Various Details Of Mother Boards Created By Harishankar Chourasia- Impact_ Kanpur

Mother Boards The main printed circuit board in a computer containing the Central Processing unit approximate co-processor, supporting chips and memory. It may also exclude expansion slots and memory. The PC Board used in PC board is made up of fiber glass. Thin copper track connect components. The board in a modern PC contains many tracks and expensive to manufacture. The board has seven layer and connected to each other and made at -15·C. Introduction of the Personal Computers, various types of mother boards have been used. The main point of this variation in design was based to take the maximum advantages of the processor capabilities. In electronics, every new type of component has its own architecture, capabilities and requires a new type of circuit design using components compatible with it. Likewise, in computers also the rapid changes in the mother boards and their designs are based on this fact only. The mother boards have been classified in three categories. The category differs according to the type of system they are used in. These mother boards on the basis of the system types are Desktop Mother Boards, Server Mother Boards and Laptop Mother Boards.

Desktop Mother Boards The desktop mother boards are used in personal computers and desktop machines. Since the desktop machines are used for some simple applications at home or small offices, hence these type of motherboards are designed with some general features. The motherboard has only one processor and limited upgradation facilities. The figure below shows the typical desktop motherboard. The form factor of desktop motherboard is known as mainstream.

Server Motherboards Server motherboards are more advanced than desktop motherboards and are designed to offer high - end services. These motherboards support expansion and future upgradation features and handles major and multiple applications at a time. The speed of [email protected] 9889907375

these types of motherboards is faster than the desktop mother boards. The form factors used in server motherboards are known as Pedestal and Rack mount etc. One of the biggest features of these motherboards may have two processors on the board, improved graphics and usually support different types of memory technology.

Laptop Motherboards The laptop motherboard is quite smaller in size as compared to desktop motherboards and connects to all the different parts of a laptop system. It is the most important part of the laptop. These motherboards generally have very advanced features as compared to desktop motherboards.

Desktop Motherboard Form Factors

The desktop motherboard form factor refers to the physical appearance of the motherboard which includes the size, architecture base and to some extent capabilities of the motherboard. This form factor of motherboard could be classified into two main classes on the basis of the technological developments.

Motherboard Form Factors

Multiple Board Technology technology

XT Mother Boards AT Mother Boards Mother Boards

Single

Board

Baby AT Mother Boards

ATX

Multiple Board Technology This technology was used in early PC motherboards. These types of motherboards had some important components/sections [email protected] 9889907375

whereas the device controllers such as Display controller, I/O Device Controllers also known as Adapter Cards/Add - On Boards were used. These cards were connected separately on the expansions slots given on the motherboards. In general these motherboards had sections/components like Processor, ROM, Clock Generator, Keyboard Interface Logic, RAM, Speaker Logic, DMA Controller/Bus Controller, Reset Logic etc. Placed on one board known as motherboard. The user had a choice to use the adapter cards and devices as per the requirement and had the flexibility to change/upgrade the system configuration as and when required. There are two types of multiple boards used in the computer systems.

1. XT Motherboards [Extended Technology Motherboard] XT boards are known as Extended Technology motherboards. These types of motherboards were mainly used in the systems based on Intel 8088/Motorola 6800 processors. These motherboards were based on ISA architecture. These boards were comparatively bigger in size and had so many components mounted on it. The figure on the left hand side shows a typical XT motherboard based on Intel 8088 processor.

2. AT Motherboards [Advance Technology Motherboard] AT boards are known as Advance Technology motherboards. These types of motherboards were introduced with the Intel 80286 processor. The introduction of 80286 processor had revolutionized the computer industry by opening door for faster processing with so many new features such as improved display support, real mode and protected mode operation and graphic user interface. The size of the early 80286 motherboards were similar to the 8088 motherboards but later on the size of the board reduce to just one fourth size of the 8088 motherboard. The size of the board is 12*13 inch. The only integrated port on this board is the keyboard.

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Single Board Technology The single board technology is quite different from the multiple board technology motherboards. In single board technology motherboards apart from important sections/components some of the necessary controller sections like display controller and I/O Controllers are also included on the motherboards as a result these controllers are not required to be attached on any expansions slot. Like multiple board technology motherboards single board technology motherboard’s motherboards and ATX motherboards.

are

also

of

two

types.

