
is
in their is
called
kept for a longer less sir,
than one
and yet a
do rest, till jt becomes too tired to fly, knock it down witfi sticks." Elphinstone's
relieve one another, so as to allow the bird
when they ride it over Kingdom of Caubul, vol.
which
stronger than bozah.
and when the ingredients are mixed,
''or
the better
Sultan
sir
;
is
take off the scum, and the liquor
dcM, which can be kept period, so
prepared from bread and
io;:«//, is
—
96
wA'KrAT-i JAHAXGrnr. mouthful
The}- brouglit the very
took some by
and in
way
of
If
;
and
it
my
qualit}^ for
first
had taken some
I
trial.
bitter to the taste
it.
Sultan Husain does
sufficient to create intoxication.
is
the same.
before.
It
seems that they mix a
you get drunk with
it,
use.
T
is
harsli
little
hhaufj
occasions drowsiness.
it
If
there were no such thins; as wine, this might be used as a substi-
The
tute. all
fruits arc apricots, peaches,
sour and
ill-
They make
their houses
manner of Kashmir. as horses, mules,
of
tiie
and dwellings
Thcr;'
and horned
The mules
dant.
and
pears, but they ar?
flavoured.
is
of wood, after tlv
game
weak and
suj^ply
food
my
for
retinue,
were issued to take only the" few tents and
which were absolutely necessary, elepliants,
A
and
As
to cairy.
it
a few marches ahead the country was not
tliat
populous to
sufficiently
well
useless, in consequcncu'
heavy loads which they have been made
was reported
here, as
Goats and fowls are abun-
cattle.
are rcuderrd
all
plenty of
to
orders
establisliraeuts
diminish the number of
to take supplies suflicient for three or four days.
few attendants were selected to accompany me, and
rest
tiie
were placed under the orders of Khwaja Abii-l Hasan Naklisliabi, to follow a few stages after
tions and' injunctions,
700 elephants even
The
me.
Notwithstanding
was found necessary
/i/iil'af,
all
my
precau-
to take with
me
reduced tents and establishments.
for the
rnansdh of Sultan Husain, which was
horse, was raised to
a
it
400 personal and 300
GOO personal and 350 horse, and I gave him
an ornamented dagger, and an elephant.
Bahadur
Dhamtauri, wdio stands appointed to Bangash, was raised to a
mansab of 200 personal and 100 horse.
On
mz
Sunday, the 29th,
the bridjje
I
marched
five kos
from the north to the south, rising in the of
Badakhshan and
into
Tibet.
As
and a quarter, cross-
This Nain Sukh flows
and stream of Nain Sukh.
hills
below the country
in this place the river is divided
two branches, I ordered two wooden bridges
was eighteen yards of each
was
long,
five yards.
to be
made
;
one
and the other fourteen, and the breadth
The
following
is
the
mode
of
making a
EMPEROR JAHANOrK.
97
Trees of sal are thrown over the river,
bridge in this country.
and
two ends are lashed firmly to the rock
their
tlicso
made
bridge so
The
and across
;
A
thick planks are riveted strongly with nails and ropes. for several years,
lasls
made
elephants were
with occasional repairs.
to ford the stream, but horse
and
foot
It was Sultan Mahmud who named Sukh, which means " the eye's repose,"
crossed over the bridge. this river Na.in
On
Thursday, the 3rd, after travelling nearly three kos and a
we encamped on the bank of the Kishenganga. On this march we crossed an exceedingly high hill the ascent was one
lialf,
;
kos,
and the descent one and a
They
half.
because in the Kashmiri tongue cotton
is
call it
Pham
called
pham, and
Dirang, as
there were agents here, on account of the Kings of Kashmir,
who
levied duties on each load of cotton,
and as delay or dirang
occurred on this account, the place became
Dirang.
the water was beautifully clear.
an old bridge over this river
made near
bridge to be
it,
camp
fifty-three
orders of
my
father, a
I
drank
my
There was
I ordered another
yards long and three broad.
made the elephants
over without their loads, but horse and foot
By
it,
at eventide.
foot crossed.
the stream was deep and rapid, I
bridges.
Pham
as
yards long, and one and
fifty-four
by which those on
a half broad,
down near
Sitting
usual cups of wine, and arrived in
As
known
After passing the bridge, we saw a cascade, of which
crossed
pass
by the
very strong sardi was built
here of stone and mortar, on the top of a
hill to
the east of the
river.
As
only one day remained before the
sign, I sent
on Mu'tamad
spot on which to erect festival of the
the
was a
—a
throne, and
charming green
spot,
new
high and conspicuous
make
preparations for the
happened that a
It so
enter a
river,
little
beyond
there was an
on the top of which there
level surface of fifty yards, just as if the executors of the
decrees of there
my
Year.
to select a
on the eastern bank of the
bridge,
eminence
New
Khan
Sun would
that
God had
designed
Mu'tamad Khan
it
an occasion.
It
was
up the decorations
for
the
for .such
set
WAKI'AT-I JAEANGIRr. and managetl
festival,
all
98
admirably as to
so
my
forth
call
and acknowledgments.
praises
The
river Kislienganga
The
south. ^
flows from the
river Behat, flov/ing
north towards
from the
the
the
east, falls into
Kishenganga, taking a northerly course.^*
Fifteenth Year of the Reigx. [The Nau-roz of the
fifteenth year of
my
reign
fell
on the
15th Rabl'u-s sauf, 1029 h. (10th March, 1620 a.d.).] KasJunir,
On
Friday,
the 27th, I rode
Virnag, which kos in a boat,
out to
see the
the source of the river Behat.
is
and anchored near Manpur.
very sad news from Kishtiwar.
When
This day
This
country.
oflicers,
man committed two
went
of five
I received
Dilawar Khan, after
conquest of that country, returned to Court, he
an Arab, with several other
fountain I
tlie
Nasru-lla,
left
for the protection of the
faults
of judgment.
He
oppressed the zaminddrs and the people, and he foolishly complied with the wishes of his troops,
come
to
to Court,
zaminddrs,
petitioned
men were
Consequently, as very few
services.
hearts,
who
him
for leave
with the hope of obtaining the reward of their
who had
lonjj
with him, the
nourished revenfje against him in their
and were always lying
in wait for him, took
the opportunity, and having assembled from bridge which was the only means of
engaged openly in
left
rebellion.
advantage of
all sides,
burnt the
his receiving succour,
ru-lla
and
Khan, having taken
refuge in the fort, maintained his position for two or three days
with great
diflliculty.
and the enemy had cut with the few > '^
The
there were no provisions in the fort,
off
the supply of water, he resolved to die
men he had with him, and he gave
proofs of the
most
text saj-s the contrary,
It takes a slight turn to the north before joining the
junction, they •
As
[p:!id
llo\/
of Sir
tofether towards tho south.
II.
M.
Elliot's translation.]
Kishenganga
;
but after the
99
EMrEROR JAHANGrK.
When
cripturcd.
sun of Dilawar iulliiience
in
and many
slain,
ears, I appointed Jalal,
whose forehead shone the marks of
and worth, and who had shown much enterprise
(iOO iiorse,
to
in-
in the
and
extirpate the wretched rebels;
him the rank of 1000 and the command of
liaving conferred on
the retainers of his father,
ordered
among Kashmir army, a
who were now
the special servants of the throne, together with
-alisted
of the
Jammu, was
Jammu
hills,
body of
large
with his force from the
also ordered to attack
and
it
and some
zain'uulur.s,
Raja Sang Ham, the zamiiiddr
matchlockmen, to reinforce him. of
my
news reached
this
Khan,
•,un(|uest of Kishtiwtir,
}i.irt
men were
IVIany of his
courage.
vivterinined
was now hoped that the rebels would soon
be punished.
Conquest of Kdngrd.
[On Monday, 5th Muharram, the
joyful intelligence of
Kangra
cunquest of the fort of Kangra arrived. * * the
fort, situated in
hills
north of Lahore, and has been renowned
strength and security from the days of
for its
The zaminddrs lias
ever prevailed against
it
;
foundation.
and that no stranger's
God knows Since the glory of the Muhammadan
but
day that the sword of Islam and the religion
its
of the Panjab believe that this fort has never
])assed into the possession of another tribe,
hand
!
have reigned in Hindustan, not one of the mighty
Sultans had been able to reduce this a monarch of great ])ower, besieged
fort.
it
Sultan Firoz Shah,
for a long time
found that the place was so strong and secure, that possible to reduce
When
tlie
an ancient
is
this
it
so long as the garrison
had
but he
;
it
was im-
provisions. *
*
humble individual ascended the throne, the capture
of this fort was the first of
all
his designs.
Khan, governor of the Panjab, against Murtaza died
before its reduction
it
He
sent
Murtaza
with a large force, but
was accomplished.
Gbaupar
Mai, sou of Raja Basu, was afterwards sent against it; but that traitor rebelled, fortress
his
army was broken
was defened.
Not long
up,
after,
and the
fall
the traitor was
of the
made
—
WAjilAT-I JAHANGfRr. prisoner,
and was execut'ed and went
corded in the proper against
.sent
it
T.lace.
invested
Klmrram was afterwards and many nobles were month of Shawwal, 1029 h.,
force,
In the
the
as has been re-
hell,
Prince
with a strong
directed to support him.
to
(QO
were
trenches
the
place,
portioned
his
forces
out,
and the ingress of provisions was completely stopped.
time the fortress was in
the place, but for four months longer the fodder,
In
no corn or food remained
difficulty,
men
and similar things which they boiled and ate
in
upon dry
lived
but when
;
death stared them in the face, and no hope of deliverance re-
mained, the place surrendered on Monday,
Muharram
1,
1031.]
Saffron^^
As
the saffron was in blossom. His Majesty
go to Painpur,- whieli
Every
flourishes.
the only place in
is
The
The stem
to ihe cultivators,
the price sometimes varies a
weigh the
flowers,
it,
and that
is
In an ordinaiy year, 400 maiinds^ or 3200
Half belongs
Khurasani viaunds, are produced.
to
and
flower has five ])etals of a violet colour,
the purest saffron.
take them
it
inclines towards
three stigmas producing saffron are found within
ment, half
the city to
parteiTe, every fielJ, was, as far as the eye
could reach, covered with flowers. the ground.
left
Kashmir wlure
and a
Govern-
sir sells for ten rupees;"'
It
little.
and give them
home and
to the
is
but
the established custom
who
to the manufacturers,
extract the saffron from them,
and upon
giving the extract, which amounts to about one-fourth weight of
they receive in return an equal
the flower, to the public
officers,
weiglit of salt, in lieu of
money wages
in Kashmir, and even 1
[See au2Jrd, p. 304.]
2
This place
p
still
maintains
;
for salt is not
produced
in
the beauty of the inhabitants there
its
reputation.
Von
IlUgel
tells ns,
that saffron
is
almost exclusively in the district of Pauipilr, on the right bank of the
J
lelam, from three distinct varieties of crocus
'
r fifteen
years;
of another, for eight;
;
the root of one sort continues productive
of the third, for five.
Kaschmir,
vol.
ii.
275. '
Mr. Pereira states that one grain of good saffron contains the stigmata and styles
of nine flowers
;
hence 1320 tiuweis are rei^uired to yield one ounce of saffron.
— lOl
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
but very
is
import
salt
little,
they have but
i.e.
The next day
little
They
expression.^
* * *
from Hindustan. the fortunate
camp was pitched
at Eajaur.
The
people of Rajaur were originally Hindus.
Sultan Firoz con-
verted them.
still
Nevertheless, their chiefs are
styled Rajas.
Practices which prevailed during the times of their ignorance are
still
Thus, wives immolate them-
observed amonsst them.
the funeral pyres of their husbands, and bury
selves alive on
themselves alive in their graves.
It
was reported
that, only a
twelve years old had buried herself with
few days ago, a
girl of
her husband.
Indigent parents strangle their female offspring
immediately after birth.
Hindus not so
—
They
associate
much matter
lieaven protect us
;
and intermarry with
As
giving and taking daughters.
for taking,
but, as for giving their
it
does
own daughters
Orders were issued prohibiting these prac-
!
and punishments enjoined
tices for the future,
for their infraction.
S/idk Jahdn sent to the Dakkin.
[In these happy
and travelling the Dakhin.
men
in
in
daj^s,
when
I
was enjoying myself
in
hunting
Kashmir, successive despatches arrived from
When
the royal Couit
left
the capital, evil-disposed
the Dakhin, failing in duty and loyalty, raised
the
They got many Ahmadnagar and Birar into their power, and the despatches related how they were maintaining themselves by plunder and standard of rebellion.
devastation,
of the dependencies of
and were burning and destroying ships and pro-
On the former occasion, when I marched with the army to effect the conquest of the Dakhin, Khurram, who commanded the advance, arrived at Burhanpiir, The insurgents, with that craft which distinguishes them, made him They their intercessor, and abandoned the Imperial territory.
vender.
Imperial
presented large offerings of
money and
valuables as tribute, and
Maldhat is the word, and a double meaning is intended. Maldbat not onlymeans saltncss as well as expression, but a dark complexion in opposition to Labdbat, "fairness." These meanings are not in the dictionaries, though there is some ap^
proach to them in Freytag.
Nevertheless, they are of
common
application.
t
102
WAKIAT-I JAHANOrRI'. engaged I
remain quiet and loyal.
to
remained
some days
for
and consented
At
in the palace of Shatliab
army
No.v that they had
to forgive their misdeeds.
ones more thrown off their allegiance, Imperial
the instance of Kliurram,
it
command
again under the
my
was of
upon them the punishment they deserved, and example and warning
JJut he
for others.
Kangra, and many experienced
siege of
wish to send the
Khurram, to
to inflict
make them an
was engaged
in the
were with him
officers
on that service, so that for some days I could not determine
what
to do.
Letters
one
arrived
the
after
other,
The
forces
field,
and
which had been
But the
whom
rebels
had taken the
in occupation
left
months had been operating against the had
they
.
obtained
employed themselves
advantages.
several
and laying
in plundering
country about the Imperial forces, and there was no
tiie
left
three
for
over
rebels,
road
the
that
and had occupied many parts of the Imperial dominions.
horse,
waste
reporting
numbered nearly 60,000
insurgents having gathered strength,
open for the supply of provisions, so great want arose.
Suddenly they descended from the Balaglmt, and stopped
Emboldened by
Balapur.
horse,
and
in
forces
numbered COOO or 7000
some fighting which occurred, they
Many
baggage.
their impunity, they meditated a raid
The Imperial
round Balapur.
all
sides,
the rebels advanced
Nearly 1000 men three great,
royal
their
lost
were killed or taken, and the rebels returned
unmolested and plundering to their quarters.
from
at
Gathering forces
fighting as
fixr
as
Azdu.
They stayed at Balapur months. The scarcity in the royal camp became very and many of the men fled and joined the rebels. The force
fell
retreated
on both
to
sides.
Burhanpur, and was
besieged there by the rebels.
They remained
followed for six
round Burhanpur, and took possession of several
and
months
districts
in
Birar and Khandesh, where they by force exacted contributions
from the people. privations,
The
royal forces suflcred great hardships and
and being unable
to
endure longer, they came out of
:
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
103 the city
This increased the insolence and pride of the
(?).
]3j the favour of God, Ka,nf,"a
4th De,
Khurram
I sent
had
and
fallen,
Dakhin, and
to the
rebels.
so on Friday, the
upon
I conferred
hiin ten Icrors oi dams, to be collected from the country after its
now turned back on my
conquest. * * I
return to the capital.]
Sixteenth Year of the Reign.
my
[The Nau-roz of suni,
sixteenth year
1030 H. (10th March, 1G21
fell
on the 27th Rabi'u-s
a.d.).]
Fall of a Meteoric Stone.
One
On
of the
most surprising events of the time
is
the following
the morning of the 30th Farwardin of the present year, a
very loud and dreadful noise arose from the villages of the parrjana of Jalandhar,
east, in
one of the
and almost frightened the
In the midst of the noise a light
inhabitants to death.
the earth from the sky, and the people thought that
going to
After a moment, when the noise had subsided, and who were much confounded and alarmed, had come to
of the pargana,
'Amil
and informed him of the phenomenon.
Tlie
'Amil immediately rode eyes.
Muhammad
Sa'id, the
their senses, they sent a runner to
own
on
was
fall.
the people,
liis
fell
fire
to the village,
The land
for
and saw the place with
about ten or twelve yards in length
and breadth was so burnt that not a blade of grass or herbage was found there.
it
was dug the warmer
last a piece of iron appeared,
out of a furnace.
just taken
He
took
sealed
it
it
to his residence,
up, he sent
and found
to
it
to
me.
weigh 160 tolm.
but he represented that
be
mixed with
it
After some time
and having put It
it
was weighed
I ordered it,
ordered
was found.
it
became
my
and
to
cool.
bag and
into a in
to
At
had been
if it
Ustad Daud
it
presence,
make a bring them to me; to
would not bear hammering, but would
I ordered that
other
it
which was as hot as
sword, a dagger, and a knife from
break into pieces.
He
The ground was yet warm.
be dug, and the deeper
iron.
if
that
was the case
it
should
Accordingly three parts of the
"WAxrAT-i jAiiA'XGrRr.
to
and one
knife,
dagg-cr,
Tlie sword bent like the genuine
to be tried before
to the best
the other kind of
I
ordered
me, and they cut exceedingly well, equal
tempered swords.
m
War [On
Khurdad,
the 4 til
the Imperial forces
the'
DakMn.
letters arrived
from Khurram.
When
reached IJjjain, a letter arrived from the
which held Mandii, with the information that a rebel
force
hdd boldly crossed the Nerbadda, had burnt several sight of the fort,
and was engaged
mander-in-chief sent forward of 5000 horse, to
force
villages in
The com-
in plundering.
Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan,
march rapidly and
The Khwaja
rebels.
and
Almchi swords or those
Dakhin, and again became perfectly straight.
tlie
them
iron,
were made and presented
The watering was made on them with
me.
iron.
of
mixed wilh one part of common
iron were
iiictcoric
two swords, one
104
at the
head
punishment on the
inflict
arrived at daybreak on the banks of the
Nerbadda, but they had got information of his approach, and
had crossed over just before he came.
them
The
for nearly four kos^
rebels retreated to
Khwaja, directing advanced
force,
their approach the rebels took to flight,
up
in
to the
Khurram to
and removed
For two years the royal
joined the
Burhanpur.
foi'ces
On
to a distance
had been shut
Burhanpur, and had suffered greatly from want of food
and supplies.
They were
greatly in
remained there nine days to lacs
to the sword.
remain on that side of the river until
Shortly afterwards
and they marched rapidly
from Burhanpur.
royal forces pursued
Khurram then wrote
Burhanpur.
liim to
he' himself arrived.
The
and put many of them
of
rupees and
many
refit,
coats
want of
horses.
The army
and during that time thirty were distributed among the
They had no sooner begun to move, than the rebels, unable to make any resistance, fled. The royal forces pursued, and put many of them to the sword. Thus giving them Imperial soldiers.
no time
for repose,
abode of Nizaniu-1
they drove them to Khirki, which was the
Mulk and
other rebels.
But
before the royal
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
105
army
arrived, the rebels carried
Nizamu-1 Mulk with
oJfF
men were scattered about the country. The royal forces stayed three days at Khirki, and
his
all
Some
family and depeiidcuts to thp fortress of Daulatabad.
of
their
so destroyed
that town, which had taken twenty years to build, that hardl}' recover its
destroyed this place,
it
was determined
was besieged by a rebel
wdiich
besiegers,
With
force,
this determination
loyal,
and not
to
also to send his tribute perial Court.
It
that the rebels,
and nobles
He
Ahmadnagar,
place, to return.
to express his re-
promised ever afterwards
and a sum as an indemnity in the royal
who were
at
this
Im-
to the
time there was a
camp, and
tlie
news arrived
laying siege to Ahmadnagar, being
frightened at the approach of the royal army, had to a distance.
to
depart from the old arrangement, and
happened that just
want of provisions
to
after driving off the
they marched to Pattan. The rebel now
pentance and ask forgiveness.
great
march
and
and revictualling and reinforcing the
resorted to artifice, and sent envoys
remain
to
will
it
Having
splendour for the next twenty years.
So a reinforcement and some cash
to
moved
off
supply his
Khan (the commandant). Having made every necessary provision, the royal army set out on its return. After much entreaty on the part of the rebel, it was needs were sent to Khanjar
settled that, besides the territory
Imperial
a space of fourteen Aus beyond should be re-
officers,
linquished,
which was formerly held by the
and a sum of
fifty
lacs of
rupees should be sent to
the Imperial treasury.] Illness [I h"i.ve before
of Jahdng'ir,
mentioned that on the day of the Dasahra, when
I war .a
Kashmir,
breath.
This was charged entirely to the moisture of the atmo-
sphere.
In the air-passages on
was seized with a catching and shortness of
I
oppression and catching was
became relief;
fixed. * *
but when
A I
my
felt.
course of
left side
near the heart, an
It gradually increased
warm
medicine gave
me
a
and little
crossed the mountains, the violence of the
\06
WAKPAT-I JAHANGFRr.
On
malady increased.
and
for several days,
I
the present occasion I took goafs milk
me
bethought
ment by various
doctors.^
medicine, I gave up
me any
all
ing, conti-ary to
my
degrees I carried
it
good.
In despair of obtaining iny
-ian.
As
habit, I resorted to
When
to excess.
from
upon the
I found relief in drinkit
in ihe
daytime, and by
the weather became hot,
my
the evil effects of this became apparent, and
Nur Jahan Begam, whose
suffering increased.
{^Treat-
relief
doctoring, and throw myself
mercy of the Universal Physi
had
of the camcl'.s milk (I
forraerl. taken), but neither of tlicm did
weakness and sense and ex-
and
perience exceeded that of the physicians, in her kindness
devotion, exerted herself to reduce the quantity of tions,
and
me
to provide
Although
I
I now had
had
I took,
and improper things. give
and guarded
My
hope
is,
and
their advnce,
She gradually reduced the
me
against unsuitable food
that the True Physician will
* perfect cure. *
me a
Wlien
intelligence of
my
did not wait for a sunmions,
illness
reached
ni}'
son Parwez,
but set off instantly to see
my
came
although
I
him on the throne near me, and
I seated
presence.
adjured him and forbad him, he burst into tears, and
showed the deepest concern. side,
I
prosperity
The
may
my
bosom.
my
I showed life
and
be prolonged.
extreme heat of iV^gra
on the 12th Aban,
for the
to
attention and kindness, and I hope that his
Journey
so
took his hand, drew him to
and pressed him affectionately
him every
lie
me, and
on the 14th of the month, that kind and dutiful son into
pota-
with suitable and soothing preparations.
before discarded the doctors
faith in her attention.
quantity of wine
my
to
Kdngrd.
my constitution, of my reign, I started
was uncongenial
in the sixteenth
year
to
mountain country on the north, intending,
if
the climate
proved suitable, to build a town somewhere on the banks of Ganges, to which
I
tnight resort in tbe hot weather.
If
I
tlio
could
not find a place that suited me, I intended to proceed furtlier
107
EMrEROn
towards Kashmir. *
and
the Gan2;os,
On
'
JAlIA'XGrR.
and
of the mountain!^ was not pleasant,
a residence,
I)riate for
Jammu
tains of
village of
On
* *
and Kangra. of Kangra,
air
and proceeded onwards
plaf'e,
found no place appro-
I
moun-
resolved to proceed farther to the
I
the 14th,
my
left
T
witli
arrived at
I
Bald an, a dependency of Siba, and as
desire for the
Hardwar on
the 7th De, I arrived at
halted; but as the climate of the skirts
tlnri'
great
tlie
had a great
I
camp
at
this
a few special ittendants and
servants towards the fortress.
I'timadu-d daula was
ill,
I left
Khan
under the charge of Sadik
day the
so
him behind with the camp
On
Mir-hdhhald.
was brought that a change
intelligence
the followingfor the
worse
had come over the Khan, and the signs of dissolution were
Moved by
manifest.
by the I
affection
the distress of
had
I
for
At
returned to the camp.
He
see him.
was by
my
was
made
side,
I stayed
state).
by
17th of the month
I
Nur Jahan Begam, and
could proceed no further, so
the close of the day
times insensible, and signs and asked
if I
his pillow two hours.
words were
to his senses, his
loss of
at
him,
lie
died,
intelligible
and
I
went
Niir Jahan,
perceived (his
to
who
critic
d
Whenever he came and
sensible.
I felt inexpressible
On
sorrow at
the tlie
such an able and faithful minister, and so wise and kind
a friend.
After this
I
went on towards Kangra, and
march encamped on the the month that the
I
went
laizi^
of Islam,
to
pay a
visit to the fortress,
after four days'
On
and
I
the 24th of
gave orders
should accompany me, and perform the ceremonies
we mounted said,
Ban-ganga. * *
the Chief Justice, and others learned in the law
required by our religion.
were
river
to the fort,
After passing over about half a
the hhutha was read, a cow was killed, ^.id v^ther
things were done, such as had never been done before
foundation of the fort to the present time.
my
A'os,
and then by the grace of God prayers
presence, and I
this great conquest
bowed myself which no
in
li-orn
the
All this was done in
thanks to the Almighty for
pi-evious
monarch had been able
WAKI'AT-I JAIIAXCrRI'. accomplisli,
to
ordered a large mosque to be built in the
I
* *
fortress.
A
\Q8
letter
from Khurram iiiformed me that Kliusru
luul died
ofcolie.l
Seventeenth Year of the [The Nau-roz of the seventeenth year of Jumada-1 awwal, 1031 (March,
A
King
Kamlahar with for
calling
Khan
had
of Persia,
from
fell
Bal:J(xhi
I
gave orders
and Khwaja Abii-1 Hasan
Kashuiii-,
were sent on
from the Dakiiiii, Gujarat, Bengal, and assendiled,
i\\v\v Jaij/rs anil
in succession to the
son of
—
Jalu'in, reporting
in
advance of
to Lahore, to organize the forces as the princes brouglit
came from
on
laid siege to the fort of
the forces of 'Irak and Khurasan.
troops
and Sadik Khan
D'ncdii
reign
ni}'-
1G2-2;.
despatch arrived from the son of
that Shi'ih 'Abbi'is,
liEioN.
IJiliar,
and as the nobles
and then
Khan Jahan
at
me
them up
to send tliem on
Art'Uery,
jNTultan.
mortars, elephants, treasui-e, arms, and equipments were also to be
S(nit
on thither
more would be
.
.For
.
necih'd.
such an army 100,000 bullocks or
* *
wlioin I ha
Zainu-1 'A'bidin.
summon Khurram,
re-
turned and reported that the Prince would come after ho had passed the rainy season in the fort of
and understood the contents of the all
pleased, or rather
faniiun to the
I
was
that as
effect,
the rains, he was to send
dis|)leased. it
mo
was
Mandu.
When
Princ(^\s letter, T I
I
read
was not at
consequently wrote a
his intention to wait
till
the great dinirs anil officers I
after
had
placed under his connnan
Bokhara, the Bhaikhzudas, the Afghans, and Rajputs.]
Rebellion of [Tnteliigencc of the
y«i^i/'6'
of
Shah Jahdn.
was brought that Khurram had
Nur
Jalian
Kegam and
had fought with Ashrafu-1 Mulk, an had been appointed
faiijildr of
sei'/ed
upon some
Prince Sliabrlyar.
officer of Shaliriyar's,
He who
Dholpur and the country round,
;
109
EMPEROR JAHAXGrR.
and several men had been
by
offended
and
l)roper
by
his delaying at the fort of
sides.
further
mind was I
intelligence,
favour and kindness I accordingly sent
I
saw
and
I
his iin-
had perceived
TJjion hearing of
estranged.
that,
had been
I
Mandu, and by
foolish statements in his letters,
his insolence that his
this
on both
killed
notwithstanding
the
all
had shown him, his mind was perverted
my
Raja Soz-afzun, one of
oldest servants, to
inquire into the reasons of this boldness and presumption. also sent
him a /anndn,
and not
affairs,
directing
from the Imperial Exchequer. all
Khurram's son was
For pre-'
ill,
I
come
to
me,
my When
If he acted contrary to
made a vow
love of shooting, I kept
time; but now that
lit
to
to
repent. * *
that, if
*
God would spare my own hand.
would uever shoot an animal again with
my
all
own
He was
the troops which had been required from him for
commands, he would afterwards have
life, I
his
had been bestowed upon him
warned him not
I
the campaign against Kandahar.
his
to attend to
to depart from the strict line of duty.
to be content with the jagirs that
but to send
him
I
resolved to
2:0
out shootinir
I
my vow
for five years to the
was offended with Khurram,
I
ajrain.
On the same day Afzal Khurram, arrived with a letter, in which Khurram endeavoured to make excuses for his undutiful actions. He On
the 24th I crossed the Jhelam.
Khaii, dlicun of
hoped also that by Afzal Khan's persuasion and might obtain forgiveness;
but
I
plausibility
he
took no notice of him, and
showed him no favour. Letters arrived from I'tibar
whom
I
had
left
Khan and
other of
perverse course, and preferring the
my
Khurram persisted way of disobedience
at Agra, stating that
officers
in his
to the
path of duty, had taken a decided step in the road to perdition
by marching upon Agra. not deemed
it
For
myself in making preparation
Khan
this reason, said I'tibar, I
for
also arrived, stating that
away the
have
advisable to send on the treasure, but have busied
veil of decency,
a siege. this
A
letter
from Asaf
ungrateful son had torn
and had broken
into open vebellion
— WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrRr.
Khan) had
that he (the
movements, he had
On
set out alone to join
punishment on
to inflict
"Wretch"
{he-clauhd)}
me
that the rebel had advanced Avith
neighbourhood of i^gra, session of
On
this ill-starred son [aiydh-
the 1st Isfandarinuz, I received a letter from I'tib^r
informing
'
expedient to move the treasure,
I issued an order that from this time forth he should be
balht).
On
it
me.
receiving this intelligence, I crossed the river at Sultanpur,
and marched
called
10
received no certain intelligence of his
not considering
so,
I
it
before
it
my
all
Khan,
speed to the
hope of getting pos-
capital, in the
could be put in a state of preparation.
reaching FaUipur, he found that his hope was vain, so he
He
remained there.
Khan) and
liis
son
was accompanied by Khan-khanan (Mirza and by many other amb's who held
;
now entered upon
the Dakliin and in Gujarat, and had of rebellion and perfidy. * *
The
office in
the path
rebels took nine lacs of rupees
from the house of Lashkar Khan, and everywhere they seized
upon whatever they found serviceable
my
tutor,
had now turned
rebel,
and
in the seventieth
year of his age had blackened his face with ingratitude.
was by nature a days, had
jiis
my
Khan-khanan, who had held the exalted dignity of
adherents.
being
in the possession of
rebel
He
E'on
But he
father, at the close of
same shameful way towards
had but followed the course of his
and disgraced himself Tlie
His
traitor.
acted in the
revered father.
•'
and
my
father,
in his old age
wolfs wholp will g-row a wolf, tlioutrli
reared with
man
himself."
After I had passed through Sirhind, troops came flocking in directions, and by the time I reached Dehli, such an assembled, that the whole country was covered with had army
from
men
all
as far as the eye could reach.
Upon
the rebel had advancc^d from Fathpur,
In this war 1
TUT
VI
I
appointed Mahabat
I
being informed that
marched
Khan
to Dehli.
commander-in-chief
[litre follows the passage quulcd in page 281 stiprd.^
26
Ill
EMPEROR JAHAXCFR. and 'Abdu
of the nrmy,
Khan
lla
command
to the
atlvanced force of chosen and experienced troops.
was to go on a kos
in advance, to collect information,
possession of the i-oads.
of the rebel tion about
;
he \ras an old companion was that he communicated informa-
to the rebel.]
ElGHTKENTH YeAR OF THE [Tlie eighteenth year of
my reign
was brought that the in the
rebel
On
gone twenty Zo? io the
this
day
intelligence
had advanced near to Mathura, and
pargmm
of Shahpur. * *
gence was that he had deviated
tliis rebellion,
ReIGTN.
commenced on 20tli Jumada-l
awwal, 1032 h. (lOth March, 1623).
had encamped
and take
I forgot that
but the result
my army
of the
His business
The next
intelli-
and had
firom the direct course,
Sundar Rai, who was the leader
left.
Darab son of Khau-khanan, and many other
in
ami^s^
The command was
had been sent on with the army against me.
nominally held by Darab, but Sundar was the real commander,
and the prop of the
Tliey encamped near Biluchpur.
revolt.
sent forward 25,00''* horse under Jfsaf
by Kasim Khan and and
in all places
Khan went
others. * *
by
Khun, and he was opposed
The
been gracious unto
Alnj^4;hty lias at all times
me
;
over to the enemy with 10,000
mand, and a great disaster menaced
I
my
so
when 'Abdu-lla
men under
his
com-
army, a bullet directed
foil made the rebels waver. Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan drove back the force opposed to him, Xsa£ Klian also brought up his division opportunely, and we achieved
Sundar, and his
killed
fiite
a great victory. * *
.
AVlien the rebel passed near Amber,* the birth-place
Man
liaja
S'ngh, he sent a party of
waste. * * 1 also learnt that
Basu, to
On
stir
lie
up disturbances
men
to plunder
and alMKle
tt
and lav
it
it,
had sent Jagat Singh, son
ol*
llaja
in his native land in the Panja^. * *
the 25th Crdibihisht, I appointed
my
son Shah Parwez
to the
command
was
have the supreme command, but Mu'taraadu-d daula al
to
^
of the
1
army operating
against the rebel.
[InUieproTinoeof Ajmir.j
He
WAKIAT-I JAHANOrRr.
Khan was
Kahira Mahabat
Khan, Raja
Giridhar,
also sent with liim.
suitable artillery,
On
The
'^
charged with the general direction
Khan-i 'alam, Maharaja Gaj Singh, Fazil
of the army.
Ra-^hid
^
Ram
R^ja
force consisted of
and twenty
laca of
Kl;ian,
Das, and others were 40,000 horse, with
rupees were assigned to
the 30th, agreeing with 19th Rajab, 1034,
I
it.
**
encamped by the
tank of Ana-sagar, within sight of Ajmir.
When
the
Clianda, and entered
of
army passed over the mountains of Malwa, Shah Jahan came out of the fort
Prince's
Mandii with 20,000
artillery,
horse,
600 elephants, and powerful
with th^ intention of giving
battle. * *
Mahabat Khan
opened communications with several persons, who, through apprehension or compulsion, had joined the army of the rebel, and they, perceiving that his case was hopeless, wrote to Mahabat,
asking for assurances of safety. risk a general action,
Shah Jahan, not daring
and thinking always of his
his elephants over the Nerbadda.
He
to
retreat, sent
then sent his forces against
army near the village of Kaliya but he himself, with Khan-khanan and several others, remained a hoa in the rear. Barkandaz Khan, who had been in correspondence with Mahabat,
the royal
;
and had received
his promise,
when the opposing armies ap-
proached each other, seized the opportunity of coming over to the royal
manded. officers of
army with the body of m'atchlockmen that he comRustam also, one of the chief and most trusted the rebel, received assurances from Mahabat, and came
o er with sevei"al other this,
he gave up
upon any lie
officers.
When Shah Jahan
resistance, and, being unable to place reliance
one, he determined to fly.
crossed
the
heard of
With
his forces in disorder,
Nerbadda, and several of his followers took
advantage of the confusion to join the royal army.
Shah Jahan, having on his
side,
crossed the Nerbadda, kept
and placed strong guards over the
all
the boats
fords.
Leaving
Beg Bakhshi with a force of his most trusty soldiers and men of the Dakhin, and with the artillery drawn up by the
Bairai.T
ri\cr,
he himself went
off
towards the
fort of
Asir and Burhan-
113
EMPEROR JAHANGIR. At
pur.
this time his
khanan had sent
men caught a messenger whom Khan-
Mahdbat Klian.
to
He
sent for the
and showed him the
letter
khanan endeavoured
to excuse himself, but could
satisfactory answer.
An
and Darab and
Rustam Khan, Muhammad Murad, and respects to
my
service of the
rebel,
under
were sent to ray received
Muhammad Murad
horse.
who
and had paid their
Rustam Khan
Court, and were received by me.
4000
arrest.
several others
dutiful son, according to orders
inansah of 5000, and
not give a
order was accordingly given that he
his other sons should be kept
had abandoned the
Khan,
Khan-
taken from the messenjrer.
a
a mansah
of 1000, and 500 horse, and prospects of future promotion were
held out to them.
When
the rebel Sha^i Jalian reached Asir, he placed
khanan, Darab, and
upper part of the
Khan-
other children in confinement in the
all his
He
fortress.
remained there three or four
days, attending to the victualling and preparation of the fortress,
which he placed under the command of Gopal Das, a Rajput. * * When he departed, he left some of his women and superfluous things there in charge of Gopal
;
but he took with him his three
wives, his children, and such maids as were necessary. intention
there
-.
was
to leave
Khan-khanan and
first
but he changed his mind, and carried them with him to
Burhdnpur. * * Mahabat
Khan-khanan from the Shah Jahan
also, in
Khan was rebel,
the strait
very desirous to separate
and thus to promote a peace. he then was, took Khan-khanan
out of confinement, and bound him by oath upon the faithful.
His
his children prisoners
To
Kuran
to be
give force to the oath and agreement, he took
into his female apartments,
and giving him the
him
privileges of a
near relation, presented to him his wives and children, and, with tears and great earnestness, said, " In case of evil falling upon
me, I trust myself and the honour of thing must be done, that I
may
my
family to you
proceed no
;
some-
further in this
wretched and miserable course."
Klian-khauan separated from him, intent upon peace, and pro-
WAKrAt-I JAHANGIRr. towanis the imperial army.
cecdofl
I
.
|4
was arranged that he
It
shouiil star
on that side of the river to cany on the negociations
for peace.
Bat
river,
some
army one night found a
place
and passed over *he
river.
before he readied the
m«n
dashing young
of the royal
which the rebels had
left augu;irde
bank of the
This caused some dismay, but Bairam Beg gallantly
^Vhilc he was getting his forces together
contest the pa.>tsage.
some more men paased
over,
Khan-khanan was
retreated.
^^olved to
and the same aight the left in
a
rebels
he did
difficult position,
know whether to advance or retreat. But the men of my son's army continually pressevl forward, and Khan-khanan w;is
not
from the trammels of rebellion, and was presented by
relievofl
my
JMahnbat Kltan to Sliuh Jahan,
son.
when he heard of
the pajjsage of the river
troops,
and the
retreat
Notwithstanding heavy rain and
of iKiirain Beg, fcW back.
inundations, he crossefl the river
went off towards the Dakhin.
who
the defection of Khan-khanan,
by the Imperial
willingly or im\rillingly
Mati
in
a wretched
state,
and
many officers, him, now separated
In the confusion
had joined
fntm him.
