Transformer Protection
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กก ( Transformer Protection ) !"# #$%&ก"'( *+,!-.' ก&/ก0',,!1 23'-3'&3ก 455 3'1## 16! !#%- 67,*+%
8 .3 -9: 1%: 6,1%: +".3 /:2;**455 ; 8 +ก<= 1%: %ก0<; *.'>' &0*#?1%:$$; .ก.?ก ก * .?; .3 1 @ กก #? *A<=1 4" #ก
ก ก . >'$< ก ก
$ %2 " .ก.?ก ก@ ;** ? ;;**$ ?# > 455 2 "@ ,?กD$ 8 . ก **;**ก 1%: ;
Power Transformer Distribution Transformer Generator Transformer 500 kV 230 kV 10-30 kV
115 kV 69 kV Substation Transformer
!455
33 kV 22 kV 11 kV
?3 ;ก*U# ก Oil level indicator HVBushing Conservator
Winding Temp
Local Control Cubical
Air Breather
?3 ;ก*U# ก LV Bushing
HV Lightning Arrester
VT Cable Box
Fan LV Lightning Arrester
Power Cable Radiators Motor Drive
Buchhoze Relay
OLTC Protective Relay
Pressure relief OLTC
Pressure relief Main Tank
Current Transformer ; CT , Voltage Transformer ; VT Standard Secondary: - ก; 1 A 9 5 A - " 110 V 9 120 V
32 / Topic
;**ก 2 1. ก Transformer differential relay , overcurrent relay / 0 2. ก ก1 Buchholtz relay , Pressure relief / 0
;**ก 1455 กก % # ** . 2 " ;. 6,2 - กก ก; ก' ( Overcurrent Protection ) - กก ก"3$"' ( Earth Fault Protection ) - กก **b.? ( Differential Protection ) - กก 45:3c (Leakage to Frame Protection ) - Surge arrester
% #=ก; ก' (Overcurrent Protection) Winding of Transformer CT
A CT
B CT
C E/F
R
R
R Overcurrent Relay
กก !"#@- % #=ก; ก'
กก ก; ก' ( Overcurrent Protection) 1) 5e3 =
2 " Dก 5e3 = c1 .?ก; ก' -:36A? . .= . .= ( ก; >+? 2 ) 2) % #=ก; ก' ( Overcurrent Relays ) * 2 "@ ,?2/h 1 4" "%ก3? 5e3 = 69 1. $;1 4" D3ก3?@ -?31%:ก; "3$ %6?.: 2. cก ก"3$"' ( Earth Fault Protection ) 4"
กก ก"3$"' ( Earth Fault Protection ) ก ก ( Instantaneous ) Winding of Transformer CT
A CT
B CT
C R Residual O/C Relay
กก j>;ก"3$"'
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) @ กก **b.?@- - .h .? 5 MVA - @- ;**ก; 4 3 ( Circulating Current Systems ) 1) ก; >+? 2 ก !" %2 "6?#" Ac/ 8 1?ก; >'ก" ก ก @- 3$ Harmonics Restraint ก # o! 'ก =.?p 2ก; >+? 2 @- 8 ,<@ ก#*#hก1 2% #= # @ 63 c%: A , C 1? h 1%:b? 4"
กก b.? ( Differential Protection )
2) . ?3 ก ก; 1 Primary ; ก; Secondary 2 %6?.?ก . 9ก. ?3 ก 2 CT 1%:cAก.
