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topic 1 The Nature and Scope of Political Science
introduction Basic Methodologies of Political Science
What is science, politic
The nature & scope of political science Is Political Science a Science?
Scope of political s
approaches
Back
introduction Theories of political Study of human behavioral Political scientists serve as researchers and academicians – policy making of government Power – Authority – influence
Back
What is science, politics & political science science politics political science Back
science ‘to know’ (Latin word) Any form of systematic knowledge on specific field Baseline – human knowledge
Back
politics Greek words ‘Polis’ (community or city) and ‘Poli’ (many) “Who gets what, when & how” (Lasswell, 1958) “Political acts” as those that “authoritatively allocate values in a society” (Easton, 1953) Art of living & working together (New approach)
Back
political science Study of the origins, development & operation of political system Study of government (the state), the structure and activities of the states Study of how to govern well Power and allocation of power
Conclusion: i) Politics involves conflicts ii) Most political conflicts is group conflict iii) The study of politics involves understanding how people govern themselves & the consequences of the political process.
definitions Aristotle - “Master Science” – Knowledge & understanding to those who controlled the state. Lasswell - “Who gets what, when & how” Austin Ranney - The study of the process of making public decisions & of the individuals & the institutions that participate in this process.
Back
scope of political science Political Theory Plato, Aristotle, Marx, Montesquieu, Ibn Khaldun, Al-Farabi etc. International relations Foreign, national security policies, diplomacy etc. v) Comparative political & Government Broadest & most challenging vii) Public Administration Managing & administering government
Back
approaches This approaches are used to explore & explain certain political situation or political event. They were used to explain the conditions of a society in a state, the international politics & examined the Behaviour of individual, group & political institution.
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii)
Traditional Philosophical Institutionalism Legalistic Behaviouralism Developmentalism The Political System
Back
Traditional
Can be analysed in 2 aspects: i) the actions / activities by the society ii) process of data collection & distributing information
Back
Philosophical This approach emphasized on political ideas, concepts, doctrine & theories. Aristotle, Hobbes, Karl Marx and Plato. Important to find the answer for any issues or problems relating to social, economy and political.
Back
Institutionalism Focuses on government institution. Corruption or misuse of power – legislative body, executive body and judicial body.
Montesquieu (Theory of Separation of Power) Back
Legalistic Study of political science to the legal system. The legalistic approach views political science as the primary study of constitutions and legal codes. Legalistic approach as simply as historical study
Back
Behaviouralism
This approach emphasized on study of these matters: i) The actual behaviour of human in political process ii) The role & participation of people or individual in political iii) Utilized the scientific study in order that the process of exploring will be systematically planned and arranged.
Back
Developmentalism
This approach gives attention to issues such as: i) Changes in the form of government & military ii) The expansion of political institution of the state iii) National investment and development iv) The development of the rule & regulations v) The distribution of national resources such as money, capital goods, industrial products & manpower vi) Conflicts in society and social problems
Back
The Political System
Introduced by David Easton (1979) Feedback
Feedback environment
O
I N
Demand
P
&
U
support
Political system
Action &
implementation
U T p U
T Feedback
T
environment Feedback
Back
Is Political Science a Science?
These advocates of the scientific approach argue as follows:i) Human behavior is complex ii) These behavior patterns or regularities can be discovered & verified through careful, systematic observations iii) On the basis of these observations & by the use of statistics & mathematics laws can be formulated on how politics operates. Back
Basic Methodologies of Political Science i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)
The Observational Method The Experimental Method The Historical Method The Comparative Method The Method of Analogy
The Statistical or the Quantitative Method vii) The Philosophical Method
Back
The Observational Method Based on direct observation and reflection – It helps in arriving at certain political principles. The Experimental Method Experimental in Political Science can never be repeated. For the political researcher every change in the governmental structure, law or policy has significance, as it is the result of experiment. Back
The Historical Method
Gilchrist remarks, “The source of experiments of political science is history, they rest on observation and experience. Laski, must be an effort to codify the results of experience in the history of states.
Back
The Comparative Method
Those that have existed in the past, to assemble a definite body of material from which the investigator, by selection, comparison and elimination may discover the ideal types and progressive forces of political history.
Back
The Method of Analogy
This is an inductive method made use by Herbert Spencer. State and an organism possess the sustaining, distributaries and the regulating systems and both exhibit the same process of development.
Back
The Statistical or the Quantitative Method
It attempts to describe and measure in quantitative terms and is especially applied to the study of political parties and public opinion. It has also been extended to the study of comparative government and international relations.
Back
The Philosophical Method
The deductive method implies reasoning for developing particular conclusions from a number of general principles or propositions that are assumed to be true. This method of investigation starts from some abstract original idea about human nature and draws deduction from that idea as to the nature of the State. It then attempts to harmonize its theories with the actual facts of history. Back
- THE END -
introduction Basic Methodologies of Political Science
What is science, politic
The nature & scope of political science Is Political Science a Science?