On
0th Xhan,
t!ic
Prince
Khawas Khan brought
and Mahabat Khan, informing
I*an.vt"7
rt^fhcd Burhanpiir, but that
many men had But
roi;se<|uencc of ti'c violence of the rain.
to orders, they
the
reb'-l
cfistinned
tlirir aniina!^ thi-outxli
The
rest,
royal
the heavy rain, and the
to the territories
the
the
roW
ft/niif
-U\-
->
I
-i
lost
many mire.
it.-rd
i]uittc*l
my
* *
The
rebel then
When my
went on
son Panvoz found
dominions, he and IMahabat and
rotumetl to Burhanpiir on the Ist Aban. arrived that Shall Jahan, with
Intclligeiict*
in pursuit of
on hearing of
and
of Kutbu-1 Malk.
tliar
fiigitives,
mud and
from Burhanpiir.
all
The
then continueil the pursuit to the pargana of
for.'cs
t'jrtv
acting in obedience
their flight in disorder,
bn
Ankot,
that they had
fallen in the rear in
and had pressed on
across the river (Tapti).
tlieir arrival, «»f
had taken no
a despatch from
me
-
-
:,
?
rrf.r
,>f
Darab and other
the territory of Kutbu-1 Mulk, and
EMTEROU
115 was making
and
for Oriss.i
.TAlIANOrR.
many
hardships, and
endure great
On
lionj^al.
of
way they
tlie
abandoned luni when they fonnd opportunity.
liad to
coniiianions
rebel's
tlie
* *
After per-
forming a long march, Shah Jaluin arrived at Machhh' (Masuli-
When
patam), which belonged to Kutbii-l Mulk.
Mulk
there became known, Kutbu-1
the fugitive, and gave
money and tlie
sent one of
liis
him every kind of rehcf and
He
provisions.
also directed his
fugitive safely out of his dominions,
liis
arrival
people to
assistance in
margrave to convoy
and he further appointed
grain-dealers and zaminddrs to attend his camp,
and supply
it
with corn and other necessaries. * *]
Nineteenth Year of the Reign. [The Nau-roz of Jamada-1
avvwal,
my
nineteenth year corresponded with 29th
1033 (10th March, 1C24).
came that the
Intelligence next
Upou which
of Orissa.
I
rebel
had reached the confines
farmdn to Prince Parwcz, nobles who had been sent to
issued a
Mahabat Khan, and the other
support them, with orders to provide, as far as possible, for the
and to march towards Allahabad and
safety of that province,
Bihar. * *
Upon
the arrival of these orders, the Prince pre-
pared to obey, and to march towards Allahabad, notwithstanding
On
the violence of the rains.
the 6th Farwardin, he marched
with the Imperial army from Burhanpur to Lai Bagh
Mahabat Khan remained Mulla
Muhammad
A despatch tion that
;
but
at Burhaiipur, awaiting the arrival of
Lari.
arrived from Jbrahmi
Beg Khan, with the informa-
Shah Jahan had entered the province
of Orissa.
The
explanation of this was, that between Orissa and the Dakhiu there
is
a
difficult pass,
the other a marsh
Golkonda had muskets.
It
^
(?)
on one side of which are mountains, on
and a
built a fort,
was impossible
river.
and
liad
In this place the ruler of
armed
it
with guns and
to pass this place without the con-
WAKI'AT-I JAHA'NCrRr.
Mulk
sent of Kutbu-1
but the
;
c-scoct
I
16
which he had sent to
conduct Shah Jahan had enabled the rebel to pass this fortress
and
to enter
Silih,
Orissa. * *
On
hearing of the rebel's approach,
brother of the late Xsaf
Bardwan, put the
fort in
Khdu, who held the Jdgir of
a state of defence. * * Ibrahim
Khan
being frightened, took refuge in Akbar-nagar,^ where he occupied
himself in gathering forces and preparing for resistance,] I
[Rajiuahal.
— Stewart's Bengal,
p. 186.]
117
TATIMMA-I
WA'KI'A'T-I
JAHANGmr
or
MUHAMMAD This work
is
the completion of the
The author
ing article.
aheady been made. of
He
is
f.
Memoirs noticed
Muhammad
in the preced-
Hadi, of whom mention has
In his Preface, however, he omits the
Kamwar Khan, which
he
old, after transcribing the
that after having completed this task, own hand to him that the "thirsty wanderers in the desert
it
;
would be
dissatisfied, like himself, at
youth had been much devoted
earliest
occurred
of history"
reaching to the end of the
eighteenth year and finding the work incomplete
from his
title
himself in his other works.
f^ives
when he was more than sixty years Memoirs of eighteen years with his
us that he wrote
tells
HAD
;
and
that, as
he
to historical studies,
he determined to complete the work to the close of Jahangir's reign,
and
to
add an Introduction
the principal events of Jahangir's
to the
life
Memoirs, detailing
previous to his accession
to the throne, availing himself for this purpose of several trust-
worthy manuscripts.
He
has done this satisfactorily, but without
adding anything to our previous knowledge
;
for
he copies his
and especially the Ikhdl-ndma^ from
authorities almost verbatim,
which he has borrowed most
largely.
duction, he tells us that he hoped
At the end
some day
of the Intro-
to be able to write
a brief history of the entire reign of Shah Jahan from beginning to end,
and
to
append
it
to the history of Jahangir.
He may
be considered to have aQcomplished this task in the Tdrikh-i CliaghaidL
The
copies I have seen of this
scripts of the authentic
work are annexed
to
manu-
Memoirs, and perhaps the continuation
TATIMMA-I "^AKT is
not to be found separate.
MS.
in the
[It
so
is
118
JAHANGrRr.
VT-I
annexed
to the
]Meiii'>iis
belonging to the Royal Asiatic Society.]
[The work, being a completion of the Memoirs, and appended them,
to
is
taken out of
its
Its exact date is
chronological order.
not known, but the author's other work, the Tdnkh-i Chayhatdi,
comes down to 1137 a.h.
The Introduction the
in
life
is
(a.d. 1724).
a brief narrative of the important events
of Jahangir prior to his accession, and
from Mirza
The body
is
borrowed
Kdmgar and other sources. of the work
is
almost entirely a reproduction of the
Ikhdl-ncima ; but the Editor has translated a few passages which the author appears to have derived from another authority. last
Extract
is
The
taken from the short chapter at the end on the
ministers of Jahangir contributor, but
it
the translation of this
;
has been greatly altered by
The Introduction comprises 28 pages, and Memoirs 88 pages of 17 lines each.
is
by an unknown
Sir
H. M.
Elliot.]
the continuation of
the
extracts.
Nineteenth Year of the Reign. [The New Year began on a day corresponding with 29th Jumada-1 awwal, 1033 h. (10th March, 1624
When
Sultan Parwez and Mahabat
abad, 'Abdu-lla
Khan
army was thus delayed
for
a.d.).
arrived near Allah-
and returned
to Jhaunsi.
the river in force, and
had carried
raised the siege
Darya Khan held the bank of all the boats over to his own
Khan encamped on
Khan
side
;
the passage of the Imperial
The Prince and Mahabat Dary4 Khan
some days.
the other side of the river.
held the fords, but the zaminddrs of the neighbourhood showed their loyalty,
and collected thirty boats
-'uided the royal forces over at a spot
Khan '
from various parts, and
some
kos higher up.
Darya
held his position to contest the passage until he heard
[The phrase here used
for boats
f-wae character as eonjir-i-fil in Vol.
*
V.
p. lOS,
is
manzil-i kishti, which seems to bn of tbir
aud kn(dr-i shuiur.
where the word
sai-di is
Sec a note of Sir
used ia connexiou with
.ships.]
IT. Elliot's
9
I
MUHAMMAD
1
army had
that the royal
longer tenable, and
Kaja
fell
so
;
and
liohtas,
'Abdu-lla
Jalu'iu
Siiiil
hin;.sclt"
sent
river
and
bis
proceeded to
Khan, Raja
then knew that
male
nart
]*:
'Abdu-lla
couii.ixllcd
f<
it
\va^
He
s.
no
Khan and
a niovcniciit to
and attendants
Daiva
and
Ijliini.
arrived at Benares, passed over
to
was joined by
and having
Kbi'in,
Uanges, and halted on the
tlie
Tunus. Prince Parwcz and Mahubat Khan, having arrived
Damdama,^ they
at
He
crossed.
back to Jaunpur,
Bliini procccvir,
Eenares
HADf.
left
Aka Mulianmiad
Zanian Tehcraui
thei-e,
while they passed over the Ganges with the intention of crossing
Shah Jahan, leaving Khan-dauran
over the Tunus.
of his position, crossed the Ganges^ and confronted
who
Zaraan, fill!
A
Muhammad Zaman
and
sharp action followed.
soldiers
Khan-dauran advanced
back to Jhaunsi.
fell
confidence,
left alone,
defeated,
Jahan's,
now
Rustam Khan, an
His head was
a good thing that the traitor
^
said
(Khan-dauran) had been
Jahangir Kuli, son of Khan-i 'azam, who was present,
him
one can
call
exist, for
he served
he do
Even now. his head
!
Shah Jahan took towards the Dakhin.
A
said,
is
his departure from Bengal,
Mukhlis
Khan
despatch arrived from
and proceeded
then went on the win^s of
him and
city,
his amirs
Asad Khan,
on to the
the Bakhshi
Ya'kub
and that Sarbuland Rai had gone out of the
with the intention of attacking him. 1
No
Habshi, with 10,000 horse, had arrived at Malkapur, ten kos
from the
[ilamdama means
name.]
"
raised above all."
of the Dakhin, written at Burhanpur, to the effect that
Khan
killed.
master to the death, and what more could
haste to Prince Parwez, to send
Dakhin. * *
was
it
more devoted man cannot
rebel or traitor, a his
Shah
old servant of
him and joined Prince Parwez. Ho
left
and his
he struggled and fought
desperately in every direction until he was killed.
sent to Prince Parwez.
in
hastened to meet him.
Khan-dauran was
abandoned him. J3eing
charge
in
Muhammad
*'
a battery," but here
it
Upon
city
this, strict injunc-
would rather appear
to be a proper
120
TATIMMA-I WAKl'AT-I JAEANGrRr. were sent
tions
him
forbiddin;::
to
until reinforcements
fi":ht
arrived.
At the force
1034 a.h. Shah Jahau an-ived
bc"innin<]r of
Malik 'Ambar tendered him
Dakhin.
Khan Habshi
under the command of Ya'^kub
Ho
to plunder.
who proceeded
coninmnicated
in that direction,
The Prince then
ganw.
Khan, and lay
tliis
movement
and pitched
sent 'Abdu-lla
Shah Jahan,
camp
Khan
He
siege to Burhanpiir.
Burhanpiir
to
to
his
in the
and sent a
assistance,
Dewal-
at
to join
Ya'kub
himself followed, and
pitched his tent in the Lai Bagh, in the outskirts of the city.
Rao Ratan, and
their best to put
besieged,
in
a state of defence, and took every precau-
Shah Jahan ordered 'Abdu-lla
side,
and Shah Kuli Khan on the
by
dint
numbers
of
but
Shdh
and made their way
inside.
'Abdu-lla in walls,
it
in the place, did
it.
tion to secure
town on one
who were
other Imperial officers
check
;
Sarbuland Rai then
left
and
by hard
to assail the
held
fighting,
Kuli's division breached
a force to keep 'Abdu-lla
check, and hastened to attack
The
other.
Shdh
Kuli.
the
Khdn
in
Shah
Several of
Kuli Khan's men were scattered in the streets and bazars, but he, with the few
around him, stood
citadel,
fast in the
esplanade in front
He
then entered the
Several of them
of the citadel.
Sarbuland Rai surrounded
and closed the gates.
Shah Kuli, being hard
fell.
Shah Jahan then ordered a second several officers of distinction
and many
was
assault.
officers
JaYar received a
He mounted
fell.
fell,
wound
but
failed,
and
his horse,
and
but without success.
in the
he went away.
neck from a
who broke up and went away,
men who were
disheartened by failure.
now
arrived,
Saiyid
bullet,
His departure
the Dakhinis,
Intelligence
made
Great courage was again displayed,
and men
slijrht
so frightened that
and
;
attack to be
although great gallantry was exhibited, the assault
ordered a third
it,
pressed, capitulated.
but he
aflected all
followed by
that Prince Parwez and
many
Mahdbat
Khau, with the Imperial army, had reached the Nerbadda on
MUHAMMAD
121
HADf. 'Abdu-lla
their return, so Sliali Jalian retired to the Balagliat.
Kliau separated
him, and occupied the
froui
villa2;e
[mauza') of
Indorc. * *J
Twentieth Yeah of the
[When
E,eign.
the raising of the siege of Burlianpur v/as reported to
the Eniperor, he bestowed great favours on Sar'oniand llai.
gave
whiclK there
was
mamah
a
liini
raised,
is
of
5000 and the
no higlier
Shah
was seized with
in the
lie
of iiain Kaj, than
Wlien the
Dakhin.
siege
Jalian oont his course to the Dakhin, but he
illness
became apparent
title
title
to
on tho way.
him, and he
of his father for his offences.
felt
The
error of his conduct
So with
this proper feeling
wrtite a letter to his father, expressing his
and begging pardon
now
that he must beg forgiveness
for all faults past
he
sorrow and repentance,
and present.
wrote an answer with his own hand, to the
effect
His Majesty
that
if
he would
send his sons Dura, Shukoh and Aurangzeb to Court, and Mould surrender llol^tus and the fortress of Asir, which were held by his
adherents,
full
forgiveness
should be given him, and the
Upon
country of the Balaghat should be conferred upon him. reading
this,
Shah Jahan decv.ed
father's wishes
;
so,
it
his
duty to conform
;to
his
notwithstanding the love he had for his sons,
he sent them to his father, with offerings of jewels, chased arms, elephants, etc., to the value of ten lacs of rupees.
]Muzaffar
Khan,
directing
him
appointed by the Emperor, and then to ])akhslii.
lie also wrote to
He
wrote to
to surrender Ilohtas to the person «'.i|
Hayat Khan
ing Asir to the Imj)erial officers.
i,.
with Sultan
Murad
directions for surrender-
Shah Jahan then proceeded
to Nasik. * * It
was now reported
Nakshabandi.
As
Emperor that Mahabat jvuau had Khwaja JJarkhurdar, the eldest son of
to the
maiTied his danghter to
this marriage
had been contracted without
the royal consent, the Emperor was greatly offended for the
;
so he sent
young man, and asked him why he had, contrary
married the daughter of so great a noble.
He
was unable
to rule, to give
TATIMMA-I WA'KrAT-I JAHAXCrRr.
122
a satisfactoiy answer, so he was ordered to be beaten, and sent to prison. * *
The
intenigcnce of
Mahabat Khan's daring
act having reached
Shall Jalian, he was greatly incensed, and notwitlistanding his
bodily weakness and want of warlike munitions, he resolved to go to the assistance of his father,
sumptuous deed.
lG2u
he
A.D.),
On
On
men men
of tho
who
'iJliini,
liiokf-
li.'-i.'i's
reaching ^jinir, Haja Kishan Singh,
and 500 horse-
and went away, leaving only 500
nji
-.
and these were
in great distress.
tlio
and
circunistances,
Ajnii'r to
go to Thatta,
to
reuKiin for a while in that obscure place.
from
for this pre-
carry out his oi'iginal intention, he resolved to do
to
the best he could under
and
punishment
accciuj anied him, died,
in the suite of Sliali .Jaha
Unable
inflict
Nasik with 1000 horse, hoping tu gather
h'ft
forces as ho proceodtd.
son of liaja
and
the 23rd Raniazau, 1035 a.u. (7th June,
So he proceeded
Kagor, and from thence through Joudhpiir and
Jesalmir.]
From Mirza Ohiyas ever
left
I]eg
who
the Wdz'trs?
was so charitably disposed, that no one
his door dissatisfied;
certainly was Istajlu,
Memoirs of
the
but in the taking of bribes he
most uncomi)romising and
fearless.
'Ali Kuli
the Second, came and entered the service of the Emperor
during the period of his stay at Lahore.
Mirza Ghiyas Beg's daughter, who was
who honoured him with
gave him a
The
jdfjir in
close of his life
his reward,
and
Mirza Ghiyas [This
ia
its
and proceeded
orders of the King, \^(ig.,
the
Bengal, and directed
already been related in
1
Akbar
lie there married
bom
in
the
city of
This individual afterwards entered the service
Kandahar. Jahani-ir,
Beg
was educated under the instructions of Shah Isnia'il
tlie
of Sher-Afgan,
him
to proceed there.
his killing of
Kutbu-d din Khan has
proper place.
After he had met with
to the desert of annihilation,
officers
in
little
by the
Bengal 'sent the daughter of
surnamcd I'timadu-d daula,
borrowed with
of
title
to
His Majesty,
ultcratiou from the Iklui-ituina, sec post, p. 403.]
MUHAMMAD
123
HADF.
Kutbu-d din Khan,
affliction at the deatli of
who, in the deepest
placed her on the establislitnent of Euki3'a Sulfdua, one of his father's v.ives,
on wliich she continued for a long time without
However, the days of misfortune drew
any employment. and the
close,
The
chamber was pre-
bride's
Hope
pared, the bride was decorated, and desire began to arise.
was
A
iittppv.
to a
^ood fortune commenced to shine, and
as from a deep sleep.
wake
to
stars of her
key was found
for closed doors, a restorative
was
New
Year's festival
she attracted the love and affection of the King.
She was soon
found for broken
made the
favourite
she received the
and
after
wif'i;
of His JNIajesty.
in
tlie
first
instance
of Niir Mahal, " the Light of the Palace,"
title
some days Nhr Jahdn Bctjanu "
tlie
Queen, the I
All her relations were elevated to the highest
the World." in the
and on a certain
Jiearts;
offices
Ftimadu-d daula became Prime Minister, and
State.
her eldest brother, Abu-1 Hasan, was appointed Master of the Ceremonies, under the
were deprived of
his relatives
Khan.
of I'timad
title
power
all
The King and
wdiile the servants
;
eunuchs of I'timadu-d daula became Khans and Turkhaii>.
who
old servant called Dila Rani, of the King, superseded Haji
liad
Koka
and
The
nursed the favourite lady
in the
appointment of super-
intendent of the female servants of the palace, and without her
Sadru-s Sadur would not pay their stipends.
seal the
Jahan managed the whole
Niir
the realm, and honours of
affairs of
every description were at her disposal, and nothing was wanting
make her an
to
absolute monarch but the reading of the khutha
name.
in her
For some time she
make struck
and
sat at the jJiarokd}
their salutations
n her name, and the royal
nobles
seal
came
to
Coins were
on farmdns bore her
In short, by degrees she became, except in name, un-
signature.
disputed Sovereign of the Empire, and the '
tl'e
and receive her commands.
King himself became
" Every morning the Mogul comes to a window, called the jaruco, which looks
into the i)lain or
open
common
—
jarruco.
people." It
is
s])!ice
Sir T.
before the palace gate, where he shows himself to the
Rowe.
In Purchas this
a Hindi vroTiJharokhd,
'•
a
lattice."
is
called yarwco, iu Churchill
TATIMMA-I WAKI'AT-I JAHANOrRr.
He
a tool in her liands. lias
bee
State,
meat
.
selected,
an
ai. 1
liberal
]iini.«clf
and just
500
girls
srenerositv.
tliat
Nur
Jah;'»n
Bof^am <»t'
mcny.
2;oldeu
to all
for all sull'crors,
expense of
used to say
wise enough to conduct the matters
that he wanted only a bottle of win^' and piece of
keep
Nur Jahau won asvlum
is
|24
Jier
in
opinions
who
lifetime,
all
people.
begi^ed lier support.
and helpless
private purse.
lier
from
and
girls
She was
She was an
were marrieil at the
must
liavc portioned about
tliou.-;ands
were grateful for her
Slie
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PREFACE Henry Miers Lodge,
Pinlico
Elliot
was son
was educated at Winchester William of
Wykeham
at the
ol'
in
remarkable that the examiners
honourary
an
class.
and shared
medals for the at
He had
to restore his
broken health
in
the
distincwin^
When
heJeit
Languages proved so
House placed him alone
the India
thus good
fortune
career
After performing
different places in India, he died at
h»s ;»ay Iheio.
in its
'jpeaking.
Oriental
Calcutta with a reputation that his future
maintain but to exalt.
vea^ 1808 and
During
silver
in
the
Venerable roiIek,c of
having gained both the
proficiency
in
and entered the
institutions
his
lohn EHiot Esq., of
Laic
age often years.
he devoted himself to the
Winchester,
ihe
He was born
Westminister.
to
arrive in
tended not only to
distinguished
services at
the early age of 45 while seeking
equable climate of the Cape of
Good Hope. In 1846, Sir
ment
to the
H. M.
Elliot printed the
first
Glossary of Indian Terms."
volume of
The Glossary
work then meditated and for which great had been made by the various local governments. pretentious
In
1849,
Sir
Ho M.
Elliot
publishsd
''Bibliographical Index to the Historians of
his
the
first
"Supple-
itself
was
.i
preparations
volume
Muhammadan
of
hi:i
India",
The history of the reign o[ Jahangir depends almost entirely on he memoirs written by himself or under his directions. It has long been known that there were different works claiming to be
I
autobiographies of Jahangir. Wakiat-i-Jahangiri was an important attempt which Sir H. M. Elliot undertook with the help of some other famous writers. He gathered the selected informations from the original memoirs (Tuzk-i-Jahangin) and compiled them in a very concised form giving the whole picture of the reign of Jahangir. ^'^^'>'^'
Publishers
January, 1975
>23138;20
1ST C
hapter
OF CONTENTS
:
WAKI'A'T-I JAHXNGIRI.
We At
now proceed we
the outset
to consider the authentic
are
met with a
to ascribe to this autobiography,
difficulty
the
name
and the matter has been slightly
alluded to in the preceding article. to
Memoirs of Jahangir. about the proper
The names which
are given
Memoirs, whether spurious or genuine, vary greatly.
Besides the Tdrikh-i Salim-Shdhi and Tuzak-i Jalidngiri, they are also called
Kdr-ndma
Jahdngir'i^ the Wdkfdf-i Jahdnf/iri, the
Baydz-i Jahdngir, the Ikbdl-ndma^ the Jahdngir-ndma,^ and the Makdidt-i Jahdngin.^
Muhammad Hashim, among
quotes
his
in the Preface to his
authorities
three
Muntakhabu-l Luhdb,
several
Jahdngir-ndmas
by Jahangir himself; second, that by Mu'tamad third, that by Mirza Kamgar, entitled Ghairat Khdn,
first,
that
Khan
;
which was composed
in
order to
which Mu'tamad Khan had specially entitled to the
fallen.
name, the
correct
^sundry
errors
first
*
is
being the " Memoirs,"
the second the Ikbdl-ndma^ Jahdngiri, and the third the dsir-i
into
Neither of these works
Ma-
Jahdngin.
Critical
Essays on Various Manuscript Workx, p. 40.
It is the
name given
to
and enterprises which was circulated by NaushirwSia subjects. Malcolm's History of Persia, vol. i. p. 95.
Ardishir's account of his travels for the *
by
improvement of
his
Ma-dsirurl Umard, Preface.
Muhammad Bakhsh
Ashob.
—
Crit. Essay, p. 39.
Preface to Tiirikh-i Shahddat,
Preface to the Akhbdr-i Muhabhat.
Preface to 4to.
Nddiru-z Zamdni, 3 Mir-dt-i Aftdb-mand, MS., p. 382. * This word, signifying " a record of prosperity," is a common term applicable to p.-iifgyrical history. It is adopted in India in imitation of the great poet J^iz^mf, the tccond part of his Sikandar-ndma being so entitled. vol. of Tdrikh-i
WAKI'AT-I .TAHANOnir.
2
work the WdkCdUi Jahdngiri, as being not
I prefer calling this
only in conformity with
the
usually given to the auto-
title
biography of Babar, but as being the one ascribed to
by the
it
author of the Mir-dt-i A'/tdb-numd, and as being in a measure authorized by a passage in the Memoirs themselves under the
Jahdngir-ndma and
transactions of the
first
Baydz would
appear to be not unauthorized by difierent
also
year of the reign.
passages of the Memoirs.
Perhaps Malfuzdi,
after the precedent
of Timur's Memoirs, might have been more appropriate
but no
;
author has ever quoted them under that designation.
who
Gladwin,
from the work
extracts
in
the
" Reign
of
Jahangir," published in a.d. 1788, speaks of them under the
name of the
which he says are the Commentaries
of Tiizak-i Jahdngiri^
Emperor written by himself
In the catalogue of Captain
Jonatliau Scott's Library the Tuzak
the Ma-dsir-i Jahdngiri^ which
The copy
of the authentic
tunity of examining
is
Smith, of the Bengal
and
at his
in
much
is
said to be the
same as
altogether wrong.
work which I have had an oppor-
the possession of Major-General T. P.
Army.
was copied
It
for
him
at
Lucknow,
by Saiyid Muhlammad Khan, who
desire collated
procured with
is
trouble copies for the purpose of comparison
from the Libraries of the King of Dehli, RAja Raghuband Singh, chief
Nawdb
of Ifchhaira,
several other places,
Faiz 'All
and completed
copy was sent to England
Khan
and
of Jhajjar,
his task in the year 1843.
for deposit in the
A
Library of the East
India House.
This work
Muhammad
is
prefaced by an Introduction and Conclusion by
Hadi, which will be noticed in another
The autobiography translated by
Major
is
article.
almost entirely different from the one
Price,
and
it
may,
considered worthy of being translated,
therefore,
if it
perhaps be
were only for the
purpose of displacing the spurious version already given world, and which has attracted
much
observation from
to the
its
sup-
posed authenticity. It is
written in the form of Annals, giving chronologically
EMPEEOR JAHANOrR.
3
Major
the occurrences of each year of the reign. lation,
Price's trans-
The
on the contrary, gives very few dates.
simple and inornate, and
style
is
some places the marks of
bears in
neo;ligence.
The only.
own
royal author speaks of two different copies of his
Memoirs, the
first
edition comprising the period of twelve years
In the transactions of the thirteenth year of the reign he
tells us,
when
that
the occurrences
[waMi)
of twelve years
wen
transcribed from the Jahdngir-ndma into a fair copy (bai/dz^), ht directed the writers of ihe
Royal Library
and then he
separate volume,
pendents
to
and
of the history of these twelve years,
distributed
first
them
them amongst
into a
his de-
for their observance.
copy which was prepared he presented to Shah Jahan,
after writing on the back of
A
place of presentation. year,
several copies
circulation throughout his dominion3, in order that
for
they might become a study and exemplar
The
make
to bind
we read of two more
with his own hand the date and
it
little
later, in
the annals of the same
copies being given away.
The twelve-year work ends with the King's arrrival Ahmadabid in Gujarat, which occurred at the beginning
at
the thirteenth year of the reign.
no
In the language there
and the complete Memoii-s, and
difference between that
is
of
in the
former there are very few omissions, not amounting to more than
500
lines, so
that
it is
evident that
it
was not re-compiled
purpose of being included in the complete work.
two
copies, both
commencing and ending
from several omissions, one was a third best contained
482 pages of 13
This smaller work of in his
'*
is
have seen
than the other.
;
but,
The
evidently the one whicli Gladwin speaks
Memoirs of Jahangir."
He
says
(p. 92),
" They con-
and private conduct of
his
from the. commencement of his reign to the end of the
twelfth year. elegance, »
less
I
same way
lines each.
tain a minute account of the political life
in the
for the
They
are
universally admired for the purity,
and simplicity of the
Uaually a commoa-place book.
style,
The word
and he appears
also
in genera'
means "paper/' " wkikness."
4
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGfRr. to
have exposed his own
candour and
When
fidelity.
and weaknesses with great
follies
he had completed the Memoirs of
twelve years, he distributed several copies of them amongst his
He continued these
children and the principal officers of his Court.
Memoirs with
his
own hand
the commencement of the
till
seventeenth year of his reign, when, finding himself from
ill-
health unable to proceed, he from that period to the time of his
death employed
Mu'tamad Khan
of the continuation
as his amanuensis.
exceedingly scarce
is
;
The whole
the compiler of this
history not having been able to procure a sight of any other
copy than the one which was lent him by his friend Colonel
PoHer." It will be observed hereafter that the is
name
wrongly given, and that the real Memoir
of the eighteenth,
of the continuator
is
extant to the end
beginning of the nineteenth
or rather the
year.
That Gladwin never saw the larger work style in
is
probable from the
which he speaks of the Memoirs above, and from his
extracting nothing from
them
after the twelfth year, as well as
from the tables of routes at the end of the history, which do not extend beyond Jahangir's arrival at
Mandu, which occurred
(he twelfth year of the reign, leaving out gresses to It
is
and from Gujarat, and
in
the subsequent pro-
all
Upper India and Kashmir.
doubtful whether Colonel Polier's copy, to which he alludes,
contained the continuation ascribed to continuation by the years, or merely the
man
Mu'tamad Khan,
Emperor himself beyond the Memoirs of these twelve
It is strange that the
a
in
or the
twelve
first
years.
author of the Ma-dsiru-l Umard,
of unusually large research, quotes in his
who was
Preface the
Jakdngir-ndma, written by the Emperor, " in which he details the occurrences of twelve years of the reign," so that he, too,
could not have been in possession of a perfect copy, and therefore consider the
Memoirs of eighteen years
work, almost unknown even in India Critical
Easay
is
among
the fewto
itself.
whom
it
we may
as a very rare
The author
of the
was known, because
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
5
saw a copy which
never
he says he
beyond the
extended
eighteenth year.
Respecting this more perfect work, Jahangir himself says in the annals of the seventeenth year of his reign, " On the 7th of the
month
dresses,
Shah 'Abbas, who had
of A'zur, the ambassadors of
been deputed several times to
and took their
Haidar Beg a
me, apologizing
An
received
Court,
honorary
Shah 'Abbas had despatched by
leave.
letter to
matter of Kandahar.
my
account of
it
conduct in the
for his
with the attendant
cir-
cumstances was entered in this Ikbdl-ndma, * * * " As I still suffered from the weakness which had affected during the
last
two years,
about the foul copies of
I
my
had neither heart nor head Memoirs.
was about
It
to
me
think
this time
that Mu'tamad Khan returned from the Dakhin and kissed the threshold.
himself to stood
me
He was a faithful servant and pupil, and conducted my satisfaction. He knew my disposition, and underin
every respect.
He was
write the occurrences (wakdf) of
my
employed
before this
and
reign,
I
to
now gave him
an order to continue the Memoirs from the date up to which
had
.been writing,
and place his narrative
copies (miisawiddt) .
I told
him
to write
(rozndmcka), and after submitting
it
it
for
at the in the
my
my mind
was seriously engaged
in
my it
was
Moreover, at this
making preparations
for
the expedition to Kandahar, and distracted by the anxiety sustained upon learning the disaffection and excesses of It does not appear that
Mu'tamad Khan
into effect the wishes of his royal master
;
I
foul
form of a diary
corrections,
afterwards to be copied into a book {haydz).
time
end of
I
Khurram."
ever strictly carried
and
it is
probable he
neyer did anything more than abridge his master's original, and after
adding the concluding events, he compiled, under his own
name, the work called Ikbdl-ndma^ which
will shortly
come under
review.
Jahangir seems
to
have rewritten the events subsequent
twelfth year about the
same period
that he
left
off
adding
to the to his
Journal, for he sometimes alludes* to events subsequent to that
ijf
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFEr.
5 In the account, for
the date of which he gives the occurrences. instance, of the
celestial
phenomenon, which he records
thirteenth year, he says the effects of
it
were
felt for
in
the
eight years
subsequently. Before concluding this notice,
nray be as well to observe,
it
that the probable reason for the rarity of this volume
found in the
that, in the latter parts of
fact
Shah Jahan towards
his
would not have been
father
is
it,
to be
so severely reproved that
copy the work, that
safe to
is
the conduct of
it
it
was conse-
quently suppressed through fear of Shah Jahan, and that after his long reign,
it
became almost forgotten,
mad Shah, when edit
it.
till
Muhammad
fortunately
the time of
Iladi
Muham-
undertook to
'
This
will
appear more probable,
we
if
consider the following
passage, which occurs in the seventeenth year of the reign, on
the occasion of Jahangir's march towards Thatta, to oppose his rebellious called
"
son.
I
he should be
directed that henceforward
'Wretch,' and whenever the word 'Wretch' occurs
this Ikbdl-ndma,
it
he who
is
is
in
I can safely assert
intended.
that the kindness and instruction which I have bestowed upon
him no King has ever yet bestowed upon a which
my
I exalted his
standard and drum, as
may
and the
fact
my own
which oppress
brothers
'I
me
all
grief,
favours
have shown
made him
titles,
lord of a
be seen recorded in this Ikbdl-ndma,
cannot be concealed from the readers of
pen cannot describe recount
my
respected father showed to
ever to his servants.
The
son.
that I
have done
^or
him, nor can I
or mention the aniiuish
in this hot climate,
which
health, especially during these journeys
am obliged to make in pursuit Many nobles, too, who have
of
i-<
The
it.
and weakness
>o injurious to
my
and marchings which I
him who
is
no longer
my
sou.
been long disciplined under me,
and would now have been available against the l/zbeks and the Kazilbashes, have, through his .perfidy, met with their due punishment.
May God
in
-against all these calamities
!
His mercy enable me
What
is
to
bear up
most grievous for
me
to
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
7 bear
is this,
that this
is
the very time
when
my
sons and nobles
should have emulated each other in recovering
Khurdsau, the
which so deeply
loss of
trust in
No
God
that I
may
would not apply
this
the only obstacle,
indefinitely postponed.
is
shortly be relieved of this anxiety
life
of
Shah Jahan.
to the twelve-year
I
"" !
The same
Memoirs, because
objection in
them
mentioned throughout in extravagant terms of laudation.
is
[The present autobiography by Major all
is
one could well have ventured to give currency to such
imprecations during the
he
Kandahdr
honour of
affects the
empire, and to effect which this 'Wretch'' so that the invasion of
Kandahar and
that
Price.
its
It is
is
longer than the one translated
a plain and apparently ingenuous record of
author deemed worthy of note.
The volume
contains
a good deal of matter quite uninteresting to a European reader,
Em-
such as the promotions and honours bestowed upon the
and the presents he gave and received
peror's followers,
taken as a whole, the work that Jahangir
him
is
for its authorship, it proves
have been a man of no common
to
but
very interesting, and assuming
mainly responsible
is
;
ability.
He
records his
weaknesses, and confesses his faults, with candour, and a perusal
work alone would leave a favourable impression both of
of this
and
his character
and estimated
talents.
their
Like his
mighty hunter, and took pleasure of his
life.
He
father,
value as a true
he was fond of jewels,
connoisseur.
in sport,
He
was a
even in the later years
was a lover of nature, both animate and inani-
mate, and viewed
it
with a shrewd and observant eye.
mentions the peculiarities of that he wntchec!
il:
i"
many
He
animals and birds, and shows
habits with diligence and
perseverance.
Trees and fruits and flowers also come under his observation,
and he gives one
his opinions
upon architecture and gardening
who had bestowed time and thought upon them.
like
The
Extracts which follow will enable the reader to form his opinion
They have been translated by various hands, some Elliot, much by his private munshi, some by a whose handwriting is unknown to the Editor, some by
of the work.
by
Sir
person
H. M.
— WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
8
the Editor, and from the beginning of the fifteenth year entirely
by the Editor
himself.
The MS.
translation of several years
appears to be nearly perfect, but only a small portion of
it
can
be printed in this volume.] Size.
— Small
containing 659 pages, of 15 lines to a page.
folio,
[The copy belonging
to the
823 pages, of 15
folio of
The commencement
jJ
sj'l ij:^l^\
Royal Asiatic Society
is also
a small
lines each.]
of both works
is
the same
_;bjJ ,u^j^ o;-?^ ^'^J^ 3
:
j^j^ \J'^^ 4?^^'*^
The Dwdzda-Sdla Ja/idngin concludes at about the 150th line Memoirs but as the same
of the thirteenth year of the perfect
sentence sion
is,
is
continued in them,
it is
;
probable that the real conclu-
as one of ray copies represents a few lines above,
he indulges
in
his
where
complaint of the climate of Gujarat, and
Ahmadabad, which he said should be called Gardabad, Samumabad, the City of Pestilential Winds, and Jahannamabad, the City of Hell. especially of
the City of Dust
The 9yyo
conclusion of the larger
l::-w;i
The copy Ibrahim copy
it
;
i\3tS
i^\
in the
Khan
j^U^L>-j
King
as part of
work
is
as follows
:
{jmy*\j j^U«iJJi i^j"-^
>-::-^-J^^
of Dehli's Library gives the answer of tiie
autobiography.
forms part of the continuation by
In General Smith's
Muhammad
Iladi.
EMPEROR JAHANGIR.
9
EXTRACTS.
[On Thursday, the 8th Jumada-s
sani,
1014 Hijra (12th
October, 1605), I ascended the throne at Agra, in the thirty-
eighth year of
my
age.]
The Chain of
[The
Justice.
order which I issued was for the setting up of a
first
Chain of Justice, so that
if
the officers of the Courts of Justice
should
fail in
and
granting them redress, the injured persons might come to
in
the investigation of the complaints of the oppressed,
and shake
this chain
it,
and
so give notice of their wrongs.
made
ordered that the chain should be thirty gaz long, with sixty bells
upon
The weight
it.
four Hindustani mans^ equal to thirty-two
end was firmly attached
of pure gold,
man? of
I
and be
of
it
was
One
'Irdk.
to a battlement of the fort of i^gra, the
other to a stone column on the bank of the river.]
The Twelve
^
Institutes.
[I established twelve ordinances to bo observed, and to be the
?ommon 1.
rule of practice throughout
Prohibition of cesses {zakdt).
my
—
dominions.
I forbad the levy of duties
inder the names of tamghd and mir-hahri^ together with the taxes of all descriptions which the jdgirddrs of every siiba
sarkdr had been in the habit of exacting 2.
for their
Regulation about highway robbery and
roads which were
the.
own
theft.
and
benefit.
— In
those
scenes of robbery and theft, and in those
portions of road which were far from habitations, the jdgirddrs
of the neighbourhood were to build a sardi or a mosque, and
they were to sink a well, tion,
and
'
Sec note,
^
[Price has
distinct, there ^^
to
be the' means of promot''j.T oultiva-
to induce people to settle there. sitpi-d, p.
If these places were
262.
"sermohary" instead
of mir-bahri ; but although his MS. is incan be no doubt that mir-bahri is the term used. His MS. reads
zakdt, mir-bahri,
part of the rubric.
found in his text.J
and tamghd." But in all, the MSS. of this version, '^ zakdt" is The words " three sources of revenue " which Price uses are not
^
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIRr. near to hhdlisa lands, the Government
10
officials
were to carry out
these provisions.
Free inheritance of property of deceased persons.
3.
No
—
Firstl3\
one was to open the packages of merchants on the roads
without their consent.
man
Secondly.
died in any part of
my
When
any
infidel or
Musul-
dominions, his property and effects
were to be allowed to descend by inheritance, without iuterfereuce
When
from any one.
there was no heir, then officers were to
be appointed to take charge of the property, and to expend
it
according to the law of Islam, in building mosques and sardis, in repairing broken bridges, and in digging tanks and
Of
4.
iviiie
and every
partaken of
sold
is
times took as
it
as
times
and
age, have regularly
craved for drink, I someliquor.
In
In the period of seven years I brought
My
Some-
times of drinking varied.
began when two or three hours of the day remained,
I
my
it
and a
at night
thirtieth year,
at present I drink
it
when
little in
I resolved to
So
the day.
it
was
drink only at night,
only to promote digestion of
my
food.
ProJdbition of the taking possession of houses, and of
5.
clitting
up
my
the
took great eflect upon me, and I set about
to five or six cups.
sometimes I took until
I
twenty cups of double-distilled
reducing the quantity.
down
and must
eighteenth year to
the thirty-eighth year of
many
course of time
my
In early days, when
it.
