Virtual Cloning By Nimnix3

XINMIN SECONDARY SCHOOL

VIRTUAL CLONING

Entry for Create2010 | Nimnix3: Collins Jaise Abraham, Niruthavignesh Sundarajah, Koh Waiheng 0|Page

Virtual Cloning

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1

The Current Scenario

Pg.2

Section 2

Solution: Virtual Cloning

Pg. 2

Section 3

Data Structure

Pg. 3

Section 4

The Operation of Virtual Cloning

Pg. 3

Section 5

The Algorithm

Pg. 5

Section 6

Applications

Pg. 8

Section 7

Limitations

Pg. 9

Section 8

Feasibility: The Virtual Reality

Pg. 10

Section 9

Changing the World: Our Future

Pg 11

Section 10

References

Pg. 13

1|Page

Section 1 The Current Scenario 1 What is the problem? 1.1 Man has reached the capability of creating remedies and solutions for himself but till today he does not have the ability to predict whether these solutions will be applicable on him personally and to what extent would it bring change to him as an individual with specific characteristics. This arena of remedies and solutions for human beings can be further developed by creating specificity and accuracy in the application of such pre-existing systems. A simulation programme would be of great help to resolve this problem as it would provide a good estimation or prediction regarding the state of our body if some conditions are varied in our system. This would also facilitate drug researching programmes as the result obtained is quite accurate though the usage of living organisms for tests can be minimized greatly. 1.2 Drugs cannot be said to be fully functional in a person’s body as a cause of his specific body conditions so there is a great need to first research on the body changes and counterreactions that may happen in a specific person due to his unique body standards. Therefore, the presence of this system would be able to check in detail and project a simulation of one’s body after the intake of certain drugs. Basically, the simulation would then give the user a rough idea of the effect that the drug has on him. 1.3 In the field of gaming man has reached a lot of high standards but at the end of the day what matters is how much strength or agility your virtual player and not you, so there is a need for being original in the sense of having the same potential in the player on the screen as the potential that one originally has. This need of specificity can be quenched by use of our concept of virtual cloning. Be it a fist fight or a soccer match, the individual attributes of the player will be taken into account, giving each of the players a more realistic feel. 1.4 In the field of predicting things for himself, man could make use of the virtual cloning simulation program to accurately establish clear relations between him and the changes in the environment. This in turn helps man to understand himself better. 1.5 Man has been able to clone the bodies of organism but it has been very tedious and often subject to failure and public scrutiny and controversies.

Section 2 Solution: Virtual Cloning 2 What do we propose? We propose a programme which will be able to simulate every individual in a virtual environment. The conditions of the environment in this programme could be altered flexibly to the requirement of every individual. The various conditions that can be altered are; but not limited to; the biological conditions in the individual, external conditions such as temperature and pressure. The biological conditions in an individual would be altered by the introduction of new chemicals or the change in the normal composition of chemicals in 2|Page

the body. This programme would then be useful in many cases such as drug testing whereby man will be able to test the effects of a certain drugs in an individual’s body. This program also takes into account the muscular strength of a person. Therefore this piece of data could be used in gaming for instance whereby players can actually face off with another individual using the exact abilities that an individual possesses. This would also serve as a simulation for many cases as it takes into account many data such as those stated in Section 5. This simulator program will create a virtually living clone of the individual. The user can test various conditions on this virtually living copy of the user before actually doing it in real life. For example, when person A wants to go mountaineering, he can input his 3D Cloned data into the simulator and provide the conditions of a low pressure and low temperature to see the changes in his body standards and thereby have an estimate of what would happen to him if he actually is that condition.

Section 3 3 Data Structure 3.1 Defining 3D Cloned Data: Components of the “3D Cloned Data” Structure: This is the internal and external detailed data of the scanned person that contains information of: 1. External 3D Points 2. Internal 3D Points 3. Detailed Standards of the Biological Measurements of the Body; for example; BMR, Heart Rate, Blood Sugar, Hormonal Specifications, Blood Pressure etc. 4. The normal rate of the physiology of his body which can be simulated on the program This information of the internal and external detailed environment can be simulated as a “virtually living” model person on the program. This means that the program gives the factors of the environment to the model and simulates the virtual living model accordingly. For example, when person A’s detailed 3D Cloned Data is simulated, the program can state the temperature, pressure of his external environment and chemicals moving into his body through food in his internal environment and see the changing results in simulated virtually living person A. This virtually living model of the person on the simulator is referred to as 3D Cloned Data.

