Urban Planning

Table of Contents I.

LAND USE PLANNING 1. land use planning concepts 2 what is land use planning 3. what is a land use plan 4. objectives of land use planning 5. two division of land use planning 6. land use categories and color coding 7. formulation of the general land use plan 8. environmentally critical areas

II.

LAND USE PATTERNS a. basic urban form conceptual frameworks b. different shapes in land use patterns

III.

URBAN LAND USE MODELS a. what’s a model? b. concentric-zone model c. sector model d. multiple nuclei model e. urban realms model

Land Use Planning Concepts Land Land is viewed as a shared natural resource, much like air and water found therein, to be conserved and cared for with due regard for its effect on society as a whole and for the conditions in which it will be passed on to future generations. Land is also viewed as a property - a private commodity which can be owned, used, bought or sold for personal comfort and profit.

Why ? ??resource Land Plan is a finite

but population continues to grow year after year requiring more land for housing and other urban uses, agricultural areas for food production and more forest for timber production and watershed protection. Therefore, the need to allocate land judiciously and discriminately

What is Land Use Planning ? 

It is the systematic approach / process for identifying, classifying and locating urban land, which is achieved by analyzing the socioeconomic needs of the population in consideration of the physical and natural attributes of a city / municipality

 Source: National Urban Development and Housing Framework

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Land use planning refers to the rational and judicious approach of allocating available land resources to different land using activities, (e.g. agricultural, residential, industrial) and for different functions consistent with the overall development vision/goal of a particular locality. It entails the detailed process of determining the location and area of land required for the implementation of social and economic development, policies, plans, programs and projects. It is based on consideration of physical planning standards, development vision, goals and objective, analysis of actual and potential physical conditions of land and development constraints and opportunities.

Source: Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board

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Technical aspect- involves determining what activities(agricultural, construction) a given piece of land can support without causing damage to the land itself in order it can be used across many generations without jeopardizing. Political aspect – is concerned with the commitment of decision makers and politicians to ensure that there is strict compliance with the plan and its implementation tools.

What is a LAND USE PLAN ??? An essential component of the comprehensive development plan, it designates the future use or reuse of the land and the structure built upon the land within a given jurisdiction’s planning area and the policies and reasoning used in arriving at the decisions in the plan It projects public and private land uses in accordance with the planned spatial organization of economic and social activities and the traffic of goods and people

Objectives of Land Use Planning 1.

To promote the efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of land as a limited resources; a)

2.

Make sure there is enough for our future generations to use and enjoy while addressing the needs of the present times

To influence, direct and harmonize decisions and activities of the public and the private sectors affecting the use, management and disposition of lands;

Objectives of Land Use Planning 3.

Reconcile land use conflicts between and among individuals and government agencies relating to present needs and anticipated demands for land;

4.

Promote desirable and efficient patterns of land uses and prevent premature and wasteful development and minimize the cost of public facilities, services and infrastructure;

Objectives of Land Use Planning 5. Protect and preserve valuable agricultural areas consistent with the need promote industrialization;

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6. Maintain ecological balance thru Control of development in critical areas such as flood plains and watershed areas; 7. Integrate programs and projects on land resources development among land development agencies;

Objectives of Land Use Planning 8. Conserve areas of ecological, aesthetic and historical values and maintain and protect natural open areas and areas of significant views; 9. Promote and implement a shelter plan • Thru Identification of sites suitable for housing; and 9. Promote an efficient circulation system

Overview of the Process 

It utilizes the planning methodology which includes: data gathering, problem identification and situational analysis; goals / objectives formulation; generation of alternative spatial strategies; evaluation and selection of preferred strategy; formulation of the plan; adoption, review and approval; and implementation and monitoring

 Source: National Urban Development and Housing

Framework

Two Division of Land Use Planning 

General Land Use Planning – deals primarily with the nonurban large scale uses such as: croplands, forests, pasture lands, mining/quarrying areas and swamplands, with areas occupied by structures treated collectively as “built –up” areas”

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Urban Land Use Planning – concerned with the location, intensity and amount of land development required for the various space-using functions such as residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, recreation and other activities found in the urban areas.

