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Twenty-Five Years of Inquiry and Insight Rick E. Ingram1

With this issue, Cognitive Therapy and Research has just passed its 25th birthday. In the 25 years since its inception, the journal has been on the leading edge of cognitivelyoriented clinical research. To commemorate this anniversary, a brief history of the journal, and of cognitive research, is presented. Some possible directions for the future of the journal are discussed, and individuals who have served the journal over the last 25 years are acknowledged. KEY WORDS: Cognitive Therapy and Research, History.

TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF INQUIRY AND INSIGHT Among the first words printed in Cognitive Therapy and Research were, “The primary objective of Cognitive Therapy and Research is to foster a constructive, critical dialogue among various disciplines and orientations that have similar concerns, but that previously have had little occasion to interact. We hope to provide a medium for researchers who are studying basic cognitive processes and for clinicians who are confronted with the dilemma of how best to conceptualize their clients’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the context of a treatment regimen” (Mahoney, 1977, p. 1). With this issue, Cognitive Therapy and Research has just passed its 25th birthday, and though the topical content of the journal has grown in the last two and a half decades, and the journal has seen four different editors, the objective of Cognitive Therapy and Research remains the same. The sheer joys of being an editor of a journal are few and far between, and usually come at the very beginning of an editor’s term. Once the excitement of being named to an editorship subsides comes the realization that the job takes a considerable amount of effort. If the new editor is lucky, as was I, the groundwork would have been laid by previous editors. An editorial guidebook, a workable and efficient set of procedures, hard-working associate editors with superb editorial judgment, and a stellar editorial board, all ease the way for the new editor. Yet, while the intellectual interest and the commitment to publish a first-rate journal remains, the novelty that 1 Department

of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275; e-mail: ringram@mail.

smu.edu. 1 C 2003 Plenum Publishing Corporation 0147-5916/03/0200-0001/0 °

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underlies the pleasure soon wears off and what remains is the work. Every now and then, however, an opportunity arises that rekindles the joy. Such is the occasion of the publication of this special issue, commemorating the 25th anniversary of Cognitive Therapy and Research. Most journals occasionally publish special issues, and Cognitive Therapy and Research has done so on a number of occasions. The procedure typically involves a researcher contacting the editor with an idea for a special issue, and if approved, compiling a list of contributors to invite and specific topics of their articles. The focus of the issue, however, is always topical and is related to the mission statement of the journal. Submitted manuscripts then undergo a review and, if accepted, appear in the special issue.2 The focus and procedures for this 25th anniversary issue were different in two ways. First, rather than identify a group of potential contributors organized around a particular topic, I invited members of the journal’s Advisory Board to contribute articles. These individuals represent the founders of cognitive– clinical psychology as we know it, the theorists and researchers who shaped the field in its earliest days, and continue to do so now. Thus, they are not only the pioneers of the field of cognitive therapy and research, they are also the settlers who continue to define the field’s scientific landscape. Second, rather than invite them to write on a particular topic, Advisory Board members were invited to write on any topic they wanted. I suggested that, if they chose to they could reminisce about the early days of the field (or the journal itself), present empirical data, discuss theories, present new ideas, or offer suggestions for how the journal has influenced the field. In short, anything that was related to cognitive therapy and research was considered appropriate. These two factors accounted for virtually all of the variance in rekindling a sense of editorial delight, inviting a number of brilliant theorists and researchers—all luminaries in the field—to write on anything they wanted. Would we in anyway go wrong with these ideas? For example, would these pioneers of the field, all still busy and still overworked, be willing to contribute to this special issue? Such fears were unfounded. Almost every single member of the journal’s Advisory Board was able to contribute an article. The contributions range from reflections on the social–scientific environment that led to the development of the journal to perspectives on how the articles in Cognitive Therapy and Research have not only contributed to but inspired advances in psychological science. Other articles reflect more broadly on the meaning and conduct of science, and the academic and social environments that encourage or stifle knowledge. Some of the articles present new theoretical ideas, review theory and data, or discuss the evolution of key cognitive constructs and methods. All of the contributions by the Advisory Board members are excellent.

A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: FROM THEN UNTIL NOW Cognition in the context of clinical problems and issues is widely recognized as a legitimate field of inquiry. This was not always so, and newer students to the 2 Because

authors are invited, rejections of articles for a special issue are extremely rare.

