Unit 5 Study Guide

Katie Dennison 1/27/2009 Period 2 Unit 5 Study Guide 1) Progressives hoped to make many changes during the early 1900’s. The goals of progressivism were social welfare, moral and economic reform and improving efficiency. Social welfare was improving things in communities such as sanitation and fire/police services. It was also setting up community centers like the YMCA. Progressives also wanted moral and economic reform. Moral reform was getting rid of things such as alcohol (prohibition). Economic reform was regulating big businesses by implementing rules and regulations. Progressives also wanted more efficiency. This was less waste of material and better work for fewer hours. With the invention of the assembly line, the goal of efficiency was achieved my progressives. 2) During the early 1900’s, women greatly benefited from the Progressive Movement. Women were given more jobs, all-women colleges were opened and also they gained suffrage (a group’s right to vote). When World War 1 began, many men were drafted. In turn, there weren’t as many workers in the country. So, while the men were away fighting the war, women attained more rigorous jobs (taking over the farm, working in factories to help the war effort). This proved that women could work just as well and hard as men could. Also, during the early 1900’s women’s colleges were established all around the U.S. This allowed women to advance in their education and get better jobs (school teachers, doctors). Women also received suffrage because of the Progressive Movement. The leading proponent for women’s suffrage was Susan B. Anthony. 3) During William Howard Taft’s presidency the Progressive Movement and the Republican Party were greatly influenced. Progressivism began to ease up while the Republican’s branched off of their party and formed the Bull Moose Party. Taft, who had been handpicked by the previous president (Theodore Roosevelt), was thought to continue Roosevelt’s progressive programs (conservation movement, railroad regulation, etc.). Although, he did the complete opposite. So when Taft’s term was over, Roosevelt ran against Taft as a member of the Bull Moose Party. Since most Republican votes were divided equally among Roosevelt and Taft, democrat Woodrow Wilson won’t the next election, thus ending the Progressive Movement. 4) American’s began to expand the size of their nation in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. This expansion was focused on places in the Pacific Ocean, specifically Hawaii. Hawaii was seen as a prime location for a stopping point between America and Chine and also a naval base (Pearl Harbor). The U.S. came to acquire Hawaii by ways of a revolution that was started by citrus farmers in Hawaii. This revolution was led by farmer Sanford Dole. American’s had taken

over the Kingdom of Hawaii and forced the queen to step down. Hawaii then became a U.S. territory and was annexed in 1898. 5) The Spanish-American War was an example of U.S. imperialism. Imperialism is a larger, more powerful country that influences another smaller country. America was very interested in Cuba, a Spanish territory located only 90 miles south of Florida. The U.S. saw Cuba as an excellent location to set up a military base (Guantanamo Bay). During this time, Cuba wanted independence from Spain. America helped Cuba in their revolution against Spain. Although, in return Cuba was put under the control of the U.S. through the Platt Amendment. The Platt Amendment said that Cuba could not 1) Sign any treaties without U.S. approval, 2) Go into debt, 3) U.S. can set up a military base in Cuba and 4) U.S. can intervene to “keep the peace” in Cuba. This amendment made it to where the U.S. had complete control and influence over Cuba. 6) The Roosevelt Corollary was an amendment to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine warned the European powers “to leave America for the Americans” and to remain out of American territories. Although, the Roosevelt Corollary asserted that European nations should not intervene in countries to the south of the U.S. Although, the U.S. could intervene if they felt justified. 7) There were five main causes for World War 1. These causes were alliances, nationalism, imperialism, militarism and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. A number of alliances had been signed by European countries before the war. These were important because they meant that some countries had no option but to declare war if one of their allies declared war first. Another cause was nationalism. Nationalism is being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one's country. Areas of both Austria-Hungary and Serbia were home to differing nationalist groups, all of whom wanted freedom from the states that they lived in. The third cause of WW1 was Militarism. Militarism means military forces are given a high profile by the government. European countries began to double their armies and build better battleships. The last cause of WW1 was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. A Serbian assassin killed Ferdinand. Austria-Hungry felt that if Serbia didn’t hand over the assassin they would have to go to war. Serbia could not find him. So, Austria-Hungry declared war. Because of the alliances, a domino effect was created and all of Europe went to war. 8) When WW1 started in August 1914, the United States decided to remain neutral. Although, the U.S. did have economic ties to both sides (Allies [France, England and Russia] and Central Powers [Germany, Austria-Hungry and Ottoman Empire]). The United States sold military equipment and food supplies to them. Eventually, England wanted to stop this trade. So, they established a blockade on the coasts of Germany. After entering the war in 1917, there were more troops to help out the Allies. The Allies and Central Powers were running out of

troops. So, when the U.S. entered the war the number of troops greatly increased. This greatly affected the war. 9) The American war effort was greatly affected after the U.S. declared war in 1917. There were two boards that were created at this time. These were the War Industries Board and the National War Labor Board. The War Industries Board changed American industries from peace time to war time. Factories that made everyday clothing began to make military uniforms. Also, factories that made things like screws began to make bullets. The National War Labor Board was an agency that monitored the economy, making sure that people were being ethical (not charging insane prices on products, etc.). Also, there was a mass amount of citizen’s effort. People began to conserve food by voluntary ration and growing there own food (Victory Gardens). It was seen as a patriotic duty. 10) The American government did not have the right to limit civil liberties during WW1. This violated the first amendment of the Constitution. The Committee on Public Information was established during WW1. They used propaganda as a means to effectively cast Germans as the evil force of WW1. Also, the Espionage and Sedition Acts were created. These acts made it possible for congress to pass loosely worded laws which gave the government wide authority to prosecute anyone who spoke out against the war. Many people were arrested and convicted with long prison sentences for being seen as “disloyal”. 11) The Treaty of Versailles caused numerous problems for the future. The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty written by the U.S., France and England. The treaty established new countries all across Europe. Jordan, Syria, Austria, Hungry, Poland, and Iraq are a few examples. Although, when the land was divided up, it was not done so correctly. Many rivaling religious and ethnic groups were put in the same area as each other. This has led to modern day conflict. Also, the Treaty of Versailles demilitarized Germany (took away all of their military except some to protect boarders) and also made them pay reparations (war debt). Germany was forced to pay for everything that was involved in WW1. This was not limited to just paying for areas they destroyed but also the military equipment. This put Germany into a depression that was worse than the U.S.’s Great Depression. Since Germany was in such depression, this allowed just about anyone to lead them out of it. Adolf Hitler was the one who spoke to German’s and told them how they were wronged by all of the European countries and America. He convinced everyone that these countries were the cause of all of their problems. Because of this, Germany eventually went to war again (WW2).