Unit 2_chapt 3_student Copy

Civilisations, Kingdoms and Empires

Learning Outcomes •

This chapter is about what makes a civilisation. It also considers what makes a kingdom and an empire. You will learn about: – – – – – – –

what people need to build a civilisation how a civilisation develops Factors that lead to the rise of a civilisation what makes a successful civilisation what a kingdom is what an empire is early civilisations • • • •

•

Indus Valley Shang Funanese Srivijayan

Use inferential skills to interpret a source (Continued)

What is a civilisation? A group of people

Forms a Government with laws

Build villages, towns, cities

Land with sunshine and rainfall

Cradle of Civilisation

Develop a culture e.g. language, lifestyle, traditions

Near to a water source e.g. river

Suitable for farming and living

Hierachy of rule

Emperor says, “Collect more rice in the capital”

We will conquer more land for the Emperor

Kingdom This is what you have to do

What is a Kingdom? • • •

A kingdom is a civilisation ruled by a single ruler with all the power The ruler was usually a man e.g. warrior or priest In a large kingdom, the king has officials who help administer the country • The king has absolute power • The successor is usually the son or male relative • A dynasty if formed when a family of kings rule the kingdom over time What is an Empire? • •

A kingdom and other land conquered An empire needs: • Strong ruler • Powerful army • Stable government • Prosperous economy

Ques

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What and d are the s im i civili fference ilarities s sa empi tions, ki between ngdo res? ms a nd

What Features do Successful Civilisations, Kingdoms and Empires Share? • Strong government to keep control • An organised society • Cities where large numbers of people lived, worked and traded • A view of themselves as one culture, with the same religion and language • The ability to defend themselves • The ability to communicate through a written language 2.1 Introduction

What Makes Them Different? • Civilisations and empires do not necessarily have a single ruler; a kingdom does • Civilisations and kingdoms do not need to control large amounts of land, or land in other places; an empire does

2.1 Introduction

Lesson 1 Assignment

• Workbook Activity 6 Pg 25 • Complete by next lesson – Note: Refer to the summary table completed in Chapter 3 Chapter notes – Use the information to identify the SIMILARITIES

Instructions on Peer-Teaching • Each group has xx minutes to present the assigned part of a chapter • As peer-teachers, your role is to present and explain an interesting piece of information regarding the chapter/topic assigned • You CAN teach in the form of story-telling, role-play (acting out a story), conduct a quiz, play a game, do mindmaps/charts/presentations or get your classmates to do group work/presentation • You CANNOT just stand and talk • Your group will be graded on how clearly and creatively you present the content, interaction with the class and whether your classmates understand your teachings. Running over time will be penalised. • At mid-year, the grades will be consolidated and the group consistently scoring As will get a prize

India – Indus Valleys • One of the earliest civilisations • From 5000 BC, people were living in the Indus Valley • By 4000 BC, settlements developed • By 3500 BC, these people had cities, a strong government, an organised society, a shared culture and language The Indus Valley Civilisation

2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

Characteristics of the Indus Civilisation • They had cities • Archaeologists have found remains of several Indus Valley cities • Two most important were Harappa and Mohenjo-daro

Modern day Harappa (Dept of Archaeology & Museum, Pakistan | J.M. Kenoyer)

2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

Characteristics of the Indus Civilisation • They had a strong, stable government and a class structure – different types of homes – complicated drainage system – carefully planned cities – efficient running of cities e.g. citadel, granary, public bath – system of standard weights and measures 2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

The citadel was the safest place. It was where all the public buildings were and where the most important people probably lived.

The lower town was where most ordinary people lived and worked. Homes and workshops have been found there.

Characteristics of the Indus Civilisation • They had a shared culture and language – archaeological finds such as seals and pottery reveal a shared language and writing system

Indus seals and jewellery

(Dept of Archaeology & Museum, Pakistan | J.M. Kenoyer)

Characteristics of the Indus Civilisation • Indus people worked as – Farmers – Craftsmen – Priests (Indus people participated in religious bathing)

Decline of the Indus Valley • Prospered for 1000 yrs • 1200 BCE – Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa were abandoned • Most likely cause is due to floods (evidence of rebuilding by archaeologists • Historical scholars thought it could be floods destroying irrigation system or malaria plague • Invasion by the Aryans (Western Asia Nomadic people) • Settled at Ganges rivers alongside the Indus people who settled there after the decline of the Indus Valleys • Indian culture is a mix of Indus and Aryan culture

Practice your inference skills Look at the plan of the city. What can you infer about the people living in Mohenjo-daro City? Is this a primary or secondary source?