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field may be unaware of how radical cognitive ideas were some 25 years ago. Marvin Goldfried, Michael Mahoney, and Donald Meichenbaum document this state of the cognitive–behavioral union nicely in their articles, and I will leave it to them to tell the more complete stories. But it suffices to say here that it was not that long ago that the goal of pursuing cognition was considered akin to professional suicide. For sure, some of the theoretical groundwork for examining cognition had been laid early on by theorists such as Bandura (1969) and Mischel (1973). The early work tended to suggest the importance of cognitive variables, but placed them in the context of “covert behaviors.” As such, these covert behaviors could be seen as behavioral variables that were governed by the laws of learning that determined all behaviors (they were merely “covert” behaviors). Indeed, early cognitive therapies embraced the idea that cognitions could be considered to function, and could be conditioned or reinforced, just like outwardly observable behaviors. For example, covert counterconditioning ideas suggested that pairing thoughts of problematic behaviors (e.g., overeating) with aversive stimuli (“now imagine that you are about to take a bite of pie, and you vomit”) would lead to a decrease in these behaviors. Such ideas now seem primitive to say the least, but placing them in context, these were revolutionary 25 years ago. Disentangling cognitive concepts from behavioral learning laws was a natural next step in the evolution of the approach, but it nevertheless represented a major paradigm shift. As is commonly the case with such shifts, it was accompanied by an acrimonious outcry (or, verbal behaviors) by some. More troubling, however, was that even as researchers were beginning to see the wisdom of studying cognition in its own right, and as a way to effectively treat and understand complex clinical problems, manuscripts featuring (or indeed even mentioning) cognition were not likely to be accepted. Nor were conference presentation submissions likely to receive a warm welcome if they discussed cognitions. Early on in the “cognitive revolution,” studying cognition for the untenured university-based clinical researcher looked like a sure path to another profession. It became clear that as the paradigm began to shift, “pure” behaviorists would not go quietly into the night. Despite protests, however, the days of decreeing that only the laws of learning and observable behavior were the appropriate and acceptable subjects of science were numbered; cognitive concepts and the empirical data were beginning to be compelling. Yet, even as interest in cognitive–behavioral approaches to treatment grew, there were few outlets for publication of this work and ways to stimulate debate and inquiry. It was in this atmosphere that Cognitive Therapy and Research was conceived at an AABT meeting in Atlanta, and was born in 1977. They said it was a fad that wouldn’t last, but by any estimate Cognitive Therapy and Research has passed late adolescence and is now firmly entrenched in young adulthood. During Cognitive Therapy and Research’s 25 years, four individuals have had the privilege of editing the journal: Michael Mahoney (1977–1981), Steve Hollon (1982–1985), Phil Kendall (1986–1996), and Rick Ingram3 (1997–present). Also, during this time a number of extraordinary researchers have served as associate editors for the journal. Every individual who has served as the journal’s Associate Editor 3 The

latter is honored to be in the company of the former.

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over the last 25 years is listed in Appendix A. The journal, and the field, are indebted to them. The backbone of the scientific process is peer review; neither journals nor quality science survives without a rigorous peer review process. This starts with the senior editorial group, composed of the Editor and the Associate Editor Group, and includes the Editorial Board—those who have made a commitment to the journal by serving and who graciously give up their time to review manuscripts. Individuals who have served on Cognitive Therapy and Research’s Editorial Board are listed in Appendix B. These individuals have performed the bulk of the editorial work in the journals’ history. But they are not the only professionals who have contributed their scarce time and energy. All individuals who have reviewed manuscripts for Cognitive Therapy and Research are listed in Appendix C. The insights and ideas that have accrued from 25 years of work published in Cognitive Therapy and Research would not have been possible without them. THE FUTURE Anyone who can claim to accurately tell the future of cognitive–clinical approaches to psychology should perhaps be directing his or her attention to foretelling winning lottery ticket numbers; no one can say for sure where the area will go from here. Certainly, however, there are trends that provide clues. Twenty years ago, when basic clinical researchers looked for ways to understand and study cognition, they found a number of theories, paradigms, and methodologies in the basic psychological sciences (e.g., cognitive psychology). Once again, basic science ideas and methodologies may lead the way. For example, advances in cognitive and affective neuroscience may help provide important data and insights as to cognitive processes in maladaptive functioning, and may help elucidate the cognitive factors that are affected by treatment. Time will tell. One thing is certain about the future of the journal. Cognitive Therapy and Research will remain committed to publishing ideas and data that help advance our understanding of the cognitive processes that are linked to disorders and their treatment. As always the focus will be on ideas that are conceptually interesting and well articulated, and on data generated through sound methodological techniques that address meaningful and interesting questions in the cognitive domain. The last 25 years have seen this journal start from humble beginnings and an uncertain future to becoming among the most respected of journals in clinical psychology, and arguably the top journal focusing on cognition and its clinical antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Here’s looking forward to the next quarter of a century of progress and promise. APPENDIX A: ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH: 1977–2002 Lyn Y. Abramson Lynn E. Alden