Land Use 

General Land use: Four Major Categories: ○ Built-up ○ Agriculture ○ Forest ○ Special use

Urban Land uses: Residential Commercial Industrial Institutional Parks/playgrounds Infrastructure/utilities Etc.

LAND USE CATEGORIES AND COLOR CODING

LAND USE CATEGORIES AND COLOR CODING

Determination of Land Supply for Urban Expansion Land supply is the land area available within the city/municipality for urban expansion. Basically, this is left after deducting the areas considered for protection/preservation and conservation such as the Network of Protected Agricultural Areas (NPAAs), National Intergrated Protected Areas System (NIPAs), existing built-up areas, etc. Formula: Land Supply For Urban Expansion = TLA – (PCA + BU) Where:

TLA = total land area of city/municipality, in hectares PCA = protection/preservation and conservation areas, in hectares BU = built-up areas, in hectares

Example: Given: Area (Has.) a. Total Land Area (TLA) of City/Municipality

= 50,000

b. Preservation and Conservation Areas (PCA)* = 35,000 b.1 NIPAS (5,000) b.2 NIPAAs (15,000) b.3 Environmentally Constrained Areas (5,000) b.4 Other Environmentally Critical Areas (10,000) Identified in Pres. Proc. No. 2146 c. Existing Built-up Areas (BU)

= 10,000

d. Land Supply For Urban Expansion = a – (b + c) = 50,000 – (35,000 + 10,000) = 50,000 – 45,000 = 5,000 Has.

* Refer to Section G. 1.4 (d.2) for details

Classification of Urban Uses  

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Residential-amount of land depends on the of which new households are formed and on inmigration. Commercial areas- category includes all types of wholesale, retail and service activities serving areas larger than neighborhoods. Included in this category are the ff: -Major Central Business Districts in urbanized areas -Minor Central Business District in less urbanized areas -Highway Service Centers or Commercial Strips such as highway gas stations, traveler's inn and restaurants

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Institutional Areas- covers the major public and semi-public uses like educational, cultural, religious, health, protective and government services Industrial uses- includes manufacturing, refining, fabricating, assembly, storage, parking and other incidental uses including food processing, cottage industry, sawmills, rice mills, steel mills, chemical processing plants, etc. -also included are the proposed industrial estates/subdivision Parks/Playgrounds and other Recreational Areas- the space requirement may be computed with the use of space standards based on population or area of the municipality or city

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Open Space- so called “non-functional open spaces” and includes lands reserved for greenbelts and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved for specific or functional purposes

Constraints to Development

-identify different constraints such as soil conditions, flooding, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other natural condition -mapping guidelines- illustrates the physical obstacles to development such as subsidence and flooding risk

Land Use Related Problem 

Evaluate the land use related problems such as flooding, deforestation, conversion of prime agricultural lands, pollution, incompatible uses, etc.

Factors for Designation of Functional Areas   

The identified population needs and requirement for various development purposes Land requirement in terms of adequacy of land for food production, settlement expansion, etc. The location of the different land use categories as follows: -agriculture -forest -built-up -tourism -other land use unique to the city or municipality

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Recognized need to protect and preserve critical areas for conservation and preservation  Development Areas- include croplands (paddy, rice,

coconut, sugar cane, orchard, diversified crops,etc.) and livestock production (feeding operations, or open grazing); settlement areas such as growth centers and ethnic reserves; military reservation and other urban uses which required relatively large areas like industrial estates and utilities  Conservation and Preservation Areas -maintain the desired ecological balance and area characteristic -to protect the integrity of sensitive/critical ecosystem -to preserve their natural or unique characteristic;

Formulation of the General Land Use Plan 

Land Capability Classification - indicates the suitability of areas for cultivation according to soil conservation management requirements. Factors considered in the identification of land capability classes are soil erosion potential/flooding and soil condition limitations.