AT

1. Baby AT Motherboards The baby AT form factor was the most popular till recently. The baby AT form factor fits into most of the system cases. A baby AT motherboard is 8.5 inches wide and about 13 inches long. The length of baby AT motherboards is not fixed. The Baby AT motherboard are the type of motherboards which uses AT power supply therefore these type of motherboards have AT power connectors. This form factor matches the original IBM AT motherboard in structure and layout.

3. Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) Form Factor Intel invented the ATX form factor in the year 1995. The ATX and mini ATX form factors are the most popular ones presently. The ATX form factor has many of the best features of the previous form factors. These type of motherboards uses both AT and ATX power supplies. Therefore some older motherboards may have both AT and ATX type power connectors but current motherboards have only ATX connectors. The design of some motherboards are different from the previous AT type motherboards as a result, new system cases were designed to match this form factor which have now become quite common.

What is Chipset? The term chipset means a set of chips. It is a group of integrated circuits which is compatible to the processor. The chipset on a motherboard [email protected] 9889907375

determines its functionality. The chipset and controllers on a motherboard are the intelligence of the system. The chipset therefore affects every aspect of the performance of a system. The chipset controls the data transfers between every component of the system. Previously, a single chip or multiple chips performed every function of the chipset. Over the time, all these chips were integrated in one or more chips to form the chipset that controls the system operations. A modern chipset consists of Graphic and Memory Control Hub (also known as North Bridge) and I/O Control Hub (also known as south bridge). These two microchips, to a large extent determine the features and capabilities of a motherboard. The Graphic and Memory Control Hub handles data communication between the memory and the CPU whereas the ICH handles data from the PCI/ISA slots and other devices not under the control of Graphic and Memory Control Hub. Some of the leading processor and chipset manufacturers are as under: 1. Intel Chipset (Intel Corp. Inc. USA) 2. AMD Chipset 3. VIA Chipset (VIA Technologies USA) 4. SiS Chipset 5. Opti Chipset 6. Other Vendors - Such as Tomato, ALI, Vintron, Gigabyte, Kripton, PC Partner etc.

Intel Chipsets Intel Corp. USA, a pioneer processor manufacturing company prior to Pentium systems was manufacturing processors only. Intel on introducing the new generation processor branded as Pentium also introduced its compatible supporting components which was a set of compatible chips and termed them as Intel Chipsets in order to extract maximum benefits of the capability of the processor. Soon after introducing next series of Pentium processor P II, Intel also introduced its motherboards. These motherboards having Intel compatible chipsets are widely known as Intel Chipset motherboards.

Intel 440 EX / LX This motherboard supports Intel P - II category processors. The Intel 440 EX / 440 LX chipset motherboard is a Baby AT motherboard. The chipset is a highly integrated solution for a cost - effective and compact motherboard. The motherboard supports SDRAM and 3.3V EDO. [email protected] 9889907375

Features on - board include super-I/O, Ultra DMA33, PCI bus master IDE, AGP Ver 1.0, PCI Ver 2.1 compliant, USB.

Intel 443 Chipset This is a type of Intel chipset developed for Intel Pentium - II category processors. This motherboard supports Slot - 1 type of processor, Infrared Module, USB connectors, AGP expansion slot for display adapter, 3 nos. 32 bit PCI and 2 nos. ISA expansion slots. The motherboard form factor supports Baby AT type having motherboard dimension 22cm X 22 cm. Apart from these features this motherboard also supports the features of 440EX /LX chipsets along with some additional features such as PS / 2 Mouse.

Intel 810 Chipset

/

810

E

The Intel 810 / 810 E chipset was designed for Intel Pentium III and Celeron processors using PGA 370 socket. This motherboard supports 66 M Hz and 100 M Hz system bus speed for the processor operating from 300 M Hz to 800 M Hz processing speed processors. The Intel 810 E chipset also supports 133 M Hz system bus speed. The motherboard supports on board VGA capable of 3D hyper pipelined architecture, full 2D hardware acceleration, 3D Visual enhancements, VGA port etc. The board also has on board support for Ac97 sound card controller having Line - In, Line - Out/Speaker Out, MIC In and MIDI/Game port. Some of the later version of Intel 810/810 E chipset based motherboard also supports on board LAN card, Internal Modem etc.

Intel 815 Chipset The Intel 815 chipset family consists of high-flexibility chipsets designed to extend from the basic graphics/multimedia PC platform up to the mainstream performance desktop platform. In Intel 815 chipset based motherboard, increased I/O bus bandwidth allows better concurrency for next-generation [email protected] 9889907375

business applications. It also supports 100 M Hz and 133 M Hz system bus speed. A dedicated graphics subsystem accelerator that compliments system memory to provide up to 30% boost for better 2D and 3D performance. The motherboard layout is similar to the Intel 810 chipset based motherboard.