Diane B. Arnkoff Nancy Cantor

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Ian H. Gotlib David A. F. Haaga Constance L. Hammen Adele Hayes Richard G. Heimberg Debra A. Hope Richard G. Heimberg Steven D. Hollon Amy Holzworth-Munroe Rick E. Ingram Neil Jacobson

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Philip C. Kendall Donald Meichenbaum Jacqueline B. Persons Vicky Phares Clive Robins Paul D. Rokke Walter D. Scott Zindel V. Segal Timothy Smith Dennis C. Turk G. Terence Wilson

APPENDIX B: EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS FOR COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH: 1977–2002 Lyn Y. Abramson Anthony H. Ahrens Lynn E. Alden Lauren B. Alloy Diane B. Arnkoff Joan Asarnow Albert Bandura David H. Barlow Donald Baucom Peter J. Beiling Eugene Borgida Christopher R. Brewin Ronald T. Brown Kelly D. Brownell Monroe Bruch Roy Cameron Nancy Cantor Charles Carver Daniel Cervone Dianne L. Chambless Edward C. Chang David A. Clark David M. Clark James C. Coyne W. Edward Craighead J. Jeffrey Crowson Gerald C. Davison Jerry L. Deffenbacher Robert J. DeRubeis Keith S. Dobson Christopher Eckhardt

A. J. Finch Frank Fincham Edna B. Foa John P. Foreyt Jerome D. Frank Michael Gemar Carol R. Glass Ian H. Gotlib Leslie S. Greenberg Alan S. Gurman David A. F. Haaga Constance L. Hammen Richard G. Heimberg Steven D. Hollon Kenneth A. Holroyd Amy Holtzworth-Munroe Debra A. Hope Steven S. Ilardi Rick E. Ingram Anita Iverson Neil S. Jacobson John B. Jolly Frederick H. Kanfer Alan E. Kazdin Philip C. Kendall John F. Kihlstrom Daniel S. Kirschenbaum Nicholas A. Kuiper Marsha M. Linehan Colin MacLeod Vanessa Malcarne

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G. Alan Marlatt Donald Meichenbaum Thomas V. Merluzzi Andrew W. Meyers Larry Michelson Suzanne M. Miller Jeanne Miranda R. Eric Nelson Arthur Nezu Raymond W. Novaco Jacqueline B. Persons Vicky Phares Joseph Price Lynn P. Rehm C. Steven Richards John Riskind Clive J. Robins Paul D. Rokke Thomas E. Rudy A. John Rush Jeremy D. Safran Peter Salovey Irwin G. Sarason

Walter D. Scott Zindel V. Segal Brian F. Shaw Greg Siegle Randy J. Smith Timothy W. Smith Donald S. Strassberg Bonnie R. Strickland Hans H. Strupp Karen Sutton-Simon Stephen Swallow John D. Teasdale Dennis C. Turk Kelly Bemis Vitousek Roger P. Weissberg Carol K. Whalen Deborah J. Wiebe G. Terence Wilson Bernice Wong Erik Z. Woody Jeffrey E. Young David C. Zuroff

APPENDIX C: REVIEWERS FOR COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH: 1977–2002 John Abela J. S. Abramowitz David Abrams Lyn Y. Abramson Michael Addis Glenn G. Affleck Stuart Agras W. Stewart Agras Anthony Ahrens Mustafa Al’Albsi Edward Alberger Jeanne Albright Lynn Alden Brad Alford Irene Alkin Lauren Alloy Madeline Altabe Elizabeth Altmaier

Anthony Alvers Nadir Amir Cheryl Anderson Craig Anderson Kent Anderson Merrill Anderson Frank Andrasik Bernice Andrews Donna Andrews John Andrus David Antonuccio Martin Antony John Antrobus Patricia Arean Bruce Arhow Hal Arkowitz Diane Arnkoff Elizabeth Harvey Arnold