The lower town was more widely populated. Homes and workshops have been found there.

The citadel was the safest place. It was where all the public buildings were and where the most important people probably lived.

A modern artist’s impression of Mohenjodaro City from archaeological evidence

What can you infer about the people living in Mohenjo-daro City? Inference There are different social classes The city was wellorganised with public buildings and residential homes clearly divided. The upper town is resided by important people and ordinary people lived in the lower town

Evidence 1. The map shows the city divided into two parts – one smaller part which is the upper town and one bigger part which is the lower town. 2. The provenance states that the upper town is where all the public places were and is most well protected by the citadel In the lower town, archaeologists found homes and workshops 3. The buildings in the upper town seem bigger with spacious surroundings. They also had a more organised design. These suggest that more important people like priests or rulers live in the upper town.

Lesson 3 Assignment

• Workbook Activity 3 Pg 29 • Workbook Activity 4 Pg 30 – 31 part (c) • Complete by next lesson

Next Lesson • We will uncover the civilisations found in India, China and Southeast Asia. • Peer-teaching: Group 1 (Chinese Civilisation) – Duration: 10 mins – http://www.chinavoc.com/history/shang.htm – http:// wsu.edu/~dee/ANCCHINA/SHANG.HTM

* Remember to submit all teaching materials (1 hardcopy-bound/1 softcopy)

Chinese civilisation • Earliest known hunters lived in Zhoukoudian for about 260,000 years (Peking Man) • They settled along the Yellow River Plains where the rich soil made farming easier and provided water for farming and transport • Yangshao and Longshan Villages • 1500 BCE – Shang Civilisation arose from the Longshan culture

2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

Shang Dynasty • Shang civilisation ruled by kings • Coming from the same family line, they eventually became the Shang Dynasty emperors • Shang people worked as farmers, traders, prients and craftsmen. E.g. silk clothes and jade ornaments

2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

The Shang • They had cities • many well-planned Shang cities were excavated

Archaeologists have been excavating parts of the ancient city of Anyang since 1930s (Institute of History & Philology | Taiwan)

2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

The Shang • The had a strong, stable government and class structure • Shangs kept written records • Shang people were ruled by a king who divided his kingdom into areas that lords ruled for him • layout of the cities reveals a class structure

houses belonging to Shang family

2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

The Shang • They had a shared culture and language • Shangs shared the same basic religious beliefs • believed in an afterlife and praying to dead rulers for help in their daily lives • shared a spoken and written language • writing was seen as a special skill • Pictographic writing - writing system or script • Oracle bones

2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

Building an Empire • The dynasties that followed the Shang grew bigger and more powerful • Although Western Zhou dynasty took over, the Shang culture was preserved • The most powerful dynasties of all – the Han and the Tang – had strong rulers and a strong army to take and keep other kingdoms

The Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BC) 2.2 Factors for the Rise of a River Valley Civilisation

The Han Dynasty (206 BC to AD 220)

The Tang Dynasty (AD 618 to 907)

Practice your inference skills These drawings show the homes of the upper-class Shang family and a lowerclass one. They are based on archaeological evidence. Which is which? Give more than one reason for your answer.

Lesson 4 Assignment

• Workbook Activity 4 Pg 23 • Workbook Activity 4 Pg 30 – 31 part (a) and (b)

Next Lesson • We will uncover the civilisations found in India, China and Southeast Asia. • Peer-teaching: Group 3 (Southeast Asian Civilisation) – Duration: 10 mins – http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-52477/Cambodia – http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22799/Indonesia * Remember to submit all teaching materials (1 hardcopy-bound/1 softcopy)