Soil condition includes its characteristics such as droughtiness, fertility, stoniness, salinity, alkalinity, acidity, depth, presence of toxic substance, etc. The degree of limitations ranges from no or slight limitations, moderate, serious to severe, to very serious or very severe.

The different land capability classes are as follows: Class A – very good land; can be cultivated safely, requiring only simple but good farm management practices. Class B – good land; can be cultivated safely, require easily applicable conservation practices. Class C – moderately good land, must be cultivated with caution; requires careful management and complex conservation practices. Class D – fairly good land; must be cultivated with extra caution; requires careful management and complex conservation practices for safe cultivation. Most suitable for pasture or forest. Class L – level to nearly level; too stony or very wet for cultivation; limited to pasture or forest with careful soil management. Class M – steep land; very severely eroded; shallow; not for cultivation; limited to pasture or forest with careful management. Class X – level land; wet most of the time and cannot be economically drained; suited for fishpond or recreation. Class Y – very hilly and mountainous, barren and rugged; should be reserved for recreation and wildlife or for reforestation.

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Soil Suitability A soil suitability study shall be conducted to determine the appropriateness of agricultural lands for specific crops. At present, the Bureau of Soils and Water Management has prepared Crop Development and Soil conservation Planning Guide Maps for various crops.

Environmentally Critical Areas Land development should consider the limitations posed by these hazards. These areas include the ff:  Weather and Water 

Volcanic Hazards - lava flow

Related Hazards - tropical cyclone winds

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- tropical cyclone rains - storm surge - drought 

Earthquake Induced Hazards - ground shaking - ground rupture - liquefaction and lateral spreading - landslides - tsunami

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airfall pyroclastic flows lahar edifice failure

Erosion - soil erosion - river bank erosion - coastal wave erosion

Environmentally Critical Areas  other Environmentally Critical Areas covered by the Presidential Proclamation No. 2146 - areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots; - areas of unique historic, archeological or scientific interest; - areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural minority communities or tribes; - areas classified as prime agricultural lands; - recharge areas of aquifers; - water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions; -tapped for domestic purposes -within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate authorities - support wild life and fishery activities - coral reef characterized by one or any combination of the ff. conditions: - with 50% and above live coraline cover - spawning and nursery grounds for fish - act as natural breakwater of coastline

LAND USE PATTERNS

Land Use Pattern Basic Urban Form Conceptual Frameworks 

Trend Extension

resembles the Dispersed Sheet urban form of Kevin Lynch, which he described as having “maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where local participation is highly possible” - Trend extension is the result of individuals building anywhere according to their own preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention. - development is spread evenly over a wide continuous tract, very accessible to open land, and transport is designed as continuous grid. - no vivid or memorable image of the city and costly provision of public service. -

Dispersed Sheet

Land Use Pattern 

Linear Urban Form

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a.k.a Ribbon or Strip development - characterized by concentration of development along both sides of major transportation routes such as roads, navigable rivers or other form of transport network - generally start on a one-lot-deep into a grid system. - also resembles what Kevin Lynch refers to as the Urban Star which is characterized by a strong urban core with secondary centers of moderate densities, distributed along main radials roads. - very strong visual image

Strip/Linear Development

Urban Star

Land Use Pattern 

Multi-Nodal Urban Form - re-directs development away

from the urban core or city center toward identified urban growth areas or nodes. - approximates Lynch’s Galaxy form, which is characterized by clusters of development with each cluster having its own specialization. - the major center provides specialized facilities and services to its nodes and acts as it external linkage to other centers of the city or municipality. The nodes support the major center as its captive market while providing neighborhood facilities and services to its area of influence.

