Vision 2020-fossil Fuel Free India

Vision 2020-Fossil Fuel Free India-Biofuel Oriental Institute of Management Ashwin Rao(MMS-1) Debdeep Ghosh(MMS-2)

Fossil fuel….  Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, that is, carbon or

hydrocarbons found in the earth’s crust.  Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed.  The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tons (21.3 gigatons) of carbon dioxide per year, Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming

Coal

Global Carbon dioxide emission

Biofuel…..Vision 2020 Jatropha 

Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel derived from relatively recently dead biological material and is distinguished from fossil fuels, which are derived from long dead biological material.

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There are two common strategies of producing liquid and gaseous agrofuels. One is to grow crops high in sugar (sugar cane, sugar beet) and then use yeast fermentation to produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The second is to grow plants that contain high amounts of vegetable oil, such as oil palm, soybean, algae, jatropha, or pongamia pinnata. When these oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced, and they can be burned directly in a diesel engine, or they can be chemically processed to produce fuels such as biodiesel.

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The railway line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with Jatropha and the train itself runs on 15-20% biodiesel.

Concept Feasibility…Biofuel 

Currently almost 70% of India’s crude oil requirement is imported, which is

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expected to increase to 90% by 2020

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This, coupled with the price volatility of oil, which has been fluctuating from the current $40 a barrel to $147 a barrel in the recent past, may lead to biofuels playing an important role in reducing our dependence on imports in future. Three important reasons supporting Biofuel Bioethanol industry Biodiesel Industry

Biofuels from Algae

Bioethanol Industry Sugarbeet soon to be produced into ethanol

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In 2006, India was the fourth largest producer of ethanol, after the US, Brazil, and China. Though India has been producing bio-ethanol in significant quantities, it is being used for the manufacture of beverage and industrial alcohol because of higher returns.

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This has been a major roadblock in producing fuel-grade ethanol. However, keeping in mind the government mandate and the demand it will create

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The government has mandated 5% ethanol-doping in nine states, which has not been met due to supply shortage.

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The cost of production of ethanol from molasses hovers around Rs 17 per liter.

The Biodiesel Industry 

Jatropha is the preferred feedstock for production of biodiesel in India.

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This is because it is non-edible and has a smaller gestation period of two to three years, compared to other plants.

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The largest of plantations have happened only in the last two to three years. So you can expect sizable yields by 2010-11.

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An advantage with biodiesel is that it can be used in stationary engines directly.

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It can also prove to be very useful for agricultural purposes, where a lot of stationary engines are used for producing energy.

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For a small biodiesel plant, producing 500 liters, the investment could be as little as Rs 50 lakh. The cost of production per liter is somewhere around Rs 24 to 30, depending on the plantation density and logistics

Biofuels from Algae 

Algae as a source of biodiesel looks promising according to experts

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Reasons

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Firstly, one of the nutrients for algal production is carbon dioxide. Therefore, producing biofuel from algae will help reduce carbon emission.

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Secondly, India has a very long coast line, which can be beneficial is growing marine algae on a large scale. Some countries like Holland, US and Australia, have already started pilot projects.

Projected Demand for Petrol and Diesel, and Biofuel Requirements Year

Petrol demand (Mt)

Ethanol blending requireme nt (in metric tons)

Diesel deman d (Mt)

@5% @ @ 10% 20%

Biodiesel blending requirem ent (in metric tons)

@5 %

@ @ 10% 20%

200607

10.07

0.5

1.01

2.01

52.32

2.62

5.23

10.46

201112

12.85

0.64

1.29

2.57

66.91

3.35

6.69

13.38

201617

16.4

0.82

1.64

3.28

83.58

4.18

8.36

16.72

Global Market Survey

Global market perspective 

In the year 2007, there were only 20 oil producing nations supplying the needs of over 200 nations.

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By the year 2020, more than 200 nations will become biodiesel producing nations and suppliers.

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The world is entering a new era of participation by emerging market nations in global green energy production for transport fuels.

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Conclusion from above analysis The biodiesel industry is entering a new era of transition to alternative feedstocks, emerging technologies, and revised government policies favoring sustainable feedstocks and fuels. Each of these transitions offers considerable challenges and growth opportunities for biodiesel developers, producers, feedstock producers, and entrepreneurs.

Cost and Return Scenario  Aim – 60000 tons

Biodiesel Plant  Plant Size – 60,000 tons biodiesel output per year.

Income

Rs in “crores”

60,000 tons biodiesel

216.56

@ Rs 36094/ton 7500 tons 80% glycerine @ Rs 29250/ton

21.93

Undetermined amount of free fatty acids sold as livestock feed. Total Income

238.78

Cost and Return Scenario….contd 

Vegetable oil price = €520 per ton =Rs 30420 Methanol price = €265 per ton=Rs 15502 1 euro = 1.17 US dollars

 Profit =14.92 crores

Expenses 60,900 tons vegetable oil @ Rs 30420/ton

Rs in “crores” 185.25

6,000 tons methanol Rs 15502/ton

9.39

Undetermined amount of NaOH included in variable costs. Undetermined amount of HCl included in variable costs. Rs 175.55 cr investment amortized over 10 years at 10 percent interest.

9.94

Variable Costs Equal to Fixed Costs

9.94

Total Cost

223.86

Operational Process CHEMISTRY BEHIND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION

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NaOH Methanol + Vegetable Oil → waste 100 parts 1015 parts

Methyl Ester + Glycerine + free fatty acid + 1000 part

100 parts

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OPERATIONAL PROCESS TO BE OPTED

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Ultrasonication increases the chemical reaction speed and yield of the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats into biodiesel. This allows changing the production from batch processing to continuous flow processing and it reduces investment and operational costs

Biodiesel production by Ultrasonification Process 

the vegetable oil or animal fat is being mixed with the methanol (which makes methyl esters) or ethanol (for ethyl esters) and sodium or potassium methoxide or hydroxide

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the mix is heated, e.g. to temperatures between 45 and 65degC the heated mix is being sonicated inline

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glycerin is separated from the biodiesel

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the converted biodiesel is washed with water Flow Rate

Required Power

200 to 750L/hr

1kW, e.g. UIP1000

800 to 3000L/hr

4kW, e.g. 4xUIP1000

3 to 12m³/hr

16kW, e.g. 4xUIP4000

20 to 70m³/hr

96kW, e.g. 6xUIP16000

200 to 700m³/hr

992kW, e.g. 62xUIP16000

Status of biodiesel in India(Jatropha) & Conclusion…. 

81hectare land has been finalized at gujrat for cultivation of jatropha.

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M/s DAIMLERCHRYSLER is working on Biodiesel powered car has already taken over west land at gujrat and orissa for cultivation of jatropha and future projects for development of biodiesel as an alternate fuel in India

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It will also result in production of 0.4 million tons of technical grade glycerol as a byproduct

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The use of biomass fuels can therefore contribute to waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent global warming, though alone they are not a comprehensive solution to these problems.

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Considering the above points it can be concluded that biofuel has to be the alternative fuel for VISION 2020 FOSSIL FUEL FREE INDIA.

Thank you