4552 " 50 MVA 115/23 kV ก; " " A IHV = 50,000,000 / 115,000 /1.732 = 251 amps ก; " " .: ILV = 50,000,000 / 23,000 /1.732 = 1251 amps 22kV/6.6kV 10MVA
250/5
R
R
R
1500/5
Relay
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) 3) ก 9: 5
1%:2"3".? ** Y - D 9 ** D - Y $; % 5 ก; .?ก 30 & . *@ 1?ก ก? 2 Differential Relay $ก A1 a1 a2 Delta ( D ) CT .? ** Star ( Y ) P1 P2 A2 b1 b2 Star ( Y ) CT .? ** Delta ( D ) S1 S2 B2 B1 c1
C2
c2
C1
R R R Relay
P2
P1 S2 S1
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) 4) ก %:# 1 ( Tap Changer )
2 "@ ,? 3@- $; %ก %:# Tap >9:*
" #A?." 3 ก ก @- % #=3"6?b.? 8 = wD .= ( Percentage Differential Relay )
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) 5) Interposing Current Transformers . ?3 CT $4 ?>"% . @-? Interposing CT 8 .3-?3# Single phase transformer
200/5A
195A
1000/5A
780A X 6
4.875A 7
S1 S2
Differential relay
P1 3.9A 4
P2
Interposing current transformer
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) (6 ) 2"3" ( Three Windings Transformer ) Source CT CT
B
500/138kV
B 400MVA
300MVA
OP 13.45kV
Source CT
B B B OP
CT
100MVA
กก 45:3c ( Leakage to Frame Protection ) กก Tank Leakage Relay OC
CT
3456789:
Check Relay ;6<ก>?@
CT
OC
.3#?กก 2 ".?p Utilyty Source 115 kV
Utilyty Source 22 kV
Source
52
52 50 51
50 51
50N
50N 51N
51N
49 49
49
5000 kVA 115 kV / 22 kV
500 kVA 22 kV / 6.6 kV
51
51N
50 51
RES
50N 51N
63 RES
50 51
51G
51G
52
Surge Arrester (Optional)
52
87T
50N 51N
52
6.6 kV
22 kV
ก ก "&ก ก ก '! ก ก ก
Surge arrester
Arrester
Transformer Failure 7 Due to high current 9:$กก; A 8 Short circuit ( 5-10 > rated current ) 7 Due to high voltage 9:$ก " A 8 Power frequency ( 1-2 > rated voltage ) 8 Lightning impulse ( 3-10 > rated voltage ) 8 Switching impulse ( 2-4 > rated voltage )
ก ก1 7 กก !"#ก.3$กyw ( Gas Detection Protection ) - *+-!ow=% #= (Buchholz relay) - % #= **3"63 %:#* ก;1 ( Sudden Pressure Relays ) - Pressure relief device - Winding temp indicator - Oil temp indicator - Oil level indicator - Dehydrating Breather
กก !"#ก.3$กyw ( Gas Detection Protection )
*+-!ow=% #= (Buchholz relay)
*.h43 ;"* Step1 = Alarm Step2 = Trip
- U3; ก'"กy-U#@
- U3; h ";"* $ "c;4 ?
- U3; ก'"51=
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay)
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay) Protective relay (Buchholz relay 2 OLTC ) 1 2
1. Flap Valve 3
2. Magnet 3. Reed contact
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay)
Buchholz relay
For Main Tank
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay) Conservator Tank
For OLTC Tank
Protective relay
Buchholz Relay
Main Tank
OLTC
% #= **3"63 %:#* ก;1 ( Sudden Pressure Relays )
% #= **3"63 %:#* ก;1
Sudden pressure relay
Pressure relief device
FGกH F IHก0HJ KF1L MNF OPQก PG 1 F ก1
Pressure relief device
1
2
Indicator % " "2<; Pressure relief 1 ; % Indicator % 9#A?1%:. ?1%: 2 w/:?#.?ก D
Winding temp indicator *.h 43 ;"* Step1 = Alarm Step2 = Trip
Oil level indicator
*ก;"* h @ Conservator
Trafo Guard CSCS
monitoring monitoring
Top oil temp , Winding temp , Tr. oil level Top oil temp , Winding temp CSCS
Oil level sensor CT Temp. sensor
Transformer
4-20 mA Trafo-Guard Annunciators
Control room Top oil temp. Alarm 95 C Trip 100 C Winding temp. Alarm 100 C Trip 105 C
#@$ก63 -9h ; 69:1 @ Dehydrating Breather ก 63 -9h $กก& ; |+} 4 ?@ 2 4@
Rubber bag
Silica gel breather
Silica gel % h ' Silica gel -9h %- >Y
?3 ;ก* ก 1 3 2
1. w''ก $ 2. c 3# h 3. .3c
;**ก0 h ** e" open type
air oil Conservator
Tank cover
Silica gel breather
ก[ M I silica gel ก1\/ ก[K 1 FI ก MNF
air
;**ก0 h **e" sealed type
Nitrogen , N2 oil Conservator
Tank cover
ก^_ `0O \Y PGFJKก[ FI ก MNF
;**ก0 h **e" closed type
air Rubber bag
oil Conservator Tank cover
Silica gel breather
c+ก&\YK MNF 1ก[ FJK F M FI ก MNF
air
On-line Monitoring • Dissolved Gas Analysis • Water Monitor (Moisture) • Non-destructively measures measures oil dielectric breakdown strength
Dissolved Fault Gases 1. Gases 2. Present in very small quantities (ppm) 3. No bubbles, i.e. dissolved in the oil Operational Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrogen (H2)
Faults Gases Methane (CH4) Ethylene (C2H4) Ethane (C2H6) Acetylene (C2H2)
Relative quantities of dissolved fault gases generated by incipient faults
Carbon dioxide is mostly introduced by air entry in transformer.