Galaxy form

Centric and Nodal form

Land Use Pattern -Under the Centric and Nodal form, a number of additional mixed-use growth areas will be developed outside the Poblacion area existing center of development. - another related nodal-central type of development is Radial and Circumferential. It shows a development channel fanning out from a given center where points of activities are interconnected by radial and circumferential road systems which are potential development corridors.

Radial and

Land Use Pattern 

Concentric Urban Form - this form reflects an outward expansion

of urban development from the city center/core induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads. - the form pattern matches the Core City of Kevin Lynch has the unique characteristic of concentrating development into one continuous body originating from the center or core. - aiming to maximize land use in the Poblacion or city center to provide more open space outside, this urban form redirects future development in and around the Poblacion/city center, extending to the adjoining barangays or barrios. As a result, the direction of growth enlarges the urban core.

Core City

Concentric Development

Land Use Pattern 

Grid Form - this system is made up of rectangular blocks defined by parallel and intersecting streets. The simplicity of this layout provides accessibility of plots and/or structures, but conflict or movement could arise due to numerous intersections.

Grid Development

Land Use Pattern-Shapes Radiocentric A large circle with radial corridors of intense development emanating from the center

Star Radiocentric form with open spaces between the outreaching corridors of development

Rectilinear Usually with two corridors of intense development crossing the center; usually found in small cities rather than in large

Rin A city g built around an open space

Land Use Pattern-Shapes Linear Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation spine.

Sheet A vast urban area with little or no articulation.

Articulated sheet Branch A linear span with connecting arms.

A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several subclusters.

Land Use Pattern-Shapes Constellation A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity

Satellite Constellation of cities around a main cluster

URBAN LAND USE MODELS

“Urban Growth & Development” Urban Land Use Models     

What’s a Model? Concentric Zone Model (Burgess) Sector Model (Hoyt) Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris & Ullman) Urban Realms Model (Vance; aka “Pepperoni Pizza” Model)

What’s a model? 

Best synonym: a model = “a representation”

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A textbook definition: An idealized representation of a part of reality which is constructed so as to demonstrate certain of its properties. --Yeates and Garner, The North American City

The Concentric-Zone Model 

Proposed by Burgess – A sociologist at the University of Chicago: 1925 book titled The City

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Based on a study of land use patterns and social group dynamics in Chicago

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Geographically the city was visualized like 5 or 6 major rings, such as from a cross-section of a tree

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A model with five zones.

Concentric-Zone Model 1A CBD Proper 1B Fringe of CBD 2 Zone in Transition or ‘Gray Zone’ 3 Lower Income Housing 4 Higher Income Housing 5 Commuters’ Zone Wholesaling, warehousing, truck CBD = “Central Business & railroadDistrict” depots

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>>things that service CBD In Chicago: “Theuses; Loop” Mixed residential and commercial uses cannot afford extreme land bldgs, Dept stores, office Suburban areas Older residential area; former homes of values of CBD proper; may need banks, hotels, theaters Burgess called this ring: “Zone of containing satellite down to lowwell-to-do have trickled more land Important theoretical under-pinnings Independent Workers’ Housing” Single-family >> things residences; that service entire cities income; Businesses and light for Industrial thisThese modeluses provided by workers. May haveout moved streetcar metro suburbs area haved moved to manufacturing, print shops economists such as Alonso and outcircumpherential from Zone 2 boarding houses as highways Zone of slums, rooming houses, Muth (whotoborrowed vonprosper, Thunen’sstartnewly begin assimilate, arrived immigrants ideas!) families

4 3 2 1B 1A

Concentric-Zone Model 

A model with five zones. Zone 1 ○ The central business district (CBD) ○ Distinct pattern of income levels out to the commuters’ zone ○ Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)

Concentric-Zone Model Zone 2 ○ Characterized by mixed pattern of

industrial and residential land use ○ Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment ○ Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began here ○ Usually called the transition zone

Concentric-Zone Model Zone 3 ○ The “workingmen’s quarters” ○ Solid blue-collar, located close to

factories of zones 1 and 2 ○ More stable than the transition zone around the CBD ○ Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettos ○ Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because bluecollar workers demanded better housing

