Wada Report

CONTENTS

Page

1. Mission

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2. Introduction

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3. Background Information

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4. History

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(a) Early years of doping (b) First Attempts (c) Tests begin to work (d) New challenges (e) United Efforts

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5. Logo

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6. Doping

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7. Governance

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8. Finance

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9. World Anti-Doping Codes (a) Advances (b) Revised Codes

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10. Prohibited list (a) List of substance ‘The World Anti-Doping Code’

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11. Famous Cases of WADA (a) Floyd Landis (U.S. cycling) (b) Muhammad Asif

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12. Results

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1. Mission The World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) mission is to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against doping in sport in all its forms.

2. Introduction Its key activities include scientific research, education, development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring of the World Anti Doping Code (Code) – the document harmonizing anti-doping policies in all sports and all countries. WADA is a Swiss private law Foundation. Its seat is in Lausanne, Switzerland, and its headquarters are in Montreal, Canada. WADA works towards a vision of the world that values and fosters a doping-free culture in sport.

3. Background Information At the 2nd, International Intergovernmental Consultative Group on Anti-Doping in Sport (IICGADS) forum held in Oslo, Norway in November 2000, governments agreed that they would fund 50 percent of WADA's budget. Subsequently at the 3rd IICGADS forum held in Cape Town, South Africa in May 2001, the governments reconfirmed this decision. This was a governmental decision and WADA was not part of the decision making process. The regional share percentages were subsequently reconfirmed in the text of the Copenhagen Declaration on Anti-Doping in Sport which was developped and agreed by governments at the World Conference on Doping in Sport held in Copendhagen, Denmark, in March 2003. The Copenhagen Declaration was signed by 193 governments. For more in-depth information on how the above formula and decisions were made through the five IICGAD's meetings please visit: http://www.nla.gov.au/nla.arc-13674. Following the IICGADS decisions, the respective government representatives from each region on WADA’s Foundation Board have been responsible for facilitating agreement within each region to determine the apportionment of WADA's funding by individual countries. The WADA Executive Committee Member of the region usually leads this process. This information is then provided each year to WADA by the Board Members so that each country can be individually invoiced. .

4. History The word doping is probably derived from the Dutch word dop, the name of an alcoholic beverage made of grape skins used by Zulu warriors in order to enhance their prowess in battle. The term became current around the turn of the 20th century, originally referring to illegal drugging of racehorses. The practice of enhancing performance through foreign substances or other artificial means, however, is as old as competitive sport itself.

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(a) Early Years of Doping Ancient Greek athletes are known to have used special diets and stimulating potions to fortify themselves. Strychnine, caffeine, cocaine, and alcohol were often used by cyclists and other endurance athletes in the 19th century. Thomas Hicks ran to victory in the marathon at the 1904 Olympic Games, in Saint Louis, with the help of raw egg, injections of strychnine and doses of brandy administered to him during the race... By the 1920s it had become evident that restrictions regarding drug use in sports were necessary. (b) First Attempts In 1928 the IAAF (athletics) became the first International Sport Federation (IF) to ban doping (use of stimulating substances). Many other IFs followed suit, but restrictions remained ineffective as no tests were performed. Meanwhile the problem was made worse by synthetic hormones, invented in the 1930s and in growing use for doping purposes since the 1950s. The death of Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen during competition at the Olympic Games in Rome 1960 (the autopsy revealed traces of amphetamine) increased the pressure for sports authorities to introduce drug testing. In 1966 UCI (cycling) and FIFA (football) were among the first IFs to introduce doping tests in their respective World Championships. In the next year the International Olympic Committee (IOC) instituted its Medical Commission and set up its first list of prohibited substances. Drug tests were first introduced at the Olympic Winter Games in Grenoble and at the Olympic Games in Mexico in 1968. In the year before, the urgency of anti-doping work had been highlighted by another tragic death, that of cyclist Tom Simpson during the Tour de France. (c) Tests Begin to Work Most IFs introduced drug testing by the 1970s, however, the use of anabolic steroids was becoming widespread, especially in strength events, as there was no way of detecting them yet. A reliable testing method was finally introduced in 1974 and the IOC added anabolic steroids to its list of prohibited substances in 1976. This resulted in a marked increase in the number of doping-related disqualifications in the late 1970s, notably in strength-related sports such as throwing events and weightlifting. Anti-doping work was complicated in the 1970s and 1980s by suspicions of state-sponsored doping practices in some countries, which were substantiated by the former German Democratic Republic. The most famous doping case of the 1980s concerned Ben Johnson, the 100-metre champion who tested positive for stanozolol (anabolic steroid) at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. Johnson's case focused the world's attention to the problem of doping to an unprecedented degree. In the 1990s, there was an evident connection between more effective test methods and a remarkable drop in the level of top results in some sports. (d) New challenges While the fight against stimulants and steroids was producing results, the main front in the anti-doping war was rapidly shifting to blood doping. "Blood boosting," removal and subsequent re-infusion of the athlete's blood in order to increase the level of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin, has been practiced since the 1970s. The IOC banned blood doping as a method in 1986. Other ways of increasing the level of hemoglobin were being tried, however. One of these was erythropoietin (EPO). EPO was included in the IOC's list of prohibited substances in 1990, however the

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fight against EPO was long hampered by the lack of a reliable testing method. An EPO detection test (approved by WADA) was first implemented at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000.