Section 4 4 The Operation of Virtual Cloning 4.1 How does Virtual Cloning work? A detailed 3D Cloned Model will first be created based on the original body. Variables and factors will be input into the simulator. 3|Page

The simulator uses the 3D Cloned Data of the specific person as the input Processing begins once the user enters the conditions that he wants to test the virtual clone in. The program processes the input using the pre-defined algorithm that suits the conditions provided or in simpler terms the change in the internal or external environment stated by the user. The output is the result that the program gives after processing the 3D Cloned Data based on the conditions provided by the user. Through means of different algorithms, relation between and within the body and observations that are recorded, a relatively accurate prediction of the resultant body can be obtained to consider the effects of the input factors on the body. Conceptually, it is no different than the current simulation of solid physical bodies that we have right now. However, with this program, it has been brought to a new level as more advanced and complex relations between each part of the body are being calculated and this makes for a more sophisticated process. For instance, in the case of calories entering the body of person A, the body of person A is the input data, the calories added to his body is the condition and the change in the weight/ behaviour of person A is the output data. The algorithm includes definitions for what the impacts of calories, force, temperature, chemicals and pressure over a body can be over a specific time period while also considering factors of body metabolism rate, stress, physical exercise etc which is estimated from the input data and conditions. The program therefore runs in a simple three fold method- whereby:

3D CLONED DATA

CHANGE IN CONDITION

ALGORITHM: THE FORMULA (Processing…..)

OUTPUT: THE P RESULT

Therefore, now the person can just try out a particular P environment or any chemical intake even before he actually does it. We could predict from our simulated models what can be expected of our real models if the same is implemented in our real life. For example, a mountaineer can try out his virtual body simulated in an environment of low pressure and temperature and thereby see the reactions of his body virtually. By this, he knows what to do for himself in his real life by expecting the virtual model to be close to reality.

4|Page

Section 5 5 The Algorithm The program has defined in itself all of these aspects as conditions for the input data but not limited to: 5.1 Calories and Nutritional Organic Substances: These are some of the factors; all these but not limited to; that affect the calories that enter a body: 5.1.1 Burning Calories: BMR: The amount of calories that your body needs just to exist is considered your BMR which accounts for 60 to 70 percent of your total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). Thermic Effect of Food: The calories burned from biting, chewing, swallowing and digesting are considered to be a result of the thermic effect of food and account for about 10 percent of your TDEE. Activity Level: Amount of calories your body burns accounts for 15 to 50 percent of your TDEE. Harris Benedict Equation: Using the Harris Benedict Equation, a sedentary person would multiply his BMR by 1.2 to estimate the amount of calories burned from daily activities, such as yard work, driving and sitting. But someone who exercises vigorously would multiply his BMR by 1.9. Hormonal Changes: Calorie Restriction carried out for 10 to 15 years in adult rhesus monkeys has been shown to result in sustained alteration in glycogen metabolism, despite apparent retention of normal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, normal glucose tolerance and normal fasting glucose and insulin levels. Considering all the factors as well as their relative importance is significant to create a conclusion about the particular specifications of the body and the factors help in creating the “virtually living” model of the person scanned. (Chapman, 2009) 5.1.2 The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT): A prospective population study on the change in body mass index and its impact on blood pressure recorded that an increase in Body mass index (BMI) and a decrease in BMI were significantly associated with increased and decreased systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, compared to a stable BMI in both genders and all age groups. So at the end of the day the algorithm formulates an assumption about calories stating something that may seem like:

5|Page

3D CLONED DATA

CALORIES ADDED

BMR + activity level + Harris Benedict equation + internal/ external metabolism = Energy stored