Hydrogen is the accepted indicative key fault gas that evolves in ALL types of faults.
pG YPOJ 0 H JOlmKQ Fก F0i ก0 jklmKn\J KF1jYกกNK >k M F NK01ก^_ J กopก0 O 1 q r`O / ก^_K1กPGกNK >M 0 กFlmK 01 _kGFp p G 0 L1 FIHก0H>M HGF0 pG00 O H Kq L2 FIHก0H\Fก pG0 1O0F\Jก1 H L3 FIHก0H>M sQกsH 0ก> \ FF \pG Q R1 0กกHก^_pGj \YJ Y R2 0กกHก^_pGj \YJ YFก Q1 0 กNK HFoก^_ q F ก_q0HFo F>ก^_0H (กop>ก^_G Q1 0 >ก^_ M 0HFo F>ก^_r` q )
pG YPOJ 0 H JOlmKQ Fก 0 \ก H Kq
pG YPOJ 0 H JOlmKQ Fก _H1p X, H1p Y, Fp Z % _H1p = 100X / (X+Y+Z) % H1p = 100Y / (X+Y+Z) % Fp = 100Z / (X+Y+Z)
PM pG pJ FK1pG\FFp FKF\ pM PD = Partial discharge D1 = กp qOP1 0GN D2 = กp qOP1 Y T1 = lmK F QoKnYFH0GNก 300°C T2 = lmK F QoKnYFH 300-700°C T3 = lmK F QoKnYFH Yก 700°C
Water Monitor (Moisture)
Along with polar compounds and acids, water can adversely affect the dielectric properties of the solid insulation.
H2O
8 .3 -9: 1%: 6,1%: +".3 /:2;**455 ; 8 +ก<= 1%: %ก0<; *.'>' &0*#?1%:$$; .ก.?ก ก * .?; .3 1 @ กก #? *A<=1 4" #ก
ก ก . >'$< ก ก
$ %2 " .ก.?ก ก@ ;** ? ;;**$ ?# > 455 2 "@ ,?กD$ 8 . ก **;**ก 1%: ;
Power Transformer Distribution Transformer Generator Transformer 500 kV 230 kV 10-30 kV
115 kV 69 kV Substation Transformer
!455
33 kV 22 kV 11 kV
?3 ;ก*U# ก Oil level indicator HVBushing Conservator
Winding Temp
Local Control Cubical
Air Breather
?3 ;ก*U# ก LV Bushing
HV Lightning Arrester
VT Cable Box
Fan LV Lightning Arrester
Power Cable Radiators Motor Drive
Buchhoze Relay
OLTC Protective Relay
Pressure relief OLTC
Pressure relief Main Tank
Current Transformer ; CT , Voltage Transformer ; VT Standard Secondary: - ก; 1 A 9 5 A - " 110 V 9 120 V
32 / Topic
;**ก 2 1. ก Transformer differential relay , overcurrent relay / 0 2. ก ก1 Buchholtz relay , Pressure relief / 0
;**ก 1455 กก % # ** . 2 " ;. 6,2 - กก ก; ก' ( Overcurrent Protection ) - กก ก"3$"' ( Earth Fault Protection ) - กก **b.? ( Differential Protection ) - กก 45:3c (Leakage to Frame Protection ) - Surge arrester
% #=ก; ก' (Overcurrent Protection) Winding of Transformer CT
A CT
B CT
C E/F
R
R
R Overcurrent Relay
กก !"#@- % #=ก; ก'
กก ก; ก' ( Overcurrent Protection) 1) 5e3 =
2 " Dก 5e3 = c1 .?ก; ก' -:36A? . .= . .= ( ก; >+? 2 ) 2) % #=ก; ก' ( Overcurrent Relays ) * 2 "@ ,?2/h 1 4" "%ก3? 5e3 = 69 1. $;1 4" D3ก3?@ -?31%:ก; "3$ %6?.: 2. cก ก"3$"' ( Earth Fault Protection ) 4"
กก ก"3$"' ( Earth Fault Protection ) ก ก ( Instantaneous ) Winding of Transformer CT
A CT
B CT
C R Residual O/C Relay
กก j>;ก"3$"'
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) @ กก **b.?@- - .h .? 5 MVA - @- ;**ก; 4 3 ( Circulating Current Systems ) 1) ก; >+? 2 ก !" %2 "6?#" Ac/ 8 1?ก; >'ก" ก ก @- 3$ Harmonics Restraint ก # o! 'ก =.?p 2ก; >+? 2 @- 8 ,<@ ก#*#hก1 2% #= # @ 63 c%: A , C 1? h 1%:b? 4"
กก b.? ( Differential Protection )
2) . ?3 ก ก; 1 Primary ; ก; Secondary 2 %6?.?ก . 9ก. ?3 ก 2 CT 1%:cAก.