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Arnie Arntz John Arrowhead David Arrowood John Arrowood Joan Asarnow L. Michael Ascher Gordon Asmundson Lisa Aspinwall Gerald August Carl von Baeyer Michael Bagby Mark Balaban Mark Baldwin Donald Bakal Don Banlom R. Christopher Barden John Bargh Bill Barios R. S. Baron Susan Bartlett Don Baucom Rus Bauer Roy F. Baumeister Steven Beach J. Gayle Beck R. Beck C. Becker J. Bedell Richard Bedrosian Christopher Beevers Deborah Beidel Peter Beiling Donald Bekal Alan Bellack Debbie Bell-Dolan Nili Benazon Jane Benjamin Hyia Ben-Joseph Christine Bernet Andrew Bertagnolli Helen Best J. Alan Best Larry Beutler Anthony Biglar David Black Ed Blanchard

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Jack Blanchard Paul Blaney Kirk Blankstein Roger Blashfield Sidney Blatt Elaine Blechman Debra Block Paul Block E. Boger Robert Boice Fred G. Boland Richard Bootzin Deanne Zotter Bonifazi Janet Borden Doris Borge Thomas Borkovec John Borkowski Janet Boseovski S. Bouchard Patrick Boudewyn Paul Bourque Kenneth Bowers Wayne Bowers Thomas Bradbury C. M. Bradizza Laurence Bradley Philip Brantley Lauren Braswell Penny Brennan Chris Brewin Daniel Briddell Aaron Brower E. J. Brown Gary Brown Ronald Brown Steve Brown Timothy Brown Monroe Bruch David Burns J. Burns Mark Burrell Andrew C. Butler Gillian Butler John Cacioppo John Calamari Sharon Calhoon

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Karen Calhoun Serena Callahan Manual Calvo Roy Cameron Susan Campbell Nancy Cantor Cheryl Carmin Timothy Carmody Bill Carter D. Bruce Carter Michael Carter Michelle Carter Charles Carver Thomas Cash Salvatore Catanzaro Daniel P. Cervone Diane Chambless Edward Chaney Edward Chang Tamar Chansky John Chaves Denise Chavira Jonathan Cheek Alan Christensen Andrew Christensen Bruce Christensen Paul Cinciripini Susan Clancy David A. Clark David M. Clark Lee Anna Clark Margaret Clark John Clarkin C. Clements Marylene Cloitre George Clum Dan Coates L. Cohen Robert Cohen David Cole Harry Cole Meredith Coles Lorraine Collins Lillian Comas-Diaz Bruce Compas Scott Compton

Ingram

Patricia Conrad Richard Conte Richard Contrada Helen Coons Myra Cooper Anne Copeland Dewey Cornell Patrick Corrigan Brian Cox M. W. Cox James C. Coyne Linda Craighead Edward Craighead Duncan Cramer Michelle Craske Kenneth Cray Nicki Crick Paul Crits-Christophe Jennifer Crocker Jeff Crowson Janice H. Crowther James Curran John Curry Bruce Cuthbert Carolyn Cutrona Eric Daleiden Steven Dalgleish Tim Dalgleish Graham Davey Joan Davidson Joanne Davila Gerry Davison Michael Dawson Jeanne Debright Edward Deci Jerry L. Deffenbacker Peter de Jong Francis del Bosa Anita DeLongais Maryilyn Denninger Richard Depue Robert DeRubeis P. DiBartolo Carl DiClemente C. DiClements Raymond DiGiuseppe

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D. DiLillo S. Dimidjian Craig Dobson Keith Dobson Mark Dombeck Christine Donnell Dennis Donovan Michael Dow Thomas Dowd David Dozois Ronald Drabman D. Dubois Michael Dugas Chris Dunkle-Schelter Benjamin Dykman Thomas D’Zurilla Mitchell Earleywine John Eckenrode Christopher Eckhardt J. Edinger C. Edmondson Anke Ehlers George Eifert Kathleen Eldrege Irene Elkins Timothy R. Elliott Albert Ellis P. Ellsworth Shelagh Emott Martha Epstein Norman Epstein Mary Jane Esplen Donald Evans Fred Evans Mark Evans Hans Eysenck S. Falsetti J. M. Fama Michael Fanselow Albert Farrell Robert Fauber Nora Feeney Greg Feldman Michael Fendrich Mark Feuerstein Gordon Fich