—Wine,
liquors.
forbidden,
is
although I myself have been ac-
;
take wine, and from
to
present, which
it
of intoxlcat'mg
all /ii)ids
made nor
neither be
customed
and
sort of intoxicating liquor
Avells.
of
'
the noses
his abode in the
and ears of
criminals.
dwelling of another.
—No one was I
made an
to take
order pro-
hibiting every one from cutting off the noses or ears of criminals for
any
never
oflbnce,
inflict this
and
I
made a vow
punishment on
to
heaven that
I
would
an}^ one.
—
The officers of the klidlisa lands 6. Prohibition of GhasbHand the jdgirddrs are not to take the lands of the ruigata by Commonly
used to signify wine, but spirits are included.
1
Sharcib,
*
lu law, taking the property of auolLcr without
lit.
drink.
his consent.
EMPEROR JAHANGTR.
I I
and cultivate them on
force,
own
tlieir
The
account.
collectors ol
the khdlisa lands and the Jdgirddrs are not without permission to
form connexions with the people in their
districts.
Building of hospitals and appointment of physicians tc Hospitals were to be built in large cities, and attend the sick. 7.
—
The expenses
doctors were to be appointed to attend the sick.
were to be paid from the royal treasury. 8.
Prohibition of the slaughter of animals on certain days.
In imitation of
my
honoured
—
father, I directed that every year
my
from the 18th of Rabi'u-1 awwal,
birthday, no animals should
be slaughtered for a number of days corresponding to the years of
my
age.
In every week,
from slaughter
:
the birthday of 9.
Sunday
blessed,
two days were
Thursday, the day of
my
Respect paid
to the Great
also,
my
exempted
and Sunday,
accession,
father.
Sunday.
to the
and
to
pay
it
— He (my
father) used to hold
great respect, because
Luminary, and because
Throughout
Creation was begun.
is
it
my
is
General confirmation of mansabs and
I
dedicated
interdicted.
general order that the mansabs tind/dytrs of
should be confirmed, and afterwards
it is
the day on which the
dominions this was to be
one of the days on which killing animals 10.
to be
jdg'irs.
my
—
I
issued a
father's servants
increased the old mansabs
according to the merit of each individual.
lie
who
held ten was
not advanced to less than twelve, and the augmentation was
sometimes as much as from ten to thirty or
the monthly pay of
all
my father
and connexions from ten 11.
and
The attendants upon the female
to twelve, or ten to twenty.
ma'dsh lands throughout
my
lands.
— The
aima and madad-
dominions, which are devoted to
the purposes of prayer and praise,
I
confirmed according to the
terms of the grant in the hands of each grantee. is
fifteen,
were advanced according to their position
Confirmation of aima
Jahdn^ who
The allowance
the domestics {shdgird-pesha) was from
ten to twelve or ten to twenty.
apartments of
forty.
the ahadis was advanced from ten to
('«//
Miran, Sadr-i
of the purest rjice of Saiyids in Hindustan,
and
;
WAKI-AT-I JAHANGIRr, held the look
up
of
Sadr
in the days of
father,
was directed
to
— All
all prisoners in
forts and in prisons of every
who had been long
prisoners
confined in forts or shut
in prisons, I ordered to be jet free.]
New names for [Gold and one of
were struck, to each
The
coin of 100 tolas I
gave a distinct name.
-vhicli'I
Nur-i daiilat;
mihr ; the 1
the 50
tolas.,
the 10 tolas,
tola, Ni'ir-i
Silver coins.
Raicaji.
Jakdng'iri;
—
the 5 tolas, Kaukah-i sa'd; the
Rai,
the I
the \ tola, Sultdni;
each received a name.]
tolas,
the 5 tolas, Niir-i
jahdni ; the | tola, Nurdni; the \ tola, I called the 100 tolas, Kaukab-i tali'
The copper
the 10th of a tola, Khair-kahul.
Hard as
Nur-i sultdni; the 20
Nur-i harm;
the 50 tolas, Kaukab-i bakkt; tola,
the Coins.
silver coins of various weights
called Nur-i shdhi;
1
my
the poor every day.
Amnesty for
12. kind.
office
aft> r
12
\_Legends on the
tola,
Aishydri;
coins in like
manner
coins.~\
who had received from my father the title of Rdi me that of Raja Bikramajit (after one of the
Ildyan, and from
most celebrated Rajas of Hindustan, the founder of an Indian Observatory), was honoured by distinjction.
tions to keep 50,000 gunners
my father''s
among
it
was
in a
He
was
to
the exalted grade of diwdn, and
the nobles of the Court.
tute of gallantry
As
of artillery, with direc-
and 3000 gun-carriages always
time examiner of the expenditure on the elephants,
and was afterwards raised enrolled
with marks of the highest
Bikramajit was a Khatri by caste.
state of readiness. in
me
made him commandant
I
my
old dependents of
He
was not
desti-
and judgment. intention to satisfy, as far as possible, all the
my
every one of them
father, I issued orders to the ba/chshis, that
who wished
to
obtain a Jdgir in his
country must apply for a grant to that
effect,
and
own
that, in ac-
cordance with the Institutes of Changiz, he should be rewarded
with an Altamghd grant, and enjoy the same without appre-
EMPEEOR JAHANGIR.
13
My
hension of change or removal.
wished to bestow a
j'dgir in proprietary right,
grant with an Altaynghd is
applied.
I
used to stamp the
which means one
seal,
whenever they
ancestors,
to
which red ink
ordered that the place of the seal should be covered
with gold-leaf, and then stamped with the Altamghd I named
Altuntamghd
it
— that
Hence
seal.
the gold seal.
^s,
Mirza Sultan, the favourite son of Mirza Shah Rukh, and grandson of Mirza Sulaiman, the descendant of Mirza Sultan
Abu
Badakhshan, was elevated to the grade of
Sa'id, chief of
my
I had asked
1000.
Hence
lishment.
Bhao Singh, the
father to allow
him
my
to be on
estab-
brought him up, and treated him as a son.
I
ablest son of
Man
Raja
a mansab of 1500, retaining his former
Singh, was rewarded by office,
and Zamana Beg,
Ghayur Beg Kabuli, had gained the dignity of 500, by He now, having serving me when I was Prince as an Ahadi. received the title of Mahabat Khan and a mansab of 1500, was son of
nominated paymaster of
my
household. Kaja Nar Singh Deo, one
of the Bundela Rajputs, stood high in brave, kind-hearted, and pure as any
him
to the dignity of 3000.
murder
favour.
was as
I elevated
cause of his elevation was the
my
father''s reign,
for his talents
and wisdom.
was summoned from his appointment
Royal Court. evil intentions
He
About the
Abu-1 Fazl, wearing upon his plausible
exterior the jewel of probity, which he sold to price,
He
of his age.
Abu-1 Fazl, a descendant of one of the Shaikli^ of
of
Hindustan, distinguished close of
The
my
man
was not
my
friend.
my
in the
He
father at high
Dakhin
to the
inwardly nourished
towards me, and did not scruple to speak
ill
of me.
Murder of Abu-l Fazl. The
details
described
:
of the murder of Shaikh
Certain vagabonds
between me.,and convinced
me
my
fatiier
The bearing
in his
are thus
of the Shaikh fully
that if he were allowed to arrive at
would do everything
my
father./
Abii-l Fazl
had caused a misunderstanding
power
to
Court, he
augment the indignation of
against me, and ultimately prevent
my
ever appearino-
'^
WAKPAT-I JAHANGfRr. Under
before him.
Deo,
this apprehension, I negociated with
Nar Singh
His country lay on the high road of the Shaikh from the
Dakhin, and he at that period was engaged on a plundering expedition.
him a message,
sent
I
inviting
him
to annihilate
Shaikh Abii-l Fazl on his journey, with promises of favours and
Nar Singh Deo agreed
considerable rewards.
Shaikh passed through his
and
They were
his followers.
When
my
in a short time put to flight, to
me
and
at Allahabad.
father was exasperated at this catastrophe, yet in
the end I was able to visit sion,
the
Raja closed upon him
His head was sent
he himself murdered.
Although
territory, the
and God
to this,
rendered his aid to the success of the enterprise.
and by degrees
him without any anxiety
or apprehen-
his sorrow wore away, and he received
me
with friendliness.
Discussion with learned Hindus.
One day
observed to some learned Hindus
I
that
if
the
foundation of their religion rested upon their belief in the ten incarnate gods,
was entirely absurd
it
became necessary
to
;
because in this case
admit that the Almighty, who
must be endowed with a
definite breadth, length,
is
and depth.
they meant that in these bodies the supreme light was is
equally visible in
and that of
if
all
things,
it is
it
infinite,
If
visible, it
not limited to them alone
;
they said that these incarnate gods were the emblems
His particular
the people of
attributes,
all religions,
it is
also not admissible, for,
there have flourished persons
amongst
who
per-
formed miracles, and were possessed of much greater power and talents than others of their time. at last admitted
form, and of
that there was a
whom
God who had no
corporeal
They
said that
they had no definite notion.
as to understand that singular
and
their comprehension, they could not
by the means of some natural
made
After a long discourse, they
invisible
Being was beyond
form any idea of
objects,
Him
but
and therefore they had
these ten figures the medium- of raising their minds up to
VOL. Tl.
19
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
15 the Supreme God.
them
I then told
that they could not attain
that end by this means.
Portrait of the Emperor Akbar.
My
men
to hold discourse with learned
father used
of
all
persuasions, particularly with the Pandits and the intelligent
Though he was
persons of Hindustdn.
illiterate,^
yet from con-
stantly conversing with learned and clever persons, his language*
was so
no one could discover from his conversation
polished, that
He
he was entirely uneducated.
that
elegancies of poetry
and prose so
conceive any one more proficient.
He
of his person.
even the
understood
well, that it is impossible to
The
was of middling
following
is
a description
stature, but with a
tendency
to be tall, wheat-colour complexion, rather inclining to dark than fair,
black eyes and eyebrows, stout body, open forehead and
chest, long size of
arms and hands.
a small pea, on the
There was a fleshy wart, about the which appeared
side of his nose,
left
exceedingly beautiful, and which was considered very auspicious
by physiognomists, who
said that
it
was the sign of immense
He
riches and increasing prosperity.
had a very loud
and a very elegant and pleasant way of speech.
and habits were quite his visage
was
full
different
voice,
His manners
from those of other persons, and
of godly dignity.
First
Year
of the Reigx.^
Remission of Transit Duties.
As
I
had removed the practice of levying
amounted territories,
to
many I
also
transit duties,
krors of rupees, tliroughout e
ctended
the
all
which
the protected
same indulgence
to
all
the
commercial places on the way between Kabul and Hindustan, '
[The word used
is
^\ "one who
can neither read nor Wiite, an idiot."]
[Jahangir counts the years of his reign by of his reign as commencii^g on the Xew Year's *
tlie
Day
solar reckoning,
entrance of the Sun into Aries, which corresponded with A.H. (10th March, 1606 a.d.).].
and the
first
year
next after his accession, with the th;
11th Zi-1 ka'da, 1014
16
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFIir. the
duties
transit
of which
were collected annually to
the
The whole
arnount of one Jcror and twenty-three lacs of dams.
Kabul and Kandahar, were
transit duties of both provinces, viz.
paid to the public treasury, and they formed the principal part of the income of those provinces.
I
removed the practice
gether, and this contributed niuoh to the prosperity
alto-
and benefit
of the people of I'ran and Tiiran.
Flight
[In the
first
and Rehellion of Prince Khusru}
year after
my
by
accession Khusru, influenced
the petulance and pride which accompany youth, by his want of experience and prudence, and by the encouragement of evil companions, got
my
fiither's
some absurd notions illness
In the time of
into his head.
some short-sighted men, trembling
crimes and despairing of pardon, conceived the
ide'a
for their
of raising
him
to the throne, and of placing the reins of the State in his hands.
They never
reflected that sovereignty
managed and regulated by men
and government cannot be
of limited intelligence.
The
Supreme Dispenser of Justice gives this high mission to those
whom
he
chtjoses,
and
it
is
not every one that can becomingly
wear the robes of royalty.
The vain dreams
Khusru and
of
end in nothing but trouble sovereignty, I confined
apprehensions. to him,
and
Still
to cure
liis
foolish
and disgrace;
{(jirifta)
so
companions could
when
him, and quieted
I obtained the
my
doubts and
I was anxious to be kind and considerate
him
of his ridiculous notions
;
but
it
was
all
At length he concocted a scheme with his abettors, and in vain. on the night of the 20th Zi-l hijja, he represented that ho was going to interest
A little
visit
came
the touib of
my
father.
Fifty horsemen in his
into the fort of A'gra, and went off in that direction.
afterwards, intelligence was brought that
Khusru had
1 [This account of Khusr&'s rebellion has been translated by the Editor. It is the Emperor's own version of this important episode of his reign, and it will afford the means of comparing the two different versions of his Memoirs. See the account of the same transaction from the other version, mprn^ p. 264.]
EMPEROR JAHANOrR.
17
The Amiru-l umard having
escaped. intb
my
urgent
thought that perhaps some news had come from
I
When
the Dakhin or from Gujarat. I said,
What
then
is
to be done, shall I
Khurram
shall I send if I
me on an
private apartments, desiring to speak with
affair.
"
ascertained the fact, sent
The Amiru-l umard
?'*
would give him permission, and
I said,
would go
said he
"
Be
He
so."
it
" If he will not be persuaded to return, and force
said,
becomes necessary, what
you may do
am
as a fault
do?"
I to
way without
return to the right
said, a
it is
I said, " If
he will not
fighting, do not consider
—sovereignty
of father and son, and relation."
heard what had occurred,
I
mount and pursue him, or
what
does not regard the relation
king should deem no one his
After having spoken these words, and settled some
other matters,
I
sent
him
It
off.
then came to
that Khusrii had a great hatred of him.
He
my
recollection,
(the Amiru-l
umard)
consequence of the position and dignity that he holds,
also, in
God
envious of his peers, destroy him
So
!
I
sent to call
Shaikh Farid Bokhdri on the
is
and
forbid lest he should be malicious
him back, and I despatched
service, directing
the mansabddrs and ahadis he could collect.
I
him
to take all
determined that
it was day. * * The news came Khusru was pressing forward to the Panjab, but the thought came to my mind that he might perhaps be doing this
I
in
myself would start as soon as that
as a blind, his real intention being to go elsewhere.
Raja
Man
who was in Bengal, was Khusru's maternal uncle, and many thought Khusru would proceed thither. But the men who
Singh,
had been sent out
in all directions confirmed the report of his '
going towards the Panjab.
Next morning I arose, and placing my reliance on God, I mounted and set off, not allowing myself to be detained by any person or anything. father,
which
is
When
the aid of his protecting
Rukh
Mirzd,
brought
in.
I
spirit,
who had formed I
reached the tomb of
about three kos distant,
I offered
my
honoured
up prayers
for
Mirza Hasan, son of Shah
the design' of joining Khusru, was
questioned him, but he denied the intention.
I
WAKI'AT-I .TAHANGFRr.
them
ordered
assistance vouchsafrd 1j
At some
mid-day, when trees,
and carry him back on an took as a good omen of the blessed
to biud his hands,
This capture
elephant.
(g
and
I
it
I
me by
that departed spirit.
became hot, I
i-ested
under the shade of
observed to Khdn-i 'azam, that
I
had been so
engrossed with this unhappy matter that I had not taken the allowance of opium I usually took in the fore-part of the day,
and that no one had reminded me of the thought that
become
my
my
if I
him, dissatisfied and turbulent
would of his own accord go
and thus dishonour would
distress arose
from
without any cause or reason, had
son,
enemy, and that
My
it.
did not exert myself to capture
men would
support him, or he
off to
the
Uzbeks
or Kazilbashes,
upon
my
throne.
Determined on
fall
the course to be pursued, after a short rest, I started from the
pargana
of Mathurd, which
is
twenty kos from
A'gra,
and
after
travelling two kos farther, I halted at one of the villages uf that
pargantty in which there was a tank.
When Khusru
arrived at Mathura, he met
Badakhshi, who had received favours from
Hasan Beg Khan
my
father,
and was
The Badakhshis are by nature quarrelsome and rebellious, and when Khusru, with his two or three hundred men, fell in with him, Khusru .made him commander of his men.^ Every one whom they met on the road they plundered, and took from him his horse or goods. Merchants coming from Kabul
and
travellers
to wait
upon me.
were pillaged, and wherever these insurgents went,
there was no security for the
women and
children.
Khusru saw
with his own eyes that a cultivated country was being wasted and oppressed, and their atrocities
a thousand times preferable.
but to join them.
If fortune
made people
The poor had been
feel
that death was
people had no resource
at all friendly to him, he
would have been overwhelmed with shame and repentance, and v-ould have veil
come
known how
to
me
without the least apprehension.
It is
I pardoned his offences, and with what great
indness and gentleness I treated him, so as to leave no ground '
A
very involved and obscure passage.
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
19
When, during the days of my father, by designing men to entertain improper aspira-
for suspicion in his breast.
he was incited tions,
he knew that the
he showed
no. trust in
fact
my
in the
His mother even,
had been communicated
to
me, but
kindness.
days when
was a
I
prince, being
grieved by his very unseemly acts, and by the unkindness of
her younger brother can
Madhu
excellent understanding,
How
Singh, took poison and died.^
her excellences and good nature
I describe
and her
She had an
!
affection for nie
was such that
she would have given a thousand sons or brothers as a ransom
She frequently wrote
for one hair of mine.
tirged
was
upon him the proofs of without
all
knowing
to
effect
my
set her heart
Rajput pride was
go, her
From
upon death.
her mind wandered, and her father and brothers telling
me
she was insane.
but on the 26th
it
and when she found that there was no
;
what lengths he would
wounded, and she
Kliusru, and
to
kindness and affection, but
Zi-1 hijja,
time to time agreed in
all
After a time she appeared to recover,
1013
h.,
she, in a state of aberration, took
when I had gone out hunting,
an excessive quantity of opium,
and died soon afterwards, hoping that her
fate
would bring her
my
first
bride,
undutiful son to contrition.
married to her in youth. the
title
After the birth of Khusru,
Shkh Begam.
of
She was Unable
such an
herself from
pleasure in
life.
was
life,
and so
Her death took
vexation and sorrow.
upon me that I did not care
effect
I
gave her
to endure the ill-conduct of
her son and brothers towards me, she gave up her relieved
and I
to live,
For four nights and days, that
is
and had no
for thirty-two
watches, in the depth of distress and sorrow, I did not care to «at or drink.
When my
father lieard of
kindness and affection, he sent
me
he had worn- upon his own head. wjiter on the flaming fire of
comfort.
By
his
But the
my
unfilial >
state, in his
extreme
a robe and the turban which
This great favour
affliction,
recital of all this
wicked and
my
and gave
had no
effect
me
fell
relief
]ik3
and
upon Khusru.
conduct he had caused the death jf
ISeesuprd,
p.
112.]
WAKrAT-I JAHANGIRr. and
his mother,
fancy, he all
for
no reason, but from mere freak and vicious
had broken out
duty and obedience.
and
duct,
20
and thrown
in rebellion against me,
off
was necessary to punish his evil con-
It
he carried matters to such a length that he was
at last
placed in confinement.
On
the 2nd Zi-1 hijja I halted at Hindal, and sent Shaikh
Farid Bokhari with some men
him the command
to take care of i^gra,
departed from Agra,
I
was going
dhvdm
gave
I
Muhammad treasure. When I
I sent
and of the palaces and
Dost
that city in charge of 'Itimadu-d
left
daula and Waziru-1 Mulk. as I
Khusru, and
in pursuit of
of the advance force.
I
to tlie Panjab,
now
Dost
told
Muhammad
that
and that province was under the
of 'Itimadu-d daula, he was to send the latter to me, and
that he was to seize and keep in confinement the sons of Mirzd
Muhammad Hakim, who act in the
sons?
way he had
were in A'gra; for
if
my own son could my uncle's
done, what might I expect from
Muhammad,
After the departure of Dost
Mulk
Mu'izzu-1
became bahhshi. I
halted at Palol and Faridabad, and on the 13th reached
Dehli.
There
I visited the
and distributed alms
tomb of
Nizamu-d din Auliyd, and there
among the poor and
On
grandfather I
had
went
my
twi.
set fire to this sardi,
and then
the 16ib i liaJted in the j^atyana of Panlpat,
importaut victories
li
Ilimu by
my
honoured
Dehli and got to Pauipat, reached that place.
it
my
ancestors,
d been won by them
the victory gained by I'idbar over Ilrahim Lodi victory over
tomb of
bounty dispensed
a place which h^id always been a fort mate one for
and where
Humayun,
to the
the 14th Ramazdn, I halted at
Khusru had
the sai'di of Narlla.
passed on. * *
also I
On
needy.
my
Then
to the poor.
father.
;
:
one,
the other, the
When Khusru
left
happened that Dildwar Khan had
The Khdn
received a short warning of his
approach, and immediately sent his sons over the
Jumna, while
he pressed forward to throw himself into the fortress of Lahore before
Khusru could
arrive there.
About the same
Kahini arrived from Lahore at the same place.
time, 'Abdu-r
Dilawar
Khdn
;
2\
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
advised
him
own
Pilawar's
send his sons over the river
to
sons,
to await
and himself
in
my
company
the
He
arrival.
of
was
alarmed and timid; he could not resolve upon this course: but
he delayed
till
Khusru
arrived,
and then he waited upon
hini
and joined him.
Khan
Dilawar
On
bravely pushed on towards Lahore.
his
every Government servant, and every krori
way he informed
merchant or other traveller he met, of the rebellion of Khusru.
Some he
took with him, and some he warned to keep out of the
After this the people were saved from the violence of the
way.
It seems very probable that, if SaLyid
rebels.
Kamdl
in
Dehli,
and Dilawar Khdn
at Panipat,
had shown any vigour, and had
thrown themselves
in the
way
of Khusru, the disorderly party
which accompanied him would have been unable resistance,
to
make any
and would have broken up, when Khusru would have Their courage did not serve them on this
been taken prisoner. occasion, but both of
them made up
for the deficiency afterwards,
Dilawar Khan, by rapid marching, reached Lahore before
Khusru, and exerted himself
to put the fortress in
Kamal
defence to repel the rebel.
the rebel, as will be noticed in Zi-1 hijja I reached Karndl,
also
its
where
had done
a state of
his best to stop
proper place.
I halted. * *
On the 18th On the 19th I
stopped at Shahabad, where there was great scarcity of water
now
but a heavy rain
Aloda
Shaikh Farid, and
rupees for expenses.
pay
On
arrears,
I
and
in.
I also
Two
I also
gave 18,000 fiv<3
to
of them
who had
having underlaken to serve him, and till
At
by them 40,000 to
Jamil Beg,
Mir Sharif Amali.
;
entered into his service
the other three denied the}'-
were placed under
the truth could be ascertained. * *
Farwardin, a messenger arrived from Dilawar that
*
of Khusru's followers were captured
ordered to be cast before elephants
restraint
sent
Seven thousand were given
the 24tli ZI-l hijja
and brought
and gladdened every one. *
Abu-i Bani Uzbek with fifty-seven ma7isahddrs
I sent
to the support of
to
fell,
Khusru was threatening Lahore, and
Khan to
On
the 24th
to inform
warn me
me
to be
22
•WAKFAT-I JAHANGFRr.
On
cautious.
secured,
that
same day the gates of Lahore were closed and
and two days afterwards Dilawar Khan few men.
fortress with a
He
the place, repairing damages,
and making
mounting guns on the ramparts,
preparations for a siege.
all
entered the
immediately began to strengthen
There was but a small
were earnest, and had been
force of troops in the place, but they
The men
appointed to their respective posts.
of the city also
were loyal and zealous.
Two
days afterwards, when the preparations were complete,
Khusru
arrived before the city, and
commenced
operations.
any way they
directed his followers to burn one of the gates in could,
and he promised them that
He
after the capture of the fortress
the place should be given up to plunder for seven days, and that the
women and
The
children should be their prisoners.
villains set fire to
one of the gates, but Dilawar
desperate
Khan and
the
other officers inside the walls raised up another barrier^ at the gate.
Sskid
Kh4n, who was encamped on the Chinab, being
formed of these movements, marched rapidly to Lahore.
in-
On
reaching the river Ravi, he informed the garrison of his presence,
and requested them fortress.
They
means of bringing him
to find a
sent twenty boats, and brought
into the
him and some of
his followers in.
On
proach of the Imperial army in
Khusru was informed of the appursuit of him and his adherents.
Having no
it
forces.
the ninth day of the siege
resource, he
Lahore
is
deemed
desirable to encounter the royal
one of the largest
cities in
the course of six or seven days a great
got together.
of
to
march away from Lahore, and
night attack on the van of
my
army.
it
was raining heavily,
and on the following morning reached Sultanpur. >
to
make a
This intelligence reached
on the night of the IGth, in the garden of i^gha Kuli.
the night of the 20th, although
[A doubtful word.
leaves a blank.]
in
men had been
I had been well informed that 10,000 or 12,000
men were ready
me
Hindustdn, and
number
Two MSS.
have
^:l.s^,
another
^^
.1
I
On
marched,
I
remained
-sr^
and a fourth
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
23 there
till
mid-day, and just at that time a great action began
between the royal army and the rebels. just brought
me some
when the news of the although I had
mouthful
for
and
food,
I
was about
very good appetite,
"a,
enjoy myself,
to
Directly I heard
me.
battle reached
Mulk had
Mu'izzu-1
Aware of the
good luck, and then mounted.
my
ness of the force engaged, find anxious to bring up
determined to press on with for
my
speed night and day.
all
great coat; but nobody brought
had were a javelin and sword.
At
day imminent.
gave the I
officer title
I
I
first
and bad.
my
battle
escort did
was on that
my men numbered
After crossing the bridge,
The man who brought it named Shamshir, and to him I Khush-khabr Khdn. Mir Jamalu-d din, whom
intelligence of victory
was an
At
the bridge of Govindwal
four or five hundred, good
men,
I called
and the only arras
and no one knew that a
fifty horse,
small-
Confiding myself to the favour
of (rod, I started without hesitation.
not exceed
it,
it,
merely swallowed a
I
reached me.
of the wardrobe
of
had before sent
to
warn Khusru, arrived just
same time,
at the
and he spoke so much about the numbers and strength of Khusru, that n.y
men were
frightened, until the news of victory was con-
firmed by successive messengers. fellow.
He
This Saiyid was a simple
would not believe the
incredulity that an
army such
report,
had
as he
but expressed
seeii
his
could have been
vanquished by so small and unprepared a force as that of Shaikh Farid.
But when the
of
litter
Khusru was brought
in
by two eunuchs, he then believed, and alighting from he placed his head at
my
feet,
Shaikh Farid had acted
and
He
fidelity.
distinguished Jalal,
himself,
died in a few days. fifty
with the greatest zeal
and they fought most bravely.
Mahmud Khan,
another of the
not exceed
his congratulations.
placed the Saiyids of Barha, the heroes of the
age, in the advance,
son of Saiyid
and offered
in this battle
attended
his horse,
Saif
and received eighteen wounds. tribe, received
The
Kh4n,
the chief of the tribe, greatly
an arrow
in.
Saiyid
the head, and
Saiyids of Bai'ha in this action did
or sixty in
number.
These Saiyids repulsed
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIRr.
24
the attack of 1000 horse and 500 Badakhshis, and w^ere cut to
Saiyid Kamdl, with his brothers, was rent to support
pieces.
enemy vigorously in King " bore
the advanced force, 'and he attacked the
The
flank.
right wing:, shouting, "
Long
live the
!
down, and the enemy, stricken with panic, broke and Nearly 400 of the enemy were
directions.
killed,
fled in all
and Khusni's
chest of jewels and trinkets, which he always carried with him, was captured. * *
Mahabat Khan and 'All Beg Akbarshahi in comKhusru wherever he should go. I
I placed
mand
of a force to pursue
also determined that if he
and not return
till
I
went
to
Kabul,
had got him into
my
I
would follow him, If he should
hands.
not stay in Kabul, but go off to Badakhshan and those parts, I
would leave Mahabat Kiian lest
my
in
Kabul, and follow him thither,
he might ally himself to the Uzbeks, and bring disgrace to throne. * *
On the 28th my camp rested at Jahan, seven kos On that day Khusru came with a few followers to the Chinab.
from Lahore. the banks of
After his defeat, the opinions of those who escaped
with him differed.
The Afghans and
the Hindustanis,
who were
mostly his oldest adherents, wished to turn back to Hindustan, and there raise disturbances.
Husain Beg, whose wives and children
and treasure were
in the direction of
towards Kabul.
When
Kabul, was
in
favour of going,
he resolved upon the latter course, the
Afghans and Hindustanis separated from him.
Upon
reaching
the Chinab, he wanted to cross at Sliahpur, one of the regular ferries
;
but as he could not get boats, he went to the ferry of
Siidhara.
There they found one boat without boatmen, and
another boat made of wood and straw.
Khusru, an order had been issued
Before the defeat of
to all the jdgirddrs,
road-
keepers, and ferrymen of the Panjdb, informing them of what
had happened, and warning them
to be careful.
In consequence
of this notice, the ferries and rivers were watched.
was about
to take the
just at this juncture, a
Husain Beg
two boats and send Khusru over.
But
chaudhari of Sudhara came up, and saw
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
25
men were going
that a party of
He
to cross over the river
by
night.
expostulated with the boatmen of the wood and straw boat,
and told them that the Emperor's order was, that no boat should
The
pass over by night. of
men
together,
contention and noise brought a
Abu-1 Kdsim Kh^n, who
and no one would convey them over. had charge of the ferry party of
men wanted
when he was informed that a
at Gujarat,
to cross the Chinab, proceeded to the place
Husain Jeg
with his sons and some horsemen. boats,
and attempted
to cross
director of
The
the zdminddrs.
now came up Khusru.
force
I
which
I
men
Next day
I
assisted to capture
riding on elephants
heard of his capture,
immediately sent the Amiru-l umard to bring Khusru to
presence.
In matters of Government and State
it
frecj^uently
Of
happens that one has to act upon one's own judgment. councils I have held, ihere are two which are remarkable.
when,
in opposition to
the counsel of
abad, and went to wait upon liis
by
had sent under Sa'id Khan
the 29th of the month,
him.
who was
eastern bank was occupied
most opportune time, and
in boats secured
and
my
On
A
at a
Khizr,
and secured the
the boatmen, assembled a party
western bank of the river.
and
;
* * got four
but the last one stuck on a sand-
At drybreak Abu-1 Kasim and Khwaja
bank.
number
and the boat was taken away from the boatmen,
Khusru, and not
Second,
to rest
my
when
till I
First,
friends, I left Allah-
through which
;iy father,
pardon, and became King.
to pursue
all
the
I
I
obtained
resolved instantly
had taken him. * *
On
presence in the garden of
Khusru was brought into my Mirza Kamran, with his hands bound
and a chain on
and he was led up from the
the Srd of JMuharram, 1015
his leg,
a.h.,
according to the rule of Changiz Khan. right,
and 'Abdu-l
trembling
and
"'Aziz
weeping.
on his
left
;
they did not allow him to continue.
and
I
his
he stood between them,
Husain Beg, suspecting
would make a scape-goat of him, began
left side,
Husain Beg was on
+h"":
they
to speak sorri\\ fully, but
I gave
Khusru
into custody,
ordered these two villains to be inclosed in the skins of
a cow and an ass, and to be placed on asse^, face to the
tail,
and
—
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIEr. round the
SO to be paraded
As
city.
26
the sldn of a cow dries
quicker than the skin of an ass, Husain Beg lived only to the
'Abdu-1 'Aziz, who was in the
fourth watch- and then died. skin,
and had moisture conve}ed
From
the last day of Zi-1 hijja
consequence of bad weather,
Mirza Kamran. tion
to
him/
to
I
till
ass's
survived.
the 9th Muharrain, in
remained
garden
the
in
of
I attributed the success gained in this expedi-
Shaikh Farid, and
To
Murtaza Khan.
dignif.ed
I
him with the
strengthen and confirm
my
title
of
rule, I directed
that a double row of stakes should be set up from the garden to
who had
the city, and that the rebel awaimdks,^ and others
taken part in this revolt, should be impaled thereon, and thus
most excruciating punishment.
receive their deserts in this
land-holders
their loyalty, I rewarded
madad-madsh.
lands as
The
by giving
to each
still
was a hot-bed of
remained unsettled. disaffection,,!
should be cleared of dangerous persons,
of
one of them some
* *
Khusru
disposal of
vicinity of i^gra it
The
between the Chinab and Behat who had proved
As
the
was desirous that
lest these pretensions
Khusru should be backed up and kept alive. So I directed Parwez to leave several sarddrs to carry on the campaign
my son
against the Rana, and to proceed himself with A'saf
200 others
and there
to A'gra,
But
tection of the city.
before they arrived there,
been crushed to the satisfaction of
attempt
liad
directed
Parwez
to
I entered Lahore.
Khan and
to undertake the control and pro-
come and meet me.
My friends
On
my
Khusru's
friends, so I
Muharram advised me to
the 9th
and well-wishers
return to Agra, because Gujarat, tho Dakliin, and Bengal were all in
a disordered state.
to me, because
I
had
But
this advice did not approve itself
learnt from the lettei-s of
Shah Beg Khan,
excess of his impudence be drew a dog's skin over his face {i.e. he acted and as he was led through the streets ^-nd bazars, he ate cucumbers and anything else containing moisture that fell into his hands. He survived tlie day and Next day the order was given for' taking him out of the skin. There were night. 1
[" In
tlie
like a dog),
man) maggots »
in his skin, but he survived
[See supra, p. 267.]
it all."
Ikbdl-ndma.'\
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
'27
the ruler of Kandahdr, sundry facts
amirs of
the
Kandahdr.
of
frontier
*
*
the
Intelligence
tending to show that the
all
Kazilbdshes had designs upon
reached
me
at
Lahore, that the
Kazilbashes had inclosed the fort of Kandahar on three sides,
and
it
was evident that further delay would be dangerous
sent a force thither under the * * *.
With
mined
to
command
of
;
so I
Ghdzi Beg Khan and
a view to prevent the threatened danger, I deter-
my
Kabul, and to postpone
proceed to
proposed
excursion round about Lahore.]
Second Year of the Reign.
[The second new year of 22nd
Zi-1 ka'da,
my
1015 a.h. (10th March, 1603 Journey
On
the 7th of Zi-1
of Lahore,
auspicious reign began on the
hijja, at
to
a.d.).]
Kabul.
a prosperous hour, I
and crossing the Rdvi, alighted
dmez, and stopped there for four days.
left
the fort
at the garden of Dil-
passed Sunday, the
I
19th of Farwardin, which was the day of the Sun's entry into
Some of my servants were favoured with Ten thousand rupees in cash were given to Husain
Aries, in that garden.
promotion.
Beg, the ambassador of the ruler of I'ran.
I
left
Kalij
Khdn,
Miran Sadr-jahan, and Mir Sharif i^mali at Lahore, and authothem to conduct all transactions in concert with each other.
rized
On Monday
I
marched from the garden
Haripur, three and a half kos from the
my
flap-s
mine.
waved
in
to the village called
city.
On
Tuesday,
Jahangirpur, which was a hunting-ground of
I^ear this village a minaret
was raised by
my
orders over
an antelope of mine, called "Raj," which was not only the best
my possession, but was the best decoy Muhammad Husain of Kashmir, who in
fighter in
Mulla
celled all persons of his
profession,
for wild ones.
caligraphy ex-
had engraved the following
words on a piece of stone: "In this delightful spot an antelope
was caught by the Emperor Nuru-d. din
Muhammad
Jahangir,
28
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGfRr. which
it,
Out of regard
and that their flesh should be considered as unlawful
as that of a
cow
Hindus, and as that of a hog
to the infidel
The
the Musulmans.
stone of
tomb was carved
its
to
into the shape
I ordered Sikandat Mai, the jdgirddr of the
of a deer.
and was
entirely tame,
the royal antelopes."
all
ordered that no one should hunt antelopes in
to this animal I this for.
month became
the space of a
in
considered the best of
pargana,
to erect a fort in Jahangirpiir.
On
Thursday, the 14th, we encamped in the pargana of Chand-
wala, and, after one intervening stage, arrived on Saturday at
HaGzabAd, and put up
in the buildings erected
who
intendence of
Mir Kiranu-d
that station.
In two marches more
din,
I
held the
under the superof h'ori at
office
reached the banks of the
Chi nab.
On
Thursday, the 21st Zi-1
bridge of boats, and pitched
When
the
other side of
beeii hitherto
to
the river, and
Kashmir, he
made
The
the
Giijars live chiefly
built
(xiijars,
The
devoted to plunder, dwell there.
was consequently named Gujarat, and formed pargana.
the river over a
tents in the pargana of Gujarat.
Emperor Akbar was proceeding
a fort on the
who had
hijja, I crossed
my
place
into a separate
upon milk and curds, and
seldom cultivate land.
On Friday we
arrived at Khawaspur, five kos from Gujardt,
which was peopled by Khawas Khan, a servant of Sher
Beyond
Pathan.
of the Behat,
it,
after
Khan
two marches, we reached the banks
and pitched our tents there.
In the night a very
strong wind blew, dark clouds obscured the sky, and
it
rained
so heavily that even the oldest persons had never seen such rain
within their memory. stones,
wliich
were as
The
rain
large
as
ended with showers of hens' eggs.
The
water and the wind combined broke the bridge. ladies crossed the river in a boat,
boats for the other ,wait
till
men
to
embark
hail-
torrent of I
with
my
and as there were but very few on, I ordered that they should
the bridge was repaired, which was accomplished in a
week, when the whole camp crossed the river without any trouble.
EMPERO^; JAHA'NGrR.
29 The
a snake, and
The name
mj
in
It
and caves, are
poppy-seed be throv/n
There are very
is
be visible
As
it.
I
in
The
breadth.
Its water
is
so clear
beyond estimation, yet
said to be
in, it will
fine fish in
life-
numerous chambers made of
in the neighbourhood.
depth
its
snake
an octangular form,
in a basiii, of
rises
vestiges of the abodes of devotees,
that although
language
about twenty kos from the city of
is
about twenty yards in length, by twenty
stone,
Kashmir,
in
Hindi
the
I visited this source twice during the
father.
The spring
Kashmir.
a fountain
ia
signifies
appears that at one time a very large
it
haunted the spot, time of
Behat
river
of the
source
called Virneg.
if
a
reaches the bottom.
till it
was told that the fountain was
unfathomably deep, I ordered a stone to be tied to the end of a rope and thrown into
and thus
it,
not exceed the height of a
it,
was found that half
After
and the stream which flowed from
it
were raised on each side of the basin, that there it
depth did accession,
to be
it
edifices
scarcely any-
is
throughout the inhabited world.^
expands much when
made
to be similarly
Such elegant chambers and
decorated on both sides.
thing to equal
its
my
paved with stones, a garden
I ordered its sides to be
round
it
man and a
The
river
reaches near the village of Pampur, which
ten hos from the city.
is
All the saffron of Kashmir
Perhaps there so
is
produced
the
:
all
Its
it
flower
is is
where
saffron
annually yielded
I visited this place once with
see they first get the
the flower.
when
quantity
village.
500 maunds of Hindustan, or 4000 maunds of
{wildyat).
the season in which the plant
we
the product of this
is
no other place in the world
abundantly
there, being
Kabul
is
But
only
it is
about
blossoms.