CHANGE IN WEIGHT = OUTPUT

5.2 Temperature and Muscle Metabolism: There are many factors that can affect the temperature of the body some being; but not limited to; 5.2.1 Effect of Alcohol: A series of five experiments was undertaken in order to characterize the pharmacological effects of alcohol on the body temperature of the unrestrained rat. The following observations were made: (1) at laboratory room temperature of 22 degrees C, alcohol produced a dose-dependent decline in colonic temperature. (2) exposure for one hour to either a warm (36 degrees C) or cold (8 degrees C) ambient temperature beginning at the time of the intra-gastric gavage with alcohol, the body temperature decreased or increased, respectively and (3) either a high or low ambient temperature elevated or lowered the colonic temperature of the rat at an identical rate and magnitude.”” (Bull, 1981) 5.2.2 Effects of Temperature on Muscle Metabolism: By a study in the quadriceps muscle of man by combining biochemical analyses of metabolites in needle biopsy samples, it has been seen that fatigue may be due to a reduction in the rate of regeneration of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis. (R.H.T. Edwards, 1972) Hence at the end of the day what the algorithm may assume would look like-

3D CLONED DATA

NEW TEMPERATURE

Heat Absorbed or Released from the body

New temperature of the body

Considering this result the simulator can then estimate as to what the changes in the body standards and structural differences in the model would be. 5.3 Pressure: The normal blood pressure of the person simulated is put against the atmospheric pressure and then the simulator gives an estimate of the change in the blood 6|Page

pressure, heartbeats and metabolic patterns thereby giving a clear idea of what can be expected from that body under the specified condition. 5.4 Force: The muscular and skeletal ability of the person can be estimated from the physical 3D Model and when this is put against the condition of a particular force, it can be reflected on the simulator what will be the condition of the body under that circumstance. This can be put to use in games where the simulator would simulate two or more persons simultaneously so as to create a virtual reality of theirs. Gaming is getting a new revolution when the person actually uses his own virtual replica to fight and game with his counterpart and not a computer character. Also, it can be used in virtual crash test where the force of the hitting of the car that has to be tested can be inputted as a condition giving the results of what would be the changes in the person’s body. 5.5 Chemicals 5.5.1 The Job/Action suits your body or not? Petroleum based chemicals are being found to cause significant attrition effects to the nervous system and immune system after prolonged exposure. (Pressinger) Exposure to radioactive materials has been seen to cause a content of the radioactive substance in the body of the person. Smoking builds up thousands of unwanted and potentially hazardous chemicals in the body. Hence by bringing in the condition of the chemical that the person wants to be exposed to, he can see on the virtual environment what would be cumulative effect of all of those chemicals on his body. For example, to convince person A that smoking is injurious to him, the estimate of the chemicals he intakes from 1 cigarette each day can be virtually simulated on his body for a particular period, whereby person A could see for himself on his “virtually living” model what would be the cumulative effect of the chemical and thereby decide on whether to take in the chemical or not. 5.5.2 Examples of Certain Chemical Behaviours 5.5.2.1 Nitric Oxide: A team of scientists based at the new British Heart Foundation (BHF) Laboratories at UCL first identified ADMA as a naturally occurring substance that blocks the production of a gas made by the body - Nitric Oxide. Nitric Oxide has been known to scientists as an important signalling molecule playing a major role in blood pressure regulation and clotting implicating it strongly in the mechanisms behind heart attack and strokes. (Edwards, 2002) Keeping track of the content of such chemicals can curb, predict or diagnose diseases. 5.5.2.2 Nicotine: After entering the body, nicotine flows through the bloodstream and across the blood brain barrier. Levels of the stimulating hormone adrenaline increase, as do blood sugar levels, respiration rates, blood pressure, and heart rate, induce muscle relaxation, decrease one's appetite, speedup metabolism, and increase levels of dopamine, a moodaltering chemical in the brain that induces feelings of pleasure. (Mosby, 1998) This would enable a person with greater vulnerability to certain environments to avoid that specific environment or be suggestive of danger to a person who is unknowingly exposed to such an environment or knowingly in-taking these chemicals in any form. The simulator would hence have the algorithm that would define a relationship between a known chemical and the changes that it brings to the body standards; example- blood pressure, hormone levels; thereby it would be able to predict what would exactly happen to a person with specific reactions to a chemical after a given amount of exposure to that chemical. 7|Page