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Catherine Fichten Decky Fiedler Alfred J. Finch Jr. Frank Fincham Gary Fischler Jeff Fisher Susan Fiske Lorna Fitzgerald Ellen Flannery-Schroeder Gordon Flett J. Flowers Edna Foa Iris Fodor Sue Folkman Victoria Follette William Follette Michael Follick William Fordyce Don Forehand Joseph Forgas Gary Foster Sharon Foster K. Franklin Martin Franklin Arthur Freeman Mark Freeston William Fremouw David Fresco Randy Frost Dean Funabiki Reuven Gal John Galassi Dolores Gallagher-Thompson Gregory Garamoni Judy Garber Charles Garfield David Garner Larry A. Gaupp Michael Gemar Paul Gendreau Nancy Genero Myles Genest Judy Genshaft Meg Gerrard Brandon Gibb Frederick Gibbons

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Paul Gilbert Alan Glaros Russell Glasgow Carol Glass John Glassi David Glenwick James Gold Marvin Goldfried Arnold Goldstein Sanford Golin Leon Gorlow Ian Gotlib Janet Grace James Gray William Graziano Bonnie Green M. W. Green Jeffrey Greenberg Catherine Greeno Steven Greer Joan Grusec I. Green-Demers A. G. Greenwald A. P. Gregg Carlos Grilo Lawrence Grimm James Gross Alan Gurman Michael Gurtman David Haaga Gordon Nagayama Hall Howard Hall Peter Hall Richard Hallam Don Hamachek Nancy Hamilton Constance Hammen David Hammer Judith Harackiewicz Eddie Harmon-Jones Thomas Harrell Dale Harris Dorthy Harris Karen Harris Susan Harter Shirley Hartlage

Ingram

Donald Hartman Lorne Hartman Linda Hatzenbuehler Lance Hawley William Hay Adele Hayes Stephen Haynes Tod Heatherton J. E. Hecker Elaine Heiby Fred Heide Rick Heimberg Vicki Helgeson S. J. Hellawell Gregg Henriques P. Paul Heppner James Herbert Peter Herman Paul Hewitt Nicholas Heyneman Mary Dee Hicks E. Tory Higgins James Hilton C. R. Hirsch Richard Hirshman Harry Hoberman Stefan Hofmann Jack Hokanson Steve Hollon David Holmes Amy Holtzworth-Munroe Kenneth Holroyd Craig Holt Robert Holt Sara Honn Jill Hooley Debra Hope James Horan John Horan William Horan Adam Horvath B. Kent Houston Arnold Hozman John Hunsley J. D. Huppert R. T. Hurlburt

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M. T. Huss Steven Ilardi Rick Ingram H. Inderbitzen-Nolan D. Isaacowitz Alice Isen Alan Israel Ann Israeli Anita Iverson Neil Jacobson Carlton James Larry Jamner Ronnie Janoff-Bulman Anita Jansen Matt Jaremko Robin Jarrett Mark Jensen David Jobes Charlotte Johnston Belinda Johnson J. Johnson Mark Johnson Sheri Johnson Thomas Joiner John Jolly Nancy Just Harlan Juster Fred Kanfer Robert Kaplan Paul Karoly Diane Kaslow Nadine Kaslow Howard Kassinove Robert Karlin E. Katz Randy Katz C. A. Kearney Don Keat Frank Keefe Pamela Keel J. Kenardy Philip Kendall E. Keogh Robert D. Kerns Jr. Norbert Kerr Peter Kilmann

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Dean Kilpatrick Ray Kim Edward Kirby Irving Kirsch Dan Kirschenbaum J. Kistner M. Kiviniemi Robert Klepac B. Klest Daniel Klein David Klein Chris Kleinke Robert Klesges John Kline Eric Klinger John Klocek Dennis Klos Roger Kobak William Koch Linda Koenig Alex Kopelowicz L. Korfine Lorne Korman Diana Koszycki Marika Kovacs Michael Kozak Lester Krames Susan Krantz Margaret Kriss Nicholas Kuiper Howard Kurtzman Paul Kwon Michael Kyrios Jeffrey Lackner Annette LaGreca Ben Lahey Brian Lakey W. Lancee Richard Landau Alvin Landfield J. Langhinrichsen D. Larsen Lisa Larson Cynthia Last Mark Lau Arnold Lazarus

