Unit 4 Study Guide

Name __________________________ Biology Unit 4 Study Guide: Cellular Energy 1. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ___________ 2. __________ is changed to _____________ when a phosphate group is added 3. What types of molecules are most commonly broken down to make ATP? 4. What is chemosynthesis? 5. How is chemosynthesis different from photosynthesis? 6. What is the equation of photosynthesis? 7. What organelle does photosynthesis take place in? 8. What is the pigment that is involved in capturing the sun’s energy? 9. What are thylakoids? 10. What are grana? 11. What is the stroma? 12. Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? 13. Know your diagrams for photosynthesis. Light-dependent reactions 14. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from _________________ 15. Energized electrons enter ______________________________________________ 16. _________________________ molecules are split 17. _________________________ is released as a waste 18. _________________________ are transported across the thylakoid membrane 19. energized electrons are used to make ____________________ 20. Hydrogen ions diffuse through the membrane protein _____________________________ to make __ 21. What is needed for the light-dependent reactions? 22. What is produced by the light-dependent reactions? 23. What is the purpose of NADPH?

Light-independent reactions (dark reactions) 24. Where do the light-independent reactions take place? 25. ________________________________ molecules enter the Calvin cycle and are added to a ________________________________. Six carbon molecules are formed. 26. ________________ is added and the six carbon sugar splits to form _____________________ 27. After two three carbon molecules join together you get ____________________________ 28. Three carbon molecules are recycled back into __________________________________ 29. What is needed for the light-independent reactions to take place? 30. What are the products of the light-independent reactions? Cell Respiration 31. What is the equation for cell respiration? 32. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? 33. What organelle does cellular respiration occur in? 34. Where does glycolysis occur? 35. In glycolysis ____________________ is broken down into ________________________ (think ‘sugar splitting’) 36. What do you get at the end of glycolysis? 37. Where does the Krebs cycle take place? 38. What happens to the 3-carbon pyruvates as they go from the cytoplasm to the matrix? 39. In the Krebs cycle, a 2-carbon _________________________ bonds to a ________ carbon 40. CO2 is released forming a _________ carbon compound 41. CO2 is released again forming a ____________ carbon compound 42. As the 6 carbon molecule is recycled what is formed? 43. What do you get at the end of the Krebs cycle? 44. NADH and FADH2 are ____________________________________

45. What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain? 46. H+ is pumped into the ____________ _________________________ ________________ and diffuses through the membrane protein _______________________________________________ generating _______________ 47. What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? 48. What do you get at the end of the ETC? 49. Where does fermentation occur? 50. Fermentation is when _______________ occurs without _____. 51. Fermentation allows cells to produce more of the electron carrier ________. This is necessary to make ________. 52. What produces more ATP per unit glucose, fermentation or aerobic cellular respiration?