(e) United efforts In 1998 a large number of prohibited medical substances were found by police in a raid during the Tour de France. The scandal led to a major reappraisal of the role of public authorities in anti-doping affairs. As early as 1963, France had been the first country to enact anti-doping legislation. Other countries followed suit, but international cooperation in anti-doping affairs was long restricted to the Council of Europe. In the 1980s there was a marked increase in cooperation between international sports authorities and various governmental agencies. Before 1998 debate was still taking place in several discrete forums (IOC, Sports Federations, individual governments), resulting in differing definitions, policies, and sanctions. One result of this confusion was that doping sanctions were often disputed and sometimes overruled in civil courts. The Tour de France scandal highlighted the need for an independent international agency, which would set unified standards for anti-doping work and coordinate the efforts of sports organizations and public authorities. The IOC took the initiative and convened the Firts World Conference on Doping in Sport in Lausanne in February 1999. Following the proposal of the Conference, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established on November 10, 1999. After the events that shook the world of cycling in the summer of 1998, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to convene a World Conference on Doping, bringing together all parties involved in the fight against doping. The First World Conference on Doping in Sport held, in Lausanne, Switzerland, on February 2-4, 1999, produced the Lausanne Declaration on Doping in Sport. This document provided for the creation of an independent international anti-doping agency to be operational for the Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney in 2000.

5. Logo WADA’s tag line “play true” encapsulates WADA’s core values, and WADA’s logo visually expresses the universal spirit of sport practiced naturally, within the rules, and free from artificial enhancements. The logo’s “equal sign” expresses equity and fairness and is made with a human touch to reflect the particularities of each individual. The “square” represents the customs and the rules that must be respected. The color black evokes neutrality and is the traditional color of the referee. Green evokes health and nature and is the usual color of the field of play. The mark is dynamic, yet simple, as is the nature of sport.

6. Doping The use of a drug or blood product to improve athletic performance is called doping. A term derived from the African Kaffirs who used a local brew called ‘dop’ as a stimulant. The International Olympic Committee's Lausanne Declaration on Doping in Sport (1999) states that ‘… doping is defined as the use of an artifice, whether substance or method, potentially dangerous to athletes’ health and/or capable of enhancing their performance’. The World Anti-Doping Agency has compiled a list of prohibited substances. In sports, doping refers to the use of performance-enhancing drugs, particularly those that are forbidden by the organizations that regulate competitions.

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7. Governance WADA is composed of a Foundation Board, an Executive Committee and several Committees. The 38-member Foundation Board is WADA’s supreme decision-making body. It is composed equally of representatives from the Olympic Movement and governments. The Foundation Board delegates the actual management and running of the Agency, including the performance of activities and the administration of assets, to the Executive Committee, WADA’s ultimate policy-making body The 12-member Executive Committee is also composed equally of representatives from the Olympic Movement and governments. WADA's Presidency – a volunteer position – alternates between the Olympic Movement and governments. WADA’s Committees act as advisory committees and provide guidance for the Agency’s programs.

8. Finance WADA’s funding is sourced equally from the Olympic Movement and governments of the world The Olympic Movement has a policy of making payments to WADA only when governments make their payments, matching dollar for dollar contributions. The WADA Statutes require that annual contributions be received by WADA no later than December 31 of each year for the following year. Contributions received by year, as well as WADA's Financial Statements, can be found in the Download Center to the right. Initially funded by the International Olympic Committee, WADA now receives half of its budgetary requirements from them, with the other half coming from various governments throughout the world. WADA's funding was decided through this governmental process whereas the governments agreed to fund 50 percent of WADA's budget. It was decided that for the five Olympic regions of the world, WADA's regional budget allocation for governments was agreed to be apportioned as follows: Africa: Americas: Asia: Europe: Oceania:

0.5% 29% 20.46% 47.5% 2.54%

9. World Anti-Doping Code One of the most significant achievements in the fight against doping in sport to date has been the drafting, acceptance and implementation of a harmonized set of anti-doping rules, the World Anti-Doping Code (Code).