Concentric-Zone Model Zone 4 ○ Middle class area of “better housing” ○ Established city dwellers, many of whom

moved outward with the first streetcar network ○ Commute to work in the CBD

Concentric-Zone Model Zone 5 ○ Consists of higher-income families

clustered together in older suburbs ○ Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines ○ Spacious lots and large houses ○ From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion and social heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4

Concentric-Zone Model 

Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants’ stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoods

Concentric-Zone Model 

In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern This was the city Burgess used for his model The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric zones

Classic Industrial City 1850s Konx and Pinch 2000 – Urban Social Geography

Industrial City 19451975

The Post-industrial City

What are the main characteristics of a CBD?

How many characteristics of a CBD can you spot in the next four slides?

The Tallest Buildings Why?

What typical characteristi cs of a CBD are shown here?

Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall

Busy – lots of pedestrians

Markets

Purpose built shopping centres providing undercover shopping experience

Big Department Stores and National Chain Stores – why?

What typical characteristi cs of a CBD are shown here?

What typical characteristi cs of a CBD are shown here? Some of the oldest buildings

Historic/ old street pattern – often some narrow streets

Public Buildings eg. Corn Exchange / Town Hall

Very accessible – public transport & traffic management required due to congestion.

Entertainment – e.g. restaurants

Entertainment e.g. pubs

What typical characteristi cs of a CBD are shown here?

Entertainment e.g. cinemas (although increasingly these are moving further out of town)

THE INNER CITY (ZONE 2) Also known as the Twilight or Transition Zone

Zone 2 of the Urban Land-use Model – THE INNER CITY Typical aerial view of an Inner City Area

Typical style of housing in the Inner City

When and Why did Inner City Areas Grow up?• Developed during the 19th century – due to rapid expansion of industry (led to the demand for workers) • As more moved to the cities – there was a demand for low cost houses for the workers • This resulted in high-density cheap housing (fitting as many houses as possible in a small area • People had to live close to work due to lack of transport

What types of land-use are found in Inner City areas? 19th Century Terraced Housing

Canals and Railways

Industry – large factories built during the industrial revolution (now some knocked down / converted)

Main Roads (often now ring roads taking traffic out of CBDs)

Typical Characteristics of Inner City Areas • High Density Housing • Mainly terraced (some back to back) • Built in Long Straight Rows • Front doors opening onto the street • Few Amenities (little or no sanitation (often built with toilet in Back Yard • Mainly Ethnic Minorities, students, older people and unemployed (lower income groups) • Mainly private / rented

Problems in Inner City Areas (since 1950s / 1950s) 7. Lack of Open Space 1. Industrial Decline (see other notes) 2. High unemployment 3. Abandoned Warehouses – eyesore and led to vandalism 4. High Crime Rates 5. Poor Quality Housing 6. Overcrowding

8. Lack of Parking Spaces 9. Atmospheric Pollution (factories / traffic) 10. Lots of heavy traffic (for industry)

INNER AND OUTER Reasons for Growth of the SUBURBS Suburbs

1. Better public transport and increased car ownership meant people could separate work from where they live. 2. Building societies provided mortgages making it easier to buy homes 3. People were better off and looking for a better living environment.

RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

This has lead to conflict due to different landuses wanting to locate here (see diagram for examples)

THE CBD

THE CBD

THE CBD

THE INNER CITY

THE INNER CITY

THE INNER CITY

THE INNER SUBURBS

THE INNER SUBURBS

THE INNER SUBURBS

THE OUTER SUBURBS

THE OUTER SUBURBS

URBAN LAND-USE TRANSECT IN ST IVES

CBD Outer Suburbs

Tallest Buildings

High Density

Shops

Terraced Housing

Entertainment High Land Values

Some old factories

Inner City Industry

Semidetached housing Some greenery

Inner Suburbs

Low density housing

Rural-urban fringe

Large detached houses

Industry Retail Units

Gardens

Garages Car parking space Gardens

Sector Model  

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Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector model in 1939 Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping land-use structure of the city Because these areas were reinforced by transportation routes, the pattern of their development was one of sectors or wedges