Section 6 6 Applications 6.1 Healthcare: Essentially, this idea works best in the healthcare field. The introduction of this programme will fundamentally reduce the risk of deaths during medical procedure. In other words, this invention could be proving to be a live-saving invention. In cases of operations, the surgeons can have a higher level of probability of the success of the surgery. This is because the surgeons can conduct the operation on a virtual platform well before it is actually conducted on the patient. Hence the results of the surgery or any drug intake can be predicted on a virtual environment using the specific conditions of the body of the patient itself and hence resulting in much better actual results. For example, when the simulator program would demonstrate the operation of the different organ systems in the specific person’s body it would show the particular standards of that person’s internal and external environment. By this, the user (virtual surgeon) simply needs to introduce the new condition into the person’s environment which would act accordingly as per the instructions that are defined in the simulator software (like introduction of nicotine would increase the blood pressure of the operating model of the person.) After the program shows the changes brought about in the person the surgeon may know precisely what is required for that person in particular and can undergo the same in the actual operation of the person. In cases of dietician services, the dietician or probably the person himself who is in need of the dietician would be able to use this simulation program to introduce conditions or feed in the results that he wants within a period of time. For example, when the person wants to reduce weight by 10 kg in the next month- he can feed it into the simulation which by its predefined nature would give results on what type of dietary changes can bring about the change in that particular body with those specific conditions. This would eliminate the lack of accuracy in the dietary trends that would be beneficial to a person and thereby help individuals largely on how to adjust their lifestyle. 6.2 Gaming: Today people game on the computers with a character representing them on the screen which is actually incapable of what the real player can do and capable of what the real player cannot perform. (Little children playing Counter Strike can lift up heavy guns). Using the simulator program, when one has generated a virtually “alive” model of himself on the screen he has actually defined all that he is capable of (for example, Muscular strength). This would be more original as this virtual clone can be simulated to play the games and find the real results. (Players can train themselves on National Basketball Association (NBA) by using their own real model with their own real muscular strength and have an estimate of the results in their next real match. Thereby, at every step man would be able to anticipate the changes that could occur in him or assess his potential on the virtual environment well before he does the same in reality. 6.3 Travelling and Trekking: An individual can keep the conditions that prevail at the spot that he is travelling to and notice and anticipate the change that would occur in the standards of the model of his body on the simulator program. This way people can be more certain of their actions and be prepared for what they would need in cases of physical

8|Page

changes in their environment. This can be done by varying the external conditions in the simulator to obtain information regarding the internal conditions in the simulator. 6.4 Personal Actions: Virtual Cloning brings convenience into the life of the users enabling users to identify the effects of certain actions, example: in diets on his appearance or state, in the effects brought by his environment etc. By having access to such information, the user in turn will be able to take personal actions. In a larger scale this programme would be able to reduce the dependence on doctors and will thus be useful. It will transform into a home based doctor and dietician while letting the user decide what is best for him once he inputs the data and the conditions that he wants to test himself on.

Section 7 7 Limitations The program like any other innovation has its own limitations as per the current level of human outreach to technology but all of it would be subject to improvement once the simulator program comes into feasibility. Some of the limitations currently seen are: 7.1 Some applications of the simulator need to take into account the specific DNA of the person in question and since the level of DNA. Testing available today hinders the program to be very strong in predicting results from conditions while considering the specific genes / DNA. 7.2 The input data of the person in question, being very specific and comprehensive to an extremely detailed level of precision, would be of quite a large size which would probably be hard to be run on normal computers for the start but there are chances of creating a smaller compressed version of the data or maybe improving the compatibility of today’s computers by the use of advanced holographic data storage which is still to develop to its significant potential. 7.3 The simulator would be possibly cover many of the conditions that are in the internal and external environment of a person but it may not be possibly take into account the personal behaviour or emotional/ mental aspect of the person which may also probably affect the changes brought in the body standards by the given conditions. 7.4 Some of the aspects in the body that needs to be saved in the input data are not yet perfectly accessible or predictable by current day technology. This would mean that some part of the data would be an estimate rather than an accurate value due to which the results given would also be an estimate and not exactly or very close to the accurate prediction. This is subject to technology in the field of medical sciences and it is subject to improvement from the present day status. 7.5 It is very hard to make people believe the claims of the simulator as it is a new technology that needs a lot of effort for improvement. Yet, gradually with the development of the program and the more accurate results given by it, the simulator would be regarded as a dependable “predictor”.