Intel 845 GV / GL Chipset The Intel 845 GV/GL chipset supports Intel Pentium 4/Celeron processors using socket 478. This is a Micro ATX form factor motherboard having dimension of 24.4 cm X 20.8 cm. The motherboard uses a Intel 845 GV / GL chip as GMCH (north bridge) having FSB at 400 M Hz/533 M Hz. and Intel ICH4 as I/O control Hub (south bridge). The board has on -board VGA known as Intel Extreme Graphics with 64MB V RAM and sound card based on Ac’97 5.1 channels. Apart from these features the Intel 815 supports 2 DDR DIMM slots for memory supporting 333 M Hz/PC 266 M Hz up to max. 2 GB, PCI – LAN card, AMR slot, PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports.

Intel 910/ 915 Chipset [email protected] 9889907375

This chipset has been designed for high - end Pentium 4 processors supporting Hyper Threading Technology (HT Technology) using LGA 775 and 475 pin processor package. The chipset supports 533 M Hz Front Side Bus (FSB) for high performance Intel processor and greater system performance. The chipset provides Intel Graphics Media Accelerator for stunning media, incredible visuals and new 3D capabilities. For business users, Intel validates the chipset, processor, graphics and software stack to provide a well – tested platform with support for Microsoft Windows 2000/XP/Linux etc. The PCI express bus architecture offers 500 MB/second data transfer rate over 3.5 times more bandwidth than PCI at 133 MB/second, Dual - Channel DDR 400/DDR 333 memory configurable up to 2 GB RAM space. Apart from these features the Intel 910 / 915 chipset motherboard provides four Serial ATA ports for high speed data transfer at up to 150 MB/Second for each of 4 ports, allows easier hard drive upgrades and expansion for new SATA optical drives, also supports Ultra ATA / 100 legacy hard drives and optical drive support, eight high speed USB ports offering up to 40X greater bandwidth over USB for high - speed I/O peripherals such as digital video cameras and Intel Serial Video output offering maximum display (digital CRT or TV) flexibility through existing PCI Express x16 connector.

Intel D102GGC2 Chipset The Intel Desktop Board D102GGC2 delivers an integrated graphics solution for your next value platform. The Intel Desktop Board D102GGC2 supports the Intel Pentium D Processor, the Intel Pentium 4 Processor with Hyper-Threading Technology and the Intel Celeron D processor in [email protected] 9889907375

the LGA775 package. This ATX board delivers both quality and value by offering features such as High Definition Audio and Realtek RTL8101L 10/100 LAN. This desktop board also features PCI Express 16, DDR2 533/400 memory, and 8 USB 2.0 ports. Intel D102GGC2 Features Features: Form Factor: microATX (9.60 inches by 8.60 inches). Processors: Support for an Intel® Pentium® D processor in an LGA775 / 4 processor sockets with an 800 or 533MHz system bus. Memory: Two 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets. Support for DDR2 533MHz and DDR2 400MHz DIMMs Support for up to 2GB of system memory LAN Support: 10/100 Mbps LAN subsystem using the Realtek 8101L LAN adapter device Peripheral Interfaces: Eight USB 2.0 ports, one serial port, one parallel port, Four Serial ATA interfaces, Two Parallel ATA IDE interfaces with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100 support Expansion Capabilities:

VIA Chipsets

VIA chipsets are designed and manufactured by VIA Technologies. VIA is another leading manufacturer of chipsets. Earlier till the introduction of Pentium II processors VIA Technologies were mainly engaged in manufacturing its motherboards and processors which are compatible with the chipset originally designed for Intel processors but from year 2003 / 2004 VIA Technologies started its production of motherboards based on the VIA chipsets for its own processors like M-II/C3 on the pattern followed by Intel Corp. Some of the most popular VIA chipsets and their features are given below:

VIA CLE 266 Chipset This motherboard has a VIA C3 CPU onboard with front-side bus speed up to 133 MHz. This motherboard support DDR 266MHz, Ultra DMA 33/66/100/133 function and remarkably high system performance under all types of system operations it supports built - in USB 2.0 providing higher bandwidth. It implements Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 2.0. The motherboard supports the built - in AC'97 Codec, two 32-bit PCI slots, one CNR (Communications and Networking Riser) slot, and an onboard 10BaseT/I00Base TX Network interface (optional). This motherboard integrates a 128-bit 3D/2D graphics engine and a high - performance 3D accelerator. In addition, this motherboard has a full set of I/O ports including two PS/2 ports for mouse and keyboard, one [email protected] 9889907375

serial port, one VGA port, one parallel port. one LAN port (optional), audio jacks for microphone, line-in and line-out, four back-panel USB2.0 ports and onboard USB header USB 1 providing two extra ports by connecting the extended USB module to the motherboard.