Scope of political s
approaches
Back
introduction Theories of political Study of human behavioral Political scientists serve as researchers and academicians – policy making of government Power – Authority – influence
Back
What is science, politics & political science science politics political science Back
science ‘to know’ (Latin word) Any form of systematic knowledge on specific field Baseline – human knowledge
Back
politics Greek words ‘Polis’ (community or city) and ‘Poli’ (many) “Who gets what, when & how” (Lasswell, 1958) “Political acts” as those that “authoritatively allocate values in a society” (Easton, 1953) Art of living & working together (New approach)
Back
political science Study of the origins, development & operation of political system Study of government (the state), the structure and activities of the states Study of how to govern well Power and allocation of power
Conclusion: i) Politics involves conflicts ii) Most political conflicts is group conflict iii) The study of politics involves understanding how people govern themselves & the consequences of the political process.
definitions Aristotle - “Master Science” – Knowledge & understanding to those who controlled the state. Lasswell - “Who gets what, when & how” Austin Ranney - The study of the process of making public decisions & of the individuals & the institutions that participate in this process.
Back
scope of political science Political Theory Plato, Aristotle, Marx, Montesquieu, Ibn Khaldun, Al-Farabi etc. International relations Foreign, national security policies, diplomacy etc. v) Comparative political & Government Broadest & most challenging vii) Public Administration Managing & administering government
Back
approaches This approaches are used to explore & explain certain political situation or political event. They were used to explain the conditions of a society in a state, the international politics & examined the Behaviour of individual, group & political institution.
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii)
Traditional Philosophical Institutionalism Legalistic Behaviouralism Developmentalism The Political System
Back
Traditional
Can be analysed in 2 aspects: i) the actions / activities by the society ii) process of data collection & distributing information
Back
Philosophical This approach emphasized on political ideas, concepts, doctrine & theories. Aristotle, Hobbes, Karl Marx and Plato. Important to find the answer for any issues or problems relating to social, economy and political.
Back
Institutionalism Focuses on government institution. Corruption or misuse of power – legislative body, executive body and judicial body.
Montesquieu (Theory of Separation of Power) Back
Legalistic Study of political science to the legal system. The legalistic approach views political science as the primary study of constitutions and legal codes. Legalistic approach as simply as historical study
Back
Behaviouralism
This approach emphasized on study of these matters: i) The actual behaviour of human in political process ii) The role & participation of people or individual in political iii) Utilized the scientific study in order that the process of exploring will be systematically planned and arranged.
Back
Developmentalism
This approach gives attention to issues such as: i) Changes in the form of government & military ii) The expansion of political institution of the state iii) National investment and development iv) The development of the rule & regulations v) The distribution of national resources such as money, capital goods, industrial products & manpower vi) Conflicts in society and social problems
Back
The Political System
Introduced by David Easton (1979) Feedback
Feedback environment
O
I N
Demand
P
&
U
support
Political system
Action &
implementation
U T p U
T Feedback
T
environment Feedback
Back
Is Political Science a Science?
These advocates of the scientific approach argue as follows:i) Human behavior is complex ii) These behavior patterns or regularities can be discovered & verified through careful, systematic observations iii) On the basis of these observations & by the use of statistics & mathematics laws can be formulated on how politics operates. Back
Basic Methodologies of Political Science i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi)
The Observational Method The Experimental Method The Historical Method The Comparative Method The Method of Analogy
The Statistical or the Quantitative Method vii) The Philosophical Method
Back
The Observational Method Based on direct observation and reflection – It helps in arriving at certain political principles. The Experimental Method Experimental in Political Science can never be repeated. For the political researcher every change in the governmental structure, law or policy has significance, as it is the result of experiment. Back
The Historical Method
Gilchrist remarks, “The source of experiments of political science is history, they rest on observation and experience. Laski, must be an effort to codify the results of experience in the history of states.
Back
The Comparative Method
Those that have existed in the past, to assemble a definite body of material from which the investigator, by selection, comparison and elimination may discover the ideal types and progressive forces of political history.
Back
The Method of Analogy
This is an inductive method made use by Herbert Spencer. State and an organism possess the sustaining, distributaries and the regulating systems and both exhibit the same process of development.
Back
The Statistical or the Quantitative Method
It attempts to describe and measure in quantitative terms and is especially applied to the study of political parties and public opinion. It has also been extended to the study of comparative government and international relations.
Back
The Philosophical Method
The deductive method implies reasoning for developing particular conclusions from a number of general principles or propositions that are assumed to be true. This method of investigation starts from some abstract original idea about human nature and draws deduction from that idea as to the nature of the State. It then attempts to harmonize its theories with the actual facts of history. Back
- THE END -