9|Page

Section 8 8 Feasibility: The Virtual Reality 8.1 How feasible is it? Proximity to 2010 The current day technological advancement in 2009 gives us examples of simulators and 3D Models of people being generated. Three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction is feasible just for instance, MRI scanners offer isotropic, or near isotropic, resolution, display of images does not need to be restricted to the conventional axial images. Instead, it is possible for a software program to build a volume by 'stacking' the individual slices one on top of the other. The program may then display the volume in an alternative manner. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2009) Today we can also scan the human body to create near-to-perfect standards for specific people. We are also aware of many effects brought about on the internal and external environments of the body by certain known phenomena like temperature, force, pressure, chemicals etc. Therefore, all that it takes is to compile all the information that we know about these factors that can affect the human body in any way and also compile the complete near-to-perfect data of the person under question. We need to create pre-defined relationships between these external and internal factors and the human body of a specific person and then we need to let in values of these factors into the simulator and let the simulator do the job for us by manipulating and predicting the implications on the body by taking into account the standards of the human body and the specific factors in scenario. Therefore, we strongly believe that the 2010 that we have seen is not a year far off but just the year after 2009, just as it really is. So, the days are not afar, and it is not a far-fledged idea that would take shape in the next millennium or so! The power of technology in our hands, with the vision of a call for change in the world and faith in the outreach of mankind, truly that is all that it takes to start to create or maybe acquire Virtual Cloning in 2010! 8.2 How 2009 contributes in creating 2010? Present day status in technology gives us enough provision to extract data of a person’s body standards to a considerable level of accuracy and display it on a 3D Environment. 8.2.1 Computed Axial Tomography (CAT or CT) Scan: (CAT Scan (CT)- Body, 2009) (X- Ray computed tomography, 2009)

8.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan: (Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2009)

10 | P a g e

8.2.3 Dimensional Rendering: Surface rendering and Volume rendering technologies pre-exist today and can be put into use to display the simulated data in 3D environment in the program. (Nave), (Three Dimensional Imaging) 8.2.4 Ultrasound (Ultrasound- General , 2009) 8.2.5 Input Data: Holographic data storage is a potential replacement technology in the area of high-capacity data storage currently dominated by magnetic and conventional optical data storage. (Bonsor, 2008)

Section 9 9 Changing the World: Our Future 9.1 How to bring it to our lives? The 3D Cloned Data of each individual could well be stored in ID cards. This valuable piece of information is storable in ID cards and accessed in any ID card readers that have the software pre installed in it. This would be an extra piece of information which could be stored for every individual. This piece of information has many uses. For instance, it could be used as security information. The key data points (the 3D data found in the virtual clone) of every individual could work as a password. Besides that, this information could also well be used in online shopping for clothing. The 3D data stored in an ID card could be accessed through using a reader. This could even be used by parents to view and know more about a mother’s foetus when the mother’s scanned 3D data is inputted in the simulator at a home based personal computer. Using the key 3D data points and the conditions of a person, in an automobile industry, the car could adapt itself to the liking of the driver. Probably if the driver is small sized, the seat could readjust itself to accommodate the driver. If the driver is usually warm in terms of body temperature, it could provide better ventilation to the driver automatically. In other words, it is able to change the conditions inside the car according to that of the driver. This information could also be emailed as computer data and accessed to design custom made apparel. This is new in our lives and could save our time from measuring the old school way and the 3D data points would be more accurate and precise, negating all possible human errors present during measurement. To incorporate this invention into our daily lives, the data would first need to be updated from time to time because the biological condition in human do not remain constant every time. For instance if one individual were to contract a long term-disease such as Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), his body system would not function the same way it did before he falls ill; even small changes in blood pressure or sugar level may affect the 11 | P a g e