In
mj
all
father in
other trees
branches, then the leaves, and after
otherwise with this plant.
two
inches
It blossoms
high from the
ground.
of a bluish colour, having four leaves and four
threads of orange colour, like those of safflower, in length equal ^
Compare
Forster's Journal^ vol.
Vigne's Kashmir, vol.
i.
p.
333
;
ii.
p. 4
;
Von
Hiigel's Kaschmir, vol.
Moorcroff s Travels,
vol.
ii.
p. 250.
i.
p.
291
;
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
The
to one joint of the finger.
30 are sometimes
fields of saffron
a kos^ sometimes half a kos in length, and they look very beauIn the season when
a distance.
tiful at
it
is
collected,
such a strong smell that people get headache from
had taken a glass of wine, yet
was
has
it
Although
it.
by
also affected
it.
I
asked the Kashmirians, who were employed in collecting
it,
I
whether reply,
took any
it
effect
I
upon them, and was surprised by the
which was, " they did not know even what the headache
was." that flows from the fountain of Virnag
The stream Behat
Kashmir, and becomes a large
in
many
joined by
through the
on both
other smaller ones
In some places
city.
drmk from Behat,
it
is
Nobody drinks
very dirty and unwholesome.
a tank called Dal, which falling
after
into
near the
is
takes
this tank,
it
is
It runs
sides.
breadth does not exceed
its
the reach of an arrow shot from a bow. water, because
called
is
when
river,
its
its
All people
The
city.
river
through
course
Barah-Mulah, Pakali, and Damtaur and then enters the Panjab. There are many lar, is
which joins the Behat at the
the best of
in
it,
in
is
and
the land
is
'Abidin,
He
is
village of
a piece of verdant
afford a deep
trees,
who
it.
The
ruled
village
firmly over
many
miracles.
seen
1
ill
;
nearly a
Tiie su-face
of
requires no carpet to
there
for
fifty-two
Great King.
He
years. is
said
The remains of his many and among these there
;
Lanka, which he
built with great
the middle of the lake called Ulur (Wulur), about
[The Tabakdt-% Akbari calk
VOL. VI.
it
Kashmir
to be
a building called Barin^
are
was founded by Sultdn Zainu-I
buildings are
still
there
Kashmir
in
branches of which inter-
the
called there Baroshah, or the
diflSculty
Shahabu-d dinpur,
and extensive shade.
to have performed
is
land,
so covered with green that
be spread on
Kashmir, but Darah-
one of the most famous places
hundred handsome plan^ lace
in
the streams.
all
This village
and
and fountains
rivulets
it
Zain-laiik^.
Suprd, Vol. V.
p. 465.J
20
3
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
I
three or four kos in
To form
deep.
This lake
circumference.
exceedingly
is
the foundation of the building, boat-loads of
stone were thrown into
the lake
but
;
as
proved of no
this
some thousands of boats laden with stones were sunk,
use,
and so with great labour a foundation of a square was side of
above
raised
the water,
hundred yards
and smoothed.
were erected a palace and a place
it
for the
On
one
worship
of God, than which no finer buildings can anywhere be found.
Generally he used to come to this place his time
Almighty God.
there to the worship of
many
that he passed
One day one
a boat, and devoted
in
It
said
is
periods of forty days in this place.
of his sons
came
into the
sacred place, with
a drawn sword in his hand, with the intention of killing him.
But
as soon
of the
as
his
eye
upon him, the natural
fell
affection
and the royal dignity of the parent struck him
son
with dismay, and diverted him from his purpose.
After a short
time the King came out, and having embarked in the same boat
with his son, returned towards the son that he had
left
return in a skiff and bring
back
He
to the building,
fell
at his feet,
The King
is
it
to
When
him.
for
told his
the Prince went
what he had done, and imme-
soliciting forgiveness
said to have performed
assume any form he
that he could
Midway he
he was amazed to find the King also there.
was exceedingly sorry
diately
city.
behind him his rosary, and asked him to
habits and manners of his sons,
liked.
his
for
many such
conduct.
miracles,
and
Reflecting on the
and knowing that they were
very impatient and anxious to ascend the throne, he told them that with
that
him
it
was easy
to resign the
they could do nothing after him,
would not
last long,
off eating
manner.
He
their
to die, but
government
and but few days would elapse before they
would see the reward of thejr conduct. left
crown and for
Having
and drinking, and passed forty days
said this, in the
he
same
did not even doze during this interval of time, but
like a great saint
he directed his whole attention to the worship
of the Omnipotent God.
On
the fortieth day he delivered his
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGfRr.
32
and met with the mere}' of
soul to the angel of death,
his
Maker.
He
They
Khan.
quarrelled
dominions of their father.
hands of a
the
common
Adam Khan,
three sons, viz.
left
class
among The
called
Three
soldiers.
Haji Kh^n, and Bahram
themselves, and at last lost the
sovereignty of
Kashmir
Chaks, who were
fell
into
formerly
but
rulers of this tribe constructed three
buildings on the remaining three faces of the foundation which
was
laid
them
is
by Zainu-1
Kashmir spring.
is
first
one built by that King.
autumn and
a delightful country in the seasons of
I visited
charming than
I
it
in the former season,
had
the 1st of
and found
it
even more
I never was there in spring,
anticipated.
but I hope some time or other to be
^On Saturday,
thei-e
during that season.
Muharram, I marched from the bank
The
of the Behat to Rohtas, with one stage intervening.
of Rohtas
is
one of the buildings of Sher
constructed amongst the ravines, wliere
it
is
fort
Khan Afghan, and
is
was scarcely conceiv-
able that so strong a position could have been obtained. tract
none of
'i^bidin in the lake of Ulur, but
so substantial as the
As
this
near the country of the Gakkhurs, a troublesome and
turbulent race,
it
came
into his head to build this fort for the
purpose of overawing and controlling them.
Sher
Khan
died
when only a portion of the work was done, but it was completed by his son Salim Khan. Over one of the doors the cost of the fort is engraven on a stone, which is set in the wall. The amount is 16,10,00,000 dams and something more, which is 34,25,000 rupees of Hindustan,^ 120,000 tumdns of Tran, or 1,21,75,000 hhdnis of Turan.
On Tuesday, to Tillah,^ 1
H. M.
[Sir
2 It
is
modern
the 4th, I marched four kos and three-quarters
which means "a hill" Elliot's
own
worth bearing
in the
Gakkhur language.
translation.]
this comparatively
travellers rarely place
it
moderate estimate in mind, for our and one has it as high as
under 100,00,000,
500,00,000 rupees.
The
Tillah must be meant, which bears the meaning and though the lofty Tillah cannot itself be meant, yet the halting ground sufficiently close to udmit of its deriving its name from that conspicuous hill. 3
ascribed, is
original reads Bilah, but
33
empehor jahangfr.
From
that place I marched to the village of Bhakra,' which
same people
in the language of the
the name of From Tillah
is
white flowers without any odour.
marched the whole way through the bed of a
a shrub with to
Bhakra
river,^ in
which
water was then flowing, and the oleander bushes were in bloom, and of exquisite colour, like peach blossoms.
dustan this evergreen
many growing
always
is
flower.
in
full
In Hin-
There were very
my
stream, and I ordered
at the sides of this
I
personal attendants, both horse and foot, to bind bunches of the flowers
those
in
turbans, and
their
who would
directed that the turbans of
I
not decorate themselves in this fashion should
be taken off their heads.
I thus got
up a beautiful garden.
On Thursday, the 6th, Hatya^ was On this march a great many Palas^ This shrub
blossom.
dustan.
It has
oran
no fragrance
The trunk
possible to take one's eyes
and
as, in
As
In short,
wine.
V This is
now
I
I
it
was im-
the air was very charming,
veil of clouds
the sun, there was a slight shower,
fiery
flowers are the size of
was such a sight that
ofl" it.
consequence of a
The
black. It
of Hin-
which are of a
in its flowers,
is
a red rose, or even bigger.
shrubs were found in
peculiar to the jungles
also
is
the encamping ground.
obscuring the light of
indulged myself in drinking
enjoyed myself amazingly on this march.
called Bakrala, correctly Bekkrala.
The
local
name
for this flower
more common at Bakiala than elsewhere in the neighbourhond, and I could get no one to acknowled;^e iliat this was, or could be, the origin of the name; so I suspect that the royal is
I'hakra, elsewhere it
is
ordinarily called Haft-chingara.
It is not
autobi-'grapher has been deceived by his informants. 2
This
'
This
is
Dhamak,
the Kahan, a troublesome stream,
is
full of
quicksands.
a few miles beyond the usual encamping ground at present, which
a most impracticable
name
of which to obtain the true pronunciation.
is
In
and by the same men I have heard it variously given as Damak, Dhamak, Tam'ak, Taniiak, Tamihak, the d. and t being convertible in these parts, It was here that Shahibu-d din Ghori was assassias "an/a." for " anrf&," an egg. niitfd, and in the lines which record the dates of his death, given in the Lnbbu-t the
villiige
DaiiiilKik,
Tawurilch, the place is called Damyek. fne of our road books (in the Bengal and Agra Guide) renders the confusion worse confounded, by attempting to be specific, and recording it as " Tamako, near Dhamack." Dhamak appears the most correct.
The *
ziiiinnddra are of the
Generally called
'*
A wan
tribe.
Dh&k," Butea fwndosa.
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr. This place
34
Hatyd because it was founded by a Gakkhur The country from Margalla to Hatya is called
called
is
named Hdti.
Pothuwdr.^ Within this tract there are but few crows to be found.
Between Kohtas and Hatyd
same
are of the
On
Friday
stock,
is
marched four kos and three-quarters
I
so called because
it
has a sardt built of baked bricks
in the Hindi language means " baked."
dust on the road perienced, I found
most of the
On
and
;
and Pakka
;
annoyances
brought from Kabul got injured.
sorrel
means " broken ground"
This country
language.^
On Sunday
Rawal, and Pindi
^
very bare of
is
my camp
I pitched
Pindi, so called because
It
so called
is
in the
trees.*
was founded by a Hindu named
it
in that language
means "a
now, or rather Pathwar, but the pronunciation
is
contains, in consequence of the frequent depopulation
was under Kashmir, the
it
boundaries.
its
One
is,
that
There are
it
has undergone.
Another,
collections used to be ca'rried there in bags,
Another, because the laud
called pithu.
form
not distinct,
the proper name, on account of the mixed tribes which this table-land
is
when
Near
village."
water in a ravine, which
Various origins are ascribed to the name, none of them smtiBfactory.
Phtitw&r
Gakkhur
on the other side of Rdwal
this place there is a stream of flowing
that
ex-
I
In this place
Saturday, the 8th, I marched four and a half hos to a
place called Khar, which
'
Pakka,
to
There was nothing but
in consequence of the
a very troublesome march.
it
who
the country of the Bugyals,^
and connected with the Gakkhurs.
patiodr, or level between the hills
is
which
India, as those under the Siudian and
tracts in
Sulaimani Hills, called P&t, for this reason but the ground here can only be called by comparison, for it is intersected by ravines in every direction, and this very fact is assigned as another origis of the nam?', the soil being phidwdr, or broken. ;
level
As
this
conspicuoiusly the
Ls
most
nunciation omits the aspirate wilh the 2
This tract
is
now
the
case all
disposed to look on this aa the
called BiJsySl
way from Dhamak
proS?3!bif
origin,
to
though
M&rgalla, the
present
am
I
pro-
j?.
from
fclhti
Gakkhur
tribe of that
name, descendants
of Sultan B^ga. 3
Spelt "
ascribed to
Kor " it
in
in the originnl, but
Khor must be meant,
the text, though there
as it bears the
meaning
no village of that name. The present the celebrated Buddhist tope, of which it is
is
encamping ground is M^nikyala, where is surprising that Jah&ngir makes no mention. *
A
later traveller,
speaking of this country,' says truly,
a country so dovoif^ of flp.y pretension to beauty." 5
It can
unknown
scarcely be called
to the cast of the
Ilindf.
Jumna.
— Baron
"I
never passed through
Hiigel's Travels, p. 238.
It prevails throughout the Panjib, but
is
35
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
As
empties itself into a tank.
charms,
remained
I
short
a
there for
Gakkhurs what the depth specific answer,
the place was not destitute of time.
We
and added, "
have heard
enter it."
I
swam round
and on
it,
our fathers
frotn
wound and
that there are alligators in this water, which
every animal that goes into
asked the
I
They gave no
of the water was.
no
this account
kill
dares
ofie
ordered a sheep to be thrown into the vater, which
came out
the whole tank, and
ordered a swimmer to go therefore evident that
in,
and he
emerged
was no foundation
there
The breadth
Grakkliurs asserted.
also
After that I
safe.
of this water
It
save.
was
what the
for
about a bow-
is
shot.
On Monday
encamped
I
The Gakkhurs
Kharbuza.
at
in
former days erected a domed structure here, in which they used
As
to collect tolls from travellers.
melon,
On means a
was
it
the
dome
shape like a
is in
Kharbuza.
called
Tuesday, the 11th, the camp moved to Kala-paRi, which in Hindi " black water." On this march there occurs
hill called
Mar,
Margalla.^
in
Hindi, signifies " to rob on the
liighway," and galla^ " a caravan,"
Up
caravans are plundered.
the country
— that
this
Gakkhurs.
the
of
to
is, it
is
extend;-
a place where
the boundary of
These fellows
strange
are
animals, always squabbling and fighting with one another. did
all
" The
I
life
could
to
of fools
is
On Wednesday, Abdal.
About a
effect
a reconciliation, but without
held very cheap in troublous times."
encamping ground was
our
kos to the east of
tliis
road to Kabul there
'
no stream
like
this,
are two or three of the
Singh raised a small the water flows.
is
edifice in
a cascade,
is
On
the wJiole
but on the road to
same kind.
Raja
Man
the middle of the basin whence
There are several
The road has been improved
Baba Hasan
place there
over which the water flows with great rapidity.
Kashmir thence
I
effect.
fish in
it,
of half or a quarter
since this Emperor's time.
There
is
a substantial
stone pavement through the pass, which from a Persian inscription on a rock appears to
have been erected iu a.h. 1084, by "the strong-handed
Khin Mahibat
Shik.oh."
36
WA'KrAT-I JAHANGIRr. I stayed three days at this charming spot,
of a yard long.
drank wine with iny intimate companions. sport in
the
way
of fishing.
thrown the Safra
and
which
net,
ceeded in getting twelve
and
them go again
let
and people acquainted
in
noted spot there
Mir Khusru may
of
pure and
Khwafi, who was
fields
man
for a long
erected a small
in the
Kliwaja Shamsu-d din
time the minister of ray respected
summer-house there/ and excavated a
and jiardens with the means of
domed tomb
built a
for himself, but
flows,
was not
Hakim Abu-1 Fath
Humam, who
were the most intimate friends of
whom" he entrusted
all
supplying the Close to
irrigation. it
buried there.
to
foot of the
depth of night could see the
which the water of the spring
cistern into
Hasan Abdal was, The most
and the following verse " The water is so it,
clear,
sand at the bottom."
particles of
father,
IJaba
specific information.
well be applied to
transparent, that a blind
small
who
where a spring issues from the
is
It is exceedingly
hill.
I asked the inhabitants
the water.
me any
to this time " Bhanwar Jdl'
strung pearls in their noses,
I
witli history
but no one could give
call
with
it
fish.
and
had some
To throw this net is a mattei my own hand, and suc-
one of the commonest kind.
is
of some difficulty, but I tried
also
had never, up
I
Hindi they
in
I
Gilani and his brother
his secrets,
it
he
his fate to be
my
Hakim
father,
and
were buried there by his
orders.^
On
the 15th I
encamped
Amardi, a most extraordinary
at
green plain, in which you cannot see a kind.
At
this place
and
in the
mound
or hillock of
any
neighbourhood there are seven
It is probable that this is the place now occupied by Sikh Granthis, who have up there the panja, or hand, of Btiba Xanak, and have established the cistern as Considering at what a late period this place a sacred spot where the}' feed fat fisli. came under the dominion of the Sikhs, it is cuiious that popular feeling should concur iu the new belief that BabO. Nanak visited the spot and performed the miracle ascribed to him, which is recorded by our mcdurn travellers who have visited '
set
the spot. 2
There
is
an old tomb in this situation, -now domcless, which
lace indicated.
The inhabitants say some prince
Jahan Bcgam, but she
is
is
is
no doubt the
buried there, some say
NQr
buried not far from Jahangir, at Shahderah, in au elegant
structure like a bdrddari (summer-house),
now
falling rapidly to ruin.
—
37
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
or eight thousand houses of Khat'irs
and Dilazaks, who practise
every kind of turbulence, oppression, and highway robbery.
I
gave orders that the sarkdr of Attak, as well as this tract of
made over to Zafar Khan, the son of Zain Kh4n Koka, and I gave him directions, that before the return of the royal camp from -Kabul, he should march off the whole of country, should be
the Dilazaks towards Lahore, and should seize the chiefs of the
Khaturs, and keep them in prison and
On Monday,
fetters.^
the 17th, I encamped near the fort of Attak,^
on the banks of the river Nilab, after making one march intermediately.
of 2500.
the
At
this place I
This
direction
fort,
which
full,
is
to the
rank
very strong, was constructed under
and superintendence of Khwdja Shamsu-d din
my
Khwdfi by order of very
Khan
promoted Mahabat
In these days the Nilab was
father.
insomuch that the bridge consisted of eighteen boats,
The
over which people passed with great ease and security..
Amiru-l Umara was
so
weak and
sick, that I left
and as the country around Kabul was not able
him
at Attak,
to subsist so large
His orders appear to have been faithfully executed, for there are now no There are some in Hazara, who call themselves Turks. Of the Khaturs there are still several villages, such as Wake, Kate, etc., and the fertile plain of Khatur is still called after their name. They called themselves Mughals, and also say they were converted R&jpCits, whose original seat was Dehli. Others say their name is owing to their being converted Khattris, others because they pnictise ^
Dilaz4ks here.
agriculture {kheti).
The
little
can give about themselves Dilazaks Elphinstone says
is
:
information which the people of this neighbourhood as remarkable
— "All
now
as in
Jahangir's time.
Of
the
the lower valley of the Caubul. all the plain of
Pesh&wer, with part of Bajour, ChuBh Huzaurab, and the countries east of them, as far as the Hydaspes, belonged to the
The country between
Afghaun
tribe of Dilazauk,
which
is
now
Hindoo Coosh on both sides of the Indus, formed the kingdom of Swaut, which was inhabited by a distinct nation, and ruled by Sult&n Oneiss, whose ancestors had long reigned over that country. The Ghorees descended to Peshawer in the reign of Cawmraun, the son of Baubar, and with the assistance of that prince drove the Dilazauks across the Indus of that numerous and powerful tribe, there are now only two or three villages to the west of the Indus. There are, however, some thousand Dilazauks on the Indian side of the river." Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii. almost extii-pated.
the Dilazauks and the range of
;
pp. 12, 56. ^
At
that period the place
was
called Attak Ban&ras, as it is
now
in the vicinity
[See suprd. Vol. V. p. 443.] Ban&ras is a small ruinous town, about a mile to the east of the fort, where the tomb and garden of Bair5.m Beg, the
of the place
itself.
guardian of Akbar, are
still
conspicuous.
*
WAKI'AT-I JAHANOmr. a camp as accompanied one
uie, I
to cross the river except
main camp being ordered
On Wednesday,
38
ordered the hakhshis to allow no
my own
to wait at
and household
friends
Attak
till
my
;
the
return.
the 19th, I embarked with the Prince and a
few attendants on a
and passing over the Nilab
raft,
^
in safety,
landed on the bank of the Kama,'-^ the river which flows under
These
Jalalabad.
and placed on
Here they
bamboos and
I gave 12,000 rupees to left
grass,
them
Jdl^^
safer
than boats.*
call
where there are many stones, they are
rivers
were
are composed of
rafts
inflated skins.
Mir Sharif KmdXi and the
and
officers
on duty at Lahore, to be distributed to the poor
;
in
who and
Razak M'amurl and Bihari Das, make arrangements for supplying party who had been left behind with
orders were given to 'Abdu-r
paymaster of the Ahadis,
to
with every necessary the Zafar Khan.
From that ground we moved, one march intervening, to my camp near Sarai Bara. On the opposite side of the river Kama there is a fort,^ built by Zain Khan Koka, when he was appointed to
exterminate the Yusufzal Afghans.
It
Naushahra, and nearly 50,000 rupees were expended
They
struction.
report
that
His
Majesty
wolves in these parts, and I have heard
my
is
called
in its con-
Humdyun
hunted
father say, that he
' The river is not now known by this name, since the town of NiUib has declined, and Attak has risen. From the north-east downwards it is called Abbasfn, and from Attak to K&labagb, the Attals. By the Ilindtis of that neighbourhood it is frequently called the Sind, under which name they read of it in their iShfisters.
^
This name
is
derived from a fort nearly opposite Jalalabad, at the junction of
the Kuiier with the river which Englishmen call the also called the
the
Kima,
is
K&ma
now
;
Kabul
river.
The Kuner
is
but the lower part of the K&bul river, which Jahangir calls
generally
known
as the
Lundyc, or Landa.
The Lundye proper
Panjkora country, and flows nearly due south into the Kabul river, Lieut. Macartney says that the stream is called the Kama from opposite Peshawar. Jalalabad as far as Peshawar. •Elphiustone's Kingdom of Caubul, vol. ii. p. 473. rises in the
—
' *
now the term. Any one who has tried
Juld
is
these convenient floats can testify to this.
Panj&b an inverted bed then cviWQa- Kha-ndo, " a bed-boat."
rivers of the
'
In the upper
usually placed on two skins, and the float
is now a Naushahra on either side of the bank the Kala-paui enters the Lundye.
There
Yiisufzai
is
river.
is
Near the town of the
39 had
EMPEROR JAHANGFR. liimself attended
father two or three times
his
on these
excursions.
On
Tuesday, the 25th, I moved to
Beg Kabuli,
S?.r&i
Ahmad
Daulatdbad.
the jdgirddr of Peshawar, brought the Yusufzai
and Ghoryd-khail
chiefs
was not pleased with
As
with him to pay their respects.
his
services,
I
I
removed him from the
government of that country, and bestowed
upon Sher Khan
it
Afghan.
On Wednesday,
the 26th, I arrived at the garden of Sardar
Khan, near Peshawar. amongst the Jogis,
Ghorkhatri, a famous place of worship in this neighbourhood,
is
in the possible chance of seeing
I
might derive advantage; but such a man
Philosopher's Stone or tlie^Anka; and
small fraternity without any
and
went to see
I
some/a^ir, from whose society
it
all
rare as the
as
is
that I saw was a
knowledge of God, the sight of
whom filled my heart with nothing but regret. On Thursday Jamrud was our encamping ground. On Friday we went through the Khaibar Pass, and encamped at 'All Masjid.i * * *
A On
Hindu Murderer.
the same day (3rd Safar) Kaliyau, son of E,4ja Bikramajit,
arrived from
Many
Gujarat.
mean and
reported of this other atrocities
is
heinous deeds
vicious
that he kept a
hamniadan persuasion
his
in
of villany
house, and for fear of being dis-
covered, he killed her father and mother, and buried
house.
he should be fed at
the same
and that
mess as the dog-keepers and
Sir
H. M.
Elliot's translation.
A
note states that he deemed
Baty to carry the translation of this itinerary further.] *
life,
*
sweepers.
/
in his
After conviction I ordered that his tongue should
be cut out,* that he should be kept in prison for
[End
them
ordered him to be imprisoned until the facts were
I
ascertained.
•
were
One among his character. common woman of the Mu-
[This excision of the tongue
is
not mentioned in some
MSS.]
it
unneces-
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
40
Bdbar's Memoirs.
With
the object of acquiring information about the history of
Kabul, I used to read the Wdki'dt-i Bdba four parts {juzw),
was written with
•/,
which,
his (Babar's)
except
all
own hand.
To
complete the work I copied these parts {ajzd) myself, and at the
end
added some paragraphs
I
Hindustan, yet
am
I
Turkish language, to show
in the
Although
that they were written by me.
was brought up
I
in
not deficient in reading and writing Turki.
Prince Khusru.
On
the 12th I
summoned Khusru
my
to
presence,
and ordered
the chains to be put off from his legs, and that he should be
allowed to walk in the garden of Shahr-ard, for ray paternal affection
had not
so far departed as to induce
indulgence. * * *
me
to deprive
him of this
Although Khusru had been repeatedly
guilt}'
of improper actions, and was deserving of a thousand punish-
ments, yet paternal affection did not allow
To
me
to take his
life.
bear with such wicked proceedings was incompatible with the
rules of
government and policy
;
yet
I
overlooked his offences, and
he was kept in great comfort and ease.
had sent people
to several vile
It
was discovered that he
and wicked characters, and by pro-
mises had instigated them to raise disturbances, and to attempt
my
Some
life.
of these wretched, shortsighted people conspired
together and formed the design of destroying in
hunting at Kabul and
vidence
is
its
vicinity
;
me
while engaged
but as the favour of Pro-
the protector and preserver of kings, they found no
opportunity to commit that crime. at Surkhab,
Tbe day on which
Kuraishi, the diwdn of Prince Khurram, and said 50(y
I
halted
one of the conspirators hastily came to Khwaja
insurgents, with
Fathu-Ua,
Niiru-d din, son of Ghiyasu-d din
son
of
Hakim
that about
Abii-l
AH, Asaf Khan, and
Fath, Sharif,
son of Ftimadu-d daula, were, at the instigation of Khusru, on the watch for a suitable opportunity of
me.
The Khwaja immediately
making an attack upon
reported the matter to
Khurram,
^'
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
who
in great perturbation instantly
came and informed me.
I
blessed the Prince, and resolved to take measures for the appre-
hension of
those imprudent persons, and for treating
all
But again
with every kind of severe punishment. that as I was
now on
them
thought
I
a journey, their pursuit would cause the
disturbance and dispersion of
my
camp, and accordingly only the
chief insurgents were captured.
Fathu-lla
Khan was
placed in
some trustworthy persons, while the two
prison, in charge of
with three or four more ringleaders of those
other wretches,
cursed revolters, were killed.
Third Year of the Reign. The
third
Nauroz
my
after
happy
occurred on Thursday, the 2nd of Zi-1 the
of Farwardin,
1st
accession hijja,
the throno
to
corresponding with
and the world-enlightening Sun,
leaving the sign of Pisces, entered that of Aries.
The
of Nauroz was celebrated in the village of Rankata, which the distance of five kos from the city of Aigra. * * *
As I
now went
if I
consider that I went to visit
determined that
I therefore
and then,
my
my
the magnificent sepulchre of
thought that
birth,
manner
I
as
my
also
upon
would proceed
my
was on
it
my
road,
direct to the city,
with his vow respecting
foot from Aigra to Ajmir,
head
at
ignorant people would
I
a distance of two and a half Acs. this distance
it,
only because
walk from the
is
father was on the road,
it
father, in accordance
had gone on would
to see
after
festival
in
the same
city to his splendid sepulchre,
Would
t]\^A I
could have gone
!
n Saturday, the 5th of the month, at noon, in an auspicious
hojr, I set out towards the city.
5000 rupees
to the beggars,
along the whole way,
On
till
I
who
As
I
went,
I distributed
about
lined both sides of the road
entered
my
palace within the fort.
Nar Shigh Deo brought to me a white Though among animals of other species, both qiiad-
the same day. Raja
leopard.
rupeds and birds, there
may
be some of white colour, distinguishes
WAKrAT-I JAHANOrRr. by the name of touighun^^ yet a
up
to
tliis
On
who
lield
8th of Muharram, a.h. 1016, J:ilalu-d dni
tbe rank of 400, and was not destitute of
shown valour which was more
courage, and in several actions had
nearly allied
between
fifty
and took
leopard I bad never seen
Vvliite
time.
Thiirsc' \y, tbe
Mas'iid,
42
it
rashness, e::pired of dysentery at
to
He
and sixty years. breaking
after
often received
was piucb addicted
to
age of
opium,
He
into small pieces like cheese.
it
When
from the hands of his mother.
it
tlie
gvew worse, and symptoms of death were
visible,
his illness
she took a large
quantity of the same opium which she used to give him, and died
To
a few minutes after he departed this world. matei'nal love for a son has never been heard
amonsr the Hindus that
this time such It
of.
women burn themselves
is
a custom
alive after the
death of their husbands, cither through affection, or for the sake of the honour and reputation of their fathers and relations
known
a thing like this was never
whether among the
On
MuhammaJans
the 15th of the
horses on Kaja,
Man
I entertained for iiim.
son of Raja
Man
As suir,
which
of 80,000 rupees on account of one
mchak}
Mukarrab Kiian
which was so beautifully made that
any work of the Faringis equal to
On
sent
mv
Seraglio,
I
had never seen
before.
and the nuptial ceremonies were performed
in the residence of Mariam-i
which Raja
As
it
the 4th of Rabi'u-l awwal, the daughter of Jagat Sing
entered
I
kj
»j
Man
siud in the
[I'riseutatiou of
Among
other valuables
Singh sent with her were sixty elephants.
was very anxious is
Zaman.
to extirpate the liana, I
Turki Dictionary
not tound in Uictiardson's Diction ry. *
tlie affection
from the Port of Kambhait (Kambay) a piece of European
tapestry,
is
my
bestowed the finest of
had asked Jagat Singh, the eldest
I
of the nuptial ceremonies, called
*
I
Singh, for the hand of his daugiiter, I sent to
the Kaja, on the 16th, a
me
done by any mother,
consequence of
in
but
or Hindus.
same month
Singh
to be
;
Bimm
to the bride.]
to
mean
determined
exclusively a white
hawk.
It
43
EMPEROR JAHANOrR.
Kh4n
send Mahabat
to
command,
besides
eighty
or
camel-swivels, and sixty elephants.
twenty
Khan-khdnan, who was
my
He
was
visit.
know whether he
to
and
elephant
ordered a treasure of
my
came from Burhanpur,
so -anxious to see me, that he did
feet.
raised up his head with
took him in
preceptor,
cam.e on foot or head.
my
in great agitation at I
I also
and
artillery
lacs of rupees to be sent with this army.
and paid me a not
guns,
liorse,
under his
officers,
500 Ahadis, 2000 musketeers,
number of seventy
the
and placed 12,000
ap^ainst liim,
with some experienced
perfectly equipped,
my
With
Tie threw himself
great kindness and favour
much
hands, and with
arms and kissed
He
his face.
affection
presented
me
with two rosaries of rubies and pearls, and several rubies and emeralds, to the value of three lacs of rupees, besides
many
other
articles of all sorts. * * *
On
the
tanks in
Kdsim
22ud Xsaf Khan presented me with a rnby seven weight, which was purchased by his brother Abu-l
in the
port of
Kambhait
for
and form were exceedingly good, but
75,000 rupees. in
my
Its colour
opinion
w^o not
it
worth more than 60,000 rupees.
On
24th the sons of Khan-khanan, who
the
after liim, also arrived
me
and paid their
On
with 25,000 rupees.
sented
me
which freely allowed
itself to
There
of.
is
cominir
also pre-
This day a doe was brought,
be
milked,
Such a doe
I
and produced four
had never seen or heard
no difference of taste between the milk of a doe
and that of a cow or a female for
w^ere
They presented
same day the Khan
ihe
with ninety elephants.
sers of milk every day.
respects.
buffalo.
It is said to be a
remedy
asthma.
On
the 11th
tions for the
was ordered
Raja
Man
Singh, -in order to
make
equipment of the army of the Dakhin, to
native country.
proceed, I
his prepara^'ji'Vitr
he
asked for leave to go to Amber, his
granted his request, and gave him an elephant,
which was called Hushiyar Mast.
On
the 21st
Khan-khanan, having undertaken
to suppress all
WAKI'AT-I
44
.TAHi^LNGFRr.
the disturbances which had arisen in the territory of Nizamu-1
Mulk
at the death of the Late
which he engaged that
if
Emperor, wrote ajocument,
he did not successfully perform this
two years, ho would confess himself
service within
in
liable to
punishment, provided only that, besides the army which was already in the province, a force of 12,000 horse and a treasure of ten lacs of rupees be placed at his disposal.
he should immediately be provided
army, and gave him leave
wHh
ordered that
I
every equipment for the
to proceed to his duty.
As Kishen Singh, the youngest maternal uncle of Khurram, had rendered many valuable services while with Mahabat Khan, and in the engagement with the army of the Rana had received a spear-wound in his foot, had killed twenty of the Rana's distinguished
officers,
and captured about 3000 men, he was now
2000 personal
raised to the rank of
salary,
and the command
of 1000 horse. * * *
On Tuesday sepulchre of
upon
vow
my
the 17th, T went on foot to see the resplendent
my
If
father.
eye-lashes or
my birth,
respecting
on a pilgrimage to the
my
could, I
I
had gone on
When
eyes.
tomb, an I
if I
1
were to go I
father,
this
it
this distance
when he made a
from Fathpiir to Ajmir
foot
slirine of the great
Chishti, a space of 120 Aos, and
very oreat
would travel
My
head.
would
Khwaja Mu'iim-d din be nothing
therefor-e
short distance upon
my
had obtained the good fortune of
head or
visiting the
had examined the building which was erected over
did not find
it
to
my
liking.
My
intention vras, that
it
it,
should
be so exquisite that the travellers of the world could not say
they had seen one like
While the work was
it
in
any part of the inhabited
in progress, in consequence of the rebellious
conduct of the unfortunate Khusru,
towards
own
''".ahore.
taste,
earth.
The
I
was obliged
builders had built
it
to
march
according to their
and had altered the original design
at
their
dis-
The whole money had been thus expended, and the work had occupied three or four years. I ordered thao clever architects, acting in concert with some intelligent persons, shoyld cretion.
EMi^EROli JAHANGFR.
45 down the
pull
parts which I pointed
objectionable
By
out.
degrees a very large and magnificent building was raised, with
a nice garden round
entered by a lofty gate, consisting of
it,
The
minarets made of white stone.
me
building was reported to
and
'Irak,
to
forty-five Jacs o^ khdnis of
On Sunday,
the 23rd,
I
went
who had not
I
seen
it.
each way, and by
its
50,000 tumdtis of
to
Turan. house of liakim 'Ali, to
to the
which was made
see the reser'^oir, like one
father in Lahore.
expense of this large
total
amount
time of
in the
was accompanied by a body of attendants
The side
size of the reservoir
was
it
through the
water, but not a drop could penetrate the chamber. large that ten or twelve persons could sit in
me
to
honoured the
examine
Hakim
it,
I
Timur.
It
articles
returned
Portuguese believed
tlie
to
was so pre-
he could produce
my
palace,
all
my
having
with the rank of 2000. * *
the 6th of Zi-1 hijja, Mukarrib
stating that
It
The Hakim
it.
After seeing the chamber, and allowing
at the time.
On
money and
there with what
attendants
six yards
was made a chamber, which was ex-
ceedingly well lighted, and which had a passage to
sented
my
Khan it
to
sent
me
a picture,
be the portrait of
was represented that, at the time when Ilderim
Bayazid was taken prisoner by the victorious army of that Emperor, a Christian, who was then the governor of Istambol, sent an ambassador with presents to offer terms of submission.
He
was accompanied by a painter, who drew a portrait of the
Emperor, and on his return carried
to his
away with him.
If this
my opinion there could not have been a more ouriositj' in my possession but ac it bore no resemblance
had been valuable
it
true, in
;
royal descendants,
I
was not
at all satisfied of the truth
of the statement.
Fourth. Year of the Reign. [The Nauroz of the Fourth Year
fell
on tha 14th ZI-1
hijja,
1017 (llth March, 1609). It
had now becoive manifest
that, to secure the settlement of
—
WAKrAT-I JAHANGrRr.
46
the Dakliin, one of the Princes must be sent thither, and I
accordingly resolved upon sending Parwez.^]
Fifth Year of the Reign. [The Nau-roz of the Fifth Year
on the 24tli
fell
Zi-1 hijja,
1018 (10th March, 1610).] Outbreak at Patna.
[On the 19th
my
of TIrdibihisht, in the fifth year of
wonderful event took place in Patna, which
When
of the governor of the province of Bihar.
reign, a
the chief residence
is
Afzal Khan,
the governor of the province, was about to march to Gorakpur,
which had been recently conferred on him at about sixty kos distance from
in jdgir,
and which
the city in charge of Shaikh Banaras- and Ghiyas Zain the diicdn, and other mansahdars
no enemy in the country,
It
happened that
person of tTch, by
;
and
city.
absence a turbulent and
in his
name Kutb, came
made
friends with
prison, he
some people of notorious
Khusru, and said
had come there
him should share
;
seditious
in the habit of a fciki)\
into the territory of TJjjainiya, which lies near Patna,
himself to be
KhanI
but thinking that there was
never thought of making provision
lie
for the security of the fort
character, declared
having
that,
and having
escaped from
and that those who joined and helped
in his success.
With such
false
words, he
assured those foolish people of the truth of his pretensions.
had been branded
his eyes
lies
Patna, he placed the fort and
in
As
days gone by, he told those people
•hat while he was in prison hot cups had been tied over his eyes,
which had lecting a
left
that mark.-
number
By
tiiese
of horse and foot.
means he succeeded
As
in col-
had Khan's absence from Patna, they the opportunity, and having entered the city, these insurgents
received intelligence of Afzal
took advantage of '
Khan was
[Asaf
sent with
him
as his atdlik or tutor.
Ikbdl-ndma, Ma-dsir-i
JahdugiriJ] ^
[An attempt had been made
to blind KhusrCi.
See
iiifrd,
Extract from I)ttikhdb-i
Jdhdiigir-Sltdh /.]
VOL. VI.
21
;
EMPEROR JAHANOrR. 47 made an attack upon the fort. On one occasion Shaikh Banarasi, who was in the fort, being confounded, came down to the gate Then but the enemy pushed in, and would not let him close it. he went with Ghiyas, and getting out of a window on the side,
they procured a boat, and endeavoured to make
to Afzal
The sion of
A
way
Khan. with success, entered the
rebels, flushed all
the property of Afzal Khan, and
number
The
suburbs also joined with them.
Khan
arrived
also
took posses-
city
and
intelligence of this outrage
Gorakpur, and
in
fort,
the royal treasure.
all
and adventurers of the
of the vagabonds
reached Afzal
Ghiyas
river-
their
Shaikh Banarasi and
Several letters from the city
by water.
stated that the pretender was only an impostor, and had falsely
Afzal Khan, depending upon
assumed the name of Khusni.
God and
the favour of
my
the aid of
marched against the insurgents. Patna.
The enemy having
left
marched out both horse and
fortunate star, immediately
In
lie
arrived at
one of their leaders
in the fort,
Punpun,
fort,
A
evening.
They
impostor at
The Khan,
when
helpless, to
and
shot about thirty
last,
had become
Khan,
Afzal
his
into confinement.
In panic they rushed
there
men with
held
I
the
The
to the presence of Afzal
Khan.
him
to death
on the same
who had been captured
was informed of
this outbreak, I
Shaikh Ban4rasi, Ghiyas Rihani, and the other to Agra.
till
and he
rebellion, put
I
out
their arrows. to hell,
day, and sent several of his followers
When
so closely, that
companions were going
came out
quash the
number of them Aed
Khan pursued them
bat Afzal
he prevented them from shutting the gate. into the house of
in array of battle.
the insurgents, after a slight resist-
ance, took to flight in consternation.
back into the
and took post
foot to oppose him,
at four kos from the city, on the river
The engagement began, and
days
five
officers
had
brought
then ordered that their heads and beards should be
shaved, and that they should be dressed in sordid garments, and
be paraded round the city on to
them and
as a
warning
tlie
backs of asses, as a punishment
to ethers.]