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The Code is the core document that provides the framework for harmonized anti-doping policies, rules and regulations within sport organizations and among public authorities. It works in conjunction with five International Standards aimed at bringing harmonization among anti-doping organizations in various areas: testing, laboratories, Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs), the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods, and for the protection of privacy and personal information. This harmonization works to address the problems that previously arose from disjointed and uncoordinated anti-doping efforts, such as, among others, a scarcity and splintering of resources necessary to conduct research and testing, a lack of knowledge about specific substances and procedures being used and to what degree, and an uneven approach to penalties for athletes found guilty of doping. (a) Advances Since it entered into force on January 1, 2004, the Code has proven to be a very powerful and effective tool in the harmonization of anti-doping efforts worldwide. This has been demonstrated by the overwhelming support of governments and sports in accepting the Code, in addition to the growing body of jurisprudence from the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in supporting the Code’s tenets. The adoption of the Code led to several significant advances in the global fight against doping in sport, including the formalization of certain rules as well as the clarification of stakeholder responsibilities. This brought about harmonization to a system where previously rules had varied and, in some cases, did not exist. Additionally, the Code introduced the concept of “non-analytical” rule violations, meaning that a sanction can be applied in cases where there is evidence that an anti-doping rule violation occurred but where there is no positive doping control test. (b) Revised Code Building on the experience gained in the application of the Code and with the goal of enhancing antidoping programs worldwide, WADA initiated a consultation process, in 2006, for the practical review and fine-tuning of the Code’s provisions. Throughout the revision process, WADA encouraged comments and suggestions, from both its stakeholders and all those who want clean and fair sport, that would benefit the global community of athletes. Following an open and transparent consultation process that included three phases and the publication of several preliminary drafts, the revised Code was unanimously adopted by WADA’s Foundation Board and endorsed by the 1,500 delegates present on November 17, 2007, the final day of the Third World Conference on Doping in Sport, in Madrid, Spain. The revisions to the Code took effect on January 1, 2009. The Code review process resulted in an even stronger, more robust tool to ensure that all athletes benefit from the same anti-doping procedures and protections, no matter the sport, the nationality, or the country where tested, so that, in the end, athletes may participate in competition that is safe and fair.

10. Prohibited List The Prohibited List is updated annually following an extensive consultation process facilitated by WADA. The 2009 List is valid until December 31, 2009 and the 2010 List will be valid from January 1, 2010. The Prohibited List (List) was first published in 1963, WADA is responsible for the preparation and publication of the List. The List is a cornerstone of the Code and a key component of harmonization. It is an International Standard identifying substances and methods prohibited in-competition, out-of-competition

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and in particular sports. The use of any prohibited substance by an athlete for medical reasons is possible by virtue of a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE).

(a) List of Substance ‘The World Anti-Doping Code’ THE 2009 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD • • • • •

S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS S2. HORMONES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES S3. BETA-2 AGONISTS S4. HORMONE ANTAGONISTS AND MODULATORS S5. DIURETICS AND OTHER MASKING AGENTS

PROHIBITED METHODS • • •

M1. ENHANCEMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER M2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION M3. GENE DOPING

SUBSTANCES AND METHODS PROHIBITED IN-COMPETITION STIMULANTS • • •

S7. NARCOTICS S8. CANNABINOIDS S9. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS

SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED IN PARTICULAR SPORTS • •

P1. ALCOHOL P2. BETA-BLOCKERS

11. Famous Cases of WADA (a) Floyd Landis (U.S. cycling), Landis became the first winner of the Tour de France to be stripped of the title after failing a dope test but for WADA the true victory came when the American's appeal was rejected and the ban upheld. A day after a poor performance in the 16th stage of the 2006 race appeared to put him out of contention, Landis staged an astounding fight back, winning the final mountain stage in spectacular style to reclaim the yellow jersey. A drug test after the 17th-stage win revealed Landis's dramatic charge was fuelled by performance-enhancing drugs when he tested positive for synthetic testosterone. Landis denied using drugs and blamed the positive tests on procedural mistakes by the French laboratory, assembling a high-powered team of experts and lawyers to dispute the results. (b) Muhammad Asif, Asif was detained in Dubai on June 1st 2008, for drugs possessions, while returning home after playing IPL Tournament. In 2006 there was controversy over Asif after he originally

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tested positive for a banned anabolic steroid, Nandralone, before having a ban imposed on him overturned on appeal. He was later withdrawn from Pakistan's World Cup squad with an unrelated injury. In July 2008, soon after his return to Pakistan from Dubai, the IPL revealed that a player had tested positive for banned substances during the tournament and on July 14, it was revealed that the player in question was Asif. Asif protested his innocence[34], and his lawyer announced that his 'B' sample would be analysed as per WADA regulations, and he was later suspended from all cricket indefinitely by the PCB. He does have the right to appeal his suspension. On February 11, 2009, the IPL confirmed that Asif had tested positive for steroids and subsequently imposed a one year ban on him, ending on September 21, 2009.[35] Shortly before the IPL's announcement, Asif was released of his contract by the Delhi DareDevils.

12. Results Prohibited substances) or Athlete other violation

Sport

Sanction or result

Decision release date

ST number

Cannabis

Touch

6 weeks' ineligibility

21-May-08

03-Aug

Ted Hunia

Cannabis

Nat Connell

Basketball

Cannabis

Steve Robinson Basketball

Morphine

Cindy Potae

Softball

Ineligible up to and including 1 June 2008 (effectively 6 weeks' ineligibility taking into20-May-08 account provisional suspension) Ineligible up to and including 1 June 2008 (effectively 6 weeks' suspension taking 20-May-08 into account provisional suspension) No period of ineligibility imposed due to finding 27-Feb-08 athlete not at fault

04-Aug

05-Aug

04-Jul

Website links http://www.wada-ama.org/en/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency

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