Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, Phytonutrients, Functional Foods By Melissa Bess, Nutrition and Health Education Specialist FNEP STAFF TRAINING ONLY, DO NOT USE WITH FNEP PARTICIPANTS 05/2007
Overview What are vitamins? Categories of vitamins Functions Food sources Deficiencies What are minerals? Categories of minerals Antioxidants
Overview (continued) Phytonutrients Functional Foods Food Labels Activity
What are vitamins? Complex substances that regulate body processes Coenzymes (partners) with enzymes in reactions No calories, thus no energy
Categories Fat-soluble Dissolve in fat Can be stored
A, D, E, K
Water-soluble Dissolve in water Carried in bloodstream, not stored C and B-complex vitamins
A and D excess can be Excess amounts may harmful cause extra work on kidneys E and K usually not
Vitamin A (and carotenoids)
Functions:
Normal vision Protects from infections Regulates immune system Antioxidant (carotenoids)
Food sources:
Liver Fish oil Eggs Fortified milk or other foods Red, yellow, orange, and dark green veggies (carotenoids)
Vitamin D (the sunshine vitamin)
Functions:
Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus Helps deposit those in bones/teeth Regulates cell growth Plays role in immunity
Sources:
Sunlight (10 – 15 mins 2x a week) Salmon with bones Milk Orange juice (fortified) Fortified cereals
Vitamin E
Functions:
Antioxidant, may lower risk for heart disease and stroke, some types of cancers Protects fatty acids and vitamin A
Sources:
Vegetable oils Foods made from oil (salad dressing, margarine) Nuts Seeds Wheat germ Green, leafy veggies
Vitamin K
Functions:
Helps blood clot Helps body make some other proteins
Sources:
Body can produce on its own (from bacteria in intestines) Green, leafy veggies Some fruits, other veggies, and nuts
Thiamin (B1)
Functions:
Helps produce energy from carbs
Sources:
Whole-grain and enriched grain products Pork Liver
Riboflavin (B2)
Functions:
Produce energy Changes tryptophan (amino acid) into niacin
Sources:
Liver Yogurt and milk Enriched grains Eggs Green, leafy veggies
Niacin
Functions:
Helps body use sugars/fatty acids Helps enzymes function normally Produces energy
Sources:
Foods high in protein typically (poultry, fish, beef, peanut butter, legumes) Enriched and fortified grains
Pyridoxine (B6)
Functions:
Helps body make non-essential amino acids Helps turn tryptophan into niacin and serotonin Help produce body chemicals (insulin, hemoglobin, etc)
Sources:
Chicken Fish Pork Liver Whole grains Nuts Legumes
Folate (folic acid)
Functions:
Produces DNA and RNA, making new body cells Works with vitamin B12 to form hemoglobin May protect against heart disease Lowers risk of neural tube defects in babies
Controls plasma homocystine levels (related to heart disease) Sources: Fortified and enriched grains and breakfast cereals Orange juice Legumes Green, leafy veggies Peanuts Avacados
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Functions:
Works with folate to make RBC’s In many body chemicals and cells Helps body use fatty acids/amino acids
Sources:
Animal products Meat Fish Poultry Eggs Milk, other dairy
Biotin
Functions:
Produces energy Helps body use proteins, carbs, and fats from foods
Sources:
Wide variety of foods Eggs Liver Wheat germ Peanuts Cottage cheese Whole grain bread
Pantothenic Acid
Helps produce energy Helps the body use proteins, fat, and carbs from food
Sources:
Found in almost all foods Meat, poultry, fish Whole grain cereals Legumes Milk Fruits, veggies
Vitamin C
Functions:
Helps produce collagen (connective tissue in bones, muscles, etc) Keeps capillary walls, blood vessels firm Helps body absorb iron and folate Healthy gums
Heals cuts and wounds Protects from infection, boosts immunity Antioxidant
Sources
Citrus fruits Other fruits, veggies
Deficiencies Rickets (children and vitamin D) Osteoporosis/osteomalacia (vitamin D) Scurvy (vitamin C) Night blindness (vitamin A) Beriberi (thiamin)
What are minerals? Regulate body processes Give structure to things in the body No calories (energy) Cannot be destroyed by heat
Categories of minerals
Major minerals
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium)
Trace minerals
Chromium Copper Flouride Iodine Iron Manganese Selenium Zinc
Calcium Bone building Muscle contraction Heart rate Nerve function Helps blood clot
Phosphorus Generates energy Regulate energy metabolism Component of bones, teeth Part of DNA, RNA (cell growth, repair) Almost all foods, especially protein-rich foods, contain phosphorus
Magnesium Part of 300 enzymes (regulates body functions) Maintains cells in nerves, muscles Component of bones Best sources are legumes, nuts, and whole grains
Electrolytes
Chloride:
Potassium
Fluid balance Digestion of food, transmits nerve impulses Maintains blood pressure Nerve impulses and muscle contraction
Sodium
Fluid balance Muscles relax, transmit nerve impulses Regulates blood pressure
Electrolytes
Sources: Salt (sodium chloride) Fruits, veggies, milk, beans, fish, chicken, nuts (potassium)
Iron Part of hemoglobin, carries oxygen Brain development Healthy immune system Sources:
Animals (heme) vs. plants (non-heme) Better absorbed from heme Consume vitamin C with non-heme Fortified cereals, beans, eggs, etc.
Antioxidants Slow or prevent damage to body cells May improve immune function and lower risk for infection and cancer Carotenoids – beta carotene (familiar) Vitamin C Vitamin E Found in colorful fruits/veggies and grains
Phytonutrients
Phyto – plant “Spark” body processes that may fight, or reduce risk for some diseases Fruits/veggies Examples: For more information: see
Carotenoids Lutein Lycopene Flavanols Prebiotics/probiotics Soybeans
page 109 in the ADA Complete Food and Nutrition Guide
Functional Foods Foods that provide benefits beyond basic nutrition Phytonutrients Prebiotics/probiotics Fatty fish/omega 3’s Soy protein Oats (heart-healthy) Flaxseed
Food Labels Must list vitamins A, C, calcium, iron May list others (potassium, folate, riboflavin, etc.)