WAKI'AT
T
TAilANGrRr.
43
Affairs of the Dakhin.
[On the 2nd before me.
I
Khan-khanan eame
i^ban,
to present himself
had received many complaints, true or untrue,
about him, so I was estranged from him, and did not treat him
with that kindness and attention which I had ever shown him,
my
and which I had seen
venerable father show him.
He had
been sent on service to the Dakhin for a certain time, in attend-
He
ance upon Prince Parwez. this important
duty
and other amirs had started on
but when he arrived at Burhanpur, regard-
;
time being unfavourable for operations, and the want
less of the
Parwez and the army
of supplies and necessaries, he led Sultan to the Balaghat.
amirs,
and
Ill-feeling
and discord prevailed among the
at length the grain
The men were reduced
be obtained for money. there was no
was exhausted, and none was to
means of
c^irrying the
to distress,
matter further.
camels, and other quadrupeds sank exhausted.
up a
sort of peace with the
and the army back
me many
brought
to
but I did not believe
from
Khan
all
So he patched
enemy, and conducted Sultan Parwez
Burhanpur.
letters
and
Horses,
This reverse and distress
of complaint against Kiian-khanau,
A
that was stated.
letter also
came
Jalian, in which he said, "All the disasters have
happened through the bad management of the Khan-khanan. Either confirm him in his command, or recall him to Court and appoint
me
to
perform the service.
a reinforcement, recover
all
I will
undertake in the course of two years to
the Imperial territory from the enemy, to take
har and other fortresses on the part of the Imperial dominions.
the period named,
As
If 30,000 horse are sent as
I will
the relations between
were unsatisfactory,
frontier,
and
to
Kandamake Bijapur a
If I do not accomplish this in
never show
my
face at
Khan-khanan and
I did not think
it
tiie
Court again." other sdrdars
right to uphold him, so I to the command. * *
removed him, and appointed Khan Jahan
From
the time of the conquest of
Ahmadnagar by my
late
brother Daniyal to the present, the place had been under the
command
of
Khwajd Beg Miiza
Safawi,
a relation of
Shdh
49
EMPEROR JAHANGfR. of Persia; but since their late successes, the Dakhini;
Tahmasp
had invested the town. Every eftort was made to defend the place, and Khan-khanan, and the other amirs who were with Parwez
Prince
Through the
Burhanpur,
at
marched*
relieve
to
fortli
and dissensions of the
jealousies
it.
and
leaders,
from want of supplies, the army was conducted by improper roads through mountains and difficult
time
was disorganized, and so much
it
was compelled
to retreat.
on this
and
force,
its
The hopes
retreat
filled
want of
and encourage them
them with
despatches arrived, and
it
They
despair.
did his best
but in vain, so he capitulated
;
When
on terms, and retired with his men to Burhanpur.
the
found that the Kliwaja had fought
I
bravely and done his best,
a short
in
food, that
of the garrison were fixed
Khwaja Beg Mirza
desired to evacuate the place. to console
and
nasses, in
T
promoted him
to a
mansah of 5000,
and gave him a suitable y^f/i/-.]
Sixth Year of the Reign.
[New Year's Day
of the sixth year
1020 (12th March, 1611).] * *
One
of the royal slaves,
carver, presented
ingenuity.
It
me
fell
on the Gth Muharram,
*
who was employed
was such a marvel as I had neither seen nor heard
of before, and therefore a brief description of
He
.ing.
had fixed within the
ivor}^, wliich
as an ornamental
with a most extraordinary instance of his
it
will be interest-
shell of a filbert a piece of
he had divided into four compartments.
contai-ns five individuals.
Two
painted
The
first
are wrestling with each other.,
the third stands with a spear, the fourth bears a heavy stone,
and the
fifth is sitting
a bow, and a
with his liands on the ground, with a
,<;up J>efore
him.
The second
port
staff,
reprcs.'^nt'?
throne, on which a king sits under a magnificent canopy, leg
is
back". frlie
crossed over the other, and he has a cu.shion behind
a
die hi.s
Five servants are in attendance round about him, and
shade of a tree spreads over the whole.
exhibits a party of rope-dancers.
Tliere
is
The
third part
a long bamboo Bvp-
WAKFAT-I JAHANGfRr. ported by three ropes.
One man
extraordinary attitude.
He
head by his
his
left
'dances upon the rope in an
holds his right leg at the back of
There
hand.
is
The second man
top of a stick.
cQ
a goat also standing on the a
beats
drum which hangs
round his neck, while the third person stands holding up his hands and looking at the rope.
Five individuals are also stand-
The
ing by him, one bearing a stick in his hand.
represents a large tree, under which Jesus Christ
man
is
bowing his head at the
sitting.
of Jesus, while an old
feet
Four other men
talking with him.
is
is
fourth part
are standing
by
One
man
his side.
In acknowledgment of this wonderful piece of workmanship, I
rewarded the
artist
with a handsome present and an increase of
his allowances. * * *
Regulations. It
had repeatedly come
frontier posts
were
rules
my
hearing, that the amirs at the
in the habit of requiring certain observances
which they had no
to
to
paying no regard to the established
right,
Accordingly, the bakhshis were ordered
and ordinances.
them from observing
to i&^ne farmans prohibiting
practices which are peculiar to emperors.
jharoka or window.^
2.
Not
1.
to give the amirs
in future those
Not
to sit at the
and sarddrs serving
under them the annoyance of their own chair or of requiring obeisance to the chair.^ to punish
nose or ears cut
Not
off.
5.
Not
Musulmdni) on any
{taUif-i [Not
1
3.
to
to
have elephant
any person by ordering him
show themselves
fights.
to be blinded, or to
4.
Not
have his
to forcibly
impose Musulmdn burdens
oue.^
Not
at tine
window
<^_jJ»-
^y^
6. to
to grant titles to their
he people, as was the practice of
emperors.] 2
[The words are JuuJ"
i^u:Jj
^*r>-
isLlt^lj
.
»
'—•^h^^ \,.S^T L^V
'^ 3
f*
-
The Ma-dsir repeats the exact words. The Ikbdl-ndma substitutes
^-Ua:»j
(servants of the State) for the
leaves out the second ehauki (chair).
The meaning
is
to sit in state themselves nor to require obeisance to
first
part of the sentence, and
perhaps this:
"They were not
an empty chair placed Ir
ilio
Emperor."]. ^
[This prohibition
is
not iepc(ited either iu the Ikhdl-tidma or Ma-dsir-i
/((/«;.,,
'
/.]
—
EMPEROR JAIIAXCrR.
51
8.
bow Not to
trouble the singers and musicians to give chairs after the
manner
servants.
Not
7.
require
to
tlie
servants of the State to
their bodies or to touch 'the ground before tbem.^
of a darhar?
9.
Noi
their going out. to
to
have the drums beaten at the time of
When
10.
they presented a horse or elephant
any man, whether a public or private servant, they were not
to require obeisance from
phanfs goad placed npon servants to walk on seals
upon
letters
him with a his back.
horse's bridle or an ele-
Not
11,
12.
foot in their retinue.
addressed to royal servants.
were promulgated under the
title
to make the royal Not to. place their
These
rules,
which
of A'in-i Jahdngt)% are
now
in force.
Seventh Year of the Reign.
[New
Day
Year"'s
seventh
of the
year
on the 17th
fall
Muharrara, 1021 (12th March, 1612).]
War
in Bengal.
[Just at this time, a despatch arrived from Islam Khan, with intelligence of the defeat of the
enemy, and the deliverance of
'Usman
the country of Bengal from the sway of
Before entering upon
Bengal may be recorded.
Chatgam
It is
Its length is
the second clime.
an extensive country, situated
450
(the port of Chittagong) to Garhi,
220
kos.
Its revenue
former times,
its
^
^
[To make kornish or .iS\i^
breadth, from
Madaran (Midnapur),
to sixty krors of ddms.^
1000 elephants, and 400 or 500 war
the time of Sher
[jkiiilj
its
In
governors always maintained 8000 horse, one
lac of foot soldiers,
From
amounted
and
in
from Bandar
kos, extending
the northern mountains to the province of is
the Afghan.
this subject, a few particulars respecting
Khan Afghan and
his sor^
boats.
Salim Khan,
taslim.'\
S^>- _
p-1^."
The n-hdl-ndma omits
,
this
interdict.
The
Ma-dsir transposes the words " chauki dddan " and reads " dddan-i chauki." There •would seem to be some conventional meaning of the words " takllf chauki," which was not generally understood even when these works were written. J *
[One kror and
fifty lacs
of rupees.
Jkbal-ndma.]
—
WAKI-AT-I .TAnANGrRr.
Lad remained
this country
When my Hfindustan,
he appointed an army
it
subdue
to
Strenuous
it.
conquest were for a long time maintained, and
was wrested from the hands of Daud Kirani, the
last vuler of the country,
and scattered by
From
the possession of the Af<^hans.^
in
revered lather mounted and adorned the throne of
efforts to effect its
at length
52
Khan
who was
and
killed,
his forces defeated
Jahan.
that time to the present the country has been governed
by servant* of the Empire, excepting only a remnant of Afghans
who remained
By
and on the borders of the country.
in the recesses
dejirees these fell into trouble
and
distress,
country was annexed to the Imperial
ascended the throne, in the
Man
my
kohaltd&h Kutbu-d din
my
When
reign,
of the country, and
him.
succeed
to
I
I recalled
Soon
he was assassinated by one of the turbulent
after his arrival,
who met with
characters of the country, killed.*
year of
who had long been governor
Singh,
appointed
first
and the whole
dominions.
whom
Jah^n^ir Kuli Khan,
his
reward and was
had made a commander
I
of 5000, was governor of the province of Bihar, and was near to Bengal, so I ordered sion of the country.
d,farmdn
him
Islam
to Liin, granting
and directing him
Islam
Khan
On
Khan was
him
and take posses-
then at i^gra, and
1 sent
the province of Bihar in jdgir^
to proceed there.
not been long there when he the climate.
to proceed thither
fell ill,
Jahangir Kuli
Khan had
and died from the
effects of
receiving intelligence of his death, I appointed
to succeed
ceed thither with
all
him, and sent directions for him to pro-
speed, leaving Bihar in charge -of Afzal
Khan.
On my servants
appointing him to made remarks upon
this
great
service,
hia youth and
some of
my
want of experience,
but I perceived that he had nobility of character and talents, so I selected him. 1
2
The
result has been, that
he has brought the
["After the death of Salim Kh&n, SulairaSin Kir&ni ruled over [Sher-Afgan,
ndma.'}
first
husband of N(ir
Jabkn.— See
it.
post, Extracts
"
Ikhdl-ndma.\
from the Ikhdl.
EMPEROR JAIIANOrR.
53
country into a state of order, such as no one of his predecessors
had ever been
in the office
signal services has been
During the reign of
my
One of his most 'Usman the Afghan.
-able to acconipHsli.
suppression of
tlie
had continual
father, the royal forces
encounters with this man, but were unable to subdue him
Islam Klian took up his quarters at Dacca, to bring the zaminddrs of that vicinity to submission, and he formed the design of sending an army against
make
to
'Usman and
his country, to induce
profession of allegiance, or else to exterminate
Khan was at this time with was appointed to command the force ap-
his turbulent followers.
Islam Khan, and he
Shuja'at
Several other of the servants of the
pointed for this service. State, such as *
*,
When
were sent with him. * *
they arrived
near 'Usman's fortress and country, some able speakers
him
to advise
good subject
to,
vv'ere
sent
renounce his rebellious habits, and to become a
but he was too proud and ambitious.
;
him
him and
He
cherished
the design of subduing tbis country, and had other projects in
He
his head.
He
battle.
would not
surrounded by water and attack,
to
a word, but got ready for
to
listen
took a position in a village on the bank of a ndla^
and arranged
'Usman had not intended
marsh. his
Khan
Sluija'at
forces
tbeir respective places.
in
to fight that
determined
day
;
but wben he heard
that the Imperial forces were in motion, he mounted and rode to
the bank of the ndla to arrange
The first
battle began,
and the
men.
iiis
fight
and encountered the advanced
force.
commanders of the attacking
force
commander
the
and was
killed
After a sharp struggle, the
were
Iftikhar
killed.
fighting, while his
In the
men fought
left
wing
also
desperately
till
Kishwar Klian
after performing great deeds of valour.
Although the enemy had
lost
many men,
their intrepid leader
conceived a well-devised and skilful movement.^ V
Khan,
of the right wing, showed no want of gallantry,
they were cut to pieces. fell,
At the very
waxed warm.
the bold rebel, mounted on a fierce elephant, pushed forward
[He was very
fat
and heavy, and rode ou an elephant
in a
He knew
howda.
that
— Ikbul-ndma.]
54
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr. the commanders of the advance and of the right and
had
fallen,
but that the centre remained.
dead and wounded, he made a
fierce assault u^ion
The
sons and brothers and
some
others, cast themselves in his
and fought desperately tooth and slain,
and such
The
cuts,
One
them were
one, attacked
it
care for that ? it
Shuja'at
He
then wounded
it it
did not turn, but sought
to bear down both the Khan and his horse. from his horse, he shouted " Jahangir Shah
fore-legs with a
of
Shuja'at drew his sword and gave
?
twice with his dagger, but even then
to his feet.
and panthers,
with his spear, but wliat does such an
it
but what did
many
nail, till
leading elephant, a very fierce
animal care for a spear
like lions
the centre.
were severely wounded.
as survived
Khan, and he wounded two
way
wings
Khan, with
Shuja'at
relatives of
left
So, he~ed)ess of h'S
As !
he was thrown
" and then sprung
of his attendants struck the elephant on his
two-handed sword, and brought him
to his knees.
Shuja'at and his attendant then threw his driver to the ground,
and with the same dagger he wounded the elephant
in the
and forehead so that he shrieked with pain and turned back. animal had received so
many wounds,
that he
fell
trunk
The
on reaching
the enemy's ranks. Shuja'at Khan's horse got up unhurt
;
but while he was mount-
ing, the baffled foe drove another elephant against the standard-
"bearer of Shuja'at
Khan,
to
overthrow both horse and standard.
Shuja'at raised a shout of warning to the standard-bearer, and cried,
"Act
like a
man,
I
am
yet alive."
Every man near the
standard directed his arrow, his dagger, or his sword against the Shuja'at Khan bade the standard-bearer arise, and elephant. calling for another horse,
made him remount and again
raise the
standard.
During rebel
this struggle, a musket-ball struck the forehead of the
commander, but the hand which
though .inquiry was made.
'Usman
fell
back, for he
watches and a
half,
As
knew
fired
it
was never known,
soon as he received the wound,
was mortal. Still for two wound, he kept urging his
tliat it
in spite of his
EMPEROR JAHi^NOrR.
55
men
and the
on,
the foe
and slaughter was continued.
fight
gave way, and the troops pursued them
they had
Still
fortified.
At
length
to the position
they kept up a discharge of arrows
and muskets, and prevented the royal Torces from obtaining an entrance.
When Wall
Mamrez
the brother, and
the son, of 'Usman, and
wound he had
other of his friends, were informed of the severe
knew
received, they
that he could not survive
made
that if after sucli a defeat they broke and nesses, not one of
them would escape and
in their position for the night,
day
to their fortresses.
and
in the following
leaving
Upon
all
;
so
they also reflected
;
they resolved to remain
to escape just before break of
At midnight 'Usman
hearing of their
made
Khan
flight, Shiija'at
Islam, son of
proposed to pursue
pursuit.
Khan and came
but the exhaus-
With
these fresh troops he started
of this,
{^resolved to
rebels,
ask for peace).
on
Shuja'at
the other officers accepted the proposition, and granted
with other tribute.
and the sons and
AVali,
into the Imperial
relations of
'Usman,
camp, and presented forty-nine elephants,
Khan
Shuja'at
then
left
some
the country held by the enemy, while he carried
Afghan
'Abdu-1
chagrin.
Wall, who was now the leader of the
Next day
terms.
;
arrived with several officers,
informed
being
great
his
and
Mu'azzam Khan, now
GOO horse, and 400 gunners. in
to
his body,
and the tending of
tion of the troops, the burying of the dead,
wounded, prevented him,
off"
off to their strongholds.
them, and not give them time to draw breath
the
departed, to hell,
watch the enemy, carrying
their equipage standing,
for their fast-
forces to
watch
Wall and
his
prisoners to Jahdngir-nagar (Dacca), which he entered
on the 6th Safar, and waited on Islam Khan. * * In reward of this service, I raised
gave Shuja'at
Khan
mansah of 1000.]
On one of
Islam the
title
to the dignity of 6000, and I " of Kustam of the age," with a
* * *
the 16th of the
my
Khan
month
chief, confidential
of Farwardin,
Mukarrab Khan,
and oldest nobles, having received
WA'KI'AT-I JAII.VNGI'Iir.
5^
command of 2000 horse, gained the presented to me on his arrival from Kambay. considerations induced me to depute him to the
the dignity of 3000, and the
honour of being Certain political
seaport town of Goa,^ to visit the ivazir or ruler of that place. I
further asked
which might
him
to purchase certain articles procurable there,
my
suit
In obedience to orders, he set out
taste.
directly for that harbour,
and resided there
for a long time.
He
did not regard the expense, but purchased several articles from
the Feringis, at any price they asked.
On
his return,
a few animals which excited
No
seen before.
curiosity,
and which
in his
Memoirs given an
But
life.
rarity,
these were
had never
able descrip-
and pictured representation of several animals
most probable he never ordered the painters the
I
one even knew their names.
The Emperor Babar has tion
my
he presented
Amongst
the precious things he had bought in Goa.
as the animals
now
before
drawn
but
it
is-
draw them from
me were
of such exquisite
I wrote a description of them, and order
pictures should be
;
to
1
that their
in the Jahdngir-ndyna, with the
view
that their actual likenesses might afford a greater surprise to the
One
reader than the mere description of them.
resembled a peahen, but ^yas a
When
a peacock. his tail
and
and
feet
little
he was desirous of pairing, he used to spread
feathers,
and danced about
like a peacock.
resembled those of a barn-door fowl.
and throat changed their colour every minute to pair,
of the birds
larger in size, though less than
;
His beak
His head, neck, but when anxious
he became a perfect red, and seemed to be a beautiful
piece of coral.
After some time, he was as white as cotton, and
sometimes he got as blue as a turquoise, and
in short turned all
The piece of flesh which is attached to his head looked like the comb of a cock. But the curious part of it was this, that piece of flesh, when ho was about to pair, colours like a chameleon.
^ Though this is spelt Goa, or rather Goh, in the original, it is most probable that Goga is meant and indeed in one copy it is spelt Goda, whore the d may have been inserted for ^. Goa was much beyond Mukarrab Khan's jurisdiction whereas Goga was in it. Goga is the seaport of Ahmadubad, and was at one time the chief p6rt of the Gulf of Kambay. See Briggs's Citii^ •/ Uujariahlan, p. 281. ;
;
—
1
EMPEIIOR JAUANGFR.
57 hung down a span
and when
long, like the trunk of an elephant,
ao;ain restored to its
position,
was erected over his head to the
it
The
height of two fingers, like the horn of a rhinoceros.
part
round his eyes remained constantly of a blue colour, and was never subject to change, which was not the case with his wings,
which were always changing their colour, contrary to those of a peacock.^ * * *
put the ttkd on the forehead of Dalpat with
I
my
Royal
hands, selected him as the successor of his father, and conferred
upon him the jdgir and country of the deceased Rai Singh.
_A
liandsome ornamented inkstand and pen was this day given by
Ttimadu-d daula.
Lakhmi Chand, in the hills,
the Raja of
Kamaun, one
was son of Raja Rai, who,
of the chief Rajas
at the time of waiting
the late King, sent a petition, asking that the son of
Mai might
lead
him
to the royal presence,
Lakhmi Chand now
complied with.
Raja Todar
and his request was
likewise begged
me
the son of I'timadu-d daula to conduct him to the Court
meet his wishes, I sent Shahpur
to bring
him
into
my
to order
of his mountains for
my
acceptance.
and
;
to
presence.
had brought a great number of the valuable
Tlie hill-chief
upon
rarities
Amongst them were
beau-
called Guts, several hawks and falcons, numerous pods of musk, and whole skins of the musk-deer tiful
strong
ponies
with the musk in them.
He
is
the richest hill-chief, and
in
Jiis
it
me
with various
Jcatdra.
This Raja
also presented
swords which were called Jihandah and is
said that there
is
a gold mine
territory.
•As Khwaja Jahan had greatly distinguished himself tecture, I sent
him
to
Lahore
to build a
handsome
in archi-
palace for me.
Defeat in the Dakhin. [Affairs in the
Dakhin were
in a
very unsatisfactory
state, in
consequence of the bad generalship and want of care of Khan-i J
This description
is
evidently
p. 133.
—
meant for a turkey-cock which, strange to say, is Uind Tdughi. See David's Turkish Grammar,
in Turkish ascribed to India, and called
—
WAKI'AT-I TAIIANGrRr.
58 Khan.
'azam, and a defeat had been suffere'd by 'Abdu-lla
summoned Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan
my
to
and
presence,
I
after
inquiry, I ascertained that the disaster was attributable partly to
the conceit and rashness of 'Abdu-lla
and want of co-operation among the
Khan and
'Abdu-lla
Khan, and partly
to discord
a?nirs.
who had been appointed
the officers
to
serve under him, marched with the army of Gujarat by way of
Nasik Tirbang. from 10,000
This force was well equipped
to 14,000,
and the
;
numbers were
its
serving in
officers
it
were *
*,
It
had been arranged that another force should advance from the under the command of Raja
side of B'i^v
Jahan, the Amirn-l Umard, and other were
to
other's in
Man
officers.
Singh,
Khan-
These two armies
keep up communications, and to be informed of each
movements, so
upon the enemy.
tliat
they might at an appointed time close
If this plan
and cordially without jealousy, God's grace
it
had been carried out frankly is
it
very probable that under
would have succeeded.
'Abdu-lla Khan, having passed the Ghats, entered the country of the enemy, but to
movements armies. if
made no arrangements
intelligence
obtain
in
He
he could
for sending
of the other force, and
messengers
to regulate
his
concert, so as to place the enemy between the two
own power, and thought
trusted entirely to his
effect
the victory himself,
it
Acting upon this view, he paid no heed
would be
to
Raja
all
Man
that
the better.
Singh when
the latter wished to settle a concerted plan.
The enemy kept a sharp watch over his movements, and sent a who skirmished witli him all
large force of Mahrattas {bargiydn),
day, and harassed him at night with rockets and other fiery projectiles, till
the main body of the
enemy drew
near,
and he was
quite unaware of their proximity, although he approached Daulat-
abad, a stronghold of the Dakhinis. * * 'Ambar the black-fiiced,
who had
placed himself in
brought up reinforcements
command till
of the enemy, continually
he had assembled a large
force,
and he constantly annoyed 'Abdu-lla with rockets and various kinds of fiery missiles (dtash-bdzi), till he reduced him to a sad
59
EMPEROr. JAiIANGFR,
ments, and the enemy was
and prepare
to retreat,
unanimous
own
great force,
in
it
received no reinforce-
was deemed expedient
for a
new campaign.
this,
and before dawn they began
favour of
in
The enemy
back.
army had
So, as the Imperial
condition.
them
pressed upon
But a party of our
own.
and 'Ali Marh'in Khan,
wounded
left
After anotlier day,
when they reached
in the
* *
the frontier of Raja
Baharjiu, an adherent of the Imperial throne, the
Khan
after a
hands of the encmy.^
valorous conflict, was
and 'Abdu-lla
to fall
to the boundaries of their
territory, but either side held its
force courted a serious encounter,
All the chiefs were
proceeded to Gujarat.
It
enemy
seems
retired,
clear, that if
proper precautions had been taken, and the two forces had been kept in co-operation, the objects of the campaign would have been
On
accomplished.
ihe retreat of 'Abdu-lla, the army, which
marched by way of Birar, had no alternative but retreated
it
On
pur.
so
and joined the camp of Prince Parwez, near Burhan-
receiving this information, I was greatly excited, ai^d
But Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan remonstrated send Khan-khanan * *. The Dakhinis now made fessed
were
and
amity,
*
*,
and I resolved
proposals for peace.
promise \
the
if
affairs
'Adil
officers.
left it to
I
did not come to any decision on the matt'
[The eighth New Year's Day
Muharram, 1022 Journey the
[He was
to
A
my
1613
reign
fell
on the 26th
a.d.)-]
person
replied, "
A
Malik 'Ambar appointed a surgeon
saying of
his,
to attend continues the Ikbdl-ndma, has
attending him observed, "Victory
Truly victory
'\d.
Agra, with the intention of paying
I left
carried to Daulatab-^d, and
He
r,
.
Ajmir and Campaign against the
2nd Sha'ban
become famous.
of
a.h. (8th March,
him, but he died in a few days.
heaven."
pro-
Dakhinis
Khan-khanan.]
Eighth Year of the Reign.
[On
Khan
of the
to
him, that he would restore sundry districts to the
left to
Imperial
1
;
inclined to proceed thither myself to retrieve the position.
felt
but
to retire
is
is
vilb heaven, but the battle
hands of man."]
in the is
for
^^
WAKI'AT-I JAIIA'XGrEr. a visit to Ajmi'r, having two objects in view.
One,
to
pay a
visit
tomb of Khwaja Mu'inu-d din Chishti, whose blessed
to the
had operated
influence
powerfully
so
on the fortunes of
my
Amar
who
Second, to overcome and subjugate
dynasty.
Singh,
was the greatest of the zdmincars and rdjds of Hindustan.
All
him and The sovereignty and For fam'ly for a long time.
the rdjds and rdis of the country have acknowledged his ancestors to be
their chief
government have been held by
many title
and head. this
years they held rule in the east country, and then had the
of Rdjd. Aftervvards they
upon the Dakhin, and brought
fell
the greater part of that country under their sway,
took the
title
when they
of Riip, " handsome," instead of that of Rdjd. After
that they overran the mountain land of Mewat, and
still
advanc-
ing they got possession of the fortress of Jaipur.
From
my
that date
reign,
up to the present year, which
^
1471 years have passed.
have reigned over a period amounting
this race
Avho have borne the title of
RdivJ.
the eighth of
is
Twenty-six individuals
From
to
ot
1010 years,
the time of Eahab,
who was the first to assume the title of Rana, to Rana Amar Singh, who is the present Rana, there have been twenty-six oersons, who have reigned over a period of 4G1 years. During till one of them had bowed the neck in submis-
this long period nut
sion
to
always
They were nearly
any King or Emperor of Hind. in
a state
of insubordination and
rebellion.
So, in the
days of the Emperor Babar, the Rana Sanga, having assembled all
the Rdjds and Rdis of this countrj^, with 180,000 horsemen
and several hundred thousand infantry, fought a vicinity of
Bayana
against the victorious
and suffered a signal
defeat.
The
full
army
Musulmans,
particulars of this battle
are given in that most trustworthy work, the
by the Emperor Babar himself
battle in the
of the
My father
Wdkidt, written
also devoted himself
with great .^rdour to the subjection of this unruly race.
Several
times he sent expeditions against them, and in the twelfth year *
[It does not distinctly appear
seem
to signify the
time
when
the
what " that date title
"
liiip
" means.
" was used.]
Inferentially
it
ol
would
^'
EMPEROR JA^nANGFE.
his reign
he marched
in person to effect the reduction of Chitor,
one of the strongest fortresses in the world, and to subdue the After a siege of four mouths and ten
country of the Kana.
men
days, he overpowered the
fortress, and then returned.
A mar
of
Singh's father, took the
Repeatedly he sent armies against
the Rana, and each time they pressed him so hardly that he was
reduced to the brink of ruin, when something occurred to save
him from
Near the end of
destruction.
his reign,
my
father,
having directed his own attention to the conquest of the Dakhin, sent
me
army and
with a large
For reasons too lengthy
trusty leaders against the Rana.
to be here
entered upon, both these
enterprises failed.
When
the Empire devolved upon me, as this conquest had
my
been half effected under foreign service
Rana.
My
resources of
after
my
was
this
son Parwez was appointed to
my
army I sent upon army against the command, and all the
leading, the first
accession
government were applied to the
Ample
service.
treasure and abundant artillery were ready to be sent
was stopped by the unhappy outbreak of Khusru. obliged to pursue him to the Panjab, and the capital and
all
of the country were denuded of troops. to Parwez, directing
him
Rand was
suspended.
quashed Khusru's
;
so the
When, by
I
was
interior
I was obliged to write
to return to protect A'gra
bourhood, and to remain there
when
off,
and the neigh-
campaign
a^^ainst the
the favour of God,
rebellion, I returned to A'gra,
and
I
had
I then sent
Mahabat Khan, 'Abdu-Ua Khan, and other amirs against the Rana; but until I started from Ajmir, the Imperial forces had not achieved any success of importance. There was nothinf' to detain
me
in i^gra,
and I
assured that nothing of any im-
felt
portance would be accomplished
At
the time appointed, I
of Dahra.
left
The next day was
till
I myself went thither.
A^ra and encamped
in the
garden
the festival of the Dasahra, and
according to rule the horses and elephants were decked out and
paraded before me. »
The mothers
^
{wdlidahd) and sisters of
It has already been recorded (page 294) that Khusrfi's
mother had poisoned heraelfi
WAKrAT-I JAHANGIEr. Ehusra for
0.
represented that he was exceedingly contrite and sorry
what he had done.
tion, I called
him
come every day
into
to
Having thus
my
presence,
pay his respects
excited
Khw4ja Jahan
that Rajd
Basu had
at Rup-bas,
now called Amanabad.
formerly the j'dgir of Rup, but after him I gave son of Mahdbat Khan, and his
name.
ordered that
I
was one of
It
its
the 2nd Mihr, intelligence arrived
died at Shahabad, on the Rana's frontier.
On the 10th I encamped
by
having ap-
1 started,
the charge of the capital, with
to
On
palaces and treasures.
affec-
me. I stayed in the garden
to
twenty days, and on the 21st day of Mihr pointed
my paternal
and arranged that he should
my
went out hunting every day.
it
it
It
was
Am4nu-lla
to
should be called
regular hunting-grounds, so -I
In these few days 158
deer,
were killed. * *
and female, and other kinds of game
male
On
the
10th Ramazan intelligence arrived of the death of Kallj Khan, one of the oldest servants of the State, in his eightieth year.
He
was engaged
at
Peshawar
in controlling the Afghans.] * * *
In this month (i^zur) news an-ived that the Europeans in Goa, in defiance of their engagements,
had plundered four ships engaged
in the foreign trade of the port of Surat
great
many Muhammadans
possession of their
prisoners,
money and
goods.
had
It
and having made a
;
at the
gave
same time taken
me much
displeasure.
Mukarrab Khan,.the governor of that harbour, received a dress of honour, besides an elephant and horse, and was commanded to proceed to put a stop to such outrages.
of^zur.
He
started on the 18th
* * *
Cainpaign against the Rand. [After visiting the tomb of the saint Mu'inu-d din Chishti, the matter of the
Ran4 was
again taken into consideration, and I
now determined to stay at Ajmir, and to send my dear son Khurram on the expedition. On the 6th I gave him leave to Besides the men who depart, and made him many presents.^ had already been sent on this service under Khan-i 'azam, I now placed 12,000 horse under the command of the Prince, and after >
TOL. Ti.
[The t«xt
specifies
them.]
22
63
EMPEROR. JAHANGFR.
.
granting
presents
Khdn was requested
me
spirit,
still
I despatched
officers,
them.
Khurram on this service, and the Prince him with much attention, he did not show a proper
and acted
letter, * *
went on
in
an unsatisfactory matter.
but
my
words had no way.
in a foolish obstinate
I wrote
effect
desirable to keep
him
When Khurram
there,
me
and that
to
Muhammad
Taki Diwan
received a despatch from
to proceed
to
He
ordered
I
I
Mandisor and
On
the 16th, I
Khurram, informing me that an elephant
which the Rani, was very fond, and seventeen
taken.
was
it
go to I/dipur and bring him away, and
convey to Ajmir his children and dependents. * *
of
that
found
his relations
So
with Kliusru were the cause of His misbehaviour.
Mah^bat Khan
him a very
upon him, and he
that he was not hearty in the work, he wrote to
by no means
ordered
Fidai
to send
himself treated
kind
the
to
appointed Bakhshi. * * Although Khdn-i 'azara had
others,
had been
added that their master would soon be a prisoner.]
Ninth Year of the Reign, [The New Year's Day
of the ninth year of
my
reign
a day corresponding with the 9th Safar, 1023 h. (1614
Mahabat Khan, who had been his son 'Abdu-lla, arrived.
Khan,
I
the 18th TJrdibihist,
sence.
In consequence of
cations of his mothers
I
consigned Kh4n-i 'azam to Asaf
honourably treated.
cast, so I forbad his
spirit,
coming
my
pre-
naternal affection, and the suppli-
sisters,
should come to pay his respects to
no signs of frankness of
a.d.).
forbad Khusru' to come to
my
and
on
sent to fetch Khan-i 'azam and
to custody at Gwalior, but to be
On
fell
I
me
had given orders that he every day.
I?ut he
showed
and always seemed sad and down-
to see me.]
*Atr
of Hoses.
I'Atr of roses, the roost excellent of perfumes,
was discovered
in
The mother of Nur Jahdn Begam conceived the idea my of collecting the oil which rises to the surface when rose-water is reign.
heated, and this having been done, the oil was found to be a most
powerful perfume.]
:
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr.
64
Submission of the Band. [In the month of Uahraan, intelligence came in of the submis-
Rana Amjtr
sion of
Singh, and of his willingness to pay homage
The
to the Imperial throne.
My
particulars of the matter are these
Khurram had
dear and fortunate son Sultan
established
several military posts, especially in places where, from the in-
salubrity of the climate, the
many
difficulty of access,
station.
By
movement
bad quality of the water, and the
persons deemed
it
impossible to form a
and by keeping the Imperial
this,
forces in continual
against the enemy, regardless of the intensity of the
heat and the abundance of rain, he had captured the families of
many Singhs, and had brought the enemy to R4na perceived he could hold out only a
the
such
straits,
that
little
longer,
and
that he must either flee from his country or be
Being
helpless,
he resolved
sent his maternal uncle his
most trusty and
to
made a
prisoner.
succumb, and to do homage.
He
Subh Karan, and Hardds Jhald one of
intelligent servants, praying
my
son to over-
him an assurance of safety under he would then wait upon him in person to pay
look his offences, and to give the princely seal
;
to the Imperial
homage, and would send his son and heir-apparent Court, so that he might be classed
throne like
all
He
other rdjds.
also
among
the adherents of the
begged that on account of
old age he might be excused from proceeding to Court.
My son sent
these persons to
me
in charge of
Mulla Shukru-lla,
his diwdn, who, after the settlement of this matter,
with the
title
of Afzal
was dignified
Khan, and of Sundar Dds, who afterwards
received the title of Rai
Rayan.
lars in a despatch. * *
My
son wrote
me
Rana Amar Singh and
the particu-
his ancestors,
relying upon the security of his mountains and his home,
had
never seen one of the kings of Hindustan, and had never shown obedience to
make
;
but
now
in
my
his submission.
fortunate reign he had been compelled
In compliance with
my
son's letter, I
overlooked the R4na's offences, and wrote him a kind and reassuring /rtrman' under to
my own
the R4u4's son, desiring
him
seal.
I also wrote a kind letter
to specify the
way
in
which he
EMPEROR JAHANGIR.
65 would come
pay his
to
and assuring him that
respects,
My
should be made pleasant for him.
all
my
son sent
things
letters to
the liana, to comfort him, and to gratify him with the expectation
my
of
and
and kindness, and
flavour
it
was arranged that the Band
have an interview with
his sons should
my
son on the 28th
Bah man. 1 Good
The second happy
Ne7vs.
was the death of Bahadur, son of
tidings
the chief of Gujarat, and the
God
turbulence.
and
leaven of insubordination
of his mercy destroyed him, but he died a
natural death.
The
happy
third
was the defeat of the Portuguese
tidings
who had made every
{Warzi),
An
port of Surat.
who had sought
English,^
vessels were burnt
between them and the
place
Most
refuge in that port.
by the English, and not being able
the contest, the^^ took to
Khan, the governor
preparation for the capture of the
action took
and sent a message
fliglit,
to
of their to
stand
Mukarrab
of the ports of Gujarat, suing for peace,
and
representing that they had come witii peaceful views, not to fight,
and that the English had been the
first
to quarrel,
[Another piece of intelligence that came was, that the Rajputs
who had selves
resolved to kill (Malik)
till
'Ambar had
one of them gave him an ineffectual wound. escort of
home.
'Ambar
A
coiicealed
they found an opportunity of approaching
very
killed the JBijput, little
them-
when
hira,
The men
in the
and carried their master
more would have made an end of
off
this-
cursed fellow.]
[At the end of the month, while of Ajmir,
Muhammad Beg
2Cth
Bahman
witii all
'
'
was hunting
with a letter from
the letter' in
in the environs
it
and paid
my
son
appeared that on the
his respects to
my
son,
the observances required by the rules of the Imperial
An/jrezun.
book.
the
arriv^ed
From R4na came
Sultan Khurram. *
I
This
ib
perhaps
llie liibt
occasion oi the use of iLat word iu a natiT«
;
WAKFAT^I JAHANGrRr.
He
Court.
his family,
presented as tribute a celebrated ruby belonging to
and *
*.
My son
received
and wherf the Rana advanced pardon
^^
for bis oflfences, the
him with great kindness
to kiss the Prince's feet,
cheer him, and presented him with a jewelled sword, It is
is
the practice
among
and beg
Prince raised him up, did his best to etc., etc.
who
zaminddrs, that they, and the Son
heir-apparent, never present themselves before kings together
so the B4ri4
ha^ not brought
But the Prince wished
his son
to depart
Karan, who was his
on that same day, so the
;
heir.
Ean4
took his leave, and sent his son Karan to wait upon Kliurram,
and on the same day he started with the Prince on his journey to the Imperial Court.]
Tenth Year of the Reign. [The New Year's Day of the 8th 1 Safar, 1024 h. * *
my
tenth year corresponded with
Karan (son of the Rdna) was granted a mansab of 5000, and I
gave him a small rosary of emeralds and pearls with a ruby
Hindi
in the middle, such as in
is
called Sniarani. * *]
Dnnking.
[The 25th of De was the day of the annual weighing of my He was now twenty-four years of age, a married
son Khurram,
man, and the father of a addicted to drinking wine.
him,
I said to
him, "
My
famil}',
but yet he had never been
This being the day for weighing boy, you are the father of children,
and kings and princes drink wine. To-day is a festival, and I wine with you, and I give you leave to drink on feast
will drink
days, on
New
Year's Day, and at great
always with moderation intellect is
;
entertainments, but
for to drink to excess
avoided by the wise
;
in fact,
and weaken the
some good and
benefit
ought to be obtained from wine-drinking."