Models: ‘sectors’ (Hoyt) and ‘multi centres’ (Harris and Ullman) Multi Centres Sector 2

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2 1 2 3 4 5

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CBD 6 Wholesale and light manufacturing7 Low-class residential 8 Middle-class residential 9 High-class residential

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6 9 Heavy manufacturing Sub business district Residential suburb Industrial suburb

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Sector Model 

The important factor is not distance from CBD as in the concentric zone model, but direction away from CBD

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Wedge-shaped land use zones: like pieces of pie

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Does the “side” of town matter in Tucson?

Sector Model (continued) •As growth occurs, similar activities stay in the same area and extend outwards •Good for accommodating growth development axes; growth momentum Concentric zone model requires redevelopment to change the amount of residential land use of different types •Why do land use areas take wedge shapes? Follow older radial transport lines High-class residential on higher ground or along an environmental amenity (e.g., wooded ravine) Lower-class residential along “the tracks” coming in and out of town

Sector Model (continued) 

This theory is particularly good for residential land use

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Both the concentric zone and sector models are monocentric representations of urban areas

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How realistic are they for an auto-age metropolis like Tucson?

Sector Model 

Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand according to four factors Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildings Will progress toward high ground or along waterfronts, when these areas are not used for industry Will move along the route of fastest transportation Will move toward open space

Sector Model 

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As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled in Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, drawing on their prestige Low-rent areas fill remaining areas Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go from high to low There are distinct patterns in today’s cities that echo Hoyt’s model He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess — in the age of the automobile

Sector Model 

Today, major transportation arteries are generally freeways Surrounding areas are often low-rent districts Contrary to Hoyt’s theory Freeways were imposed on existing urban pattern Often built through low-rent areas where land was cheaper and political opposition was less

Multiple Nuclei Model 

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Developed by two geographers: Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945 based on Seattle, Washington Maintained a city developed with equal intensity around various points The CBD was not the sole generator of change Basic concept: cities don’t grow up around a single core but have several nodes

Multiple Nuclei Model

Multiple Nuclei Model 1. CBD 2. Wholesale & Light Manufacturing 3. Low-income Residential 4. Middle-Income Residential 5. High-Income Residential 6. Heavy Manufacturing 7. Outlying Business District (Mall) 8. Residential Suburb 9. Industrial Suburb

SOURCE: http://www.geog.umontreal.ca/geotrans/eng

Multiple Nuclei Model 

Equal weight must be given to: An old community on city outskirts around which new suburbs clustered An industrial district that grew from an original waterfront location Low-income area that began because of some social stigma attached to site

Multiple Nuclei Model 

Rooted their model in four geographic principles Certain activities require highly specialized facilities ○ Accessible transportation for a factory ○ Large areas of open land for a housing tract Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locations

Multiple Nuclei Model 

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More than any other model takes into account the varied factors of decentralization in the structure of the North American city Many criticize the concentric zone and sector theories as being rather deterministic because they emphasize one single factor Multiple nuclei theory encompasses a larger spectrum of economic and social possibilities Most urban scholars feel Harris and Ullman succeeded in trying to integrate the disparate element of culture into workable model

Urban Realms Model 

Today: A new urban reality that is not totally captured by any of the three standard pre1950s models

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Geographer James Vance in 1964 proposed “Urban Realms” (aka “Pepperoni Pizza”) model to describe Metropolitan L.A.

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La-La Land is a vast poly-nucleated region linked by freeways and long-distance commuters

THE END PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1 YUMANG, ALLEN MARTIN S. DILANCO, JONNA ELOISA F. DAGLI, RUIZA ANNE APRIL M. PONTILLAS, KRISTINE ANNE R. JOVER, ALLAN