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Mark Leary Catherine Lee Christine Lee Shelley Lee Paul Lehrer M. R. Leippe Harold Leitenberg Gloria Leon Christopher Leone Mark Leper Mark Levi Robert Levitan Sandra Levy Peter Lewinsohn Edward Lichtenstein Richard Lightsey Jr. Scott Lilienfeld Marsha Linehan David Lipinski Richard Lippa John Liskin Stephen Lisman Mark Litt S. Little John Lochman Jeffrey Lohr Bonita Long Betrt Loro Yona Lunsky Tom Lynch R. Lynd-Stevenson Elizabeth MacCauley Marion MacDonald Andrew MacLeod Colin M. MacLeod H. F. Mackinger S. Macrodemetrius James Maddux Kathryn Mahoney Michael Mahoney Stephen Maisto Vanessa Malcarne James Mancuso Monica Mandell W. Mansell Helen Markus

Ingram

Alan Marlatt Grant Marshall John Martin Brian Marx Geoffrey Maruyuma John Marzillier C. Masia Jack Masser Anne Masten Andrew Mathews Johnny Matson Gerald Matthews Rolando Mauro Albert Maydeu-Olivares Frank Mazur Scott McCabe R. E. McCabe Kevin McCaul Lance McCracken Leigh McCullough Richard McFall Lata McGinn Dudley McGlynn James McKay Rich McNally C. McNeal H. McNeely Daniel McNeil Brian McNeill John McQuaid Douglas Mennen Robin Merlstein Thomas Merluzzi Stephen Messer Gerald Metalsky Bjorn Meyer Andrew Meyers Jackn Micael John Michela Larry Michelson Dale Miller Ivan Miller Laurie Miller Suzanne Miller William Miller Maureen Minarik

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Susan Mineka Jeanne Miranda James Mitchell Scott Mizes Karin Mogg Jan Mohlman Margaret Moline Myriam Mongrain Amy Monroe Scott Monroe Peter Monti Bert Moore Karla Moras Marleen M. Moretti J. C. Morgan William Morgan Steven Morns Scott Monroe Marlene Moretti Larry Morris Steven Morris John Mueller Kim Mueser Chris Muran Andrew Myers Mark Myers William Nasby Peter Nathan John Neale Robert Neimeyer W. Michael Nelson Jim Neufeld Cory Newman Michelle Newman Chris Newton Fugen Neziroglu Arthur Nezu Raymond Niaura R. Nicki M. Nietzel Susan Nolan Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Julie Norem Ron Norton Ray Novaco Nancy Norvell

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Paula Nuris J. Oakman Keith Oatley Michael O’Hara Lyn Oldershaw Ann O’Leary Ann O’Leary Joan Oliver Thomas Ollendick Marion Olmsted Patrick O’Neil Michael Osarchuk Susan Orsillo Michael Otto James Overholser Bruce Overmier Asher Pacht Wendy Padawer Robert Pndina Susan Panichelli-Mindel Costas Papageorgio Sagar Parikh S. Pariku S. Park Terry Pechacek D. Penn James Pennebaker Diana Perkins Ray Perkins Jackie Persons Ray Peters Christopher Peterson Gregory Pierce Paul Pietromonaco Neil Pilkington Paul Pilkonis Nancy Piotrowski Janet Polivy Seth Pollock Ovide Pomerleau Alison Potts Michael Powers Angela Prencipe Michael Pressley James Pretzer Joseph Price

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P. Prins Ron Prinz A. Przeworski Christine Purdon Richard Pyle Tom Pyszczynski Adele Rabin Dana Rabois Jack Rachman E. Rafaeli-Mor C. Raghavan Ronald Rapee William Ray Neil Rector William Redd Lynn Rehm Mark Reinecke Steven Reiss Patricia Resnick William Rholes Martina Rich J. C. Richards B. C. Riemann John Riskind Lawrence Riso Henry Robb John Roberts Arthur Robin Clive Robins Mark Robins John Roberts Kevin Robertson T. L. Rodebaugh Liz Roehmer Richard Rogers Paul Rohde D. J. Rohsenow Paul Rokke Daniel Romer E. Romer Kevin Ronan Glenys Rondi Leonard Rorer James Rosen Al Rosenthal Ted Rosenthal

