Urinalysis

Urinalysis Prepared by: Nada Hasan

Urinalysis A

urinalysis is a group of manual and/or

automated qualitative and semi-quantitative tests performed on a urine sample.  Purpose: Routine urinalyses are performed for several reasons: 1. general health screening to detect renal and metabolic diseases. 2. diagnosis of diseases or disorders of the kidneys or urinary tract.

Functions of kidney:  The

human kidneys have four major functions. They are to: 1. Remove metabolic waste and toxins from the body. 2. Regulate the volume and composition of the body fluids through secretion and reabsorption. 3. Maintain the balance of acids to bases in the body (i.e., pH).

Collection of urine specimens  Containers

for the collection of urine

should be: a. wide-mouthed. b. clean. c. dry.

Types of urine specimen 1. Early morning urine specimen This is the specimen of choice for urinalysis and microscopic analysis, since the urine is generally more concentrated (due to the length of time the urine is allowed to remain in the bladder) and, therefore, contains relatively higher levels of cellular elements and analytes such as protein, if present. Also called an 8-hour specimen, the first morning specimen is collected when the patient first wakes up in the morning, having emptied the bladder before going to sleep.

Types of urine specimen 2. Random urine specimen A random urine sample, taken at any time of the day, will enable the laboratory to screen for substances which are indicators of kidney infection. Random specimens can sometimes give an inaccurate view of a patient's health if the specimen is too diluted and analyte values are artificially lowered.

Types of urine specimen 3. 24-Hour urine specimen The 24-hour urine specimen is collected in a clear 2-litre bottle with a stopper. On the first morning the patient gets up and urinates; this urine is not collected. All the urine passed during the rest of the day and night is collected in the bottle. The next morning the patient gets up and collects the first urine of the morning in the bottle. The bottle should then be taken immediately to the laboratory. Measure the volume of urine with a measuring cylinder and record it.

Types of urine specimen 4. Midstream urine specimen

While passing urine, the patient places an open container in the stream of urine and collects about 20 ml of urine. The container should be covered immediately. This is the preferred type of specimen for culture and sensitivity testing because of the reduced incidence of cellular and microbial

Types of urine specimen 5. Catheterization specimen: Collection of urine using a catheter must be carried out by a qualified physician or nurse. The procedure is used for certain bacteriological tests, mainly in women.

Types of urine specimen 6. Urine specimens from infants Urine can be collected into a plastic bag with an adhesive mouth. The bag is left in place for 1–3 hours, depending on the examination requested.

Storage of Urine: 1. Preservatives of urine for Urinalysis: it is recommend testing urine within two hours of its collection. However, refrigeration or chemical preservation of urine specimens may be utilized if testing or refrigeration within a two-hour window is not possible. A variety of urine preservatives (tartaric and boric acids being the most common) are available that allow urine to be kept at room temperature while still providing results

Generally, the length of preservation capacity ranges from 24 to 72 hours. When a specimen is directly transferred from a collection cup into a preservative tube, it provides a stable environment for the specimen until testing can be reduces the risk of bacterial overgrowth. Non-additive tubes (those not containing any chemical preservatives) can be used for urinalysis, but must be handled following strict timing and refrigeration guidelines.

Storage of Urine: 2. Preservatives for Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) Testing: The most common preservative used for culture and sensitivity is boric acid, which comes in tablet, powder form.

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