Up
to
my
fourteenth year I had never drunk 'wine, except two
or three times in childhood,
me some as a remedy >
for
when my mother
or nurses
some childish ailment.
had given
Once
also
[This ought to be the 18th, correspon(}ing to 10th March, 16ir>.]
my
;
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
67
some
father called for
mixing
spirit ('araA:) to the
In the days when
cough.
me
with rose-water, made
it
my
father
(Indus), I one day went out hunting. tired,
I
me
I
met with many mishaps,
would
it
relieve
Hakim
From
day
to'ok
day
if
and
I sent a
'Ali for a refreshing drink.
sweet taste in a small bottle, and I drank
to
that
fatigue
He
about a cup [piydla) and a half of yellow wine of
pleasant.
effect
me
told
my
was young, and prone to indulgence, so
I
servant to the house of
brought
in the field against the
when one of my attendants
would drink a cup of wine,
weariness.
was
and was encamped near Xtak, on the Nildb
Yiisufzdi Afghans,
and was very
amount of a tola, and it as a remedy for a
drink
it.
The
result
was
that time I took io wine-drinking, and from
more and more, until wine of the grape had no
upon me, and I resorted
to spirit-drinking.
In the course, of
nine years I got up to twenty cups of double- distilled spirit, fourteen of which
I
drank in the day, and the remaining six at
The weight of this was six sirs of Hindustan, equal to one man of Tr^n. My food in those days was one fowl and some bread. No one dared to expostulate with me, and matters
night.
reached such an extreme, that
my
cup
cup for me. brother of attendants,
me
and
my
life is
state
dear.
As
directed that
I
was greatly
[Tbis word
doubt, tUe
name
this
affected
my
way
months
for six
His advice was good,
by
his words,
and from
potations, but I took to eating
my
my
should be mixed with wine of the grape
spirits
in the
it
va,
I lessened
two parts wine and one reduced
hold
drank, but others held the
would be past remedy.
that day I began to diminish
faluhd}
in liquor I could not
without concealment, and told
that if I went on drinking spirits
longer,
'
I
At last i sent for the hakim (doctor) Humam, Hakim Abu-1 Fath, who was one of my father's and placed my case before him. With great kind-
ness and interest, he spoke to
me
when
shaking and trembling.
for
drink, I increased the faluhd
spirit.
Lessening
my
;
and
allowance daily,
I
I
course of seven years to six cups, each cup
is
\aiUons\y vfiitten faluhd, faluhdn,falumt/d,falu)n)/dn.
of
some intoxicatiug diug or preparation ; perhaps bhdng.}
It
is,
no
68
WAKI'ATll JAHANGrRr. weighing eighteen miskdk and a quarter.
have now kept to I take
it
and on Friday, which
do not think
in the week, for I
in heedlessness^ and to
fail in
years I less.
being the day of
my accession,
my
months
Now
solar reckoning,
right to pass these nights
that
my
that
;
These
father's birthday.
After some time, instead of
my
age
is
aud
forty-six years
and forty-seven years nine months
lunar style, I take eight surkhs ^ of opium
day have passed, and
the most holy
on Sunday I eat no meat
this
days are held in great honour. /aluhd, I took to opium.
it
is
giving thanks to the Almighty for
On Thursday aud
his blessings.
four
jfifkeen
more nor
at night, except on Thursday, that being the day of
accession to the throne,
day
For
this quantity, taking neither
when
five
hours of the
hour of the evening.]
six sm'khs after one
Vi-ctories.
Towards the end of the year, tidings of victory arrived from ail
quarters of
my
The first victory was that won who had Ion<j been in rebellion in the
dominions.
Ahdad
the Afghdn, mountains of Kabul. * *
over
Another victory was achieved over the army of the wretched
The
'Ambar.
foilowiuji
is
a brief account of
Some good
it.
officers
and a body of Bargis (Malirattas), a very hardy race of
people,
who
movers of opposition and
are great
strife,
offended with 'Ambar, desired to become subjects to
my
being
throne.
Having received assurances from Shahsawar Khan, who was with the royal army at Balapur, Adam Khan, Ydkut Khan, and other chiefs, with the Bargis Jadu R4i' and Baba Jukayath, came
to see him,
robe,
and
and be gave them each a
brought them
into the interests of the throne, he
them from Balapur against 'Ambar.
On
opposed by an^ army of the Dakhinis
;
it, '
horse, an elephant, a
cash, according to their respective ranks.
and drove the men [The tiirkk or rati
is
tlius
way they were
but they soon defeated
camp of 'Ambar.
In
tHe seed of tbe Ab»-ns preeatoriiis, wiiich averages about
of a grain Troy (Wilson). as 1-30 (Thomas).j
in panic to the
their
Having
marched with
The
old rait
was 1-75
gr.
;
his 1
->q
Akbar'a coin rati raa as high,
69
EMPEROR JAlIANGfR.
my
vanity and prido, he resolved to hazard a battle with
To
rious array.
own
his
Khdn and Kutbu-1 Mulk, and meet the royal army
to
victo-
forces he united the armies of 'Xd\\
till
with a train of artillery he marched
he came within
five or six kos of
it.
On Sunday, the 25th of Bahman, they came to an engagement. At about three o'clock in the afternoon the fight commenced with and guns, and
rockets
at last
Ddrab Khan, who commanded the
division, with other chiefs and warriors, drew their
foremost
swords and vigorously attacked the enemy's advanced
force.
Their bravery and courage soon put their opponents to
confii-
Without turning
sion.
aside,
they then
upon the
fell
centre.
In the same manner each division attacked the division which
was before went on
it,
for
and the
was
terrible to behold.
army,
to withstand the royal
'Ambar, unable
and had
fight
The
battle
about an hour, and heaps of corpses were formed.
from the
fled
field,
enemy would army pursued
not been a very dark night, none of the
it
The
have escaped.
great warriors of the royal
the fugitives for about two or three kos,
unable to move.
The enemy was
and the warriors returned
to their
camp.
with 300 camels laden with rockets,
and munitions of war
to
till
horse and
The
were
All the enemy's guns,
many
elephants,
an incalculable extent,
hands of the victorious army.
man
and dispersed,
totally defeated
fell
horses, into the
and wounded were
killed
innumerable, and a great number of chiefs were captured
alive.
Next day the array having moved from Fathpur, marched towards Kiiirki,
which had been the shelter of the rebels
them was found.
encamped
It
there,
;
but no trace of
and learnt that the enemy
were completely disorganized.
The tlie
possession
Khan.
was that by which diamond mines were taken
third conquest achieved in those days
territory of,
The
of
Kokrah and
its
through the enterprising exertions of Ibrahim territory
Patna, and through
it
belongs
to
the province of Bihar and
there runs a stream, from which diamonds
are extracted in a very peculiar manner. tiie
water
is
low,
and
is left in little
"
In the days when
holes and trou
WAKI'At/i JAHANGrRr. whose business
it is
expertness in the
they observe
diamonds, and who have great
to extract the
art,
many
search out for those portiows from which
little insects
whole course of the stream which
is
with a wall of stones, and then dig
mud
and
which are called
issue like gnats,
These
in the language of those people ch'ika.
to about one
70
accessible, it
parts,
along the
they fence round
up with spades and axes,
yard and a half deep, and search among the stones
which -are brought up.
In such
soil
both large and
small diamonds are found, and sometimes so large that they are
worth even a
lac
In short, this territory and the
of rupees.
stream from the bed of which diamonds are extracted were in the possession of Durjan Sal, zaminddf.
Although the gover-
nors of the province of Bihar had several times led their armies to invade his dominions, yet, on account of the impassable roads
and thick
forests,
they were obliged to return, being contented
only with two or three diamonds which he presented to them.
When
the governorship of the province was transferred from
Khan
Zafar
to
Ibrahim Khan, I instructed the
latter,
on his
departure to the province, to invade the dominion of that refrac-
Accordingly, Ibrahim, imme-
tory chief, and dispossess him.
diately after his arrival in the province, collected a force
marched against the zammddr ; who, sent
and
as on former occasions,
him some diamonds and elephants
j
but the
Khdn
did not
accept them, and having proceeded with all speed, invaded his
Before the enemy could collect his force, Ibrahim
dominions.
penetrated into his territory, and before the news of his approach reach
could
resided.
was at
him, attacked the
last
found
in a valley
women, among whom was father.
a.
of his brothers
and he
and some
mother and other wives of his
fell
'
and
into the hands of the royal army.
mansah of Ibrahim Khdn was the personal salary of 4000 and the conmiand of 4000
reward
raised to
with one
his
and the valley where he to search for him,
All the diamonds which they liad were taken,
twenty-three elephants
A«
hill
Ibrahim ordered his people
for this service, the
horse, with the title of
Fath-Jang.
In like manner promotions
EMPEROR JAHANCrR.
71
were ordered to be made in the rank of
all
those
who had shown
distinguished bravery in the accomplishment of this undertaking.
The
territory
under the possession of the
is still
ojficers of this
and diamonds which are extracted from the stream Becently, a diamond was found, the are brought to this Court.
government
;
amount of 50,000 rupees, the search be continued, more excellent
value of which was estimated at the
and
hoped that
it is
diamonds
will
if
be placed in the repository of the crown jewels.
Eleventh Year of the Reign. The Nau-roz
of the eleventh year of
my
reign corresponded
with the 1st Rabi'u-1 awwal, 1025 h. (10th March, 1616 a.d.). In this year, or rather in the tenth year of plague (tcabd) broke out in
many
my
reign, a dreadful
parts of Hindustan.
It first
appeared in the districts of the Panjdb, and gradually came to
Hindus.
It spread
dependent
its
many Muhammadans and
It destroyed the lives of
Lahore.
through Sirhind and the Doab to Delhi and
districts,
Now
miserable condition. old men, and
it is
and reduced them and the it
has wholly subsided.
villages to a It is said
also clear from the histories of former times,
I
that this disease had never appeared before in this country.
asked the physicians and learned as for
two years
in
men what was
the cause of
it
was
it,
had suffered from
succession the country
Some
famine, and there had been a deficiency of rain. that
by
said
to be attributed to the impurity of the air arising
from drought and scarcity
;
but some ascribed
God knows, and we must patiently submit Before this
date,
it
to other causes.
to his will.^
some thieves had plundered the
public
treasury of the kotwdlt^ and after a few days seven vagabonds
were apprehended, with their chief named Namal. the treasure was also recovered.
I
was incensed
Some
of
at the bold
conduct of these scoundrels, and consequently I was determined to punish *
them
[A few pages
severely.
before,
Each
of
and in the tenth year of
cf his nobles died in the Dakhin of cholera
them got a his reign,
{haiza).']
fitting punish-
Jah&ngir records that one
72
WAKI'AT-I .TAHANGrRr. ment, and
was ordered
chief
tlieir
He
of an elephant.
petitioned to
to be trodden
me
under the
feet
that he would rather fight
with that formidable animal than suffer the agony of being trampled under his feet. to him,
and
I
vicious, prostrated
he had
consented to
A
this.
dagger was given
and notwithstanding that the elephant, which was wild
him
several times,
and notwithstanding
been witness to the late of his associates, yet, with un-
daunted courage, he managed to recover his
wounds with
several
in driving the
animal back.
It
was truly an
bravery, and I therefore spared his
made
liis
escape.
It
gave
inflict
life,
act of wonderful
directing at the
same
After some time, he ungrate-
time he was to be taken care of fully
and
feet,
upon the trunk, and succeeded
his dagger
me much
annoyance.
I issued
orders to the jdginidrs o? the neighbourhood for his apprehension,
and when caught he was hanged by the neck.
On
the afternoon of Saturday, the 1st of Zi-1 ka'da, corre-
sponding with 21st of i^ban, I marched in sound health from
Ajmir
in a
European carriage drawn by four horses, and
several nobles to
I
ordered
make up carriages similar to it,^ and to attend About sunset I reached my camp in the
upon me with them. village
Deo Rana,
It
customary
is
a distance of nearly two kos.^ in India,
when a
king, prince, or noble under-
takes an expedition towards the east, to ride on an elephant with
A
Khurram, he had given sit and ride in it." These are the only remote allusions made throughout the work to the embassy of Sir T. Roe, whose residence in Jahangir's camp lasted from the 10th Januaiy, 1616, to ^
little
him "a
above he
tells us,
that on the departure of Blkb&
carriage of the Feringi English fashion, that he might
the2l8t January, 1618.
Thomas Roe thus mentions the mode of departure from Ajmir " Thus richly King went into the coach, which waited for him under the care of his new English servant, who was dressed as gaudily as any plaj'er, and more so, and had 2
Sir
:
accoutred, the
trained four horses for the draught, which were trapped and harnessed all in gold.
This was the
first
England, and so
coach he had ever been
like it that I only
knew
in,
made
in imitation of that sent from
the difference by the cover, which was of
* * Next followed the English coach, newly covered and which he had given to his favourite queen, Nourmahal, who sat in the After this came a coach made after the fasliion of the country, which I inside. thought seemed out of countenance, in which were bis younger sons. This was followed by about twenty spare royal elephants, all for the ELing's own use,"—
gold velvet of Persia. richly trimmed,
(K^'rr's Volioction
of Voyages and Travels, vol.
ix. p.
312.)
EMPEROR JAIIANGFR.
73
when towards the west, ta ride on a horse of one when towards the north, to go in a litter or pdlld ; when
long tusks colour
;
;
towards the south, to go in a carriage drawn by bullocks.
remained at Ajmir there
five
days
less
At
than three years.
Khwaja Mu'inu-d
the holy shrino of
is
I
that place
Ajmir
din,
is
situated within the limits of the second climate. * * *
A
Among them
large tray of fruits was brought before me.
were the celebrated melons of Kdrez, Badakhshdn, and Kabul.
Grapes from the
latter place as well as
The
from Samarkand.
sweet pomegranates of Yazd, and the subacicl ones of Farrah.
Pears from Samarkand and Badakhshan. Apples from Kashmir,
Kabul, Jalalabad, and Samarkand were also there.
Pine-apples
from the seaports of the Europeans were also in the tray. There were some plants of at
private gardens
Agra, and after some time they produced several thousands
The
of that fruit.
Bengal
it is
was
liauld
than an orange, and
to
my
this latter fruit placed in
produced
in
also
among them, which
abundance.
I
is
smaller
In the province of
of sweet juice.
full
had no
sufficient
words
thank Almighty Cod for the enjoyment of these delicious
My
fruits.
father the late
King was exceedingly fond
especially melons, pomegranates,
and grapes
;
of fruit,
but in his reign,
the melons from Karez, which are of the best quality, the pome-
granates from Yazd, which are celebrated
all
over the world,
and pears from Samarkand, were never brought therefor'e,
father
when I
see
and enjoy those luxuries,
to
India, and,
that
I regret
my
not here to share them. * * *
is
When
I was Prince,
I
had promised
miyid of Kazwin, and two of his sons. throne,
I gave
journey
I
an Altamghd Mir Zidu-d din, a
to give
grant of the district of Mdlda in Bengal to
When
I
ascended the
him the name of Mustafa Khan, and
had the pleasure of
fulfilling
my
in this
promise.
Mandu.
Mandu
is
the total of
one of the divisions of the province of M&lwa, and its
revenue
is
one hror thirty-nine
laca
of dams.
WAKI'AT-I JAIIA'NGrEr.
The
was
city
for
Many
country.
74
allong time the capital of the^Jcings of this
buildings and relics of the old kings are
24th, I rode out to see the royal edifices.
very lofty building, and erected entirely of hewn stone. has been standing 180 years,
Afterwards
I visited
the Khilji dynasty,
It is a
Although
looks as if built to-day.
it
'
the sepulchres of the kings and rulers of
among which
there
also the
is
tomb of the
eternally cursed Nasiru-d din, son of Sultan Ghiyasu-d din. is
the
First I visited the
jdmi' masjid which was built by Sultan Hoshang Ghori.
it
still
On
standing, for as yet decay has not fallen upon the city.
It
notorious that this graceless wretch twice attempted to kill
by poison when he was
his father .
age
The
in the eightieth
but the old monarch saved his
;
year of his
by the use of bezoar.
life
own hand, a cup of sherbet it. The
third time he gave him, with his
mixed with poison, and told him that he must drink
father, seeing his son s determination, took the bezoar off his
and placed
it
before him.
Maker, and
tion before his
at the age of eighty.
prosperity,
and
Then he bowed said,
"
O
Lord
humble supplica-
I
have now arrived
!
All this time I have passed in ease and
in a state of pleasure such as has been the lot
my last, and to hold my son Nasir answerable for my blood. be deem^ a natural death, and may my son be This moment
of no monarch.
Having
for it."
What
expired.
said this, he
is
eighth year of his age, his friends
May my
death
not held answer-
drank the poisoned draught and
and
when he succeeded
all
this
:
In the forty-
to the throne,
he said
associates, that in the time of his father
had spent thirty years of his and had done
I pray thee not
he meant by saying that he had enjoyed such
luxury and pleasure as no king ever did was
to
arm,
in
life in
the
command
that was required of a soldier.
he
of the army,
Now
that the
sovereignty had devolved upon him, he had no desire for conquest,
his only wish
pleasure and luxury. his harem.
and
all
arts
He
was
to pass the
It is said that
built a city
remainder of his he had 15,000
life
in
women
in
which was inhabited only by women,
and sciences were taught them.
The
posts of
75
EMPEROR* J AH ANGFR,
governor, judge,
Whenever he heard
rested
till
He
he obtained her.
often
required
offices
in
in
was exceedingly fond of
which he had collected
amused himself
in
hunting
sport,
all
company of women. As he had from the first mined, he made no invasion during his whole reign of two years, and spent
It
;
Khan
reported that Sher
is
reign,
this time
all
in
came
Afghdn,
tomb of Nasiru-d
to the
din,
deterthirty-
enjoyment, and
ease,
and no enemy made any attack upon
kinds
in this park,
in the
pleasure
the
of a girl possessing beauty, he never
and had made a deer park,
He
all
wete held by persons of the female
city,
sex.
of animals.
and
magistrate,
management of a
his dominions.
in the course of his
and although he had a
brutal disposition, yet on account of the shameful deed above stated,
he ordered his people to beat the tomb with their
When
I
went
to the tomb, I also kicked
ordered
my
satisfied
even with
attendants also to spurn this,
I
it
it
several times,
with their
was very wrong
fire is
a part of the eternal
to pollute
it
light,
by
temper
and the dust of
Nerbudda, because
in the
It is well
and
Not
it is
But then and that
his
it
I also
so doing a remission
be made in his punishment in the next world.
into the
fire.
with that filthy matter,
hesitated from burning his remains, lest
his decayed bones
feet.
ordered the tomb to be opened, and
the remains of that foul wretch to be thrown into I remembered that
sticks.
I ordered that
body should be thrown
said that as he
had a very hot
days of his youth, he always remained in water.
known
that one day, in a
fit
of intoxication, he threw
himself into the tank of Kaliyidah, which was very deep.
Some
of the servants of the palace caught hold of his hair and dragged
him
out.
When
he came to his senses, and learnt what had
happened, and that they had dragged him out by the hair, he
was oflF.
pull
so
angry with them that he ordered their hands to be cut
The next time he fell into the tank, nobody attempted to him out, and so he was drowned. Now, at a period of 110
years after his death,
it
had come
were also mixed with water.
to pass that his rotten
remains
WAKI'AT-I JAHANOnir.
One
same time
it
my
occurred to
birds which I
had
the gamekeepers and other
all
my
ordered
all
on the
At
the
the animals and
coming
to reason
the news-writers,
officers to ascertain
and write out a
of all the various animals and birds I had killed, and to
show it
mind whether
I therefore
courtiers
I formerly was.
it
killed since the time of
could not be calculated.
list
my
night I turned the discourse of
and told them how fond of
chase,
76
it
me.
to
Accordingly a paper was prepared, from which
appeared that from the twelfth year of
the end of the last year, the eleventh of fiftieth
my age, a.h. 988, to my reign, and the
my age, 28,532 animals and birds were my sport, of which 17,168 were graminibirds I had shot or killed with my own
lunar year of
killed in the course of
vorous animals and
hands, and the following
is
a detailed account of them.^
Tv^^LFTH Year of the Reign.
The Nau-roz
of
my
twelfth
year corresponded with 12th
Rabi'u-1 awwal, 1026 (10th March, 1617 a.d.).
Prohibition of Tobacco.
As
health and
mind of many
its
I'ran.
My
persons, I ordered that no one should
Shah 'Abbas, also being aware evil effects, had issued a command against the use of it in But Khdn-i 'Xiam was so much addicted to smoking, that
practise the habit.
of
^
the smoking of tobacco had taken very bad effect upon the
he could not abstain from
brother
it,
but oftened smoked.
Prince Khurram at Court.
On
Thursday, the 20th Mihr, and the twelfth year of
reign, corresponding to the
three o'clock after noon, Prince
audience in the fort of
Court
Mandu.
Khurram
He
arrived
and obtained
had been absent from the
months and eleven days. After he had paid me called him in the window where I was sitting, and
for eleven
his respects, I 1
[Sir
my
11th of Shawwal, a.h. 1026, at about
H. M.
Elliot gives a sunmiary of
it
in a note, infrd.'^
EMPEROR JAHAXGFR.
77
with the impulse of excessive paternal affection and Iotc, I immediately rose up
and took him
his reverence
and respect
in
for
my arms.
I ordered
creased towards him.
him
more he expressed
Tlie
my
me, the more
tenderness in-
He
by me.
to sit
presented
me with 1000 gold mohiirs and 1000 rupees. * * Formerly at* the conquest of the Kana, a manmb of 20,000 and the command of 10,000 horse bad been conferred on Prince Khurram, and when he was sent to the Dakhin, he was honoured with the
title
service, his
command
Now,
of a Shdh.
in consideration of his present
mansab was promoted to a mansab of 30,000 and the I also conferred
of 20,000 horse.
on him the
title
of
was also ordered, that henceforth a chair should
Shah-Jahan.
It
be placed for
him
my
Court next to
in the
throne, an honour
which was particularly conferred on him, and had never before been
A two
known report
girls
in
my
family.
came from Kashmir, that
were born who had teeth
in the
in their
house of a silk-dealer
mouths, and who were
joined together by the back as far as the waist,* but their heads,
hands, and feet were
and then
separate.
all
They
On Monday,
the 2nd of the month, I drank wine in an as-
sembly at the banks of a tank where
Journey
On
my
tents were pitched.*
to Gujarat.
Friday, the 1st of De, I marched three
quarters, and
which I
is
hm
and three-
encamped on the banks of the tank of Jhanud.
At this place Ral Man, Rahu fish and brought date
lived only a little time,
died.
the best of
I
2
Rai
[This
me.
I
was
defile of
I
Man is
verj-
fond of this
the fishes found in India.
Chanda up
had not been able
every search was made. day, and granted
to
it
all
had passed the
of eleven months,
the head of the royal footmen, caught a fish,
Since the
to this time, a space
to procure
it,
althoo'^h
was highly pleased at receiving a horse.
but one of many similar entries.]
it
this
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrEr.
78
Tliough the country from the pargana of Da-liad belonging to Gujarat, yet
a marked difference in
The people and I
was only from
it
things, both jungle
all
full
and
saw
cultivation.
The jungles which
their tongue were different.
saw on the roadside were
reckoned as
is
this stage that I
of fruit trees, such as those of
The fields are protected by The cultivators, in order to separate the lands of their respective possessions, make hedges of these thorns round their fields, and between them leave a narrow the mango, khirni, and tamarind. the thorns of the
zakum
path for wayfarers.
As
ment
tree.
the
soil is
very sandy, the least move-
in a party of travellers raises so
see another's face with difficulty,
mind, that thenceforth
much
dust, that one can
and therefore
Ahmadabad should
it
came
into
my
not be called by that
name, but Gardabad.
Kamhay.
On
Friday we travelled a distance of six
the tents were pitched on the sea-shore. is
ho!^
and a
half,
Khambait (Kambay)
a very ancient port, and according to the Brahnihis
thousand years have elapsed since ning
it
many
In the begin-
foundation.
its
and
was called Trimbavvati, and Raja Nar Singh Makhwar was
would be very tedious
It
its ruler.
to detail the account of this
To be brief, when the chiefship devolved on Raja Abhi Kumar, who was a descendant of his, by
Raja
as given
by the Brahmins.
the will of heaven a great calamity
of dust and dirt
fell,
and buried
all
fell
destroyed a great number of people. this catastrophe, an idol,
upon
this city.
A
shower
the houses and buildings, and
Before the occurrence of
which the Raja used
to worship, ap-
peared to him in a dream, and informed him of the approaching misfortune. vessel,
Consequently, he embarked with his family on a
and he
supported
it
also took with
behind.
him the
idol
and the
It so liappened that the vessel
pillar wIhcIi
was battered
by a storm; but as the Raja was destined to live some time longer, he, by means of that same pillar, brought the ship and himself safe to land.
He
then set up that pillar as a mark of
EMPETIOII .lAHANGFR.
79 his intention to rebuild in
Hindi
and newly people the
Asa
place.
was hence
called Khanib, the city
is
called
pillar
Khainba-
was gradually worn down by constant use
wati, which
This poit
Eliambait.
is
one of
largest in Hindustan,
IJio
situated on one of the estuaries of the sea of
breadth of this estuary
is
into
and
is
'Uman. The average
estimated to be seven
Icos,
and the length
about forty.
Ships cannot enter this branch, but are anchored
in the port of
Goga, which
bait,
and
is
is
one of the dependencies of Kliam-
near the high sea.
From hence
the cargoes are
transported to Khanibait on boats (ghardb, grabs), and in the
same manner merchandize intended the ships.
Before the arrival of
for exportation is carried to
my
victorious arms,
several
boats had come to Khanibait from the ports of Europe, and the crews, after selling and purchasing goods, were on the point of
On Sunday,
returning.
the 10th, having decorated their boats,
they displayed them before me, and then took their departure towards their destination.
On Monday,
on a boat, and sailed about one
the 11th, I embarked
kos.
In the time of the Sultans of Gujarat, the tamghd or customs
duty levied from the merchants was very large
but
;
it
is
now
ordered that no more than one part in forty should be taken. other ports the custom officers
and give
all sorts
of trouble
^
and annoyance
and sometimes even more than that
what the
to the
merchants and
In Jedda, the port of Mecca, one-fourth
travellers.
;
hence
it
may
is
taken,
bo inferred
duties at the ports of Gujarat were in former reigns.
Thanks be
to
God, this liumble creature of the Almighty has
dispensed with levying the tamghd, which amounted to a
beyond
calculation,
the very
In
take the tenth or twentieth part,
name
throaghout the
territories
under
his rule,
sum and
of tamghd has disappeared from his dominions.
Coins.
It was also ordered in these days, that tanhas of gold and silver,
ten
and twenty times heavier than the current gold 1
[^UshurgaSf\\i^\:\\\). 'i'Ling-mcn.]
"WAKi'Av-i
mohur and of
sliould be
rnpeo,
A
jA'xorEr.
80
The legend on
struck.^
face
tlio
golden ianhi was " Jalian^ir Shah, a.h. 1027," and on
tlie
the reverse,
''
Struck at Ivhamba.it, the 12th year of H. M. silver tanka, on one side. " Jahiingir Shah, a.h.
For the
reign,"
1027," with a verso round coin
'
it,
the meaning of which
" This
is,
On
was struck by Jahangir Shah, the ray of victory."
the
other side was impressed, " Struck at Khambait, the 12tli year
H.
of
jNI.
reign," with this verse round
came from Mandii
of the Dakhin. ho before this
had
tanl:as
to
"After the conquest In no reign
Gujarat,"
The
been coined except of copper.
of gold and silver were inventions of Jahdiig'iri
it,
my
own, and
faiihris
them
I called
tankanr
Conquest of KIrarda. Intelligence arrived from the eastern provinces that
Mukarrani
who had been appointed to the had conquered the territory of Khurda
Elian, son of INIu'azzam Kliiin,
governorship of Orissa,
and that
its
;
Haja had
As
Eaja Mahcndra.
sought
protection
at
a reward of this service,
the tl
e
Court
of
Khan was
favoured with a manual) of 3000 personal allowance and the com-
mand
of
2000
He
horse.
was
also
honoured with a kettle-drum,
Between the province of Orissa and
a horse, and a hhiVaf.
Golkonda, there were the territories of two znminddrs,
The
Raja of Khurda and the Ixaja Mahendra.
viz.
former have been taken possession of by the servants of
Government, and
it
is
Emperor's prosperous added
the
territories of the
my
hoped that through the influence of the star, that
of the latter will also be soon
to the protected countries.
^ In the sixteenth year of the rei,u:ii, ho gives to the Persian ambassador a gold mohur, called Ki'n-jaJwni, Aviigliing 100 tolas. In the tweiflh year, he gives to the vakils ofAdil Khin a gold mo/nir, called kaitkab tola, equal to 500 current gold mohuis..
the tontli year he gives one of the same weight to the ambassador of 'Adil
Id.
but ^
calls it a
Khan,
Xkr-jahdni.
[This statement
is
certainly not true, so far as regards the silver taiiJca;
seems to have puzzled the copyists, for in several instead of it*>^ (copper),
MSS.
making the whole passage
nonsense was preferred to error.]
the
word ^j,^
unintelligible.
(I) is
and
it
written
But perhaps
EMPEROR
31
JMI.VNCrR.
The Jam of Gujarat.
Wlien the royal tents were pitched on the banks of the Malii, zammddr (called) Jam attended at Court. Having obtained
the
the honour of kissing the ground, he presented ntohios,
which
title,
He
is
His
held by every
is
man who
one of the greatest zammddrs of
territory
is
6000 horsemen
;
succeeds to
Jam tlie
He
chiefship.
has always 5000 or
but in time of war he can collect 10,000 or
There are plenty of excellent horses in his
12,000.
was his
province of Gujarat.
tlie
bordered by the sea.
100
fifty horses,
His name was Jasa, and
and 100 rupees.
and a Kachi horse
is
sold at as high as
2000
or
territory,
3000 rupees.
I
bestowed a khiVat upon him.
Thirteenth Year of the Eeign.
On Sunday
night, the 23rd of Rabi'u-l awwal, a.h.
1027
(10th March, 1618), at about two hours after sunset, that great
luminary which benefits the world with the
first
sign of the Zodiac.
This
its
New
bounty entered Aries,
Year's
Day which gave
light to the world, brought to a close the twelfth year of this
humble servant of God, which had been passed
now
in happiness,
On
Thursday, the 2nd of Farwardin, the
festival of
weighed against metals on the lunar anniversary of occurred
May
;
and the happy
upon
liis
goodness
my my
birth
year of mj^ age commenced.
my
be spent in occupations con-
life
God, and no moment pass without !
being
fifty-first
the remaining days of
sistent with the will of
tion
and
a new, auspicious and prosperous year began.
reflec-
After the ceremony was over, a wine
party was convened, and the most familiar servants of the throne, being favoured with draughts of wine, became merry.
The Tuesday
night, 21st of the month, I
towards Ahmaddb^d.
As
atmosphere were very grievous to
had
distance
my return
tlie
to be travelled before
camp
followers,
and a great
wo could reach ^gra,
it
oc-
me that I had better remain at Mandu during this liot As I had heard much praise of the rainy season of Gujarat,
curred to season.
marched on
the excess of heat and the oppressive
82
WA'KI'AT-T JAHA'NGmr.
and as there was no comparison between the
and that of Mandu.
I at last
The Almighty God always and assistance
and protection
shown from the
city of
Ahmadabad
determined to remain in the former.
to this
extended his
in all places has liis
humble creature
very time
fact that at this
it
and
j
was reported
this to
is
me
that a pestilential disease {wabd) had broken out in i^gra, and
numbers of men had perished.
my
confirmed in
For
reason I was fully
this
my
resolution of postponing
Agra, which had occurred to
my mind
march towards
by the divine
inspiration.
Coins.
Formerly
it
was customary
my name
to strike
on one side of
the coin, and that of the place, and the month, and the year of the
on the obverse.
reign.,
name
of the
now occurred
It
my mind
to
that, instead
of the month, the figure of the sign of the Zodiac
corresponding to the particular month should be stamped.
month
instance, in the
Urdlbihisht that of a Bull, and so on
which a coin mioht be struck, the
it.
This was
my own
;
that
is,
month
in every
in
of the constellation in
fisfure
which the Sun might be at the time side of
For
of Farwardin the figure of a Earn, in
sliould be impressed on one
innovation.
had never been done
It
before.
Drinlimg.
,
On
Thursday, 20,000 darabs were granted to
Zaman, and 100 gold mohurs and 1000 rupees
As they to
my
well
knew
mm
would be at onco remove?!, I derived great benefit
imm
Ilbiess
On \i!
V
Saturday
I
thai
if 1
w
vould diminish a ich I took,
Accog'^ilihglj^ i>*ueir
my
little
the
complaint
on the very
first
day
advice.
of Jahdngir.
had a severe headache, which was followed by
That night midnight
Hakim Masihu-z Hakim lliihu-Ila.
that the air of Gujarat was very uncongenial
health, they told
usual quantity of wine aud opium
fover.
to
I
did not take
tlie effect
of
my
my
usual quantity of wine.
abstinence became apparent, and
EMrEROR JAHANGFR.
83
my
aggravated the fever with which I was tossing about on
In the evening of Sunday the fever decreased
morning.
till
bed ;
and by the advice of some physicians of Multan, I took my They also repeatedly recommended me usual quantity of wine. some gruel made of pulse and
to take
From
to do so.
the time
I
had no
it
When my
again.
inclination to take
In short,
it.
Although
three days and three nights.
day and one night, yet I was as weak as
my
time laid up in
bed.
I
could not
drunk such broth, and
never, so far as I recollect,
never be obliged to drink
but
rice,
hope
I
meal
I
may
brought,
"^vas
I fasted altogether
had fever only one
I
if I
had been
had no appetite at
I
manage had
arrived at years of discretion, I
I
a long
for
all.
Akmaddbdd. I
am
at a
to conceive
loss
what beauty and excellence the
founder of this city saw in this wretched land, that he was in-
duced
to build a city here
and how
;
spend the days of their precious
wind always blows
here,
already mentioned that is
cit}^ is
wells
;
very
little
also should
water.
Hot
I liave
is
exceedingly bad and dis-
and the river which runs along the outskirts of the
always dry, except during the rains.
is
The water
and brackish, and that of the tanks
bitter
becomes
skirts
is
him others
in this dirty place.
very sandy, and that the atmosphere
The water
loaded with dust.
agreeable
and there
it is
after
life
like buttermilk
washermen leave have reservoirs
in
it.
of the
in the
out-
from the mixture of soap which the
Those people who are somewhat
in their houses,
affluent
which are filled with rain-water
during the rainy season, and they drink from this supply during the whole year.
which there
is
It
is
manifestly very injurious to drink water
never fanned by a breeze, and stagnates in a place where
is
no passage for exhalation.
Outside of the
of verdure and flowers, all the ground (thorn-trees),
thorns
is
abad.
Now
well I
and the
known.
effect I
is
city, instead
covered with zakum
of the air which blows over these
have previously called this city Gard-
do not know what
to call it
— whether
Samumistan
——
;
WJlKI'AT-I jauksgtrt,
84
home of tLe simoom), Bimaristan (place of sickness), Zakumdar (thorn-brake), or Jahamiamabad (hell), for all these
(tbe
names are appropriate. Poefiy. It
was reported in these days that Khan-khanan, the com-
my
mander-in-chief and
had composed a ghazal
preceptor,
in
imitation of the well-known verse " For one rose the pain of a hundred thorns must be suffered."
And
that Mirza
Rustam Sa&wi and
also tried their talents in the
A cup of wine should be quaffed The
clouds too are thick,
Of my
it is
who were
courtiers
Murad
follow-
in the presence of one's beloved.
time to drink deep."
present, those
who had a
turn for
poetry composed ghazak and repeated them before me. fiistr-mentioned
had
his son
my mind
ing couplet occurred to
"
Mii-za
same manner. Instantly the
verse
The
a very celebrated one, composed by
is
Maulana 'Abdu-r Rahman Jami. but except that verse, which
I
is,
have read the whole ghazal
as
it
were, a proverb on the
tonnes of all people, the others are not of any great They are, indeed, very plain and homely.
elegance.
Pictures.
This day Abu-1 Hasan, a painter, who bore the
title
of Nadiru-z
Zaman, drew a picture of my Court, and presented it to me. He had attached it as a frontispiece to the Jahdngir-ndma. As it was well worthy of
was an elegant
painter,
celebrated artists
would do him father,
Aka
his son
and had no match
full justice for his
bom
in
my
superior to the father. care to cultivate his
He
favours.
in his time.
Abd-1 Hai and Bihzad were now
If the
alive,
they
exquisito taste in painting.
His
Raza, was always with
was
him with great
praise, I loaded
me
household.
while I was a Prince, and
However, the sou
is
far
I gave him a good education, and took
mind from
his
youth
till
he became one of
—
!
EMPEEOR JAHANGTR.
85
the most distinguished
by him were
beautiful.
men of his age. The portraits furnished Mansur is also a master of the art of
drawing, and he has the
my
father
and
my
these two artists.
own, there have been none to compare with I
am
very fond of pictures, and have such
discrimination in judging them, that I can
whether living or dead.
artist,
finished
Even
by several
Tn the time of
of Nadiru-l Asli.
title
artists, I
tell
the
name
If there were similar portraits
could point out the painter of each.
one portrait were finished by several painters,
if
of the
I could
mention the names of those who had drawn the different portions In
of that single picture.
whom
the brow and by
fact, I
whom
could declare without
by
fail
the eye-lashes were drawn, or
any one had touched up the portrait
after
it
if
was drawn by the
first painter.^
Publication of the
As
Emperors
Memoirs;.
the events of twelve years forming part of the Jahdngir-
ndma had been written down, I ordered the tnutasaddis of my library to make a volume of them, and prepare a number of copies, to be distributed among the chief servants of the throne, and
also to be sent to all parts of the country, that great
influential
men might make
Friday, one of
my
it
their study
and
On
and exemplar.
writers having finished a copy
and bound
it,
As this was the first copy, I gave it to Prince Shah Jahan, whom I considered in all things the first of all my sons. On the outside of it I wrote with my own hand that it was
brought
it
to
presented to
me.
him on such a date and
be favoured with the
which shall obtain
for
ability
of
at such a place.
May
knowing the contents of
him God's grace and the
blessinfjs of
he it,
His
creatures '
" In his time there were found, in the Indies, native painters,
who
copied the
might vie with the originals. He was partial to the sciences of Europe, and it was this which attached him to the Jesuits. He caused a church and a residence to be built for them at Lahore." Catrou's History of the Mogul Dynast y, p. 178. See also Sir T. Roe in Kerr's Collection of Voyages and Travels, vol. ix. pp. 279-289. finest of
our European pictures with a
fidelity that
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGIEr.
86
Executions.
At
was brought before me, and
this date a certain prisoner
The
gave orders for his execution.
I
executioner acted very
promptly, carried him to the place of punishment, and gave
my order. my courtiers,
After a
effect to
one of off.
my
orders arrived.
granted his
I
But according
cut
while, at the intercession of
little
life,
but ordered his feet to be
he had been beheaded before
to his destiny,
Although he deserved death, yet
I regretted
the circumstance, and ordered that henceforth, in the event of
any person being sentenced to death, notwitiistanding that the orders might be imperative, yet they should not be carried into effect till sunset,
issued, the
and
if
up
to that time
punishment should be then
A Bazar On Tuesday dence.
at
no reprieve should be
inflicted
on the criminal.