Southeast Asia Civilisation • Started much later (from c. 200 BCE) because records by Chinese, Indian traders and locals began then • Southeast Asia Mainland vs Southeast Asia Island • Obstacles to agriculture/communication – jungles and mountains • Artefacts etc clay pottery, beads, wall paintings show that S.E.A culture began c. 6000 BCE • People depended on fishing, hunting and gathering food in jungles for a living • SEA villages grew to be cities -> Maritime Kingdoms • Growth of rice and trade

Southeast Asia Civilisation • Skilled at boat-making • Coast villages acted as small ports -> port cities • Traded goods like rice, bronze, bracelets and ceremonial drums • Two major Maritime Kingdoms – Funan and Srivijaya

Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire • Seas and rivers were much better transport routes than overland routes. • Roads were seldom paved and it was hard to move heavy loads over long distances. • Transport system had to be efficient for ease of transporting soldiers, officials and goods

2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire • The bigger a kingdom or empire, the better its transport system had to be to run it efficiently • Contact – important for a maritime country to have good contacts with faraway places – contacts brought trade links, new ideas, knowledge and opportunities

• Trade • important for a country to become rich and powerful so as to build an empire

silk fabrics sought after by traders outside China

What Helps a Maritime Kingdom to Grow?

2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

The Importance of Southeast Asia

• Worldwide trade developed • Southeast Asia became increasingly important • Strong navy was able to – control important trade routes – become powerful in its own right – build up maritime kingdoms

2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

The Funanese Kingdom • Mekong Delta, AD 1 to AD 550

gold coin from the Roman Empire found at Oc-eo (Getty Images | Don Farrall)

• Capital – Oc-eo It is the most important trading port to have been partly excavated by archaeologists • The Funanese had cities • Well placed for trade • Fertile land, good climate for growing crops especially rice • The Funanese had a strong, stable government and a class structure • Lived in walled cities that were well-planned with different areas for different groups of people to live in

The Funanese Kingdom • Many social classes • Controlled the region of Southern Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and northern part of Malay Peninsula • The Funanese had a shared culture and language • Funanese stories • Buddhist temples • Common spoken and written language • Libraries and government archives indicated a long history of using writing 2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

The Srivijayan Empire • Sumatra, AD 700 to AD 1200 • Capital is Palembang • Controlled the Straits of Melaka, western Borneo and western Java • Rose to the next port city after Funan’s decline by C5th CE • Well-placed for trade • Controlled Straits of Melaka and Sunda Straits • Grew rich through trade 2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

The Srivijayan Empire • Areas for exchange of ideas and goods • Place for religious study and pilgrimage • They had a strong, stable government and social organisation • Government able to control sea routes • Strong hold over the sea trade • Efficient and obedient navy • They had a shared culture and language – – – –

Buddhist temples Buddhist texts Written records of laws, government stores, History and literature

2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

The Srivijayan Empire • Declined in C13th CE when lands were conquered by enemies • After the fall of the Srivijayan Empire, two other empires rose to take its place – the Melaka Empire and the Majapahit Empire

The Melakan Empire 2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

Lesson 5 Assignment

• Workbook Activity 3 Pg 22 • Workbook Activity 4 Pg 30 – 31 part (d) • Chapter 3 SEQ worksheet

Features of Southeast Asia civilisations

• Government – Buildings of stone (cf, homes made of wood) • Religion • Varied occupations e.g. craftsmen, fisherman, sailors, local foreign traders, priests, officials • Multi-cultural and multi-lingo • System of writing e.g. Jawi script 2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

Skill of Comparing •

How do you compare? 1. Compare = Finding similarities

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What is the difference between real similarities and false similarities? 1. Real similarity: Similar in information, concept(s) or meaning 2. False similarity: Source A and B are made of stone 3. False similarity: Summarising Source A and B

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How do you compare? 1. State the similarity (in your own words) at the start 2. Write down the evidence from the source

2.3 Factors for the Rise of a Maritime Kingdom or Empire

Lesson 6 Assignment

• Workbook Activity 4 Pg 30 – 31 part (d) • Chapter 3 Critical & Creative Thinking • Chapter 4 Chapter notes

Next Lesson • We will explore the governing systems and formation of societies of China, India and Southeast Asia • Peer-teaching: Group 4 (Chandragupta Maurya was a good ruler because ….) – Duration: 10 mins