Key Features: The key features of this motherboard include: CPU Type: Supports the VIA C3 CPU on board. Supports 133 MHz Front - Side Bus. Chipset: There are VIA CLE266 Northbridge and 8235 Southbridge in this chipset in accordance with an innovative and scalable architecture with proven reliability and performance. A few of the chip sets advanced features are: 1. High Performance CPU Interface: Support for VIA C3 processors; 133/100/66 MHz CPU Front Side Bus (FSB). 2. Advanced High-Performance DDR/SDR DRAM Controller: DRAM interface synchronous with host CPU (133/100 MHz) for most flexible configuration; Supports 4 banks up to 2 GB DRAMs. 3. Concurrent PCI Bus Controller: 33 MHz operation, PCI 2.2 compliant, 32 bit 3.3V PCI interface with 5V tolerant inputs 4. Fast Ethernet Controller: 1/10/100 MHz full and half duplex operation 8. Direct Sound Ready AC'97 Digital Audio Controller: AC'97 2.1 compliant Expansion Slots: One CNR slot, two 32-bit PCI slots for PCI 2.2-compliant bus interface Onboard IDE: Two IDE Connectors Supports PIO (Programmable I/ O) Channels and DMA (Direct Memory Access) modes, Supports IDE Ultra DMA bus mastering with transfer rates of 133 / 100 / 66 / 33 MB / sec VGA: Integrated Graphics/Video Accelerator supports optimized Shared Memory Architecture (SMA), Separate 128-bit data paths between north bridge and graphics core for pixel data flow and texture / command access, Graphics engine clocks up to 133MHz decoupled from memory clock, High quality DVD video playback

VIA VT 82C585 Chipset The motherboard uses VIA VT82C585VPX PCI chipset. This motherboard is designed to run Pentium II, AMD and Cyrix processors. The onboard system memory consists of DIMM. In addition, two unbuffered, 3.3 Volts, 168-pin SDRAM sockets are also included for 16 to 256MB synchronous Dynamic memory support. A 321-pin, Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) socket allows an easy [email protected] 9889907375

upgrade path for the future processors. The VIA VT82C586B PCI / ISA Bridge provides an integrated Bus Mastering IDE controller with two high performance Ultra DMA -33 EIDE interfaces for up to four IDE devices (such as hard drives or CD-ROM). The PCI / ISA Bridge also including an USB interface. The integrated I / O controller integrates the standard PC I/O functions: floppy interface, two FIFO serial ports, one parallel port, and support for an IrDA and Consumer Infra Red compatible interface. Four onboard 32 - bit PCI local bus slots, which serves as a super highway for intensive data - movement such as video or networking. The BIOS support PCI bridge user configuration, which allows further expansion of the system with PCI peripherals. Up to two 16-bit ISA slots are provided so that the board is backward hardware compatible with the older expansion card. Auto Jumper This motherboard is one of our "Auto Jumper" series, which eliminates the necessity for the user to set the jumper s on the motherboard. It is capable of detecting the CPU brand, and setting of the appropriate CPU core voltage and speed according to instructions from the user through CMOS setup menu. In contrast to "Jumper less", "Auto Jumper" allows switching to manual mode that enables physical jumpers on the mainboard, so as to prevent the potential impacts on jumperless boards from the future CPU specifications. Features Summary This motherboard comes with following features: 1. Support Intel Pentium/Pentium-MMX, AMD K5/K6/K6-2/K6-III, Cyrix/IBM 6x86 / 6x86MX /M – II. 2. With an On-Board Crystal 3D Sound Chip for Sound Version. 3. Two DIMM slots Supporting up to 512MB Memory Capacity 4. 4 x PCI slots, 2 x ISA slots 5. 2 x USB ports, 1 x PS /2 Mouse port and 1x IrDA port 6. Dual IDE channel supporting four Ultra DMA 33 IDE Drives 7. Dual AT / ATX Power Supply Interface 8. Baby AT form factor dimension 220 mm x 170 mm.

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