Court.
night, the 19th, a bazar was held at
Before this,
it
my own
was an established custom that the
resi-
sellers
of manufactured goods of the city should bring and expose them for sale in the courtyard of
implements, and
were if
all
my
palace.
on these occasions.
to be seen
Jewels, inlaid articles,
kinds of cloths and stuffs sold in the bazars, It
came into
my
mind, that
the market were held in the night-time, and plenty of lanterns
were lighted before each shop,
In
tion.
pated
;
it
fact,
whqn
it
it
was done,
would be a very pretty exhibiit
was exactly as
was altogether a novelty.
I
had
antici-
the shops, and
I visited all
purchased what jewels and ornamented articles and other things appeared good to me. Drinklna.
The
my
climate of this part of the country was not beneficial to
health,
and the physicians had advised me
quantity of wine
began to do
so.
I
usually drank.
deemed
to lessen
the
this prudent,
and
In the course of one week
quantity about one cup. «acl)
I
Formerly
cup containing seven
tolas
I
I
reduced the
took six cups every night,
and a half of
liquor,
that
is.
EMrEROR JAHANGrR.
87
alt^other;^ but now each cup contained six and
fortj-five tolas
one-third of a
iota,
the whole being thirty-seven tolas and a half.
Renunciation of Hunting.
my life,
was one of the remarkable events of
It
that
when I was
about sixteen or seventeen years, I made at Allahabad a vow to
God, that when I should arrive at the
would leave
I
creature.^
off
shooting, and
arrived at that age,
day
give no
Mukarrab Khan, who was one
was acquainted with
officers,
fiftieth
could not freely draw
tion, recollected
conform to
my
breath,
In this state
that account.
I
had
visit
my
what
I
most confidential I
had
I
tomb of
to
I resolved within myself, that
and the expiration of the
under the guidance of Almighty God,
fixed, I would,
the
I
suddenly, through divine inspira-
had promised, and now I determined
my
father, and,
having invoked the aid of
would entirely abstain from that habit.
as these ideas occurred to
my
pain to any living
my
and was very much troubled on
former resolution.
his holy soul, I
my
mind,
I
and found myself fresh and happy.
pain,
at^e,
year had commenced, one
after the lapse of this the fiftieth year,
go to
my
In short, now that
this vow.
and the
of
year of
happened, that through the excess of smoke and vapour,
it
time
fiftieth
As
soon
was entirely relieved of I
immediately indulged
tongue by expressing thanks to the Almighty God, and I
trusted that he would assist
me
in
my
resolution.^
[Rather more than an Imperial pint.] His passion for shooting is shown by the statement which he makes at the close of the events of the eleventh year. He there says that as the discourse happened one night to turn upon sport, he directed his news- writers and huntsmen to make out a statement, showing how many animals he had killed during his life. It appeared that he had been present, from the twelfth year of his age to his fiftieth, at the death of no less than 28,532 animals, of which 17,168 had been killed with his own hand, 'i.e., 3203 quadrupeds, comprising, amongst others, 86 tigers, 889 nilgdos, 1372 deer, 36 wild buffaloes, 90 wild boars, 23 hares and 13,9G'l birds, including 10,348 pigeons, and 156 waterfowl. The number is made up of crows, owls, doves, and other birds, which do not enter into the catalogue of English sport. ^ [The Emperor subsequently retracted his resolution, and gives his reason for so doing but it is not consistent with what is here stated to be the cause of his resolve He fre()uently went out hunting. In the eighteenth year of his see infra, p. 384. '
*
;
;
reign,
a tiger
;
and ]
:-'ty-sixth of his age,
he records that ho went out on horseback and shut
88
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrnr.
A In the next marcli
had been thrown over boats
fit
Bridge.
I
crossed the
it.
Although
for building bridges,
flowed forcibly, yet
throngli
Hasan Mir Bakhshi,
Mahi by
of testing
management
the good
of Abi'i-l
a very strong bridge of 140 3'ards in length in
only
strength) I ordered one of
its
were no
and the water was very deep and
and four yards in breadth was prepared
way
the hriclge whicli
in this river there
my
By
days.
tiiree
largest elephants
with three other female elephants to be taken over
The
it.
bridge
was so strong that the weight of the mountain-like elephants did not shake
in the least.
it
A
Comet} Several nights before this, a
Saturdaij, 17th Zi-l hcCda.
little
before dawn, a luminous vapour, in the form of a column,
made hour
its
appearance, and every succeeding night
earlier
than on the preceding night.
development,
its full
it
a
with
edge towards the
had
arose half an
it
had attained
looked like a spear ^ with the two ends
thin, but thick about the middle.
reaping-sickle,
When
it
back
its
On
nortli.
It
was a
towards
little
the
curved like
south,
and
the date above mentioned,
The astronomers measured
three hours before sunrise.
it
its
rose
its size
with their astrolabes, and, on an average of different observations, it
was found
to extend
empyrean heaven, but
24
degrees.
Its course
had a proper motion of
it
was retrograde
—
its
was
in the
own, indepen-
first
appearing in
the sign of the Scorpion, then in that of the Scales.
Its declina-
dent of that firmament, as
tion
it
Astrologers call such a phenomenon a spear,
was southerly.
and have written that
it
portends evil to the chiefs of Arabia, and
the establishment of an enemy's power over them.
knows
if this
be true
Sixteen nights '
'^
^
[This passage
is
^
the
God only
!
after its first appearance, a
work of
Sir
H. M.
comet appeared in
Elliot.]
This word might also be translated a " porcupine." Literally, " Up to the above date after sixteen nights since the phenomenon
.AiH-i," to
which
it is difficult
to assign
any exact meaning.
EMPEROR JAHANOrR.
89
the same quarter, having a shining nucleus, with a
pearance about two or three yards long, but in the
Up
no light or splendour. years have elapsed since
to
appears, I shall take care to record
have resulted from
the
way
it dis-
as well as the effects
which
Story.
passed through a
I
when
appearance, and it,
it.^
A On
ap-
there was
the present time, nearly eight
first
its
tail in
tail
field
of jmcdr, in which every
plant had no less than tweU^e bunches of corn, while in other fields there is generally
my
only one.
mind the
It excited
my
astonishment,
King and the Gardener. A King entered a garden during the heat of the day, and met a gardener there. He inquired of him whether there were any and
recalled to
tale of the
pomegranates, and received a reply that there were. told
him
His Majesty
to bring a cupful of the juice of that fruit,
on which the
She was
gardener told his daughter to execute that commission. a liandsome and accomplished tliat
beverage, and covered
and asked the
it,
with
much
girl
why
it
She brought the cupful of
girl.
with a few leaves.
she had put the leaves
readiness replied, that she had done
His Majesty drinking too
fast, as
her,
and wished
said
to take
how much
300 dinars.
lie
He
to
it
prevent
drinking of liquids just after
a fatiguing journey was not good.
gardener
The King drank over it. The girl
The King
her into his
palace.
fell
in love
He
asked the
derived each year from his garden.
then asked
how much he
with
He
paid to the
was the discovery of a similar phenomenon, namely a nev star in Cassioijcia, roars before this, which introduced Tycho Brahe to the notice of the world as an as: nomcr. The star he discovered, however, only lasted from November, 1572, to Marc. 1574. The greatest of Grecian astronomers, Ilipparchus, is said to have become an observer through the discovery of a similar phenomenon. As Jahangir's star, if it was one, appeared in the Ecliptic, it must have been noticed by European astronomers, especially as the discoveries effected by Galileo's telescope were at that ^
not
It
fifty
,
The statement given in the time attracting general observation to the heavens. Extract from the Ikbdi-ndma is much more probable than this. In that there is
no mention of
its
continuance, and merely the effects which were visible for eight
years arc recorded, according to the superstitious notions of the time.
90
WAKI'AT-I JAHANOrRr. diicdn.
He
trees, b'
t
gave answer that he did not pay anything on
whatever sum he derived from his agriculture, he paid
His Majesty
a tenth part to the State.
said within himself,
my
" There are numerous gardens and trees in if I fix
fruit-
dominions
;
and
a revenue of a tenth ca them, I shall collect a great deal
of money."
He
pomegranate
juice.
then desired the
She was
girl to
bring another cup of the
late ia bringing it this time,
and
His Majesty asked her the reason
was not much she brought.
this deficiency, observing that she brought
it
quickly the
first
it
for
time
now she had delaj^ed long, and brought The daughter replied, " The first time one pomegranate sufficed. I have now squeezed several, and liave not been The Sultan was astonished, upon able to obtain so nmch juice," and
in great plenty, that
but
little.
entirely dependent
which her father replied that good produce
is
on the good disposition of the Sovereign
that he believed that
was a King
his guest
;
;
and that from the time he inquired respect-
ing the produce of the garden, his disposition was altogether
and that therefore the cup did not come
cliano-ed;
The Sultan was impressed with
juice.
upon relinquishing the
After a
tax.
desired the girl to bring a third cup of
time the
girl
his remark, little tiie
time,
full
of the
and resolved His Majesty
same beverage.
came sooner, and with a cup brimful,
Tliis
whicli con-
vinced the King that the surmise of the gardener was sound.
The Sultan commended the gardener's penetration, and divulged to him his real rank, and the reflections which had been passing in his mind.
Ho
then asked to be allowed to take his daughter
in marriaoo, in order that a niemorial of this interview and
circumstances might remain for the instruction of short, will
tlie
and
justice of the Sovereign.
Thanks
to tlie
I
gave orders that
if
any one were
to
tain
may
cause
tlic
mind
good and pure intentions
I
In
good
my
reign
;
plant a garden in
cultivated land, he was not to pay any revenue.
Almi'dity
tiie
Almighty God,
that no revenue on fruit-trees has been taken during
and
world.
the abundance of produce depends entirely on
its
I
pray that the
of this liunible creature to enter-
.
EMPEHOR JADANOrR.
91
Banthamhor
On
Moiulay,
There are two
Srd De,
tlie
went
I
to see tlic fort of Hantliambor.
adjacent to each other, one
hills
is
called
of Ranthamboi'
formed by the connexion of the two names.
is
Although the
fort is
the
Ran
called
hill
fort can be
Ran, and
The name
the other Tlianibor, and the fort stands on the latter.
very strong, and has
much water
in
it,
yet
stronger and better situated, and the
is still
taken only from that side.
FOUIITEENTH YeAII OF THE ReIGN.
—
[The Nan-roz of my fourteenth year corresponded with Rabi'u-1 akhir, 1028 h. (10th March, 1619 a.d.).] Niir Jahcin shoots
[IMy huntsmen reported to
hood
(of
tants.
I
Mathura) a
tiger,
Tiger.
that there was in the neighbour-
which greatly distressed
tiie
inhabi-
ordered his retreat to be closely surrounded with a
number of
Towards evening
elephants.
mounted and went animal with
my own
would not stand
I
made and
as a
marksman, has effect.
my
and
atte.'idants
Nur Jahan
to
fire,
to kill
my
any
musket.
the elephant very restless, and he
to
take good aim from a howda
Mirza Rustani, who
difficult feat.
I
had made a vow not
hands, I told
still,
very
back without
As
out.
Tlie smell of the tiger
the
me
a
fired three or four shots
Nur Jahan,
me
after
is
a
has no equal
from an elephant's
however, killed this tiger with
first shot.]
'Abdu-l
[Shaikh 'Abdu-1 accomplished sented to India.
me
men
Hakk
Hakh
Dehlawi,^ one of the most learned and
of the time,
came
to wait
upon me, and
a book which he had written upon the
He had
suffered a ov^od deal of trouble,
retirement at Dehli, resigned to
was an
Delilawi.
excellent
man, and
'his lot
1
[See suprd, p. 175.]
-jihs of
in
God.
was very agreeable.
showed him great attention and courtesy.]
pre-
and was living
and trusting
his society
.!>
in
He I
WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrRf.
Journey
to
92
Kashmir.
On Tuesday, the 14tL, tlie royal camp halted As an account of this road and a description of ^
my
been already given in the narrative of will not repeat tliem here
record
my
time of
;
but from this place to Kashmir
in fifty-eight
marches and one
most translucent
As
halt.
I
my Maker,
there are at
filled
my
age commenced, in
full
of hills
and
all
passes, ravines
and ascents, and the royal party would have found it
place
and with every prospect of happiness. As
the road. I was going to take was
together,
tliis
with water of the
celebrated the lunar anniversary,
fifty-second lunar year of
gratitude to
all
the
remained here two days.
clearness, I
Thursday, the 16th,
march
I will
From
!
have travelled 178 hos during sixty-nine days,
I
a fountain, a small cascade, and a basin
and the
God
I
disembarking from boats at Akbarpur up to reaching
Hasan Abdal,
On
Hasan Abdal.
the stages have
expedition to Kabul,
occurrences, stage by stage, please
all
at
it difficult
to
was determined that the lady Maryamu-z
Zamani, and the other bcgams, should remain behind a few days,
and come on
at their ease afterwards
;
and the Prime Minister,
rtimadu-d daula al-Khakani, Sadik Khan Bakhshi, and Sa'adat
Khan Mir Saman,
should also come on subsequently with the
household and establishments. For the same reason Mirza Safawi
and Khan-i 'Azam were sent on with a party of
by way of Punch, and few of
my
I
my
attendants
myself went accompanied by only a
personal friends, and the servants
who were
absolutely
necessary.
On Here
Friday
I
intelligence
marched three Zos and a half was received of liana
and
it
in
Sultanpur.^
having died
Jagat Singh, his grandson, and Bhini, his son,
a natural death.
who were
to
Amar Singh
attendance upon mo, were honoured with khiraf-^,
was ordered that Kaja Kishan Das should convey
Kunwar Karan
a farmdn, conferring the
1
[Translated by Sii
2
This village
lies
H. M.
title
Elliot.]
on the southcru bank of
tlie
to
of Rana, with a
Ilarroh river.
—
EMrSROE JAHANCrR.
93
and a horse from
khil'af,
my own
and congratulate him upon heard from
I
of thunder
tlie
stables,
hill
the neighbourhood,
in
though there might be at the time no sign of
They
lightning.
now
to be
therefore call th's
mentioned
As the story is a very strange God knows whether it is true.^
On On
this stage
in
one, I
Saturday, the 18th, I marched four
This sound
we entered the pargana
Icos
of
my
is
have
I
father's pre-
have recorded
it,
and a half to Sahl.
Hazara Farlgh.*
Sunday, the 19th, we encamped at Naushehra,^
ling three hos
As
Garaj.
hilj
sence.
During
rain, or cloud, or
heard every year, or certainly every two years.
also heard this matter frequently
but
him honour,
8o do
people of this country that a noise like that
upon the ear from a
fell
and
his succession.
after travel-
and three-quarters, where we entered Dhamtaur.
far as the eye could reach, the
blossoms of the ihal kamval and
other flowers were glowing between the green foliage.
It
was a
beautiful scene.
On
km and a hal^ I Mahabat Khan presented jewels and
IMonday, the 20th, after a march of three
arrived at Salhar,^ where
arms
inlaid
to the value of G0,000 rupees.
In this tract
I
saw
Tliis is still comniojily reported in tlie rieiglibourhood,
^
tut the sounds are said to twenty years, since the fort of Srihote was built on the The mountain is no dout)t that which is now called Gandgarh,
have ceased within the
last
summit of the hill. composed of clay-slate capped but the local tradition
is,
that
The name of Garaj is not now known, was once called Ganjgaih (evidently Garajgarh), but to Gandgarh " the bald," on account of its apparent
\rith limestone. it
Emperor changed it The sounds are said to proceed from a Eakas, or demon, whom ilaj^ Easalu, tlie King Arthur of the h-aditions of the Upper Sind Sagar, imprisoned in a cavern, lie was t!ie son of Salbahan, and is said to have built the tope at PhaUur, that some
barre'.ii'css.
near Usnu'iu Khiitur. llazaru
*
in
ruus
is
not so called from the famous
Tlic fertility of this valley
it.
is
Mughal
tribe, as there are
none of them
A
celebrated esptx;ially for wheat.
local distich
:
"
Cliacli Ilaz'tra kanaka bhaly&n, Dhanne khubi gain Sur Sikesar te ghorc bhale, Ishnor doabe te dbaen," the wheat of Chach Hazara, the cows of Dhanni, the horses of Sikesar ;
That
is,
(salt range), the rice of Il;ishtnagar (near 3
this »
Peshawar), are all excellent. on the eastern b:ink of the river Dhor, but the distance between place and Sultanpur is greater than here represented.
The
village is
'I'his
place
Mount
Sirbau.
is
on the eastern bank of one of the feeders of the same
river,
under
;
94
VAKI'AT-I JAHANGFRr. a flower red and
another, that
(marsh-
khitm'i
So many flowers were blooming near one
appeared to be
it
form of a gul
in the
fiery,
mallow), but smaller.
On
that of the apricot.
all
The
one flower.
the slope of this
hill
tree
is like
there were
many
wild violets, of exceeding fragrance, but their colour was paler
than that of the usual variety.
On
Tuesday, the 21st, we travelled three
On
Malgalll.i
government at Bangash, and an elephant from
A-os,
my
gave him a
I
/i/iil'at,
a postin^ and
Snow fell muddy and very
rained also at night.
it
morning, and as the whole road was
slippery, the beasts
at
to his
During the whole march
private stables.
there was drizzling rain, and in the
and encamped
day Mahabat Khan was despatched
this
which happened
to be at all
every direction, and were not able to
weak
fell
in
Twenty-five
rise again.
elephants belonging to the illustrious Government were lost upon
the occasion. for
As
the weather was very cloudy, I halted here
two days.
On Thursday,
the 23rd, Sultdn Husain, the zaminddr of Pakli
(or Pakhah), obtained the
we had
entered Pakli.
honour of kissing the earth,
It is
ray father was here, snow also
fell
ae
it
when
did on this occasion
whereas for several years past there had been no also
for here
an extraordinary thing that,
fall,
and rain
had been very scanty.
On
Friday, the 24th, I marched four kos to Tawydkar.
was much mud on and guava
trees
this road also,
There
and the whole way the plum
were in blossom, and the pine-trees also were
ravishing to the sight.
On
Saturday, the 25th, I travelled over nearly throe kos and
a half to the neighbourhood of Pakli.
On
Sunday, the 26th,
tridges.*
mounted and rode down some par-
I
Towards evening,
at the request of Sultan Husain, I
well known as an encamping ground, more The Afjh&ns often ride down partridges in
*
Still
*
•'
execution than one would imagine.
makes a shun
flight
and
sits
Two
generally called Maiij^li.
a
way which
is
much
easier of
or more horsemen put up a partridge, which
down; a horsemau then
puts
it
up
airaiii.
The hunters
95
EMPEROR JAHANGrR.
went
and honoured him
to his residence,
My father also
compeers and friends.
some
and
horses, swoi'ds, hawks,
birds,
and returned the other
Sarkiir Pakli
breadth.
On
raucli In the eyes of his
visited him.
the
east
presented
thinjis.
thirty-five kos in length,
is
He
I accepted sonic of the
falcons.
by twenty- five
in
has the mountains of Kashmir, on
it
the west Attock Benares, on the north Kator, on the south the
country of
the Ghakkars.
It is said
that
when Tlnuir was
returning to Tiiran from the conquest of Hindustan, he
The
of his followers here. origin Farsis
but they cannot
(?),
tell
some
left
people themselves say they
ai'c
what was the name of
by
tli< ir
They are now called Lahori, and their speecli is that of the Jilts. The same may be said of the people of Dhanitaur. In the time of my father Shah Rukh was the zaiiiiivhu- of Dhamtaur. His" son Bahadur is now zconin^ldr. Although the people of Pakll and Dhamtaur intermarry and communicate leader.
freely,
yet they are always quarrellino-, like otlicr zanihi'Jdrs,
These people have always been well affected
about boundaries.
Mahmud,
Sultan
towards our family.
the
Husain of Pakli, and Shah Bukh, both came
my
of Sultan
to visit
me
Notwithstanding that Sultan Husain
accession.
years old, he
fiither
is
to all appearance strong
j
is
before
seventy
he can ride and take
exercise.
In this country
liqaor the people call
but it
si>\
They drink nothing but considered to be the best the people keep houses.
it
tied
They then
year
old.
much
up
very
much
rice,
with their food, and the oldest
in jars for
two or three years
ten years. ;
Mahmud
but
it
If
it is
as i.
it
should never be
used to take a cup of
runs, or
p. 375.
is
in their is
called
kept for a longer less sir,
than one
and yet a
do rest, till jt becomes too tired to fly, knock it down witfi sticks." Elphinstone's
relieve one another, so as to allow the bird
when they ride it over Kingdom of Caubul, vol.
which
stronger than bozah.
and when the ingredients are mixed,
''or
the better
Sultan
sir
;
is
take off the scum, and the liquor
dcM, which can be kept period, so
prepared from bread and
io;:«//, is
—
96
wA'KrAT-i JAHAXGrnr. mouthful
The}- brouglit the very
took some by
and in
way
of
If
;
and
it
my
qualit}^ for
first
had taken some
I
trial.
bitter to the taste
it.
Sultan Husain does
sufficient to create intoxication.
is
the same.
before.
It
seems that they mix a
you get drunk with
it,
use.
T
is
harsli
little
hhaufj
occasions drowsiness.
it
If
there were no such thins; as wine, this might be used as a substi-
The
tute. all
fruits arc apricots, peaches,
sour and
ill-
They make
their houses
manner of Kashmir. as horses, mules,
of
tiie
and dwellings
Thcr;'
and horned
The mules
dant.
and
pears, but they ar?
flavoured.
is
of wood, after tlv
game
weak and
suj^ply
food
my
for
retinue,
were issued to take only the" few tents and
which were absolutely necessary, elepliants,
A
and
As
to cairy.
it
a few marches ahead the country was not
tliat
populous to
sufficiently
well
useless, in consequcncu'
heavy loads which they have been made
was reported
here, as
Goats and fowls are abun-
cattle.
are rcuderrd
all
plenty of
to
orders
establisliraeuts
diminish the number of
to take supplies suflicient for three or four days.
few attendants were selected to accompany me, and
rest
tiie
were placed under the orders of Khwaja Abii-l Hasan Naklisliabi, to follow a few stages after
tions and' injunctions,
700 elephants even
The
me.
Notwithstanding
was found necessary
/i/iil'af,
all
my
precau-
to take with
me
reduced tents and establishments.
for the
rnansdh of Sultan Husain, which was
horse, was raised to
a
it
400 personal and 300
GOO personal and 350 horse, and I gave him
an ornamented dagger, and an elephant.
Bahadur
Dhamtauri, wdio stands appointed to Bangash, was raised to a
mansab of 200 personal and 100 horse.
On
mz
Sunday, the 29th,
the bridjje
I
marched
five kos
from the north to the south, rising in the of
Badakhshan and
into
Tibet.
As
and a quarter, cross-
This Nain Sukh flows
and stream of Nain Sukh.
hills
below the country
in this place the river is divided
two branches, I ordered two wooden bridges
was eighteen yards of each
was
long,
five yards.
to be
made
;
one
and the other fourteen, and the breadth
The
following
is
the
mode
of
making a
EMPEROR JAHANOrK.
97
Trees of sal are thrown over the river,
bridge in this country.
and
two ends are lashed firmly to the rock
their
tlicso
made
bridge so
The
and across
;
A
thick planks are riveted strongly with nails and ropes. for several years,
lasls
made
elephants were
with occasional repairs.
to ford the stream, but horse
and
foot
It was Sultan Mahmud who named Sukh, which means " the eye's repose,"
crossed over the bridge. this river Na.in
On
Thursday, the 3rd, after travelling nearly three kos and a
we encamped on the bank of the Kishenganga. On this march we crossed an exceedingly high hill the ascent was one
lialf,
;
kos,
and the descent one and a
They
half.
because in the Kashmiri tongue cotton
is
call it
Pham
called
pham, and
Dirang, as
there were agents here, on account of the Kings of Kashmir,
who
levied duties on each load of cotton,
and as delay or dirang
occurred on this account, the place became
Dirang.
the water was beautifully clear.
an old bridge over this river
made near
bridge to be
it,
camp
fifty-three
orders of
my
father, a
I
drank
my
There was
I ordered another
yards long and three broad.
made the elephants
over without their loads, but horse and foot
By
it,
at eventide.
foot crossed.
the stream was deep and rapid, I
bridges.
Pham
as
yards long, and one and
fifty-four
by which those on
a half broad,
down near
Sitting
usual cups of wine, and arrived in
As
known
After passing the bridge, we saw a cascade, of which
crossed
pass
by the
very strong sardi was built
here of stone and mortar, on the top of a
hill to
the east of the
river.
As
only one day remained before the
sign, I sent
on Mu'tamad
spot on which to erect festival of the
the
was a
—a
throne, and
charming green
spot,
new
high and conspicuous
make
preparations for the
happened that a
It so
enter a
river,
little
beyond
there was an
on the top of which there
level surface of fifty yards, just as if the executors of the
decrees of there
my
Year.
to select a
on the eastern bank of the
bridge,
eminence
New
Khan
Sun would
that
God had
designed
Mu'tamad Khan
it
an occasion.
It
was
up the decorations
for
the
for .such
set
WAKI'AT-I JAEANGIRr. and managetl
festival,
all
98
admirably as to
so
my
forth
call
and acknowledgments.
praises
The
river Kislienganga
The
south. ^
flows from the
river Behat, flov/ing
north towards
from the
the
the
east, falls into
Kishenganga, taking a northerly course.^*
Fifteenth Year of the Reigx. [The Nau-roz of the
fifteenth year of
my
reign
fell
on the
15th Rabl'u-s sauf, 1029 h. (10th March, 1620 a.d.).] KasJunir,
On
Friday,
the 27th, I rode
Virnag, which kos in a boat,
out to
see the
the source of the river Behat.
is
and anchored near Manpur.
very sad news from Kishtiwar.
When
This day
This
country.
oflicers,
man committed two
went
of five
I received
Dilawar Khan, after
conquest of that country, returned to Court, he
an Arab, with several other
fountain I
tlie
Nasru-lla,
left
for the protection of the
faults
of judgment.
He
oppressed the zaminddrs and the people, and he foolishly complied with the wishes of his troops,
come
to
to Court,
zaminddrs,
petitioned
men were
Consequently, as very few
services.
hearts,
who
him
for leave
with the hope of obtaining the reward of their
who had
lonjj
with him, the
nourished revenfje against him in their
and were always lying
in wait for him, took
the opportunity, and having assembled from bridge which was the only means of
engaged openly in
left
rebellion.
advantage of
all sides,
burnt the
his receiving succour,
ru-lla
and
Khan, having taken
refuge in the fort, maintained his position for two or three days
with great
diflliculty.
and the enemy had cut with the few > '^
The
there were no provisions in the fort,
off
the supply of water, he resolved to die
men he had with him, and he gave
proofs of the
most
text saj-s the contrary,
It takes a slight turn to the north before joining the
junction, they •
As
[p:!id
llo\/
of Sir
tofether towards tho south.
II.
M.
Elliot's translation.]
Kishenganga
;
but after the
99
EMrEROR JAHANGrK.
When
cripturcd.
sun of Dilawar iulliiience
in
and many
slain,
ears, I appointed Jalal,
whose forehead shone the marks of
and worth, and who had shown much enterprise
(iOO iiorse,
to
in-
in the
and
extirpate the wretched rebels;
him the rank of 1000 and the command of
liaving conferred on
the retainers of his father,
ordered
among Kashmir army, a
who were now
the special servants of the throne, together with
-alisted
of the
Jammu, was
Jammu
hills,
body of
large
with his force from the
also ordered to attack
and
it
and some
zain'uulur.s,
Raja Sang Ham, the zamiiiddr
matchlockmen, to reinforce him. of
my
news reached
this
Khan,
•,un(|uest of Kishtiwtir,
}i.irt
men were
IVIany of his
courage.
vivterinined
was now hoped that the rebels would soon
be punished.
Conquest of Kdngrd.
[On Monday, 5th Muharram, the
joyful intelligence of
Kangra
cunquest of the fort of Kangra arrived. * * the
fort, situated in
hills
north of Lahore, and has been renowned
strength and security from the days of
for its
The zaminddrs lias
ever prevailed against
it
;
foundation.
and that no stranger's
God knows Since the glory of the Muhammadan
but
day that the sword of Islam and the religion
its
of the Panjab believe that this fort has never
])assed into the possession of another tribe,
hand
!
have reigned in Hindustan, not one of the mighty
Sultans had been able to reduce this a monarch of great ])ower, besieged
fort.
it
Sultan Firoz Shah,
for a long time
found that the place was so strong and secure, that possible to reduce
When
tlie
an ancient
is
this
it
so long as the garrison
had
but he
;
it
was im-
provisions. *
*
humble individual ascended the throne, the capture
of this fort was the first of
all
his designs.
Khan, governor of the Panjab, against Murtaza died
before its reduction
it
He
sent
Murtaza
with a large force, but
was accomplished.
Gbaupar
Mai, sou of Raja Basu, was afterwards sent against it; but that traitor rebelled, fortress
his
army was broken
was defened.
Not long
up,
after,
and the
fall
the traitor was
of the
made
—
WAjilAT-I JAHANGfRr. prisoner,
and was execut'ed and went
corded in the proper against
.sent
it
T.lace.
invested
Klmrram was afterwards and many nobles were month of Shawwal, 1029 h.,
force,
In the
the
as has been re-
hell,
Prince
with a strong
directed to support him.
to
(QO
were
trenches
the
place,
portioned
his
forces
out,
and the ingress of provisions was completely stopped.
time the fortress was in
the place, but for four months longer the fodder,
In
no corn or food remained
difficulty,
men
and similar things which they boiled and ate
in
upon dry
lived
but when
;
death stared them in the face, and no hope of deliverance re-
mained, the place surrendered on Monday,
Muharram
1,
1031.]
Saffron^^
As
the saffron was in blossom. His Majesty
go to Painpur,- whieli
Every
flourishes.
the only place in
is
The
The stem
to ihe cultivators,
the price sometimes varies a
weigh the
flowers,
it,
and that
is
In an ordinaiy year, 400 maiinds^ or 3200
Half belongs
Khurasani viaunds, are produced.
to
and
flower has five ])etals of a violet colour,
the purest saffron.
take them
it
inclines towards
three stigmas producing saffron are found within
ment, half
the city to
parteiTe, every fielJ, was, as far as the eye
could reach, covered with flowers. the ground.
left
Kashmir wlure
and a
Govern-
sir sells for ten rupees;"'
It
little.
and give them
home and
to the
is
but
the established custom
who
to the manufacturers,
extract the saffron from them,
and upon
giving the extract, which amounts to about one-fourth weight of
they receive in return an equal
the flower, to the public
officers,
weiglit of salt, in lieu of
money wages
in Kashmir, and even 1
[See au2Jrd, p. 304.]
2
This place
p
still
maintains
;
for salt is not
produced
in
the beauty of the inhabitants there
its
reputation.
Von
IlUgel
tells ns,
that saffron
is
almost exclusively in the district of Pauipilr, on the right bank of the
J
lelam, from three distinct varieties of crocus
'
r fifteen
years;
of another, for eight;
;
the root of one sort continues productive
of the third, for five.
Kaschmir,
vol.
ii.
275. '
Mr. Pereira states that one grain of good saffron contains the stigmata and styles
of nine flowers
;
hence 1320 tiuweis are rei^uired to yield one ounce of saffron.
— lOl
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
but very
is
import
salt
little,
they have but
i.e.
The next day
little
They
expression.^
* * *
from Hindustan. the fortunate
camp was pitched
at Eajaur.
The
people of Rajaur were originally Hindus.
Sultan Firoz con-
verted them.
still
Nevertheless, their chiefs are
styled Rajas.
Practices which prevailed during the times of their ignorance are
still
Thus, wives immolate them-
observed amonsst them.
the funeral pyres of their husbands, and bury
selves alive on
themselves alive in their graves.
It
was reported
that, only a
twelve years old had buried herself with
few days ago, a
girl of
her husband.
Indigent parents strangle their female offspring
immediately after birth.
Hindus not so
—
They
associate
much matter
lieaven protect us
;
and intermarry with
As
giving and taking daughters.
for taking,
but, as for giving their
it
does
own daughters
Orders were issued prohibiting these prac-
!
and punishments enjoined
tices for the future,
for their infraction.
S/idk Jahdn sent to the Dakkin.
[In these happy
and travelling the Dakhin.
men
in
in
daj^s,
when
I
was enjoying myself
in
hunting
Kashmir, successive despatches arrived from
When
the royal Couit
left
the capital, evil-disposed
the Dakhin, failing in duty and loyalty, raised
the
They got many Ahmadnagar and Birar into their power, and the despatches related how they were maintaining themselves by plunder and standard of rebellion.
devastation,
of the dependencies of
and were burning and destroying ships and pro-
On the former occasion, when I marched with the army to effect the conquest of the Dakhin, Khurram, who commanded the advance, arrived at Burhanpiir, The insurgents, with that craft which distinguishes them, made him They their intercessor, and abandoned the Imperial territory.
vender.
Imperial
presented large offerings of
money and
valuables as tribute, and
Maldhat is the word, and a double meaning is intended. Maldbat not onlymeans saltncss as well as expression, but a dark complexion in opposition to Labdbat, "fairness." These meanings are not in the dictionaries, though there is some ap^
proach to them in Freytag.
Nevertheless, they are of
common
application.
t
102
WAKIAT-I JAHANOrRI'. engaged I
remain quiet and loyal.
to
remained
some days
for
and consented
At
in the palace of Shatliab
army
No.v that they had
to forgive their misdeeds.
ones more thrown off their allegiance, Imperial
the instance of Kliurram,
it
command
again under the
my
was of
upon them the punishment they deserved, and example and warning
JJut he
for others.
Kangra, and many experienced
siege of
wish to send the
Khurram, to
to inflict
make them an
was engaged
in the
were with him
officers
on that service, so that for some days I could not determine
what
to do.
Letters
one
arrived
the
after
other,
The
forces
field,
and
which had been
But the
whom
rebels
had taken the
in occupation
left
months had been operating against the had
they
.
obtained
employed themselves
advantages.
several
and laying
in plundering
country about the Imperial forces, and there was no
tiie
left
three
for
over
rebels,
road
the
that
and had occupied many parts of the Imperial dominions.
horse,
waste
reporting
numbered nearly 60,000
insurgents having gathered strength,
open for the supply of provisions, so great want arose.
Suddenly they descended from the Balaglmt, and stopped
Emboldened by
Balapur.
horse,
and
in
forces
numbered COOO or 7000
some fighting which occurred, they
Many
baggage.
their impunity, they meditated a raid
The Imperial
round Balapur.
all
sides,
the rebels advanced
Nearly 1000 men three great,
royal
their
lost
were killed or taken, and the rebels returned
unmolested and plundering to their quarters.
from
at
Gathering forces
fighting as
fixr
as
Azdu.
They stayed at Balapur months. The scarcity in the royal camp became very and many of the men fled and joined the rebels. The force
fell
retreated
on both
to
sides.
Burhanpur, and was
besieged there by the rebels.
They remained
followed for six
round Burhanpur, and took possession of several
and
months
districts
in
Birar and Khandesh, where they by force exacted contributions
from the people. privations,
The
royal forces suflcred great hardships and
and being unable
to
endure longer, they came out of
:
EMPEROR JAHANGfR.
103 the city
This increased the insolence and pride of the
(?).
]3j the favour of God, Ka,nf,"a
4th De,
Khurram
I sent
had
and
fallen,
Dakhin, and
to the
rebels.
so on Friday, the
upon
I conferred
hiin ten Icrors oi dams, to be collected from the country after its
now turned back on my
conquest. * * I
return to the capital.]
Sixteenth Year of the Reign.
my
[The Nau-roz of suni,
sixteenth year
1030 H. (10th March, 1G21
fell
on the 27th Rabi'u-s
a.d.).]
Fall of a Meteoric Stone.
One
On
of the
most surprising events of the time
is
the following
the morning of the 30th Farwardin of the present year, a
very loud and dreadful noise arose from the villages of the parrjana of Jalandhar,
east, in
one of the
and almost frightened the
In the midst of the noise a light
inhabitants to death.
the earth from the sky, and the people thought that
going to
After a moment, when the noise had subsided, and who were much confounded and alarmed, had come to
of the pargana,
'Amil
and informed him of the phenomenon.
Tlie
'Amil immediately rode eyes.
Muhammad
Sa'id, the
their senses, they sent a runner to
own
on
was
fall.
the people,
liis
fell
fire
to the village,
The land
for
and saw the place with
about ten or twelve yards in length
and breadth was so burnt that not a blade of grass or herbage was found there.
it
was dug the warmer
last a piece of iron appeared,
out of a furnace.
just taken
He
took
sealed
it
it
to his residence,
up, he sent
and found
to
it
to
me.
weigh 160 tolm.
but he represented that
be
mixed with
it
After some time
and having put It
it
was weighed
I ordered it,
ordered
was found.
it
became
my
and
to
cool.
bag and
into a in
to
At
had been
if it
Ustad Daud
it
presence,
make a bring them to me; to
would not bear hammering, but would
I ordered that
other
it
which was as hot as
sword, a dagger, and a knife from
break into pieces.
He
The ground was yet warm.
be dug, and the deeper
iron.
if
that
was the case
it
should
Accordingly three parts of the
"WAxrAT-i jAiiA'XGrRr.
to
and one
knife,
dagg-cr,
Tlie sword bent like the genuine
to be tried before
to the best
the other kind of
I
ordered
me, and they cut exceedingly well, equal
tempered swords.
m
War [On
Khurdad,
the 4 til
the Imperial forces
the'
DakMn.
letters arrived
from Khurram.
When
reached IJjjain, a letter arrived from the
which held Mandii, with the information that a rebel
force
hdd boldly crossed the Nerbadda, had burnt several sight of the fort,
and was engaged
mander-in-chief sent forward of 5000 horse, to
force
villages in
The com-
in plundering.
Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan,
march rapidly and
The Khwaja
rebels.
and
Almchi swords or those
Dakhin, and again became perfectly straight.
tlie
them
iron,
were made and presented
The watering was made on them with
me.
iron.
of
mixed wilh one part of common
iron were
iiictcoric
two swords, one
104
at the
head
punishment on the
inflict
arrived at daybreak on the banks of the
Nerbadda, but they had got information of his approach, and
had crossed over just before he came.
them
The
for nearly four kos^
rebels retreated to
Khwaja, directing advanced
force,
their approach the rebels took to flight,
up
in
to the
Khurram to
and removed
For two years the royal
joined the
Burhanpur.
foi'ces
On
to a distance
had been shut
Burhanpur, and had suffered greatly from want of food
and supplies.
They were
greatly in
remained there nine days to lacs
to the sword.
remain on that side of the river until
Shortly afterwards
and they marched rapidly
from Burhanpur.
royal forces pursued
Khurram then wrote
Burhanpur.
liim to
he' himself arrived.
The
and put many of them
of
rupees and
many
refit,
coats
want of
horses.
The army
and during that time thirty were distributed among the
They had no sooner begun to move, than the rebels, unable to make any resistance, fled. The royal forces pursued, and put many of them to the sword. Thus giving them Imperial soldiers.
no time
for repose,
abode of Nizaniu-1
they drove them to Khirki, which was the
Mulk and
other rebels.
But
before the royal
EMPEROR JAHANGFR.