physiology rate of metabolism which may in turn cause for differences in the results yielded by the program. Therefore updating the information is crucial for this programme in order for it to yield accurate results and also for it to be an effective invention in our daily lives. In the beginning the data could be updated in hospitals as hospitals are well equipped with the scanners. In the future however, the scanners could well be simplified enabling updating to be done from stations made nationwide. This virtual cloning simulator could also be made as a self diagnose tool. Since this programme is very important and effective in predicting the state of health of a person it should be made into a programme whereby it is available to all. This programme would be able to also predict the causes of any changes or diseases in an individual. The application could be programmed such that it will be able to rectify the causes of problem in an individual. This programme if developed further would be able to suggest ways or means to prevent diseases or overcome the changes in the normal functioning of the body. For instance in the case of gall stones weaknesses in the body, this system would be able to suggest ways to the user on how to prevent this problem and precautions that can be taken to overcome the problem. If for instance the user has updated his data and he finds that his updated data is different than that of the previous data, the system would be able to state the causes of the change. For example, it tells you that 2 gram nicotine will give you cancer but later after further development, it will be able to tell you that you got cancer probably because of nicotine. After further development, the program will also be able to predict the rate of aging of a person because it will be able to predict the accurate loss of genes. A possible invention is a programme online which could possibly reduce the reliance on doctors in the future as it could well serve as a self-diagnose platform online which would be available universally. The person would just need to connect his ID card that has the data on it and simulate it on an online tool probably called Google Doctor. With further development, this programme could be made to diagnose up to the DNA level and provide even more accurate results. The potential of the program goes a long way in becoming the part and parcel of the future in taking the role of “Google Doctor”, “Virtual Reality Games”, “Airlines Security System”, “Customized Cars”, “Customized Clothes”, “Personal Predictor” and go on to change the world.

We have envisioned the concept of Virtual Cloning changing the world. Have you?

12 | P a g e

Section 10 References: Bonsor, K. (8 November, 2008). How Holographic Memory Will Work. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from howstuffworks: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/holographic-memory3.htm Bull, B. R. (August, 1981). Alcohol's effect on body temperature. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from NCBI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6974036 CAT Scan (CT) - Body. (10 June, 2009). (I. (. Radiological Society of North America, Producer, & Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA)) Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from RadiologyInfo: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=bodyct Chapman, S. (5 March, 2009). How many calories does our body burn . Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from eHow: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5286183_many-calories-body-burn.html Edwards, P. (18 January, 2002). Scientists reveal Chemical Compound linked to increased heart attack. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from innovations report: http://www.innovationsreport.de/html/berichte/medizin_gesundheit/bericht-7030.html Magnetic resonance imaging. (1 October, 2009). Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging Mosby. (1998). Nicotine - chemical compunds summary. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from Book Rags: http://www.bookrags.com/research/nicotine-chmc/ Nave, R. (n.d.). Holography. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from HyperPhysics: http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/Hbase/optmod/holog.html#c5) Pressinger, R. (n.d.). Chemicals and Effect Upon Health. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from Chem-Tox: http://www.chem-tox.com/ R. H. T. Edwards, R. C.-O. (January, 1972). Effect of temperature on muscle energy metabolism and endurance during successive isometric contractions, sustained to fatigue, of the quadriceps muscle in man. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from NCBI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1331706/ Rosenberg, K. M. (1 May, 2002). CTSim. Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from CTSim: http://files.b9.com/ctsim/ctsim-manual-latest.pdf Scientists reveal chemical compound. (18 January, 2002). Retrieved 02 October, 2009, from Innovations Report: http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/medizin_gesundheit/bericht-7030.html The journal of nutrition. (2001). Retrieved October, 2009, from nutrition.org: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/131/3 Ultrasound - General. (10 June, 2009). Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from RadiologyInfo: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=genus X-ray computed tomography. (2 October, 2009). Retrieved 2 October, 2009, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography

13 | P a g e