4552 " 50 MVA 115/23 kV ก; " " A IHV = 50,000,000 / 115,000 /1.732 = 251 amps ก; " " .: ILV = 50,000,000 / 23,000 /1.732 = 1251 amps 22kV/6.6kV 10MVA
250/5
R
R
R
1500/5
Relay
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) 3) ก 9: 5
1%:2"3".? ** Y - D 9 ** D - Y $; % 5 ก; .?ก 30 & . *@ 1?ก ก? 2 Differential Relay $ก A1 a1 a2 Delta ( D ) CT .? ** Star ( Y ) P1 P2 A2 b1 b2 Star ( Y ) CT .? ** Delta ( D ) S1 S2 B2 B1 c1
C2
c2
C1
R R R Relay
P2
P1 S2 S1
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) 4) ก %:# 1 ( Tap Changer )
2 "@ ,? 3@- $; %ก %:# Tap >9:*
" #A?." 3 ก ก @- % #=3"6?b.? 8 = wD .= ( Percentage Differential Relay )
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) 5) Interposing Current Transformers . ?3 CT $4 ?>"% . @-? Interposing CT 8 .3-?3# Single phase transformer
200/5A
195A
1000/5A
780A X 6
4.875A 7
S1 S2
Differential relay
P1 3.9A 4
P2
Interposing current transformer
กก b.? ( Differential Protection ) (6 ) 2"3" ( Three Windings Transformer ) Source CT CT
B
500/138kV
B 400MVA
300MVA
OP 13.45kV
Source CT
B B B OP
CT
100MVA
กก 45:3c ( Leakage to Frame Protection ) กก Tank Leakage Relay OC
CT
3456789:
Check Relay ;6<ก>?@
CT
OC
.3#?กก 2 ".?p Utilyty Source 115 kV
Utilyty Source 22 kV
Source
52
52 50 51
50 51
50N
50N 51N
51N
49 49
49
5000 kVA 115 kV / 22 kV
500 kVA 22 kV / 6.6 kV
51
51N
50 51
RES
50N 51N
63 RES
50 51
51G
51G
52
Surge Arrester (Optional)
52
87T
50N 51N
52
6.6 kV
22 kV
ก ก "&ก ก ก '! ก ก ก
Surge arrester
Arrester
Transformer Failure 7 Due to high current 9:$กก; A 8 Short circuit ( 5-10 > rated current ) 7 Due to high voltage 9:$ก " A 8 Power frequency ( 1-2 > rated voltage ) 8 Lightning impulse ( 3-10 > rated voltage ) 8 Switching impulse ( 2-4 > rated voltage )
ก ก1 7 กก !"#ก.3$กyw ( Gas Detection Protection ) - *+-!ow=% #= (Buchholz relay) - % #= **3"63 %:#* ก;1 ( Sudden Pressure Relays ) - Pressure relief device - Winding temp indicator - Oil temp indicator - Oil level indicator - Dehydrating Breather
กก !"#ก.3$กyw ( Gas Detection Protection )
*+-!ow=% #= (Buchholz relay)
*.h43 ;"* Step1 = Alarm Step2 = Trip
- U3; ก'"กy-U#@
- U3; h ";"* $ "c;4 ?