Ingram

M. J. Ross David Roth Barbara Rothbaum Paul Rozin Diane Ruble David Rudd Stephanie Rude Karen Rudolph Tom Rudy Patricia Rupert J. P. Rushton James Russell Robert Russell Alex Rutherford William Sacco Dennis Saccuzzo Michael Sachs Harold Sackheim James Safran Jeremy Safran Steven Safren Paul Salkovskis Peter Salovey William Sanderson Darcy Santor Barbara Sarason Irwin Sarason Jason Saterfield Cary Savage Michael Sayette Michael Scheier Michael Scheirer Christine Scher Karen Schmaling Norma Schmidt David Schotte Joseph Schwartz Judith Schwartz Robert Schwartz Forrest Scogin Walter Scott J. R. Scotti H. Sears Constantine Sedikides Zindel Segal Suzanne Segerstrom

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Robert Sherman Colleen Seifert Marty Seligman Marilyn Senchak Michael Seto William Shadel Roz Shafran Golan Shahar Nancy Sherwood Saul Shiffman J. Shipherd Varda Shoham Franklin Shontz Zack Shneck Carolyn Showers Franklin Shurtz Kathleen Shutte Jeri Sides Greg Siegle Sandra Sigmon Roxanne Silver Wendy Silverman Anita Sim Anne Simons Jeff Simpson Jerome Singer Alan Sirota Robert Slaney Mark Slater Craig Smith Megan Smith Robin Smith Timothy Smith Joshua Smyth C. Sniderman D. D. Snow Mark Snyder Linda Sobel Mark Sobel Ari Solomon Debra Sookman Diane Spangler Nicholas Spanos Bernard Spilka Anthony Spirito Arnold Stalberg

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Melinda Stanley Kevin Stark M. Startup Robert Steer Dick Steffy K. Stein Gail Steketee Sherry Stewart Eric Stice William Stiles Janet St. Lawrence J. Stober J. Stone Steven Stotland Donald Strassberg Timothy Strauman Stanley Strong Kirk Strosahl Noreen Stuckless Michael Sullivan Jerry Suls L. J. Summerfeldt Leonard Sushinsky Karen Sutton-Simon Stephen Swallow S. Swearer Frank Tallis Siang-Yan Tan Tony Tang Shelly Taylor Steven Taylor John Teasdale Michael Telch Auke Tellegen Howard A. Tennen Amanda Thomas Carry Thompson Dolores Gallagher-Thompson Kevin Thompson Beverly Thorn G. L. Thorpe Joanne Tilden David Tolin Tony Toneatto Tony Tonneaxo Joseph Toreson

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Aaron Torrance G. Tran Theresa Treat Krisa Trobst Donald Tucker Cynthia Turk Dennis Turk Hillary Turkewitz Judith Turner Ralph Turner Scott Urana Hugh Urban Peter Vagg D. Valentiner T. Michael Vallis J. W. Vander Does Peter Van Oot James Varney Michael Vasey Marcel van den Hout Elizabeth Venditti Lois Veronen Kelly Vitousek Carl Von Baeyer N. Vogeltanz-Holm Paul Wachtel Jeffery Wack Thomas Wadden Barry Wagner K. S. Walitzer Kenneth Wallston Jennifer Waltz A. Waters P. Watkins David Watson Fraser Watts Daniel Wegner Deborah Weibe Patricia Weik Walter Weimer Bernard Weines R. Weisberg Amy Weisman Bahr Weiss Joan Welkowitz Adrian Wells

Ingram

Steve Wendenlick Richard Wenzlaff Robert Wernick Stephen West Henny Westra M. Wheeler Mark Whisman Phyllis White Tom Widiger Deborah Wiebe Michael Wienderman Sabine Wilhelm Wallace Wilkins Janet Willenhen Paula Williams Marian Williams Mark Williams Lloyd Williams Susan Williams Donald Williamson Terry Wilson Timothy Wilson Erica Wise Patricia Wisocki Terry Wilson John Wilson Kathleen Wisincki Sharlene Wolchik David Wolfe Jessica Wolfe Barbara Wolfsdorf Janet Wollersheim Bernice Wong Joanne Wood Erik Woody Sheila Woody Robert Woolfolk Everett Worthington Erik Worthington Brian Yates Jeffrey Young Michael Young Ari Zaretsky B. Zebb Jeanne Zeichmeister Antonette Zeiss

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Sharon Zeitlin Robert Zettle Rose Zimering Richard Zinbarg

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Lori Zoeller Raymond Zurawski David Zuroff Michael Zvolensky

REFERENCES Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Mahoney, M. (1977). Editorial. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 1–3. Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252–283.