105
army
arrived, the rebels carried
Nizamu-1 Mulk with
oJfF
men were scattered about the country. The royal forces stayed three days at Khirki, and
his
all
Some
family and depeiidcuts to thp fortress of Daulatabad.
of
their
so destroyed
that town, which had taken twenty years to build, that hardl}' recover its
destroyed this place,
it
was determined
was besieged by a rebel
wdiich
besiegers,
With
force,
this determination
loyal,
and not
to
also to send his tribute perial Court.
It
that the rebels,
and nobles
He
Ahmadnagar,
place, to return.
to express his re-
promised ever afterwards
and a sum as an indemnity in the royal
who were
at
this
Im-
to the
time there was a
camp, and
tlie
news arrived
laying siege to Ahmadnagar, being
frightened at the approach of the royal army, had to a distance.
to
depart from the old arrangement, and
happened that just
want of provisions
to
after driving off the
they marched to Pattan. The rebel now
pentance and ask forgiveness.
great
march
and
and revictualling and reinforcing the
resorted to artifice, and sent envoys
remain
to
will
it
Having
splendour for the next twenty years.
So a reinforcement and some cash
to
moved
off
supply his
Khan (the commandant). Having made every necessary provision, the royal army set out on its return. After much entreaty on the part of the rebel, it was needs were sent to Khanjar
settled that, besides the territory
Imperial
a space of fourteen Aus beyond should be re-
officers,
linquished,
which was formerly held by the
and a sum of
fifty
lacs of
rupees should be sent to
the Imperial treasury.] Illness [I h"i.ve before
of Jahdng'ir,
mentioned that on the day of the Dasahra, when
I war .a
Kashmir,
breath.
This was charged entirely to the moisture of the atmo-
sphere.
In the air-passages on
was seized with a catching and shortness of
I
oppression and catching was
became relief;
fixed. * *
but when
A I
my
felt.
course of
left side
near the heart, an
It gradually increased
warm
medicine gave
me
a
and little
crossed the mountains, the violence of the
\06
WAKPAT-I JAHANGFRr.
On
malady increased.
and
for several days,
I
the present occasion I took goafs milk
me
bethought
ment by various
doctors.^
medicine, I gave up
me any
all
ing, conti-ary to
my
degrees I carried
it
good.
In despair of obtaining iny
-ian.
As
habit, I resorted to
When
to excess.
from
upon the
I found relief in drinkit
in ihe
daytime, and by
the weather became hot,
my
the evil effects of this became apparent, and
Nur Jahan Begam, whose
suffering increased.
{^Treat-
relief
doctoring, and throw myself
mercy of the Universal Physi
had
of the camcl'.s milk (I
forraerl. taken), but neither of tlicm did
weakness and sense and ex-
and
perience exceeded that of the physicians, in her kindness
devotion, exerted herself to reduce the quantity of tions,
and
me
to provide
Although
I
I now had
had
I took,
and improper things. give
and guarded
My
hope
is,
and
their advnce,
She gradually reduced the
me
against unsuitable food
that the True Physician will
* perfect cure. *
me a
Wlien
intelligence of
my
did not wait for a sunmions,
illness
reached
ni}'
son Parwez,
but set off instantly to see
my
came
although
I
him on the throne near me, and
I seated
presence.
adjured him and forbad him, he burst into tears, and
showed the deepest concern. side,
I
prosperity
The
may
my
bosom.
my
I showed life
and
be prolonged.
extreme heat of iV^gra
on the 12th Aban,
for the
to
attention and kindness, and I hope that his
Journey
so
took his hand, drew him to
and pressed him affectionately
him every
lie
me, and
on the 14th of the month, that kind and dutiful son into
pota-
with suitable and soothing preparations.
before discarded the doctors
faith in her attention.
quantity of wine
my
to
Kdngrd.
my constitution, of my reign, I started
was uncongenial
in the sixteenth
year
to
mountain country on the north, intending,
if
the climate
proved suitable, to build a town somewhere on the banks of Ganges, to which
I
tnight resort in tbe hot weather.
If
I
tlio
could
not find a place that suited me, I intended to proceed furtlier
107
EMrEROn
towards Kashmir. *
and
the Gan2;os,
On
'
JAlIA'XGrR.
and
of the mountain!^ was not pleasant,
a residence,
I)riate for
Jammu
tains of
village of
On
* *
and Kangra. of Kangra,
air
and proceeded onwards
plaf'e,
found no place appro-
I
moun-
resolved to proceed farther to the
I
the 14th,
my
left
T
witli
arrived at
I
Bald an, a dependency of Siba, and as
desire for the
Hardwar on
the 7th De, I arrived at
halted; but as the climate of the skirts
tlnri'
great
tlie
had a great
I
camp
at
this
a few special ittendants and
servants towards the fortress.
I'timadu-d daula was
ill,
I left
Khan
under the charge of Sadik
day the
so
him behind with the camp
On
Mir-hdhhald.
was brought that a change
intelligence
the followingfor the
worse
had come over the Khan, and the signs of dissolution were
Moved by
manifest.
by the I
affection
the distress of
had
I
for
At
returned to the camp.
He
see him.
was by
my
was
made
side,
I stayed
state).
by
17th of the month
I
Nur Jahan Begam, and
could proceed no further, so
the close of the day
times insensible, and signs and asked
if I
his pillow two hours.
words were
to his senses, his
loss of
at
him,
lie
died,
intelligible
and
I
went
Niir Jahan,
perceived (his
to
who
critic
d
Whenever he came and
sensible.
I felt inexpressible
On
sorrow at
the tlie
such an able and faithful minister, and so wise and kind
a friend.
After this
I
went on towards Kangra, and
march encamped on the the month that the
I
went
laizi^
of Islam,
to
pay a
visit to the fortress,
after four days'
On
and
I
the 24th of
gave orders
should accompany me, and perform the ceremonies
we mounted said,
Ban-ganga. * *
the Chief Justice, and others learned in the law
required by our religion.
were
river
to the fort,
After passing over about half a
the hhutha was read, a cow was killed, ^.id v^ther
things were done, such as had never been done before
foundation of the fort to the present time.
my
A'os,
and then by the grace of God prayers
presence, and I
this great conquest
bowed myself which no
in
li-orn
the
All this was done in
thanks to the Almighty for
pi-evious
monarch had been able
WAKI'AT-I JAIIAXCrRI'. accomplisli,
to
ordered a large mosque to be built in the
I
* *
fortress.
A
\Q8
letter
from Khurram iiiformed me that Kliusru
luul died
ofcolie.l
Seventeenth Year of the [The Nau-roz of the seventeenth year of Jumada-1 awwal, 1031 (March,
A
King
Kamlahar with for
calling
Khan
had
of Persia,
from
fell
Bal:J(xhi
I
gave orders
and Khwaja Abii-1 Hasan
Kashuiii-,
were sent on
from the Dakiiiii, Gujarat, Bengal, and assendiled,
i\\v\v Jaij/rs anil
in succession to the
son of
—
Jalu'in, reporting
in
advance of
to Lahore, to organize the forces as the princes brouglit
came from
on
laid siege to the fort of
the forces of 'Irak and Khurasan.
troops
and Sadik Khan
D'ncdii
reign
ni}'-
1G2-2;.
despatch arrived from the son of
that Shi'ih 'Abbi'is,
liEioN.
IJiliar,
and as the nobles
and then
Khan Jahan
at
me
them up
to send tliem on
Art'Uery,
jNTultan.
mortars, elephants, treasui-e, arms, and equipments were also to be
S(nit
on thither
more would be
.
.For
.
necih'd.
such an army 100,000 bullocks or
* *
wlioin I ha
Zainu-1 'A'bidin.
summon Khurram,
re-
turned and reported that the Prince would come after ho had passed the rainy season in the fort of
and understood the contents of the all
pleased, or rather
faniiun to the
I
was
that as
effect,
the rains, he was to send
dis|)leased. it
mo
was
Mandu.
When
Princ(^\s letter, T I
I
read
was not at
consequently wrote a
his intention to wait
till
the great dinirs anil officers I
after
had
placed under his connnan
Bokhara, the Bhaikhzudas, the Afghans, and Rajputs.]
Rebellion of [Tnteliigencc of the
y«i^i/'6'
of
Shah Jahdn.
was brought that Khurram had
Nur
Jalian
Kegam and
had fought with Ashrafu-1 Mulk, an had been appointed
faiijildr of
sei'/ed
upon some
Prince Sliabrlyar.
officer of Shaliriyar's,
He who
Dholpur and the country round,
;
109
EMPEROR JAHAXGrR.
and several men had been
by
offended
and
l)roper
by
his delaying at the fort of
sides.
further
mind was I
intelligence,
favour and kindness I accordingly sent
I
saw
and
I
his iin-
had perceived
TJjion hearing of
estranged.
that,
had been
I
Mandu, and by
foolish statements in his letters,
his insolence that his
this
on both
killed
notwithstanding
the
all
had shown him, his mind was perverted
my
Raja Soz-afzun, one of
oldest servants, to
inquire into the reasons of this boldness and presumption. also sent
him a /anndn,
and not
affairs,
directing
from the Imperial Exchequer. all
Khurram's son was
For pre-'
ill,
I
come
to
me,
my When
If he acted contrary to
made a vow
love of shooting, I kept
time; but now that
lit
to
to
repent. * *
that, if
*
God would spare my own hand.
would uever shoot an animal again with
my
all
own
He was
the troops which had been required from him for
commands, he would afterwards have
life, I
his
had been bestowed upon him
warned him not
I
the campaign against Kandahar.
his
to attend to
to depart from the strict line of duty.
to be content with the jagirs that
but to send
him
I
resolved to
2:0
out shootinir
I
my vow
for five years to the
was offended with Khurram,
I
ajrain.
On the same day Afzal Khurram, arrived with a letter, in which Khurram endeavoured to make excuses for his undutiful actions. He On
the 24th I crossed the Jhelam.
Khaii, dlicun of
hoped also that by Afzal Khan's persuasion and might obtain forgiveness;
but
I
plausibility
he
took no notice of him, and
showed him no favour. Letters arrived from I'tibar
whom
I
had
left
Khan and
other of
perverse course, and preferring the
my
Khurram persisted way of disobedience
at Agra, stating that
officers
in his
to the
path of duty, had taken a decided step in the road to perdition
by marching upon Agra. not deemed
it
For
myself in making preparation
Khan
this reason, said I'tibar, I
for
also arrived, stating that
away the
have
advisable to send on the treasure, but have busied
veil of decency,
a siege. this
A
letter
from Asaf
ungrateful son had torn
and had broken
into open vebellion
— WAKI'AT-I JAHANGrRr.
Khan) had
that he (the
movements, he had
On
set out alone to join
punishment on
to inflict
"Wretch"
{he-clauhd)}
me
that the rebel had advanced Avith
neighbourhood of i^gra, session of
On
this ill-starred son [aiydh-
the 1st Isfandarinuz, I received a letter from I'tib^r
informing
'
expedient to move the treasure,
I issued an order that from this time forth he should be
balht).
On
it
me.
receiving this intelligence, I crossed the river at Sultanpur,
and marched
called
10
received no certain intelligence of his
not considering
so,
I
it
before
it
my
all
Khan,
speed to the
hope of getting pos-
capital, in the
could be put in a state of preparation.
reaching FaUipur, he found that his hope was vain, so he
He
remained there.
Khan) and
liis
son
was accompanied by Khan-khanan (Mirza and by many other amb's who held
;
now entered upon
the Dakliin and in Gujarat, and had of rebellion and perfidy. * *
The
office in
the path
rebels took nine lacs of rupees
from the house of Lashkar Khan, and everywhere they seized
upon whatever they found serviceable
my
tutor,
had now turned
rebel,
and
in the seventieth
year of his age had blackened his face with ingratitude.
was by nature a days, had
jiis
my
Khan-khanan, who had held the exalted dignity of
adherents.
being
in the possession of
rebel
He
E'on
But he
father, at the close of
same shameful way towards
had but followed the course of his
and disgraced himself Tlie
His
traitor.
acted in the
revered father.
•'
and
my
father,
in his old age
wolfs wholp will g-row a wolf, tlioutrli
reared with
man
himself."
After I had passed through Sirhind, troops came flocking in directions, and by the time I reached Dehli, such an assembled, that the whole country was covered with had army
from
men
all
as far as the eye could reach.
Upon
the rebel had advancc^d from Fathpur,
In this war 1
TUT
VI
I
appointed Mahabat
I
being informed that
marched
Khan
to Dehli.
commander-in-chief
[litre follows the passage quulcd in page 281 stiprd.^
26
Ill
EMPEROR JAHAXCFR. and 'Abdu
of the nrmy,
Khan
lla
command
to the
atlvanced force of chosen and experienced troops.
was to go on a kos
in advance, to collect information,
possession of the i-oads.
of the rebel tion about
;
he \ras an old companion was that he communicated informa-
to the rebel.]
ElGHTKENTH YeAR OF THE [Tlie eighteenth year of
my reign
was brought that the in the
rebel
On
gone twenty Zo? io the
this
day
intelligence
had advanced near to Mathura, and
pargmm
of Shahpur. * *
gence was that he had deviated
tliis rebellion,
ReIGTN.
commenced on 20tli Jumada-l
awwal, 1032 h. (lOth March, 1623).
had encamped
and take
I forgot that
but the result
my army
of the
His business
The next
intelli-
and had
firom the direct course,
Sundar Rai, who was the leader
left.
Darab son of Khau-khanan, and many other
in
ami^s^
The command was
had been sent on with the army against me.
nominally held by Darab, but Sundar was the real commander,
and the prop of the
Tliey encamped near Biluchpur.
revolt.
sent forward 25,00''* horse under Jfsaf
by Kasim Khan and and
in all places
Khan went
others. * *
by
Khun, and he was opposed
The
been gracious unto
Alnj^4;hty lias at all times
me
;
over to the enemy with 10,000
mand, and a great disaster menaced
I
my
so
when 'Abdu-lla
men under
his
com-
army, a bullet directed
foil made the rebels waver. Khwaja Abu-1 Hasan drove back the force opposed to him, Xsa£ Klian also brought up his division opportunely, and we achieved
Sundar, and his
killed
fiite
a great victory. * *
.
AVlien the rebel passed near Amber,* the birth-place
Man
liaja
S'ngh, he sent a party of
waste. * * 1 also learnt that
Basu, to
On
stir
lie
up disturbances
men
to plunder
and alMKle
tt
and lav
it
it,
had sent Jagat Singh, son
ol*
llaja
in his native land in the Panja^. * *
the 25th Crdibihisht, I appointed
my
son Shah Parwez
to the
command
was
have the supreme command, but Mu'taraadu-d daula al
to
^
of the
1
army operating
against the rebel.
[InUieproTinoeof Ajmir.j
He
WAKIAT-I JAHANOrRr.
Khan was
Kahira Mahabat
Khan, Raja
Giridhar,
also sent with liim.
suitable artillery,
On
The
'^
charged with the general direction
Khan-i 'alam, Maharaja Gaj Singh, Fazil
of the army.
Ra-^hid
^
Ram
R^ja
force consisted of
and twenty
laca of
Kl;ian,
Das, and others were 40,000 horse, with
rupees were assigned to
the 30th, agreeing with 19th Rajab, 1034,
I
it.
**
encamped by the
tank of Ana-sagar, within sight of Ajmir.
When
the
Clianda, and entered
of
army passed over the mountains of Malwa, Shah Jahan came out of the fort
Prince's
Mandii with 20,000
artillery,
horse,
600 elephants, and powerful
with th^ intention of giving
battle. * *
Mahabat Khan
opened communications with several persons, who, through apprehension or compulsion, had joined the army of the rebel, and they, perceiving that his case was hopeless, wrote to Mahabat,
asking for assurances of safety. risk a general action,
Shah Jahan, not daring
and thinking always of his
his elephants over the Nerbadda.
He
to
retreat, sent
then sent his forces against
army near the village of Kaliya but he himself, with Khan-khanan and several others, remained a hoa in the rear. Barkandaz Khan, who had been in correspondence with Mahabat,
the royal
;
and had received
his promise,
when the opposing armies ap-
proached each other, seized the opportunity of coming over to the royal
manded. officers of
army with the body of m'atchlockmen that he comRustam also, one of the chief and most trusted the rebel, received assurances from Mahabat, and came
o er with sevei"al other this,
he gave up
upon any lie
officers.
When Shah Jahan
resistance, and, being unable to place reliance
one, he determined to fly.
crossed
the
heard of
With
his forces in disorder,
Nerbadda, and several of his followers took
advantage of the confusion to join the royal army.
Shah Jahan, having on his
side,
crossed the Nerbadda, kept
and placed strong guards over the
all
the boats
fords.
Leaving
Beg Bakhshi with a force of his most trusty soldiers and men of the Dakhin, and with the artillery drawn up by the
Bairai.T
ri\cr,
he himself went
off
towards the
fort of
Asir and Burhan-
113
EMPEROR JAHANGIR. At
pur.
this time his
khanan had sent
men caught a messenger whom Khan-
Mahdbat Klian.
to
He
sent for the
and showed him the
letter
khanan endeavoured
to excuse himself, but could
satisfactory answer.
An
and Darab and
Rustam Khan, Muhammad Murad, and respects to
my
service of the
rebel,
under
were sent to ray received
Muhammad Murad
horse.
who
and had paid their
Rustam Khan
Court, and were received by me.
4000
arrest.
several others
dutiful son, according to orders
inansah of 5000, and
not give a
order was accordingly given that he
his other sons should be kept
had abandoned the
Khan,
Khan-
taken from the messenjrer.
a
a mansah
of 1000, and 500 horse, and prospects of future promotion were
held out to them.
When
the rebel Sha^i Jalian reached Asir, he placed
khanan, Darab, and
upper part of the
Khan-
other children in confinement in the
all his
He
fortress.
remained there three or four
days, attending to the victualling and preparation of the fortress,
which he placed under the command of Gopal Das, a Rajput. * * When he departed, he left some of his women and superfluous things there in charge of Gopal
;
but he took with him his three
wives, his children, and such maids as were necessary. intention
there
-.
was
to leave
Khan-khanan and
first
but he changed his mind, and carried them with him to
Burhdnpur. * * Mahabat
Khan-khanan from the Shah Jahan
also, in
Khan was rebel,
the strait
very desirous to separate
and thus to promote a peace. he then was, took Khan-khanan
out of confinement, and bound him by oath upon the faithful.
His
his children prisoners
To
Kuran
to be
give force to the oath and agreement, he took
into his female apartments,
and giving him the
him
privileges of a
near relation, presented to him his wives and children, and, with tears and great earnestness, said, " In case of evil falling upon
me, I trust myself and the honour of thing must be done, that I
may
my
family to you
proceed no
;
some-
further in this
wretched and miserable course."
Klian-khauan separated from him, intent upon peace, and pro-
WAKrAt-I JAHANGIRr. towanis the imperial army.
cecdofl
I
.
|4
was arranged that he
It
shouiil star
on that side of the river to cany on the negociations
for peace.
Bat
river,
some
army one night found a
place
and passed over *he
river.
before he readied the
m«n
dashing young
of the royal
which the rebels had
left augu;irde
bank of the
This caused some dismay, but Bairam Beg gallantly
^Vhilc he was getting his forces together
contest the pa.>tsage.
some more men paased
over,
Khan-khanan was
retreated.
^^olved to
and the same aight the left in
a
rebels
he did
difficult position,
know whether to advance or retreat. But the men of my son's army continually pressevl forward, and Khan-khanan w;is
not
from the trammels of rebellion, and was presented by
relievofl
my
JMahnbat Kltan to Sliuh Jahan,
son.
when he heard of
the pajjsage of the river
troops,
and the
retreat
Notwithstanding heavy rain and
of iKiirain Beg, fcW back.
inundations, he crossefl the river
went off towards the Dakhin.
who
the defection of Khan-khanan,
by the Imperial
willingly or im\rillingly
Mati
in
a wretched
state,
and
many officers, him, now separated
In the confusion
had joined
fntm him.
On
0th Xhan,
t!ic
Prince
Khawas Khan brought
and Mahabat Khan, informing
I*an.vt"7
rt^fhcd Burhanpiir, but that
many men had But
roi;se<|uencc of ti'c violence of the rain.
to orders, they
the
reb'-l
cfistinned
tlirir aniina!^ thi-outxli
The
rest,
royal
the heavy rain, and the
to the territories
the
the
roW
ft/niif
-U\-
->
I
-i
lost
many mire.
it.-rd
i]uittc*l
my
* *
The
rebel then
When my
went on
son Panvoz found
dominions, he and IMahabat and
rotumetl to Burhanpiir on the Ist Aban. arrived that Shall Jahan, with
Intclligeiict*
in pursuit of
on hearing of
and
of Kutbu-1 Malk.
tliar
fiigitives,
mud and
from Burhanpiir.
all
The
then continueil the pursuit to the pargana of
for.'cs
t'jrtv
acting in obedience
their flight in disorder,
bn
Ankot,
that they had
fallen in the rear in
and had pressed on
across the river (Tapti).
tlieir arrival, «»f
had taken no
a despatch from
me
-
-
:,
?
rrf.r
,>f
Darab and other
the territory of Kutbu-1 Mulk, and
EMTEROU
115 was making
and
for Oriss.i
.TAlIANOrR.
many
hardships, and
endure great
On
lionj^al.
of
way they
tlie
abandoned luni when they fonnd opportunity.
liad to
coniiianions
rebel's
tlie
* *
After per-
forming a long march, Shah Jaluin arrived at Machhh' (Masuli-
When
patam), which belonged to Kutbii-l Mulk.
Mulk
there became known, Kutbu-1
the fugitive, and gave
money and tlie
sent one of
liis
him every kind of rehcf and
He
provisions.
also directed his
fugitive safely out of his dominions,
liis
arrival
people to
assistance in
margrave to convoy
and he further appointed
grain-dealers and zaminddrs to attend his camp,
and supply
it
with corn and other necessaries. * *]
Nineteenth Year of the Reign. [The Nau-roz of Jamada-1
avvwal,
my
nineteenth year corresponded with 29th
1033 (10th March, 1C24).
came that the
Intelligence next
Upou which
of Orissa.
I
rebel
had reached the confines
farmdn to Prince Parwcz, nobles who had been sent to
issued a
Mahabat Khan, and the other
support them, with orders to provide, as far as possible, for the
and to march towards Allahabad and
safety of that province,
Bihar. * *
Upon
the arrival of these orders, the Prince pre-
pared to obey, and to march towards Allahabad, notwithstanding
On
the violence of the rains.
the 6th Farwardin, he marched
with the Imperial army from Burhanpur to Lai Bagh
Mahabat Khan remained Mulla
Muhammad
A despatch tion that
;
but
at Burhaiipur, awaiting the arrival of
Lari.
arrived from Jbrahmi
Beg Khan, with the informa-
Shah Jahan had entered the province
of Orissa.
The
explanation of this was, that between Orissa and the Dakhiu there
is
a
difficult pass,
the other a marsh
Golkonda had muskets.
It
^
(?)
on one side of which are mountains, on
and a
built a fort,
was impossible
river.
and
liad
In this place the ruler of
armed
it
with guns and
to pass this place without the con-
WAKI'AT-I JAHA'NCrRr.
Mulk
sent of Kutbu-1
but the
;
c-scoct
I
16
which he had sent to
conduct Shah Jahan had enabled the rebel to pass this fortress
and
to enter
Silih,
Orissa. * *
On
hearing of the rebel's approach,
brother of the late Xsaf
Bardwan, put the
fort in
Khdu, who held the Jdgir of
a state of defence. * * Ibrahim
Khan
being frightened, took refuge in Akbar-nagar,^ where he occupied
himself in gathering forces and preparing for resistance,] I
[Rajiuahal.
— Stewart's Bengal,
p. 186.]
117
TATIMMA-I
WA'KI'A'T-I
JAHANGmr
or
MUHAMMAD This work
is
the completion of the
The author
ing article.
aheady been made. of
He
is
f.
Memoirs noticed
Muhammad
in the preced-
Hadi, of whom mention has
In his Preface, however, he omits the
Kamwar Khan, which
he
old, after transcribing the
that after having completed this task, own hand to him that the "thirsty wanderers in the desert
it
;
would be
dissatisfied, like himself, at
youth had been much devoted
earliest
occurred
of history"
reaching to the end of the
eighteenth year and finding the work incomplete
from his
title
himself in his other works.
f^ives
when he was more than sixty years Memoirs of eighteen years with his
us that he wrote
tells
HAD
;
and
that, as
he
to historical studies,
he determined to complete the work to the close of Jahangir's reign,
and
to
add an Introduction
the principal events of Jahangir's
to the
life
Memoirs, detailing
previous to his accession
to the throne, availing himself for this purpose of several trust-
worthy manuscripts.
He
has done this satisfactorily, but without
adding anything to our previous knowledge
;
for
he copies his
and especially the Ikhdl-ndma^ from
authorities almost verbatim,
which he has borrowed most
largely.
duction, he tells us that he hoped
At the end
some day
of the Intro-
to be able to write
a brief history of the entire reign of Shah Jahan from beginning to end,
and
to
append
it
to the history of Jahangir.
He may
be considered to have aQcomplished this task in the Tdrikh-i CliaghaidL
The
copies I have seen of this
scripts of the authentic
work are annexed
to
manu-
Memoirs, and perhaps the continuation
TATIMMA-I "^AKT is
not to be found separate.
MS.
in the
[It
so
is
118
JAHANGrRr.
VT-I
annexed
to the
]Meiii'>iis
belonging to the Royal Asiatic Society.]
[The work, being a completion of the Memoirs, and appended them,
to
is
taken out of
its
Its exact date is
chronological order.
not known, but the author's other work, the Tdnkh-i Chayhatdi,
comes down to 1137 a.h.
The Introduction the
in
life
is
(a.d. 1724).
a brief narrative of the important events
of Jahangir prior to his accession, and
from Mirza
The body
is
borrowed
Kdmgar and other sources. of the work
is
almost entirely a reproduction of the
Ikhdl-ncima ; but the Editor has translated a few passages which the author appears to have derived from another authority. last
Extract
is
The
taken from the short chapter at the end on the
ministers of Jahangir contributor, but
it
the translation of this
;
has been greatly altered by
The Introduction comprises 28 pages, and Memoirs 88 pages of 17 lines each.
is
by an unknown
Sir
H. M.
Elliot.]
the continuation of
the
extracts.
Nineteenth Year of the Reign. [The New Year began on a day corresponding with 29th Jumada-1 awwal, 1033 h. (10th March, 1624
When
Sultan Parwez and Mahabat
abad, 'Abdu-lla
Khan
army was thus delayed
for
a.d.).
arrived near Allah-
and returned
to Jhaunsi.
the river in force, and
had carried
raised the siege
Darya Khan held the bank of all the boats over to his own
Khan encamped on
Khan
side
;
the passage of the Imperial
The Prince and Mahabat Dary4 Khan
some days.
the other side of the river.
held the fords, but the zaminddrs of the neighbourhood showed their loyalty,
and collected thirty boats
-'uided the royal forces over at a spot
Khan '
from various parts, and
some
kos higher up.
Darya
held his position to contest the passage until he heard
[The phrase here used
for boats
f-wae character as eonjir-i-fil in Vol.
*
V.
p. lOS,
is
manzil-i kishti, which seems to bn of tbir
aud kn(dr-i shuiur.
where the word
sai-di is
Sec a note of Sir
used ia connexiou with
.ships.]
IT. Elliot's
9
I
MUHAMMAD
1
army had
that the royal
longer tenable, and
Kaja
fell
so
;
and
liohtas,
'Abdu-lla
Jalu'iu
Siiiil
hin;.sclt"
sent
river
and
bis
proceeded to
Khan, Raja
then knew that
male
nart
]*:
'Abdu-lla
couii.ixllcd
f<
it
\va^
He
s.
no
Khan and
a niovcniciit to
and attendants
Daiva
and
Ijliini.
arrived at Benares, passed over
to
was joined by
and having
Kbi'in,
Uanges, and halted on the
tlie
Tunus. Prince Parwcz and Mahubat Khan, having arrived
Damdama,^ they
at
He
crossed.
back to Jaunpur,
Bliini proccc
Eenares
HADf.
left
Aka Mulianmiad
Zanian Tehcraui
thei-e,
while they passed over the Ganges with the intention of crossing
Shah Jahan, leaving Khan-dauran
over the Tunus.
of his position, crossed the Ganges^ and confronted
who
Zaraan, fill!
A
Muhammad Zaman
and
sharp action followed.
soldiers
Khan-dauran advanced
back to Jhaunsi.
fell
confidence,
left alone,
defeated,
Jahan's,
now
Rustam Khan, an
His head was
a good thing that the traitor
^
said
(Khan-dauran) had been
Jahangir Kuli, son of Khan-i 'azam, who was present,
him
one can
call
exist, for
he served
he do
Even now. his head
!
Shah Jahan took towards the Dakhin.
A
said,
is
his departure from Bengal,
Mukhlis
Khan
despatch arrived from
and proceeded
then went on the win^s of
him and
city,
his amirs
Asad Khan,
on to the
the Bakhshi
Ya'kub
and that Sarbuland Rai had gone out of the
with the intention of attacking him. 1
No
Habshi, with 10,000 horse, had arrived at Malkapur, ten kos
from the
[ilamdama means
name.]
"
raised above all."
of the Dakhin, written at Burhanpur, to the effect that
Khan
killed.
master to the death, and what more could
haste to Prince Parwez, to send
Dakhin. * *
was
it
more devoted man cannot
rebel or traitor, a his
Shah
old servant of
him and joined Prince Parwez. Ho
left
and his
he struggled and fought
desperately in every direction until he was killed.
sent to Prince Parwez.
in
hastened to meet him.
Khan-dauran was
abandoned him. J3eing
charge
in
Muhammad
*'
a battery," but here
it
Upon
city
this, strict injunc-
would rather appear
to be a proper
120
TATIMMA-I WAKl'AT-I JAEANGrRr. were sent
tions
him
forbiddin;::
to
until reinforcements
fi":ht
arrived.
At the force
1034 a.h. Shah Jahau an-ived
bc"innin<]r of
Malik 'Ambar tendered him
Dakhin.
Khan Habshi
under the command of Ya'^kub
Ho
to plunder.
who proceeded
coninmnicated
in that direction,
The Prince then
ganw.
Khan, and lay
tliis
movement
and pitched
sent 'Abdu-lla
Shah Jahan,
camp
Khan
He
siege to Burhanpiir.
Burhanpiir
to
to
his
in the
and sent a
assistance,
Dewal-
at
to join
Ya'kub
himself followed, and
pitched his tent in the Lai Bagh, in the outskirts of the city.
Rao Ratan, and
their best to put
besieged,
in
a state of defence, and took every precau-
Shah Jahan ordered 'Abdu-lla
side,
and Shah Kuli Khan on the
by
dint
numbers
of
but
Shdh
and made their way
inside.
'Abdu-lla in walls,
it
in the place, did
it.
tion to secure
town on one
who were
other Imperial officers
check
;
Sarbuland Rai then
left
and
by hard
to assail the
held
fighting,
Kuli's division breached
a force to keep 'Abdu-lla
check, and hastened to attack
The
other.
Shdh
Kuli.
the
Khdn
in
Shah
Several of
Kuli Khan's men were scattered in the streets and bazars, but he, with the few
around him, stood
citadel,
fast in the
esplanade in front
He
then entered the
Several of them
of the citadel.
Sarbuland Rai surrounded
and closed the gates.
Shah Kuli, being hard
fell.
Shah Jahan then ordered a second several officers of distinction
and many
was
assault.
officers
JaYar received a
He mounted
fell.
fell,
wound
but
failed,
and
his horse,
and
but without success.
in the
he went away.
neck from a
who broke up and went away,
men who were
disheartened by failure.
now
arrived,
Saiyid
bullet,
His departure
the Dakhinis,
Intelligence
made
Great courage was again displayed,
and men
slijrht
so frightened that
and
;
attack to be
although great gallantry was exhibited, the assault
ordered a third
it,
pressed, capitulated.
but he
aflected all
followed by
that Prince Parwez and
many
Mahdbat
Khau, with the Imperial army, had reached the Nerbadda on
MUHAMMAD
121
HADf. 'Abdu-lla
their return, so Sliali Jalian retired to the Balagliat.
Kliau separated
him, and occupied the
froui
villa2;e
[mauza') of
Indorc. * *J
Twentieth Yeah of the
[When
E,eign.
the raising of the siege of Burlianpur v/as reported to
the Eniperor, he bestowed great favours on Sar'oniand llai.
gave
whiclK there
was
mamah
a
liini
raised,
is
of
5000 and the
no higlier
Shah
was seized with
in the
lie
of iiain Kaj, than
Wlien the
Dakhin.
siege
Jalian oont his course to the Dakhin, but he
illness
became apparent
title
title
to
on tho way.
him, and he
of his father for his offences.
felt
The
error of his conduct
So with
this proper feeling
wrtite a letter to his father, expressing his
and begging pardon
now
that he must beg forgiveness
for all faults past
he
sorrow and repentance,
and present.
wrote an answer with his own hand, to the
effect
His Majesty
that
if
he would
send his sons Dura, Shukoh and Aurangzeb to Court, and Mould surrender llol^tus and the fortress of Asir, which were held by his
adherents,
full
forgiveness
should be given him, and the
Upon
country of the Balaghat should be conferred upon him. reading
this,
Shah Jahan decv.ed
father's wishes
;
so,
it
his
duty to conform
;to
his
notwithstanding the love he had for his sons,
he sent them to his father, with offerings of jewels, chased arms, elephants, etc., to the value of ten lacs of rupees.
]Muzaffar
Khan,
directing
him
appointed by the Emperor, and then to ])akhslii.
lie also wrote to
He
wrote to
to surrender Ilohtas to the person «'.i|
Hayat Khan
ing Asir to the Imj)erial officers.
i,.
with Sultan
Murad
directions for surrender-
Shah Jahan then proceeded
to Nasik. * * It
was now reported
Nakshabandi.
As
Emperor that Mahabat jvuau had Khwaja JJarkhurdar, the eldest son of
to the
maiTied his danghter to
this marriage
had been contracted without
the royal consent, the Emperor was greatly offended for the
;
so he sent
young man, and asked him why he had, contrary
married the daughter of so great a noble.
He
was unable
to rule, to give
TATIMMA-I WA'KrAT-I JAHAXCrRr.
122
a satisfactoiy answer, so he was ordered to be beaten, and sent to prison. * *
The
intenigcnce of
Mahabat Khan's daring
act having reached
Shall Jalian, he was greatly incensed, and notwitlistanding his
bodily weakness and want of warlike munitions, he resolved to go to the assistance of his father,
sumptuous deed.
lG2u
he
A.D.),
On
On
men men
of tho
who
'iJliini,
liiokf-
li.'-i.'i's
reaching ^jinir, Haja Kishan Singh,
and 500 horse-
and went away, leaving only 500
nji
-.
and these were
in great distress.
tlio
and
circunistances,
Ajnii'r to
go to Thatta,
to
reuKiin for a while in that obscure place.
from
for this pre-
carry out his oi'iginal intention, he resolved to do
to
the best he could under
and
punishment
accciuj anied him, died,
in the suite of Sliali .Jaha
Unable
inflict
Nasik with 1000 horse, hoping tu gather
h'ft
forces as ho proceodtd.
son of liaja
and
the 23rd Raniazau, 1035 a.u. (7th June,
So he proceeded
Kagor, and from thence through Joudhpiir and
Jesalmir.]
From Mirza Ohiyas ever
left
I]eg
who
the Wdz'trs?
was so charitably disposed, that no one
his door dissatisfied;
certainly was Istajlu,
Memoirs of
the
but in the taking of bribes he
most uncomi)romising and
fearless.
'Ali Kuli
the Second, came and entered the service of the Emperor
during the period of his stay at Lahore.
Mirza Ghiyas Beg's daughter, who was
who honoured him with
gave him a
The
jdfjir in
close of his life
his reward,
and
Mirza Ghiyas [This
ia
its
and proceeded
orders of the King, \^(ig.,
the
Bengal, and directed
already been related in
1
Akbar
lie there married
bom
in
the
city of
This individual afterwards entered the service
Kandahar. Jahani-ir,
Beg
was educated under the instructions of Shah Isnia'il
tlie
of Sher-Afgan,
him
to proceed there.
his killing of
Kutbu-d din Khan has
proper place.
After he had met with
to the desert of annihilation,
officers
in
little
by the
Bengal 'sent the daughter of
surnamcd I'timadu-d daula,
borrowed with
of
title
to
His Majesty,
ultcratiou from the Iklui-ituina, sec post, p. 403.]
MUHAMMAD
123
HADF.
Kutbu-d din Khan,
affliction at the deatli of
who, in the deepest
placed her on the establislitnent of Euki3'a Sulfdua, one of his father's v.ives,
on wliich she continued for a long time without
However, the days of misfortune drew
any employment. and the
close,
The
chamber was pre-
bride's
Hope
pared, the bride was decorated, and desire began to arise.
was
A
iittppv.
to a
^ood fortune commenced to shine, and
as from a deep sleep.
wake
to
stars of her
key was found
for closed doors, a restorative
was
New
Year's festival
she attracted the love and affection of the King.
She was soon
found for broken
made the
favourite
she received the
and
after
wif'i;
of His JNIajesty.
in
tlie
first
instance
of Niir Mahal, " the Light of the Palace,"
title
some days Nhr Jahdn Bctjanu "
tlie
Queen, the I
All her relations were elevated to the highest
the World." in the
and on a certain
Jiearts;
offices
Ftimadu-d daula became Prime Minister, and
State.
her eldest brother, Abu-1 Hasan, was appointed Master of the Ceremonies, under the
were deprived of
his relatives
Khan.
of I'timad
title
power
all
The King and
wdiile the servants
;
eunuchs of I'timadu-d daula became Khans and Turkhaii>.
who
old servant called Dila Rani, of the King, superseded Haji
liad
Koka
and
The
nursed the favourite lady
in the
appointment of super-
intendent of the female servants of the palace, and without her
Sadru-s Sadur would not pay their stipends.
seal the
Jahan managed the whole
Niir
the realm, and honours of
affairs of
every description were at her disposal, and nothing was wanting
make her an
to
absolute monarch but the reading of the khutha
name.
in her
For some time she
make struck
and
sat at the jJiarokd}
their salutations
n her name, and the royal
nobles
seal
came
to
Coins were
on farmdns bore her
In short, by degrees she became, except in name, un-
signature.
disputed Sovereign of the Empire, and the '
tl'e
and receive her commands.
King himself became
" Every morning the Mogul comes to a window, called the jaruco, which looks
into the i)lain or
open
common
—
jarruco.
people." It
is
s])!ice
Sir T.
before the palace gate, where he shows himself to the
Rowe.
In Purchas this
a Hindi vroTiJharokhd,
'•
a
lattice."
is
called yarwco, iu Churchill
TATIMMA-I WAKI'AT-I JAHANOrRr.
He
a tool in her liands. lias
bee
State,
meat
.
selected,
an
ai. 1
liberal
]iini.«clf
and just
500
girls
srenerositv.
tliat
Nur
Jah;'»n
Bof^am <»t'
mcny.
2;oldeu
to all
for all sull'crors,
expense of
used to say
wise enough to conduct the matters
that he wanted only a bottle of win^' and piece of
keep
Nur Jahau won asvlum
is
|24
Jier
in
opinions
who
lifetime,
all
people.
begi^ed lier support.
and helpless
private purse.
lier
from
and
girls
She was
She was an
were marrieil at the
must
liavc portioned about
tliou.-;ands
were grateful for her
Slie
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