- U3; ก'"51=
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay)
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay) Protective relay (Buchholz relay 2 OLTC ) 1 2
1. Flap Valve 3
2. Magnet 3. Reed contact
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay)
Buchholz relay
For Main Tank
*+-!ow=% #=(Buchholz relay) Conservator Tank
For OLTC Tank
Protective relay
Buchholz Relay
Main Tank
OLTC
% #= **3"63 %:#* ก;1 ( Sudden Pressure Relays )
% #= **3"63 %:#* ก;1
Sudden pressure relay
Pressure relief device
FGกH F IHก0HJ KF1L MNF OPQก PG 1 F ก1
Pressure relief device
1
2
Indicator % " "2<; Pressure relief 1 ; % Indicator % 9#A?1%:. ?1%: 2 w/:?#.?ก D
Winding temp indicator *.h 43 ;"* Step1 = Alarm Step2 = Trip
Oil level indicator
*ก;"* h @ Conservator
Trafo Guard CSCS
monitoring monitoring
Top oil temp , Winding temp , Tr. oil level Top oil temp , Winding temp CSCS
Oil level sensor CT Temp. sensor
Transformer
4-20 mA Trafo-Guard Annunciators
Control room Top oil temp. Alarm 95 C Trip 100 C Winding temp. Alarm 100 C Trip 105 C
#@$ก63 -9h ; 69:1 @ Dehydrating Breather ก 63 -9h $กก& ; |+} 4 ?@ 2 4@
Rubber bag
Silica gel breather
Silica gel % h ' Silica gel -9h %- >Y
?3 ;ก* ก 1 3 2
1. w''ก $ 2. c 3# h 3. .3c
;**ก0 h ** e" open type
air oil Conservator
Tank cover
Silica gel breather
ก[ M I silica gel ก1\/ ก[K 1 FI ก MNF
air
;**ก0 h **e" sealed type
Nitrogen , N2 oil Conservator
Tank cover
ก^_ `0O \Y PGFJKก[ FI ก MNF
;**ก0 h **e" closed type
air Rubber bag
oil Conservator Tank cover
Silica gel breather
c+ก&\YK MNF 1ก[ FJK F M FI ก MNF
air
On-line Monitoring • Dissolved Gas Analysis • Water Monitor (Moisture) • Non-destructively measures measures oil dielectric breakdown strength
Dissolved Fault Gases 1. Gases 2. Present in very small quantities (ppm) 3. No bubbles, i.e. dissolved in the oil Operational Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrogen (H2)
Faults Gases Methane (CH4) Ethylene (C2H4) Ethane (C2H6) Acetylene (C2H2)
Relative quantities of dissolved fault gases generated by incipient faults
Carbon dioxide is mostly introduced by air entry in transformer.
Hydrogen is the accepted indicative key fault gas that evolves in ALL types of faults.
pG YPOJ 0 H JOlmKQ Fก F0i ก0 jklmKn\J KF1jYกกNK >k M F NK01ก^_ J กopก0 O 1 q r`O / ก^_K1กPGกNK >M 0 กFlmK 01 _kGFp p G 0 L1 FIHก0H>M HGF0 pG00 O H Kq L2 FIHก0H\Fก pG0 1O0F\Jก1 H L3 FIHก0H>M sQกsH 0ก> \ FF \pG Q R1 0กกHก^_pGj \YJ Y R2 0กกHก^_pGj \YJ YFก Q1 0 กNK HFoก^_ q F ก_q0HFo F>ก^_0H (กop>ก^_G Q1 0 >ก^_ M 0HFo F>ก^_r` q )
pG YPOJ 0 H JOlmKQ Fก 0 \ก H Kq
pG YPOJ 0 H JOlmKQ Fก _H1p X, H1p Y, Fp Z % _H1p = 100X / (X+Y+Z) % H1p = 100Y / (X+Y+Z) % Fp = 100Z / (X+Y+Z)
PM pG pJ FK1pG\FFp FKF\ pM PD = Partial discharge D1 = กp qOP1 0GN D2 = กp qOP1 Y T1 = lmK F QoKnYFH0GNก 300°C T2 = lmK F QoKnYFH 300-700°C T3 = lmK F QoKnYFH Yก 700°C
Water Monitor (Moisture)
Along with polar compounds and acids, water can adversely affect the dielectric properties of the solid insulation.
H2O
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